MDCDKDB EDZMDCGCIFA_IC ODF EDZMDCGOIFDMIC

EDZMDCGOIFDMIC

‛ZADCXI MA_DJGKIXMA GJD_”

Gkab<

Fdmd < AKXYDBZDFI ZDEICD IF_DF

Fim < 4948:>>>?

^amji
amjimj
mjif
if`
` < Dk Xyd
ydbr
brik
ik Xdmsi
dmsi,, X.E
X.Edr
drm
m., M.Xi.,
Xi.,D
Dpt

MD_D CQKIDB EDZMDCGCIFA_IC ODF EDZMDCGOIFDMIC

^ZG@ZDM X_QOI EDZMDXI

QFIUAZXI_DX MQBDMMDOIYDB ^DKG^G

:>:>
 ODE_DZ IXI

MDCDKDB ZADCXI MA_DJGKIXMA

ODE_DZ IXI.................................
IXI.......................................................
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CD_D ^AF@DF_DZ............................
^AF@DF_DZ..................................................
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JDJ I < ^AFODBQKQDF.......................

^AFODBQKQDF.............................................
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4.4 Kdtdr Jakdcdf` ...................................................

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.......4

4.: Zumusdf Mdsdkdb..................

Mdsdkd b........................................
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4.8 _uludf ^afukisdf.......................................

^afukisdf.............................................................
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JDJ II < ^AMJDBDXDF...........................

^AMJDBDXDF.................................................
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4. ^af`artidf
^af`artidf Matdjgkisma
Matdjgkisma Gjdt......
Gjdt...........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..............
..................8
.........8
:. Edctgr-edctg
Edctgr-edctgrr ydf` Mampaf`drubi
Mampaf`drubi Matdjgkisma
Matdjgkisma Gjdt......
Gjdt...........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........1
....1
8. _ampdt
_ampdt Matdjgkisma
Matdjgkisma Gjdt......
Gjdt...........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
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..............0
....0

JDJ III < ^AFQ_Q^...............................

^AFQ_Q^.....................................................
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Casimpukdf ..........................................
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...4>

Xdrdf ..........................................
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ODE_DZ ^QX_DCD................................
^QX_DCD......................................................
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.44

Odetdr ^ustdcd.....................................
^ustdcd...........................................................
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44

i
 CD_D ^AF@DF_DZ

Oaf`df
Oaf`df maf`u
maf`uhdp
hdpcdf
cdf puli
puli syucur
syucur cabdoi
cabdoirdt
rdt Dkkdb
Dkkdb XP_,
XP_, ydf`
ydf` tak
takdb
db
makimpdbcdf rdbmdt odf biodydb-Fyd sabif``d pafukis mampargkab casabdtdf
odf cacudtdf
cacudtdf uftuc odpdt mafyakasdic
mafyakasdicdf
df mdcdkdb
mdcdkdb Edrmdsaticd
Edrmdsaticd ydf` jarluouk
‛Zadcsi Matdjgkisma”.
Qhdpdf tarimd cdsib pafukis sdmpdicdf capdod sakurub pibdc, cbususfyd
capdod
capdod og
ogsaf
saf pamjim
pamjimjif
jif`
` dtds casaoi
casaoiddf
ddffyd
fyd odkdm
odkdm mamjim
mamjimjif
jif`
` sabif`
sabif``d
`d
mdcdkdb ifi odpdt tarsakasdicdf.
^afukis mafydodri sapafubfyd dtds catarjdtdsdf ikmu mdupuf odri sa`i
pafydmpdidf ydf` mafldoicdf mdcdkdb ifi mdsib ldub odri sampurfd. Gkab
cdrafd itu, critic odf sdrdf ydf` mamjdf`uf sdf`dt oiparkucdf odri samud pibdc
uftuc sampurfdfyd mdcdkdb ifi.

^dkgpg, :8 LQFI :>:>

^afyusuf

ii
 JDJ I

^AFODBQKQDF

4.4 Kdtdr Jakdcdf`

Edrmdcgcifatic dtdu cifaticd gjdt dodkdb fdsij gjdt odkdm tujub dtdu aeac
tujub tarbdodp gjdt. Edrmdcgcifatic mafhdcup ? prgsas, yditu prgsas djsgrpsi
(D),
(D), oistr
oistrij
ijus
usii (O),
(O), matd
matdjg
jgkis
kisma
ma (M),
(M), od
odf
f ac
acsc
scra
rasi
si (A).
(A). Matd
Matdjg
jgki
kism
smaa dt
dtdu
du
jigtrdfsegrmdsi odf acscrasi jaftuc utub dtdu jaftuc dctie marupdcdf prgsas
akimifdsi gjdt (@ufdwdf, :>>9).
Gjdt
Gjdt idk
idkdb
db sudtu
sudtu jdbdf
jdbdf dtdu pdoudf
pdoudf jdbdf-
jdbdf-jdb
jdbdf
df ydf`
ydf` oimdcs
oimdcsuoc
uocdf
df
uftuc
uftuc oi`ufd
oi`ufdcdf
cdf odkdm
odkdm mafatdp
mafatdpcdf
cdf oid`fg
oid`fgsis,
sis, mafha`
mafha`db,
db, maf`ur
maf`urdf`
df`cdf
cdf,,

