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SAI VIDYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU), Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
Rajanukunte, Bengaluru-560064
Tel: 080-2846 8196, Fax: 2846 8193 / 98,Web: www.saividya.ac.in
REAL TIME SYSTEMS (17EC743)

As per VTU, Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) and
Outcome Based Education (OBE)
COURSE COORDINATOR
Dr. CHAYA B M
Associate Professor
Department of ECE
Email: chaya.bm@saividya.ac.in, chaya.mvacp@gmail.com
MODULE-2:
Computer Hardware Requirements for Real-Time Applications
MODULE 2 SYLLABUS
Introduction, General Purpose Computer, Single Chip Microcomputers and Microcontrollers,

Specialized Processors, Process-Related Interfaces, Data Transfer Techniques, Communications,
Standard Interface.
Text Book:
1. Real –Time Computer control –An Introduction, Stuart Bennet, 2nd Edn. Pearson Education 2005.
BT Level: L1, L2
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COURSE COORDINATOR
Dr. CHAYA B M
Associate Professor
Department of ECE
MODULE-3:
Languages for Real-Time Applications
MODULE 3- SYLLABUS
Languages for Real-Time Applications:
Introduction, Syntax Layout and Readability, Declaration and Initialization of

Variables and Constants, Modularity and Variables, Compilation of Modular
Programs, Data types, Control Structures, Exception Handling, Low-level
facilities, Co-routines, Interrupts and Device Handling, Concurrency, RealTime
Support, Overview of Real-Time Languages.
BT Level: L1, L2,L3

Dr. Chaya B M, Dept of ECE, SVIT (Email id: chaya.bm@saividya.ac.in)
Dr.Chaya B M, Dept of ECE, SVIT (Email id: chaya.bm@saividya.ac.in
Dr.Chaya B M, Dept of ECE, SVIT (Email id: chaya.bm@saividya.ac.in)
Dr. Chaya B M, Dept of ECE, SVIT (Emailid: chaya.bm@saividya.ac.in)
Dr. Chaya B M, Dept of ECE, SVIT (Email id:chaya.bm@saividya.ac.in)
Dr. Chaya B M, Dept of ECE, SVIT (Email : chaya.bm@saividya.ac.in)

COURSE COORDINATOR
Dr. CHAYA B M
Associate Professor
Department of ECE
MODULE-4:
Operating Systems
MODULE 4- SYLLABUS
Operating Systems:
Introduction, Real-Time Multi-Tasking OS, Scheduling Strategies,

Priority Structures, Task Management, Scheduler and Real-Time Clock
Interrupt Handler, Memory Management, Code Sharing, Resource
Control, Task Co-Operation and Communication, Mutual Exclusion.
(Text Book: 6.1 to 6.11)
Text Book:
1. Real –Time Computer control –An Introduction, Stuart Bennet, 2nd Edn.
Pearson Education 2005.
BT Level: L1, L2
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COURSE COORDINATOR
Dr. CHAYA B M
Associate Professor
Department of ECE
MODULE-5:
Design of RTS-General Introduction
MODULE 5- SYLLABUS
Design of RTS – General Introduction:

Introduction, Specification Document, Preliminary Design, Single-
Program Approach, Foreground/Background System.
RTS Development Methodologies:
Introduction, Yourdon Methodology, Ward and Mellor Method, Hately

and Pirbhai Method.
BT Level: L1, L2,L3

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Real Time Development Methodologies
3 mthodetogiee:
Thw
Yowrdon methooelogy
Mellov Mehod
WandWand andd
Haty and P bhai Method.
Yowndon Mehodology:
methodo-togy uing data-low
baud en
Atautnnd
Technigsues and fun henal douompotition.

Modeb baeug4 mplemutat
Suppo,t duelopment omLnitias Ltrge - ior
Yowndon Mathodology ar
The Kay Thas atinitiu.

nto
Subdivisio n of em
Foming
huiraruhi ca uetise
data and lentiat flnuk
Spuatim
Commctmnt ko a panhuan Tehnctog
No and Impemiptalien.
Speciatiin duign
raluability betuen
ieqpinemunt Dyiaatina of r Ghen .

