Instructor’s Manual

Introduction to Criminal
Justice 14th Edition Siegel
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CHAPTER FIVE
PUBLIC POLICING AND PRIVATE SECURITY

Learning Objectives
1. Recount the early development of the police in England.
2. Recount the development of the police in colonial America.
3. Discuss twentieth-century police reforms and the emergence of professionalism.
4. Identify the main events in policing between 1960 and the present.
5. Identify the various levels of law enforcement.
6. Identify the most prominent federal law enforcement agencies.
7. Discuss the differences among local, county, state, and federal law enforcement agencies.
8. Know the differences between public and private policing.
9. Identify various technologies currently used in law enforcement.

Key Terms
biometrics (p. 186) – automated methods of recognizing a person based on a physiological or
behavioral characteristic

community policing (p. 165) – a law enforcement program that seeks to integrate officers into
58
 Chapter 5: Public Policing and Private Security

the local community to reduce crime and gain good community relations. It typically involves
personalized service and decentralized policing, citizen empowerment, and an effort to reduce
community fear of crime, disorder, and decay

constable (p. 158) – in early English towns, an appointed peacekeeper who organized citizens
for protection and supervised the night watch

data mining (p. 181) – using sophisticated computer software to conduct analysis of behavior
patterns in an effort to identify crime patterns and link them to suspects

DNA profiling (p. 187) – the identification of criminal suspects by matching DNA samples
taken from their person with specimens found at crime scene

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) (p. 166) – the arm of the Justice Department that
investigates violations of federal law, gathers crime statistics, runs a comprehensive crime
laboratory, and helps train local law enforcement officers

hue and cry (p. 158) – in medieval England, a call for mutual aid against trouble or danger

hundred (p. 158) – in medieval England, a group of 100 families responsible for maintaining
order and trying minor offenses

justice of the peace (p. 158) – official appointed to act as the judicial officer in a county

Metropolitan Police Act (p. 159) – Sir Robert Peel’s legislation that established the first
organized police force in London.

private policing (p. 175) – crime prevention, detection, and the apprehension of criminals
carried out by private organizations or individuals for commercial purposes

sheriff (p. 158) – the chief law enforcement officer in a county

shire reeve (p. 158) – in early England, the chief law enforcement official in a county,
forerunner of today's sheriff

thermal imager (p. 183) – a device that detects radiation in the infrared range of the
electromagnetic spectrum, used in law enforcement to detect variations in temperature (warm
images stand out against cool backgrounds)

tything (tithing) (p. 158) – in medieval England, a collective group of 10 families that pledged
to help one another and provide mutual aid

vigilantes (p. 161) – in the old west, members of a vigilance committee or posse called upon to
capture cattle thieves or other felons
59
Instructor’s Manual

watch system (p. 158) – in medieval England, groups of men who organized in church parishes
to guard at night against disturbances and breaches of the peace under the direction of the local
constable

Wickersham Commission (p. 163) – formally known as the National Commission on Law
Observance and Enforcement, a commission created in 1929 by President Herbert Hoover to
study the U.S. criminal justice system, including the police

Chapter Outline
I. The history of police [LO 1]
• The origins of U.S. police agencies, like that of criminal law, can be traced
to early English society.
• In the pledge system, tythings were entrusted to police their own minor
problems.

60
 Chapter 5: Public Policing and Private Security

• Shires (counties) were controlled by the shire reeve who was a forerunner to
today’s sheriff.
• The watch system was created in the thirteenth century in England to
protect property.
• Watchmen patrolled at night and reported to a constable.
• In 1326 the office of the justice of the peace was created to assist the shire
reeve in controlling the county.

A. Private police and thief takers

1) Rising crime rates at the beginning of the 18th century encouraged
private police.
2) Private police, called thief takers, profited legally and illegally from
the lack of formal police departments.
3) Thief takers used violence
4) Henry Fielding sought to clean up the thief-taking system.
5) By the 19th century state police officers were needed.
B. The London Metropolitan Police
1) Helped pass the Metropolitan Police Act which established the first
police force in London.
2) This first police force was structure along military lines.
3) Early bobbies succumbed to corruption and were often influenced
by the wealthy.
4) Sir Robert Peel identified nine principles he felt should characterize
police forces:
a. Police exist to prevent crime and disorder
b. Police duties are dependent upon public approval of police
actions
c. Police must have willing cooperation of the public
d. Degree of public cooperation diminishes proportionately to
the necessity of the use of physical force
e. Police must demonstrate absolute impartial service to the law
f. Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure
observance of the law or to restore order
g. The police are the public and the public are the police
h. Police should always direct their action strictly towards their
functions and never appear to usurp the powers of the
judiciary
i. The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and
disorder

61
Instructor’s Manual

C. Law enforcement in Colonial America [LO 2]

1) Law enforcement paralleled the British model.
2) The sheriffs collected taxes, supervised elections, handled other
legal business, in addition to keeping the peace and fighting crime.
3) Sheriff did not patrol or seek out crime, but reacted to citizens’
complaints and investigated crimes that had occurred.
4) In the cities, law enforcement was the province of the town marshal
5) However, local governments had little power of administration
6) Enforcement of criminal law was largely an individual or
community responsibility.
7) In rural areas in the South, slave patrols charged with recapturing
escaped slaves were an early form of law enforcement.
8) There were also vigilantes who used force or intimidation to
eradicate social problems
9) The early 19th century was an era of widespread urban unrest and
mob violence.
10) Local leaders began to realize that a more structured police function
was needed to keep the peace.
D. Early police agencies
1) The modern police department was born out of the urban mob
violence that wracked the nation’s cities in the 19th century.
2) In the late nineteenth century, police work was highly desirable
because it paid more than most blue-collar jobs.
3) However, job security was uncertain because it depended on the
local political machine staying in power.
4) Police work was also considered primitive.
5) Early police lacked the technological advances present today and
were to maintain order while patrolling on foot, without backup or
the ability to summon backup.
6) Police were considered incompetent and corrupt.
7) The police role was to serve as the enforcement arm of the reigning
political power, thus creating tension between the police and the
public.
8) The first technological breakthroughs came in the area of
communications.
E. Twentieth-century reform [LO 3]
1) Reform included the takeover of some big-city police agencies by
state legislators and the creation of police administrative boards.
2) The Boston police strike of 1919 heightened interest in police
reform.
3) Public support however, turned against the police and the strike was
broken.
4) While commissions began to investigate the extent of crime and the
ability of the justice system to deal with it and made
62
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