maf`bikdf`cdf, mafyamjubcdf pafydcit dtdu `aldkd pafydcit. Gjdt ydf` sarif`

mafimjukcdf bapdtitis tgcsic dodkdb gjdt-gjdtdf cdfcar saparti camgtardpi. _dpi
ifi lu`d tar`dftuf` odri safsitivitds tujub satidp grdf`. Cdrafd samdcif tif``i
safsitieitds oirifyd mdcd carusdcdf bdti ydf` muf`cif oitimjukcdf lu`d samdcif
jasdr.
^ark
^arku
u oipd
oipdbd
bdmi
mi jd
jdbw
bwdd matdj
matdjgk
gkism
ismaa tiod
tiodc
c sa
sakdm
kdmdf
dfyd
yd mafy
mafyaj
ajdj
djcd
cdf
f
safydwd mafldoi tiodc dctie. Xarif` mdkdb matdjgkit gjdtkdb ydf` marupdcdf
gjdt,sa
gjdt,saodf
odf`cd
`cdf
f prdzdtf
prdzdtfyd
yd marupd
marupdcdf
cdf gjdt
gjdt ydf`
ydf` tiodc
tiodc dctie,
dctie, dtdu
dtdu matdjg
matdjgkit
kit
tarsajut odpdt mamjaftuc icdtdf cgvdkaf, odf odkdm cadoddf taricdt pdod DFO,

ydf` odpdt
ydf` odpdt jartif
jartifodc
odc sajd`d
sajd`dii mutd`a
mutd`af
f dtdu
dtdu cdrsif
cdrsifg`a
g`af.
f. Gkab
Gkab sajdj
sajdj itu parku
parku
oijdbds
oijdbds maf`afdi
maf`afdi gjdt ydf` maf`dkdmi
maf`dkdmi jigtrdfsegr
jigtrdfsegrmdsi
mdsi oaf`df
oaf`df jarjd`di
jarjd`di dcijdt
ydf` odpdt tarldoi.

4.: Zumusdf Mdsdkdb

4. Zadcsi
Zadcsi dpd ydf`
ydf` tarld
tarldoi
oi odkd
odkdm
m tujub
tujub 7
:. Aeac
Aeac matd
matdjg
jgki
kism
smaa gjd
gjdtt 7
8. Edctgr
Edctgr dpd sdld ydf`
ydf` mampaf`dru
mampaf`drubi
bi matdjgki
matdjgkisma
sma gjdt
gjdt 7
?. Aeac
Aeac tgcs
tgcsit
it matd
matdjg
jgki
kism
smaa gjdt
gjdt 7

4
4.8 _uludf ^afukisdf
_uludf pafukisdf mdcdkdb ifi dodkdb<
4. Qftuc mamdbdmi
mamdbdmi racdsi
racdsi matdjgkisma
matdjgkisma gjdt oiodkdm
oiodkdm tujub.
tujub.

:
 JDJ II
^AMJDBDXDF

4. ^af`ar
^af`artid
tidf
f Mat
Matdjg
djgkis
kisma
ma Gjdt
Gjdt
Matdjg
Matdjgkism
kismaa dtdu jigtrdf
jigtrdfseg
segrmd
rmdsi
si dodkdb
dodkdb radcsi
radcsi parujd
parujdbdf
bdf zdt
cimi
cimidd odkd
odkdm
m ld
ldri
rif`
f`df
df jigk
jigkg`
g`ii ydf`
ydf` oi
oicd
cdtd
tdki
kiss gk
gkab
ab af
afzi
zim
m mafl
mafldo
doii
matdjgkitfyd. Lumkdb gjdt odkdm tujub odpdt jarcurdf` cdrafd prgsas
matd
matdjg
jgki
kism
smaa odf
odf acsc
acscra
rasi
si.. Bd
Bdti
ti maru
marupd
pdcd
cdf
f gr
gr`d
`df
f ut
utdm
dmdd ta
tamp
mpdt
dt
matdjgkisma gjdt. @ifldk tiodc dcdf aeactie maf`acsrasi gjdt ydf` jarsiedt
kipgei
kipgeikk cdrafd
cdrafd maracd
maracd dcdf
dcdf maf`dk
maf`dkdmi
dmi radjsgr
radjsgrpsi
psi oi tujuku
tujukuss satakdb
satakdb
makdku
makdkuii eiktrd
eiktrdsi
si `kgmak
`kgmakuru
urus.
s. Gkab
Gkab cdrafd
cdrafd itu,
itu, gjdt
gjdt ydf`
ydf` kipgei
kipgeikk bdrus
bdrus
oimatdjgkisma tarkajib odbuku mafldoi safydwd ydf` kajib pgkdr supdyd
radjsgrpsifyd jarcurdf` sabif``d muodb oiacscrasi (Mdrolgfg, Mdbdr,
:>>0).
^rgsas matdjgkisma tarjd`i mafldoi jajardpd edsa, edsa I marujdb
safydw
safydwdd kipgei
kipgeikk mafldo
mafldoii safydw
safydwdd ydf`
ydf` mampu
mampufyd
fydii `u`us
`u`us euf`si
euf`sigfd
gfdkk
saparti GB, FB:, odf HGGB. Ifi jartuludf d`dr safydwd kajib muodb
maf`
maf`dk
dkdm
dmii pr
prgs
gsas
as pa
paru
rujd
jdbd
bdf
f sakdf
sakdflu
lutf
tfyd
yd.. Bdsi
Bdsikk matd
matdjg
jgki
kism
smaa edsa
edsa I
muf`
muf`ci
cif
f mamp
mampaf
af`d
`dru
rubi
bi ae
aeac
ac edrmd
edrmdcg
cgkg
kg`i
`ify
fyd.
d. Matd
Matdjg
jgki
kism
smaa ed
edsa
sa I
cajdfydcdf maf``ufdcdf afzim sitgcrgm ^?1> ydf` jdfydc tarodpdt oi
sak bapdr odf @I. Afzim ifi lu`d jarpardf paftif` odkdm mamatdjgkisma
zdt afog`af saparti stargio, kamdc odf oatgcsieicdsi zdt acsg`af. Fdmuf
oamicidf, dod lu`d matdjgkisma edsa I ydf` tiodc maf``ufdcdf afzim
sitgcrgm ^?1>, saparti pdod gcsiodsi cdtacgkdmif, bistdmifa odf atdfgk
(Mdrolgfg, Mdbdr, :>>0).
Zadcsi edsa II dtdu radcsi cgflu`dsi tarldoi licd zdt jakum hucup
pgkdr satakdb maf`dkdmi matdjgkisma edsa I, ifi tarutdmd tarldoi pdod zdt
ydf`
ydf` sdf`dt
sdf`dt kipgei
kipgeik.
k. Cgflu`
Cgflu`dsi
dsi idk
idkdb
db radcsi
radcsi paf``d
paf``djuf
juf`df
`df dftdrd
dftdrd gjdt
gjdt
oaf`df zdt afog`af saparti dsdm `kucgrgfdt, dsdm sukedt, dsdm dsatdt odf
dsdm dmifg. Bdsik radcsi cgflu`dsi jarupd zdt ydf` sdf`dt pgkdr odf tiodc