1. brodutibn TKe Componanli
Ke Componsnl
cbuus by biog pase thwuough
thiough a Duen.
Dnen
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Am Operalor Cont olu i t
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Dr. Chaya B M, Dept of ECE, SVIT (email:chaya.bm@saividya.ac.in)
The Cnesal auargmant u hown in he figu
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TrdiakD D CDoling
light P.cheat
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Thenmotouple (Tempaluu Maaiuaemunt)

Gunal avanqumuat o dupng wen
2 Tputloutput
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Preheat,duyirg and loring The Inputu a r e
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ogHiGH
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unig
Dr. Chaya B M, Dept of ECE, SVIT (email: chaya.bm@saividya.ac.in)

9.3 Plant Qut puts
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Heate ontrot Cauh o
9.3.9
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lommond Ioruite : aat, op
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Th
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VD dipla
The pralos alaxm Atatuu
and ane
ane
anveobelt peed Cuwuyt date
ond time
he
tt hould als dipl
(ommand huu
last puat
Yt t e delinnd.
3.6 ommuni calon rpds -
au cdotes
3 Functhanal Spuipcatian thuk that al th 9uards
he
ohuator ohius
ahums
3.1 3tut -up: lommand. lociq u Coeutly
toat
Ond
unthud to on. noma
t huatu a Switehes to
o nomal
withed
al a ta
aHLaL ahaw
tass-up whun
3.2 Convyor Sniiaa
3. aasha
lonvayov tast-uyf
ped eahs
Conbe t
huld untis
Untis 6pd
and
u seluutus
poion1
motos
thun potiso 2 u Seleetd
seleetd
h
05 ft/min .
h eauhu 1-5 f t/min.

1.s1t /n. aat
huld unti dpeed
Jt kleeti.
poi h momas unning poutio 3
9 be Conya Yail to Aoauh t olwiud hud whin
30 be onveyor Aoprtd and
0 onvtyay foult ligrds i
assolud
3.3 mpuatur Montoing:
the mualu mauuamant olalh dea ú Mad

9ntinvals.
at I sa
th timpuraturs for an aua Vaui by moe thon
5. om e
5%. Aet point
er hat aua Jhen an alom Sheuls be
a4odid.
3.4
ana Contolud UHng a PID Contned
algenthm
3.S
Conveyor friluwre:. 9 h Convyo ful h Atast the Gntato
tan u a Rest lommand whiih tdse the wtoe bypt
dewn. hun it has ban losed doun and Bo
kyrlim thuked
obatuetion Shualo tann the t t Commard
QGam
(auue: duninq noma unninq
6 onyy o
Cue a lwnneyor ouse ommand
dwirgnomal. uunnin. the ohualos, may is
3.7
3. t oy time
anym
hiatru
k nn a e
th stop ommand Thaspersa
Ond the Conyo

Wand and Mellb Method.
gue Ahcus dultins o abehaet maduleg Pproauh
ulasd and Mell
bhat
mod
Behauioal moda
Enuwnmstal modas|
Duvunlion behâuoral
Cnviw nmsnt &n vrionmunt|
Contrt diagom Event lat |Trankfomatin Data chema

8kema
Duvlin Duvirtio o
boundary &tsnas Ent in Duntien
the atrns tahn Safo the 4]m
4satig a t Enwnmant
muut haue in
buntmom t uwhuh the
esdn to unond
cEnipn munt m must pons ts uuite
Lond
Th tding point i to udd pom t dnalyu o ta

mod untinq euie me t
u9uments,
a olworu
m a beiat Estitiu Thu model u Callud t Euntias nedl.
9thas pavt
tnuionmuntal Moclel duviba th lationthip t be yaim
nmint
ng modslhd with it Enuiro
duoibu the Sntonnal
Suulwe o t Systm
ysöm
Behawwal mod
&hauuowtal
k
uuntias
doiu hom th untias
- u
d
Th Suond tag u duign tege
how eylim
ode an npbmadatuon mo da!. whih danu
tehnology and the
Shou he
mphemundd n a parliudan
llouateo paut yhm
Dr.Chaya B M, Dept of ECE, SVIT(Email:chaya.bm@saividya.ac.in)
hEaual mod upuurls what th Sylm u p u r d t do.
Jmplemantatuin nede! Shost Ho t aptim wil co wha hash k dane
Smple
Th Jmplsmantalon medul prouidu be" Juign om shus t
mnle m a a l
othe phyical yhm Can Ulok
ment ahon that
that
muthod uult m do u
loet we oh
he
to albstut
the phical Ayntim
rvu du bau alilil em
Speui catien modal.
T fype deumistalon prodsuas u shown belos.
Th Conut diaam
The tnuiwnmtntal
Eential
ede NEtty lationhip dioqEes
me c l Th
behauneulas
Deto-flowdioqcim (Dr o
modu
Stut tronitin d sTD
i t y rlatiènhip di [Ero a
The
Pro s
DFO
Envi sonment
STD
medes (PEM)
CThe Data
Smplemant o ThA
tmed tnvionment STP
DFD
dicluenay
medal (sEM)
The Code
Ggoniatin P sul
MOd Ccon)D Ckant
59 helatankip Ma medels ad diagm:

