INTRODUCTION

CLONING:
Cloning is the process of creating genetically identical copies of organisms.

The concept of cloning has been a subject of scientific research and public interest for several decades.

Historical Background:
In 1996 Dr. Ian Wilmut first time cloned a mammal ,sheep named Dolly from an adult somatic cell .

In 1998 scientists sucessflully cloned a Rhius Monkey named Tetra.

In 2005 the first Afghan hound named snuppy was cloned .

In 2013 scientists created the first human embryonic stem cell.

3. Types of Cloning:

Reproductive Cloning:
Reproductive cloning involves the implantation of a cloned embryo into a real
or an artificial uterus. The embryo develops into a fetus that is then carried to
term. Reproductive cloning experiments were performed for more than 40
years through the process of embryo splitting, in which a single early-stage
two-cell embryo is manually divided into two individual cells and then grows
as two identical embryos. Reproductive cloning techniques passed through
significant change in the 1990s, following the birth of Dolly, who was
generated through the process of Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer. This process
requires the removal of the entire nucleus from a somatic (body) cell of an
organism, followed by insertion of the nucleus into an egg cell that has had its
own nucleus removed (enucleation). Once the somatic nucleus is inside the
egg, the egg is stimulated with a mild electrical current and begins dividing.
Thus, a cloned embryo, essentially an embryo of an identical twin of the
original organism, is created. The SCNT process has undergone significant
refinement since the 1990s, and procedures have been developed to prevent
damage to eggs during nuclear extraction and somatic cell nuclear insertion.
For example, the use of polarized light to visualize an egg cell’s
nucleus facilitates the extraction of the nucleus from the egg, resulting in a
healthy, viable egg and thereby increasing the success rate of SCNT.
• Therapeutic Cloning:
Therapeutic cloning is intended to use cloned embryos for the purpose of
extracting stem cells from them, without ever implanting the embryos in a womb.
Therapeutic cloning enables the cultivation of stem cells that are genetically identical to
a patient. The stem cells could be stimulated to differentiate into any of the more than
200 cell types in the human body. The differentiated cells then could be transplanted
into the patient to replace diseased or damaged cells without the risk of rejection by
the immune system. These cells could be used to treat a variety of conditions,
including Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, diabetes mellitus, stroke, and spinal
cord injury. In addition, stem cells could be used for in vitro (laboratory) studies of
normal and abnormal embryo development or for testing drugs to see if they are toxic or
cause birth defects.

Although stem cells have been derived from the cloned embryos of animals such as
mice, the generation of stem cells from cloned primate embryos has proved
exceptionally difficult. For example, in 2007 stem cells successfully derived from
cloned macaque embryos were able to differentiate into mature heart cells and
brain neurons.

Progress in research on therapeutic cloning in humans has been slow relative to the
advances made in reproductive cloning in animals. This is primarily because of the
technical challenges and ethical controversy arising from the procuring of human eggs
solely for research purposes
4. Cloning Techniques:

• Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT):

Somatic cell nuclear transfer is a laboratory technique used in cloning to create an organism with
the same genetic material as another . It involves transferring the nucleus of a somatic cell into an
enucleated egg cell resulting the creation of a cloned organism .

• Used in reproductive cloning and research on embryonic stem cells.

Used in Drug development and toxicity.

Prevent organ transplant rejection.

Help in preservation of endangered species

• Embryo Splitting:
• Divides a pre-embryo into separate entities, each developing into a genetically identical
organism.

• Artificial Embryo Twinning

• Separates early-stage embryos into individual cells, resulting in genetically identical individuals.

It involves following steps

Embryo collection.

Embryo culture .

Blastomere separation.

Individual embryo development.

5. Applications of Cloning:

• Agriculture:
Replication of desireable trait:
Cloning allows for replication of individuals with desireable traits such as high milk production in cows,
enhanced meat quality in livestock ,disease resistance or improved crop yield.

Faster genetic improvement:

Traditional breeding methods often require multiple generations to achieve desired genetic traits.With
cloning these traits can be propogated more rapidly , speeding up the process of genetic improvement
in agricultural species.This enables farmers to achieve desired characteristics in their livestock or crops
more efficiently.

Disease resistance and quality control:

Cloning can be used to produce animals or crops that possess inherent resistance to certain diseases or
pests. By identify and cloning individuals with natural resistance , farmers can reduce the need for
chemical treatments or other disease control measures ,leading to improved sustainability and reduced
costs.
• Conservation :
• Cloning can aid in preserving endangered species by creating genetically identical individuals.

• Provides a method for maintaining genetic diversity and preventing extinction.

• Biomedical Research:
• Cloning techniques contribute to advancements in studying genetic diseases and developing
treatments.

• Enables the production of tissues and organs for transplantation.

6. Ethical Considerations:
• Moral and Religious Perspectives:

• Cloning raises ethical questions about playing God and tampering with the natural order.

• Different cultural, religious, and philosophical viewpoints exist regarding the sanctity of life and
human dignity.

• Human Cloning:
Human cloning refers to the creation of genetically identical copies of an existing human being .The
process involves replicating the genetic material of a donor individual and using it to create a new
organism with the same genetic composition.

• Reproductive cloning of humans remains highly controversial and is generally considered

ethically unacceptable.

In September 2021,human reproductive cloning is widely considered unethical and has been banned.

• Concerns about potential social and ethical effects, including the creation of "designer babies."

7. Future Prospects:
• Advances in Cloning Technology:

• Ongoing research focuses on improving cloning efficiency and reducing genetic abnormalities.

• Potential advancements in regenerative medicine, organ transplantation, and disease

treatment.
• Ethical and Legal Frameworks:
• Continued discussions and development of regulations to address the ethical and societal
implications of cloning.

Cloning in Computer Science:

Cloning in computer science is the process of making an exact copy of a file or program. Cloning
can be used to create backups or to make multiple copies of a file for distribution. Cloning can
also be used to create a new copy of a file with different data. For example, a programmer may
want to create a new copy of a file with different code in order to test a new feature.

Cloning in internet refers to the process of duplicating a website or web page. This can be done
manually, by copying the HTML code and other associated files, or automatically, using a web
cloning tool. Cloning can be used to create an identical copy of a website, or to create a new
website that is similar to an existing one.

An email clone is a type of phishing attack in which hackers copy legitimate messages. When
you add or replace a link to an email, the hacker modifies it to appear as if it were coming from
a malicious or fake website. Scammers use fake email to bait people into sending them money
in order to commit phishing attacks. Phishing (voice phishing) calls are sometimes deceptive
because they use fake caller ID information to appear to be from a trusted organization.It is
critical that email recipients are aware of phishing clone attempts in order to block them. In
phishing cloning, you use a legitimate email address to create an almost identical email, which
is then forwarded to a fake email address via a compromised website. Users are more likely to
trust emails that appear similar to theirs, increasing the risk of harm.

What is clone attack?

Facebook has been the scene of a number of deceptive attacks in recent years. The attackers typically
stole the profiles of the victims to create bogus profiles filled with personal information. When they
Clone their profile, they begin to Send a Friend Request using the clone profile.