8
dctie
dctie sahdrd
sahdrd edrmdcg
edrmdcgkg`
kg`i.
i. @kucgr
@kucgrgfi
gfiods
odsii dodkdb
dodkdb radcsi
radcsi cgflu`
cgflu`dsi
dsi ydf`
ydf`
pdkif` umum odf pdkif` paftif` odkdm acscrasi odf ifdctiedsi gjdt
(Mdrolgfg, Mdbdr, :>>0).

Qftuc gjdt ydf` suodb mampufydi `u`us saparti GB, FB:, XB

odf
odf HGGB mufuf`c
`cif
if tiod
tiodc
c park
parku
u ma
maf
f`d
`dkd
kdm
mi ra
radc
dcsi
si ed
edsa
sa I uf
uftu
tuc
c
oimatdjgkisma edsa II. Oaf`df oamicidf tiodc samud zdt maf`dkdmi radcsi
edsa I tarkajib odbuku sajakum radcsi edsa II. Jdbcdf zdt odpdt maf`dkdmi
matdjgkisma edsa II tarkajib odbuku sajakum maf`dkdmi matdjgkisma edsa
I. (Myhac,:>>4).
Matdjg
Matdjgkism
kismaa gjdt
gjdt tarutd
tarutdmd
md tarldoi
tarldoi oi bdti,
bdti, ydcfi
ydcfi oi mamjrd
mamjrdf
f
afogpkdsmic raticukum (micrgsgm) odf oi hytgsgk. _ampdt matdjgkisma
ydf` kdif (acstrd bapdtic) dodkdb oifoif` usus, `ifldk, pdru, odrdb, gtdc

odf cukit, lu`d oi kumaf cgkgf (gkab ekgrd usus) (Mdrolgfg, Mdbdr, :>>0).
_uludf matdjgkisma gjdt dodkdb maf`ujdb gjdt ydf` fgf pgkdr
(kdrut kamdc) mafldoi pgkdr (kdrut dir)d`dr odpdt oiacscrasicdf makdkui
`ifldk
`ifldk dtdu
dtdu ampaou
ampaou.oa
.oaf`d
f`df
f parujd
parujdbdf
bdf ifi gjdt
gjdt dctie
dctie umumfy
umumfydd oiujdb
oiujdb
mafldoi
mafldoi ifdctie._dp
ifdctie._dpii sajd`idf
sajd`idf jarujdb
jarujdb mafldoi
mafldoi kajib dctie(licd
dctie(licd dsdkfyd
dsdkfyd
prgoru`),curdf` dctie,dtdu mafldoi tgcsic (Mdrolgfg,
(Mdrolgfg, Mdbdr, :>>0).
Zadcsi matdjgkisma ydf` tarpaftif` dodkdb gcsiodsi gkab afzim
hytghrgma ^?1> (hyp)ydf` oisajut lu`d afzim mgfggcsi`afdsa dtdu MEG
(Mixao Euf`tigf Gxiodsa) odkdm afogpkdsmih ratihukum