Undes uamd and Meler Mekhod, Thu 3 hul topic I setions
OBuiddbngth Euntial Model- u Enuiud n motas mod

(
Buildrg the &adial Modal- he Behawioutal model.
Buildrg onvenliond
ae o Bhawenal Mocll-Rulu and
Rowé Speitcatuon
Contet 8peitationt
Eulias Modas
Chukirg he model
mrlemiatain
Bud ding ha
& &hanting he Modsl
a Aloaim Resour.
Modol
Bldiq th. eyuatial
odel- The Enuion meatal
Aho a Conturt diogram t duyirg

du oven
iminalo
minalbi
o shus a
The utaula1 oxu erunt
m the Enuivnment
Entitu ) tHal rit
bilding i usuudus au a hirele bulbla
-T ystn ut a
inu ut datu and. lonbiet Salematn that

The dueulid
uhaing Llun yytim ard the nuionmnt
Tumalwu Haal
Oven emnualwres Unut
ansdus
Aoat ole
onveyar orveyor pttd.
Lonyo ltait
(Snd nsuans
Ovt -eitin lonveyov
t guad ANba Mot
do asd
Conlsdlaun
faults lonvuyo Coptollen
gards Con
Operoter Guuand o ck
ommard
pnveyo Guand lok
Cpoalos
Coos ol t Dry'g Oven ontext d'ogam
td to upust at Aata Crilort6ga
Continueus ooi
vculu aa vvallalt
ailale T Ue syoi
yptiro
a
a allrayt
fo whis dhu uhiuh
uhih u nvmald
arahd
data onol
luvud ftous Loud
On he Sylem
ylem fa .
Sprral temi o bonalon Ond
long dvaisable
Juciund tranmtte e itim ù no
nammd
A th Coriturt diogra mv dsaun, all lou hoald e
ad cach hordee
&heuls be rlerarto a data ct'lin ay
A dat dulioruy Contan &iu duvubioy, in a gorou ma nneg
all data lim the b bauh hat husa an ytim

Onalyct coill hauu Commen ndeutenaliny hem.
Wad a n d mellor
fi hous love notalwnd
kad
Soid lns, dertlle a u o w
Continuvu n amow head
atu &td Un
B'alle
ssous kead
lontnuuous Do tio une, doub
botta bnt, knqe auow kiad
a CA&E s
Dat ditimut aluuayt 4om p a
gE Includs folleing nomation
Ke data Contiol tim.
NamName te prmra name
1
or
ram
Atas - other namg wd 9attad 9 pray
twhen and how u wed, whath t a e t
olP to a r o a ktoe On unas Entity.
etak du eytie0+> Surjrtigo using a tndaad notation e
Coñtunt
data pu set valuu Aa valas
oth uiiutions
datu duitin ary ua 330

dpmb
CD lontunuout d a t
DC D'suute lontiot flort.