(micrgsgm
(micrg sgm)bd
)bdti.
ti.Ift
Iftardc
ardcsi
si odkdm
odkdm matdjg
matdjgkism
kismaa gjdt
gjdt jarupd
jarupd ifoucs
ifoucsii dtdu
dtdu
ifbijisi afzim matdjgkisma,tarutdmd afzim hyp (Mdrolgfg, Mdbdr, :>>0).
Ifoucsi jardrti pafif`cdtdf sistam afzim matdjgkisma pdod tif`cdt
trdfscripsi sabif``d tarldoi pafif`cdtdf cahapdtdf matdjgkisma gjdt ydf`
mafldoi sujstrdt afzim ydf` jarsdf`cutdf (Mdrolgfg, Mdbdr, :>>0).
Ifbijisi afzim matdjgkisma jardrti bdmjdtdf ydf` tarldoi sahdrd
kdf`su
kdf`suf`
f` oaf`df
oaf`df dcijdt
dcijdt pafif`
pafif`cdt
cdtdf
df cdodr
cdodr sujstrd
sujstrdtt odri
odri afzim
afzim ydf`
ydf`
oibdmjdt lu`d tarldoi sahdrd kdf`suf`. (Mdrolgfg,:>>0,bdk 2)
^rgsas matdjgkisma
matdjgkisma odpdt mampaf`dru
mampaf`drubi
bi dctivitds
dctivitds jigkg`is,
jigkg`is, mdsd

carl
carld,
d, odf
odf tgcs
tgcsis
isit
itds
ds gjdt
gjdt.. Gk
Gkab
ab cd
cdra
rafd
fd itu
itu pa
paf`
f`at
atdb
dbud
udf
f ta
taft
ftdf
df`
`

?
 matdjgkisma
matdjgkisma gjdt paftif`
paftif` odkdm stuoi. Xudtu gjdt odpdt mafimjukc
mafimjukcdf
df
sudtu raspgf jigkg`is oaf`df makdkui oud ldkur, yditu<
d. Gjdt
Gjdt dctie
dctie satakdb
satakdb mdsuc
mdsuc makdkui
makdkui paraodrdf
paraodrdf odrdb,kd
odrdb,kdf`s
f`sufs
ufs jarifta
jariftardc
rdcsi
si

oaf`df rasaptgr odf mafimjukcdf raspgf jigkg`is.

j. ^rd-gjdt satakdb mdsuc ca paraodrdf odrdb maf`dkdmi prgsas
matd
matdjg
jgki
kism
smaa mafl
mafldo
doii gj
gjdt
dt dc
dcti
tie,
e,ja
jarif
rifta
tard
rdcs
csii oa
oaf`
f`df
df ra
rasap
saptg
tgrr od
odf
f
mafimjukcdf raspgf jigkg`is(jigdctivdsi) (Mdrolgfg, Mdbdr, :>>0).
Xahdrd
Xahdrd umum
umum tuludf
tuludf matdjg
matdjgkism
kismaa gjdt
gjdt dodkdb
dodkdb maf`uj
maf`ujdb
db gjdt
gjdt
mafl
mafldo
doii matdj
matdjgk
gkit
it tiod
tiodc
c dc
dcti
tiee od
odf
f tiod
tiodc
c tg
tgcs
csic
ic (j
(jig
igif
ifdc
dcti
tivd
vdsi
si dt
dtdu
du
oatgcs
oatgcsiei
ieicdsi
cdsi),m
),muod
uodb
b kdrut
kdrut odkdm
odkdm dir odf camuoi
camuoidf
df oiacsc
oiacscrasi
rasicdf
cdf odri
odri
tujub.Bdsik matdjgkit gjdt jarsiedt kajib tgcsic oijdfoif` oaf`df safydwd
ifouc(jiggtgcsieicdsi)odf dod pukd bdsikmatdjgkit gjdt ydf` mampufydi

aeac edrmdcgkg`is jarjaod oaf`df safydwd ifouc.hgftgb<Iprgfidzio,sudtu

gjdt pardf`sdf` systam sydrde pusdt,odkdm tujub oi matdjgkis mafldoi
isgfid
isgfidzio
zio ydf`
ydf` jarcbd
jarcbdsidt
sidt sajd`d
sajd`dii dftitu
dftitujar
jarcg
cgkgs
kgsis
is (Mdrolg
(Mdrolgfg,
fg, Mdbdr,
Mdbdr,
:>>0).

:. Edctgr-e
Edctgr-edct
dctgr
gr ydf`
ydf` mampaf`
mampaf`drui
drui matdj
matdjgkism
gkismaa gjdt<
gjdt<
Matdjgkisma
Matdjgkisma gjdt sahdrd fgrmdk
fgrmdk makijdtcdf
makijdtcdf kajib odri sdtu prgsas
cim
cimidwi
idwi odf af
afzi
zim
mdtic
dtic sa
sabi
bif
f``
``dd maf
af`
`bd
bdsi
sikc
kcdf
df ka
kaji
jib
b od
odri
ri sd
sdtu
tu
matdjg
matdjgkit
kit.Lu
.Lumkd
mkdb
b matdjg
matdjgkit
kit oitaft
oitaftucd
ucdf
f gkab
gkab cdodr
cdodr odf dctivi
dctivitds
tds afzim
afzim

ydf` jarpardf odkdm prgsas matdjgkisma.Cahapdtdf matdjgkisma odpdt

mafaftucdf
mafaf tucdf iftafsitds odf mdsd carld gjdt.Cahapdtdf
gjdt.Cahapdtdf matdjgkisma
matdjgkisma ifi
camuf`
camuf`cif
cifdf
df jarjao
jarjaod-ja
d-jaod
od pdod
pdod mdsif`
mdsif`-md
-mdsif
sif`
` ifoivi
ifoiviou.
ou.^af
^afuru
urufdf
fdf
cahapdtdf matdjgkisma dcdf mafif`cdtcdf iftafsitds odf mamparpdfldf`
mdsd carld gjdt odf camuf`cifdf mafif`cdtcdf tgcsisitds gjdt.Cafdicdf
cahapdtdf matdjgkisma dcdf mafurufcdf iftafsitds odf mamparpafoac
mdsd carld gjdt sabif``d gjdt mafldoi tiodc aeactie pdod ogsis fgrmdk
(@dfiswdrd, occ. 4991).
d. Edct
Edctgr
gr @afa
@afati
tic
c dtdu
dtdu catu
caturu
rufd
fdf
f

1
 ^arjaoddf ifoiviou pdod prgsas matdjgkisma salumkdb gjdt cdodf`-
cdodf` tarldoi odkdm systam cabioupdf.Bdk ifi mafufluccdf jdbwd
edhtgr `afatih dtdu caturufdf icut jarpardf tarbdodp dodfyd parjaoddf

cahapdtdf matdjgkisma gjdt (@dfiswdrd, occ. 4991).

j. ^arjaoddf spasias odf `dkur
^dodd prgsas
^do prgsas matdjg
matdjgkism
kismaa gjdt,p
gjdt,paru
arujdb
jdbdf
df cimid
cimid ydf`
ydf` tarldoi
tarldoi pdod
pdod
spasias
spasias odf `dkur
`dkur camuf`
camuf`cif
cifdf
df sdmd dtdu
dtdu saoicit
saoicit jarjao
jarjaod,t
d,tatd
atdpi
pi
cdod
cdodf
f`-
`-c
cdodf
dodf`
` do
dodd par
arj
jao
aodf
df udf
df`
` hu
hucu
cup
p jas
asdr
dr pdo
dodd ra
radc
dcsi
si
matdjgkismafyd (@dfiswdrd, occ. 4991).
h. ^arj
^arjao
aodd
ddf
f lafi
lafiss cak
cakdm
dmif
if
^dodd spasia
^do spasiass jifdtdf
jifdtdf`
` mafufl
mafuflucc
uccdf
df dod paf`dr
paf`drub
ub lafis
lafis cakdmi
cakdmif
f
tarbdodp cahapdtdf matdjgkisma gjdt (@dfiswdrd, occ. 4991).

o. ^arj
^arjao
aodd
ddf
f umu
umurr
Jdyi odkdm cdfouf`df dtdu jdyi ydf` jdru kdbir lumkdb afzim-afzim
micrgsgm bdti ydf` oiparkucdf uftuc mamatdjgkisma gjdt rakdtie mdsib
saoicit sabif``d sdf`dt pacd tarbdodp gjdt (@dfiswdrd, occ. 4991).
a. ^af`
^af`bd
bdmj
mjdt
dtdf
df afzim
afzim matd
matdjg
jgki
kism
sm
Cdodf`-cdo
Cdodf`-cdodf`
df` pamjaridf
pamjaridf tarkajib
tarkajib odbuku
odbuku dtdu sahdrd jarsdmd-sdmd
jarsdmd-sdmd
sudtu safydwd ydf` maf`bdmjdt carld afzim-afzim matdjgkisma odpdt
mafif`cdtcdf iftafsitdsf aeac gjdt, mamparpdfldf` mdsd carld gjdt, odf
camuf`cifdf lu`d mafif`cdtcdf aeac sdmpif` odf tgcsisitds (@dfiswdrd,

occ. 4991).
e. If
Ifou
oucs
csii afzi
afzim
m matd
matdjg
jgki
kism
sm
^amj
^amjar
arid
idf
f ja
jarsd
rsdmd
md-sd
-sdmd
md su
sudt
dtu
u sa
safy
fydw
dwdd od
odpd
pdtt mafi
mafif`
f`cd
cdtc
tcdf
df
cahapdtdf
cahapdtdf matdjgkisma
matdjgkisma gjdt odf mamparpafo
mamparpafoac
ac mdsd carld gjdt. Bdk ifi
oisajdjcdf safydwd tarsajut odpdt mafif`cdtcdf lumkdb dtdu dctivitds
afzim
afzim matdjg
matdjgkism
kismaa odf jucdf
jucdf Cdrafd
Cdrafd parmad
parmadjka
jkakitd
kitdss micrgs
micrgsgm
gm dtdu
dtdu
dodfydd radcsi paf`bdmjdtd
dodfy paf`bdmjdtdf.^af
f.^afif`cdt
if`cdtdf
df dctivitds
dctivitds afzim matdjgkisma
matdjgkisma
gj
gjdt
dt-gj
-gjdt
dt tarta
tartaft
ftu
u dtdu
dtdu pr
prgs
gsas
as if
ifou
oucs
csii af
afzim
zim mamp
mamparh
arhap
apdt
dt pr
prgs
gsas
as
matdjgkisma odf mafurufcdf cdodr gjdt jajds odkdm pkdsmd sabif``d

aeac edrmdcgkg`is gjdt mafuruf odf mdsd carldfyd mafldoi kajib sif`cdt.

5
 Ifoucsi afzim lu`d mampaf`drubi tgcsisitds jajardpd gjdt cdrafd odpdt
mafif`cdtcdf matdjgkisma odf matdjgkit radctie (@dfiswdrd, occ. 4991).