S vct Lata
DD
CC lontinues Conbue
DS Autu Stocs
CS Conlaod &toce
P> Prows es
that ton tausL a chamg
all he Euust
Talle elow l
an Oulfut
h byplam and uutt in
Euct lat ven Tim
Rupon
Cnnt Acuon 2o.5
buard lo t
Lok quard
Stust et mar m
Stnt at p h a oulput
Jnguand
Oudquardd kon hoat nomal
wn yo Stst
ko. S s
gand
Conveyo*p
Sp lonuey
Pause lonwyo Hasm
a y e r fault Raicalas m
Clusae lytkan krun lonvayor a p Zo.ss
lylc O
Ovwn kyuualwe
Do Conbof tuat byt
Behauiousal Mode
Euid Model-
Build te
the &ptem hardd suAemd
mode! how how
Behawwusad
he he nmant
Eni nmant
Enniw
to Ent tuling plaa iat it has
& hepem
into Vauuu tuncliont
undlin Mello
duuid
n Ward ard
Sysn t a Tra omalti
hue uncluons au Julusnd
on Osomalon dogram.
end 1houn
thed.

w« hou the iut luul triem mmaluon duaram
Own
huprwut data ror formaluens
T bultHes dnawn wth Slid lunu
suprussat Combrot Snhomation
nd bultA awn with dott linu
Ct &uad
Soguasd
Read
uard
Opralov
Comman d . Ouard locked
neiasd Locked
5t P
Pause
lontrel
OvLn Guasd Unlocked
Ophalor
Staut
nae Dua
ble
D ub
ai e
Conuey Povtion
Convo
Controfs
TempNomas
Coy Noa
lontod 5
na Tumf
Coneyar fht
T
2
Oven Huat Oudput
oalau loawyd *op
/Cavead bror
onweyor y uk
(onyo
Sped 6 Coap dlasm
. Aud tanpmaiu dagran
Dr.Chaya B M, Dept of ECE, SVIT (email:chaya.bm@saividya.ac.in)
oatof hxa loy has deulle line Aound paat 9 bultle
buc 9ndalu
9nd calu thera au mattiple Jnstents h o ten fonatim
The dott.e bhas aldlis Erabte and uate that Entes Comlaot Aca
Tumf A Enan as
prompk - Irdi cal Lwhahhos poabudas .
bonomalons C& auluue Oy not

&ntitis lelwun inu ond labtlud Araset Posn nd
laced
Gruard lbcked u rupdi naly
a datu Stoe dnd a ontrot' tot,
Each tov matcnd au Gus he umlts, hEonyrle
Gothet lenvyo numlid S
Buelding he
pro Lecd y taking Eauh naforrauon
model
the but 1 brfomaliaw buakig deun mto Smalles uncte
que sheu the époateèn q (ntrol reca Top uss
tuhis
ncw name TRiGaER it a a pompt
ha
u Jrun bnua tas ime the
dbeats
dicat that tha ten fomation
TRIGGER uomeu tiue or
then a peiodu kgral ao
susponse
TRIGGER
nwaliw
Read
Teynotivou Haeugt
data Hew p 4 ee d raaformakau
Co
mmon
Tron dud
Aakm
Chuk
ENA BLE
Teyuatuus Aa ctPojna
DISABLE
nate Run
Jiual PID
Stastup
Contro
Tha troalonai 3 uformalin diegan.
thi Luf 2 a numbuue w
sp Heat ulhet
ont numba indicau that
Jdsnkfcatin
i Contnuou4 datu lono and tu cuhut
KeasKad enyualu. Treuducas a
king
Thu u a
lonpua nu
q tenafomalen
duceute datelo
tggaud netid
(oe liA aa ddioat
ioit
the prouu Sruste
Hta.t Ctpat
Cdput prei du
Mtat Covtaucu data lorw.
a rerufomalint
dletu flow inks t
lanyalunu awoialid
hules ncd
ae e
Ngtalion
Mang Aubd whus
Cc au
B and broratomalu
nto tuo dilfuuat
A pas
A AIN o Au pasud
Cnto dlfaast
onamalLiona
B and C lone om diffunt tansfomaler

A
nd ae lombinad to m a hnge datolo
proul ded
>A AdAu say
t tomatios
wi di
di orte
oule rput
Ipu
nronou data flowt ( Habo troufomalen- data triggud
asumud » t
eut a ryuta
dmbiquuu diagom h u lan nly bne
ord enu
Oncthsansfomatio
Nuolantot Pasumlas
Upldte
CootesStobiu
S t a l u o t o
Contolle
l e e
Nu Contel Pasamtu
Cantiols Sttiu
update
lontolles
Sylsn
t a and daba
Shoet Sopud
the as a
lonnetito
fgu b bjgaus hen alf
Conertioo 2 hat t toomn anony
data Co as jeeat
Ekmeot ) lenyes&
a
uy data s b
Nuw lanbhef Pasaniluu