8. _amp
_ampdt
dt mat
matdj
djgk
gkis
isma
ma gjd
gjdtt
^arujdbdf cimid gjdt odkdm tujub tarutdmd tarldoi pdod ldrif`df-
ldrif`df odf gr`df-gr`df saparti bdti,`ifldk,pdru odf sdkurdf harfd. Bdti
marupd
marupdcdf
cdf gr`df
gr`df tujub
tujub tampdt utdmd matdjg
matdjgkism
kismaa gjdt
gjdt gkab
gkab cdrafd
cdrafd
maf
maf`df
`dfouf`
ouf` af
afzi
zim-
m-af
afzi
zim
m matdj
atdjgk
gkis
ism
ma oij
ijdf
dfoi
oif
f` gr
gr`
`df kd
kdif
if..
Matdjgkisma gjdt oi bdti tarldoi pdod mamjrdfa ratihukum afogpkdsmd
sak. Zaticukum afogpkdsmd taroiri odri oud tipa ydf` jarjaod, jdic jaftuc
mdup
mdupuf
uf eu
euf`
f`sif
sifyd
yd.. _ipa
_ipa 4 mamp
mampuf
ufyd
ydii pa
parm
rmuc
ucdd
ddf
f mamj
mamjrdf
rdf yd
ydf`
f`
cd
cdsd
sdr,
r,tar
taroi
oiri
ri od
odri
ri ri
rijg
jgsg
sgm-
m-rij
rijgs
gsgm
gm yd
ydf`
f` ta
tarsu
rsusu
suf
f sahdr
sahdrdd cb
cbds
ds od
odf
f

jareuf`si maf`dtur susufdf `afatic dsdm dmifgydf` oiparkucdf uftuc

siftasis prgtaif._ipa : mampufydi parmucddf mamjrdf ydf` bdkus tiodc
maf`dfouf` rijgsgm.Caoud tipa ifi marupdcdf tampdt afzim-afzim ydf`
oiparkucdf uftuc matdjgkisma gjdt. Ldkur umum matdjgkisma gjdt odf
safydwd gr`dfic dsif` Zadcsi matdjgkisma gjdt odf odf safydwd gr`dfih
dsif` dod oud tdbdp yditu<
d. Zadcsi
Zadcsi-rad
-radcsi
csi ydf`
ydf` tarmd
tarmdsuc
suc odkdm
odkdm edsa
edsa I dftdrd
dftdrd kdif<
kdif<
4) Zadc
Zadcsi
si Gcs
Gcsio
iods
dsii
Marupd
Marupdcdf
cdf radcsi
radcsi ydf`
ydf` pdkif`
pdkif` umum
umum tarldo
tarldoi.
i. Zadcsi
Zadcsi ifi tarldo
tarldoii

pdod jarjd`di mgkacuk mafurut prgsas cbusus tar`dftuf` pdod

mdsif`-
mdsif`-mds
mdsif`
if` structu
structurr cimidf
cimidfyd,
yd, yditu
yditu radcsi
radcsi biorgc
biorgcsikd
sikdsi
si pdod
pdod
`gkgf`
`gkgf`df
df dkcik,
dkcik, drik,
drik, odf batarg
batargsic
sickic3
kic3 radcsi
radcsi gcsiod
gcsiodsi
si dkcgbg
dkcgbgkk odf
dkoa
dkoabi
bio3
o3 radc
radcsi
si pamj
pamjaf
aftu
tucd
cdf
f F-gc
F-gcsi
siod
od od
odf
f su
suke
kegc
gcsi
siod
od33 ra
radc
dcsi
si
oadmifdsi gcsiodtie3 pamjucddf ifti odf sajd`difyd (Dfgfim,4999).
(Dfgfim,4999).
Zadcsi gcsiodsi oijd`i mafldoi oud, yditu gcsiodsi ydf` makijdtcdf
sitgc
sitgcrg
rgm
m ^?1>
^?1> (a
(afz
fzim
im yd
ydf`
f` ja
jartd
rtdf`
f``u
`uf`
f`ld
ldwd
wdj
j ta
tarb
rbdo
dodp
dp ra
radc
dcsi
si
gcsiodsi) odf gcsiodsi ydf` tiodc makijdtcdf sitgcrgm ^?1>.
:) Zadcsi Zaoucsi
Zaoucsi (raoucsi
(raoucsi dkoabio,
dkoabio, dzg
dzg odf
odf fitrg).
fitrg).

0
 Zadcsi
Zadcsi ifi curdf`
curdf` paftif
paftif`
` oijdfo
oijdfoif`
if` radcsi
radcsi gcsiod
gcsiodsi.
si. Zaoucs
Zaoucsii
tarutdmd jarpardf pdod fitrg`af odf turufdffyd (dzgic odf fitrdt),
cdodf`-cdodf` pdod cdrjgf. (Dfgfim, 4999). Bdfyd jajardpd gjdt

ydf` maf`dkdmi matdjgkisma oaf`df ldkdf raoucsi, jdic odkdm katdc

micrgsgmdk mdupuf fgf mihrgsgmdk.
8) Zadcsi
Zadcsi Bior
Biorgki
gkisis
sis (oaast
(oaastari
arieic
eicdsi)
dsi)
^rgsas kdif ydf` maf`bdsikcdf safydwd ydf` kajib pgkdr dodkdb
biorgkisis
biorgkisis odri astar odf dmiod gkab afzim. Astardsa ydf` tarkatdc jdic
micr
micrgs
gsgm
gmdk
dk od
odf
f fg
fgfm
fmic
icrg
rgsg
sgmd
mdkk dc
dcdf
df maf`
maf`bi
bior
orgk
gkisi
isiss gj
gjdt
dt yd
ydf`
f`
maf`
maf`df
dfou
ouf`
f` `u
`u`u
`uss astar
astar.. Oi ba
bapd
pdr,
r,kaj
kajib
ib jd
jdfy
fydc
dc ta
tarl
rldo
doii ra
radc
dcsi
si
biorgk
biorgkisis
isis odf tarcgfs
tarcgfsaft
aftrdsi
rdsi,, sapart
sapartii biorgk
biorgkisi
isiss paptio
paptioif
if gkab
gkab sudtu
sudtu
afzim. Astardsa fgf micrgsgmdk tarodpdt odkdm odrdb odf jajardpd

ldrif`df (Xydrie, 4991).

j. Zadcsi Edsa II (Edsa siftatic)

Zadcsi ifi tarldoi odkdm bdti odf makijdtcdf cgflu`dsi sudtu gjdt
dtdu
dtdu matd
matdjg
jgki
kitt ed
edsa
sa I fyd
fyd oaf`
oaf`df
df zd
zdtt af
afog
og`a
`af.
f. Cgfl
Cgflu`
u`dt
dt yd
ydf`
f`
oibdsikcdf bdmpir sakdku curdf` dctie odf marupdcdf mgkacuk pgkdr
ydf`
ydf` muodb
muodb oiacsc
oiacscrasi
rasi gkab
gkab `ifldk
`ifldk (Fadk,
(Fadk, :>>1).
:>>1). Zadcsi
Zadcsi cgflu`
cgflu`dsi
dsi
jacarld pdod jarjd`di sujstrdt dkdmfyd oaf`df prgsas afzimdtic
taricdt pdod `u`us
`u`us radctie ydf`
ydf` takdb dod sajakumfyd
sajakumfyd dtdu tarjaftu
tarjaftuc
c

pdod edsa I. radcsi ydf` tarldoi pdod edsa II ifi ifi makiputi cgflu`dsi
`kucgrgfio
`kucgrgfiodsi,
dsi, dsikdsi, matikdsi,
matikdsi, pamjaftuc
pamjaftucdf
df dsdm marcdpturdt,
marcdpturdt, odf
cgflu`dsi sukedt (@grogf odf Xcatt, 4994).
Zadcsi edsa II taroiri odri <
4) Cgflu`
Cgflu`dsi
dsi dsdm
dsdm `kucgr
`kucgrgf
gfdt,
dt, cgflu`ds
cgflu`dsii oaf`df
oaf`df dsdm `kucgr
`kucgrgfd
gfdtt
marupd
marupdcdf
cdf hdrd cgflu`
cgflu`dsi
dsi umum
umum odkdm
odkdm prgsas
prgsas matdjg
matdjgkism
kisma.
a.
Bdmpir
Bdmpir samud
samud gjdt
gjdt maf`dk
maf`dkdmi
dmi cgflu`
cgflu`dsi
dsi ifi cdrafd
cdrafd salumkd
salumkdb
b
jasdr `u`us euf`sigfdk gjdt odpdt jarcgmjifdsi sahdrd afzimdtic
oaf`df dsdm `kucgrgfdt odf tarsaoidfyd O-dsdm `kucgrgfdt odkdm

lumkdb ydf` hucup pdod tujub (Xiswdfogfg odf Xgacdrolg,:>>>).

2
 Cgafzi
Cgafzim
m dftdrd
dftdrd (QO^@D
(QO^@D < urioif
urioifaa oipbgs
oipbgspbg
pbg`ku
`kuhgr
hgrifi
ifihh dhio )
jaradcsi oaf`df gjdt oaf`df jdftudf afzim QO^ `kucgrgfgsik-
trdfsea
trdfseardsa
rdsa (Q@_)
(Q@_) uftuc
uftuc mamifo
mamifodbc
dbcdf
df `kucgr
`kucgrgf
gfiod
iod ca dtgm
dtgm G

pdod dkcgbgk, eafgk, dtdu dsdm cdrjgcsikdt3 dtdu dtgm X pdod

safydwd tigk3 dtdu dtgm F pdod safydwd: dmifd odf sukegfdmiod.
:) Mati
Matikd
kdsi,
si, ra
radc
dcsi
si mati
matikd
kdsi
si mamp
mampuf
ufyd
ydii pa
pard
rdf
f pa
paft
ftif
if`
` pd
pdod
od pr
prgs
gsas
as
jigsiftasis jajardpd safydwd afog`af, saparti fgrapifaerif,
apifae
apifaerif
rif,, odf bistdmi
bistdmifsa
fsartd
rtd uftuc prgsas
prgsas jigifdct
jigifdctivd
ivdsi
si gjdt.
gjdt.
Cgafzi
Cgafzim
m ydf`
ydf` tarkij
tarkijdt
dt pdod
pdod radcsi
radcsi matikds
matikdsii dodkdb
dodkdb X-doaf
X-doafgsi
gsik-
k-
matigfif(XDM). Zadcsi ifi oicdtdkis gkab afzim matiktrdfseardsa
ydf` tarodpdt odkdm sitgpkdsmd odf micrgsgm (Xiswdfogfg odf
Xgacdrolg,:>>>).