CootielStalus
4pdate
Cootelles
SysternStatia
Mpdate
Sysdaro
anpSyknSHtaa
talius
one9the
to hold one he daetfoat
-iu usd to
data t o alu
gwa O a
u Hat
Hat UpdatuSem
61Thu duagiam SubStalus
T 9o tapstrlon eppeara an
baulion hSptemStatus
unwhin a
i held he daka
fpeaiu
Resamelaas appeas
ansation WeuolonbretusHusameleru
bauation eulonbrelus
Stuns when a
Updale lotrolee he data (toe

the lusunt SptinStatiuu fom
and it obtins nen the n Iile st
no uti din
Tresfomalioo Thuu
u
Contied Contre trantformalun
sd
Talle
Table beloe
heloo.
Sumavai
nd u t type
Trenom 9rputi
Lebo rw
Baa lonbe!ler
lontrot Conhot flo
Promyt
row pcalin pSPEC data hronpna liont
he data hernnuond
h autient
a duvluon
ha Casuy eut lle iahu
Ullahu
las
Cor puun m any fom
Th delum rouhusal
melhod basis
pu xumple qa n
T
hy
ao uuu
Lndiliw pest
londilen
eiments
teimanl s.
Prysusnta
lion
rylurgotalo
L deueid
medes
&mntias
Moduirg on
Goal
e auhennd
dwdd um mpokunt
Lonutrain t
u o
non-pro uduqnlly
.
a hiu tnqp ous paved PSeudolod

Saudolods .
aiaun to w
Som pm
Common m t h o d i
pogramotiry g
The most
Conb
houghl 9 an Sna
Bedo lod
th PSPEC RddTempuatua banduus
&anpls
C 2.1 Rdd Timpuauue vomsducos
PE
dep Ove Teyaalius
Ouspud s:
Avta lemp
Do
Seuond
Evey 0
ad Ovtn lmpuuabu
usuntalim
dat
lonvert to ksnal
bonveludvlue a ralemp
htrut
END
Siut h e f the namu Japuals nel
Many tonalically PsPEC u bing buaud
baald
far whius d
tpats f henfomatina

Contre Spiffaluons > (SPE C
nd ro
o a
STp) ard
Strte tront ilion dogam
Cen tret Speafcatuin u
State trritien maix (STm)

STD u Sherwn beloro
Rutangas, u to
Lnal m 9 neat "Stat"
Nam
au
STATE 1
uns (
CasngthagT rnt A
State
Aulien B
STATE 2 Event E
Artinls) 7ultig Artion

ktala
fom &ua hange )
EvENTC STATE 3
Artion D
ng 3
ED STo
reition
tabt
tabta tor Cerespardi
te Stte
he
Euent A
Eant Nert t c
Puuat
Stule
Artion
Arctien B
Stal
3
Nu
gtab 2
Acthio Action
D
Stat Next
2- tate
Sttt 3
Acon Ain
f

Mods
modes
Building the Jmpli madauen
diuides i n k 4 phsa
model
mylemittion
Enwionmental
Modes.
Modes,
t
OCrhari
Allo
Cnhanung
calin ouuo:
Mloaticn oadiuiiu
task
the stiulune t a h
Deponition e
Enhaning Hh Modet
with and tusonmentf and
Ond
taninmant
.
lonluined
tu and
beoundarics etivtan
he
haptm d wt
and w
a tat
he aft
Olay
(laipqirg
O
ddvmininq
ddomining wht
autinitis
th dtin
wiu
Suygtomwiu -
w
Gay a
lany
e done apat *
2nniaon mant
slabovating data deuiticnS.
ativatim Y,fomation
anel prouu
t'mine
detal ard
dtais and ltgring
bharing
a addirg
ouu o7 adding le
Je wed im
in
Ekaniiq e medel t a t mmett uud
take mo ccoem the peibte bhnelaqi

9npumantiy the Systim
the uou as languly beineg onand
Jland and meller igand
he ntanas &|liveae byplim
Yhtfae hels
3and
an
wth
wh trouiding
proicdng
frlis
as thoum m te hkfaau pei
the cicn al Opaation f ses
kes n u ht hids
ids many
peatu
uau
also
alo
and phytcal manilutatont and
u t cal
cal hunelionu d u Sayemintid
lutt the
ditil op how Phrare
both b/. and
Litiias
lsitiias
Ynyl mustaluon may gnvuoluue w
t wiit
thh
T a
ommunicating
i dd a o r it
s thh in
n
Jeer
seen kiddn
h tea nal kylim aa i
Te J t a of
actius cleuues
deuias; The
mouls.
th hk fate
That non uunta
/Ru toauh eneuaqe, good derg durlg n
deperdest ehualicint
detal we hiddlo and ao tthotoey
ystim and n d t
Lonned
dutbulid throughout the Seltivais
Rial Enuiso nmeit
En beddus
Vartiua 2 m ,a
Evron m
9otara
latibnship ibeliven Ttal Enui omut aned
Yxtual Eonuionmunt
Dr. Chaya.B M, Dept of ECE, SVIT (email:chaya.bm@saividya.ac.in)

and bhat Mhod
Hatley Haty nd
Mellor Cnd
ond
and
Dipune beliven the ulasd
Metho dalogus
Rr bAai Haty and rbhai
mellr
AWand and Kugjuwhuminy modul
Esuntias model Aehileeliuu modd.
Ynpliouatalien Mod!
»Data -
}lorw drapam
Trnfomalicn dhema Con ot-tno agam
Prouu mocud.
Data tantfemaluens Contromodel

Cantbed ranpomain aquemel dudionasy
Data ditionasy Aktaat dutiona
Kenuovet s Model the

T
mo
m od
deellú
i shoun
shown
usuments
basic Skuulun, the
The
The
Cornuct
tquse
pata
Cantnols CFD
DF D CSPEC
a a londLlin
Ps PECS
t
lonto
t Auwramunlu
Ktquumili dilionanylontot
model,
How

Esenal melel
The ma dHuane ucen Hatloy and
wand ane mellor @re
lonliol.
wrale dingsam ake ued 4o olata and
Coral
n el
GFD
nly one CS PE C an 4ppas at any quun
skeuwn a with
all data los and ontet tout a
Singlh anow hud
Hatley and Psbhai Notatien

thu
the
bubu (tranu Jomatona) oppran n b e t h
1. The proteu
CFD hewt,
a
becase a h
DED and he CFD Th u ,
Can Drodute a lontol }laut a an uput

proa
Opualer emmands
Can vyor 4peed

ProUs
Opesator
Commande Ychu
Conuyor
Speed
Arta utpeio 3
OVen
hca Heat utpt
Temp
Tempaalana
oven (ontolla
DFDO Drying
Guard lotk
Prows Pau Conayor gecdEnor
pualo uans Unlo -Paosibuèn
Stad
ommads
ANemas
Ch Conneyo tat
Conveyor
spec -7 Conueyo ktop
Conof 3
Tnqiand
Orquand Cenuoles
dbop aad CFDO Diy ouen
t Hathy and Pbhai notalion

2 The SPE C Jophsentd
houn m
Shoun opnm.
m DHorm.
proten auwatuon nlomalhon
3. Theseu ne
im
in the CsPE C.
the CsPE c,
iu held
dativalin 9nfomalim
The pro ces
rckrbctaue Model
khown
hown h the gue
model tomponsau
Ay chi deduse
Archibulise
Contst
daqa m
Pchitelin
Avchitelune
Tntinionnud
How oldogra
diogomu
Arehililne
Ackiteuus
InttAonniut
e d l e
Spuif caum Spupiatuen
Archidetie diclioay baud on

basud
a prououwrt
ashibal e
mcdel
te & Suggukd
dwelogi
uingan Qvuhitatin mplak
Achitetune Tenvplahu
Tenplau
tig belew Bheut the
Usun Intuau ouing
Proum Modu!
Joput Co ntvol Mode! Sutput
Prouain
Maintenanu, Sy
t and sadundan
manaqtmin"oui
by wlopiy
ulnas
wulual
model iu clona dawlopig
The Eahanêmust othe emplate that be dpplid
n thi Casa 'ut u huggutd
tuminalbs t
at Eauh laual 'm haqpuuament mooll hwrauhy
-6

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RexL rlM E svs rEMs

SuBf, ECI CoDE: J-tEC1\3

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