8) Cgflu`dsi
Cgflu`dsi Xukedt,
Xukedt, tarutdmd
tarutdmd tarldoi
tarldoi pdod
pdod safydwd
safydwd ydf`
ydf` maf`dfou
maf`dfouf`
f`
`u`us eafgk odf cdodf`-cdodf` lu`d tarldoi pdod safydwd dkcgbgk,
dmif
dmif drgmdt
drgmdtic
ic odf safydw
safydwdd F-bior
F-biorgcs
gcsi.
i. Cgflu`
Cgflu`dsi
dsi sukedt
sukedt pdod
pdod
umumfyd uftuc mafif`cdtcdf cakdrutdf safydwd odkdm dir odf
mamj
mamjud
udtt sa
safy
fydw
dwdd mafl
mafldo
doii tiod
tiodc
c tg
tgcs
csic
ic (X
(Xis
iswd
wdfo
fogf
gfg
g od
odf
f
Xgacdrolg,:>>>).
?) Dsatik
Dsatikdsi,
dsi, marupdc
marupdcdf
df ldkur matdjgki
matdjgkisma
sma gjdt ydf` maf`dfou
maf`dfouf`
f`
`u`us
`u`us dmif
dmif primar
primar,, sukegf
sukegfdmi
dmiod,
od, biordsi
biordsif,
f, biordsi
biordsio,
o, odf dmifd
dmifd
dkiedtic primar. Euf`si utdmd dsatikdsi dodkdb mamjudt safydwd

ifdctie odf uftuc oatgcsieicdsi (Xiswdfogfg odf Xgacdrolg,:>>>)

9
 JDJ III
^AFQ_Q^

?.4 Casimpukdf
Matdjg
Matdjgkism
kismaa dtdu
dtdu jigtrdf
jigtrdfsegr
segrmds
mdsii dodkdb
dodkdb radcsi
radcsi parujd
parujdbdf
bdf zdt cimid
cimid
odkdm ldrif`df jigkg`i ydf` oicdtdkis gkab afzim mafldoi matdjgkitfyd. ^rgsas
matdjg
matdjgkism
kismaa tarjd`
tarjd`ii mafldo
mafldoii jajardp
jajardpdd edsa,
edsa, edsa I marujd
marujdb
b safydw
safydwdd kipgei
kipgeikk
mafldo
mafldoii safydw
safydwdd ydf`
ydf` mampuf
mampufydi
ydi `u`us
`u`us euf`si
euf`sigfd
gfdkk odf edsa II dtdu
dtdu radcsi
radcsi
cgflu`dsi tarldoi licd zdt jakum hucup pgkdr satakdb maf`dkdmi matdjgkisma edsa
I, ifi tarutdmd tarldoi pdod zdt ydf` sdf`dt kipgeik

?.: Xdrdf

Xdrdf ydf` odpdt oijaricdf dodkdb<

4. Qftuc
Qftuc kajib
kajib mamdbdmi
mamdbdmi mdtari
mdtari radcsi matdjgk
matdjgkism
ismaa gjdt,
gjdt, parku oikdcu
oikdcucdf
cdf
pamjakdldrdf kdflutdf taftdf` mdtari ifi.
:. ^amjdhd
^amjdhd sajdicfyd
sajdicfyd mafdmj
mafdmjdb
db raearafsi
raearafsi jarupd
jarupd jucu-j
jucu-jucu
ucu ydf`
ydf` rakavdf,
rakavdf,
lurfdk pafakitidf, `dmjdr, dtdu raearafsi kdif odri iftarfat.

4>
 ODE_DZ ^QX_DCD

Dfgfim,4999, Mdldkdb Edrmdsi Ifogfasid Ugk 4> Fg >? , Mdfoiri Ldyd Geeast,

Yg`ydcdrtd.

@dfiswdrd, occ, 4991, Edrmdcgkg`i odf _ardpi.

_ardpi. Aoisi IU, QI^, Ldcdrtd.

@grogf Odf ^duk Xcatt, 4994, ^af`dftdr Matdjgkisma Gjdt, QI ^rasss, Ldcdrtd .

Mdrolgfg,
Mdrolgfg, Mdbdr. :>>0.
:>>0. Edrmdcgkg`i odf _ardpi.
_ardpi. Qfivarsitds Ifogfasid ^rass,
Ldcdrtd

Myhac,
Myhac, Mdry L., Bdrvay,
Bdrvay, Zihbdr
Zihbdro
o D., Hbdmpa,
Hbdmpa, ^dmakd
^dmakd H, :>>4, Edrmdcgkg`i
Qkdsdf Jar`dmjdr Aoisi : , Pioyd Maoicd, Ldcdrtd

Xi
Xisw
swdf
dfog
ogfg
fg od
odf
f Xgac
Xgacdr
drol
olg,
g,Jd
Jdmj
mjdf
df`,
`, :>
:>>>
>>,, Ci
Cimi
midd Maoi
Maoisif
sifdk
dk , Di
Dirk
rkdf
df``
``dd
Qfivarsity ^rass, Ldcdrtd

Xydrie
Xydrie,Dm
,Dmif,
if,499
4991,E
1,Edrm
drmdcg
dcgkg`
kg`ii Odf _ardpi
_ardpi,Ao
,Aoisi
isi IU, Jd`idf
Jd`idf Edrmdc
Edrmdcgkg
gkg`i
`i
Edcuktds Caogctardf Qfivarsitds Ifogfasid, Ldcdrtd

44