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Statistics and Probability Module 1
Statistics and Probability Module 1
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Management Team:
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Module Content
The lessons that we will tackle are the following:
Lesson 1 – The Concept of Random Variables
Lesson 2 – Probability Distribution of Discrete Random Variables
Lesson 3 – Solving for the Mean, Variance, and Standard
Deviation of Discrete Probability Distributions
Module Objectives
Once you are done with this module, you should be able to:
General Instructions
To complete the objectives of this module, you must
DO THE FOLLOWING:
Patiently read the text carefully and understand every sentence.
Do not proceed to the next part of the module without fully
understanding the previous text.
Read the directions of each activity carefully. You will be guided as
to the steps in answering the exercises and activities of this
module.
Do not proceed to the next part without completing the previous
activities.
Be aware of the following terms:
Continuous having the property that the absolute value of the numerical
difference between the value at a given point and the value at
any point in a neighborhood of the given point can be made as
close
to zero as desired by choosing the neighborhood small enough.
Die a small cube marked on each face with from one to six spots and
used usually in games by being shaken and thrown to come to
rest at random on a flat surface.
Discrete consisting of distinct or unconnected elements
Finite having limits or having a limited nature
Infinite extremely large or having no limits
Measurement the process of getting the amount or degree of something
Notation a system of marks, signs, figures, or characters that is used to
represent information
Random without definite aim, direction, rule, or method.
Source: Merriam - Webster's collegiate dictionary, 1999
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What I Know (Pre-Test)
Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the best answer.
c. X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
d. X 4 8 12 14 16
P(X) 0.36 0.21 0.10 0.09 0.24
Note: The values “0 and 1” are just models/examples. You may use other values like
10, 500, and even 2,020. Still, the values 0 and 1 are most commonly used in
statistics.
There are two varieties of random variables that are numerical in nature:
the sample space is finite (can be there are infinite elements in the sample
counted) because each sample has a space wherein each sample are so
space between them closely packed such that infinite number
of elements can fit throughout the
sample space
Note: A sample space is the set of all possible outcomes in a random experiment.
Here are some more examples of discrete and continuous random variables.
Learning Concept
Again, the purpose of using random variable is so that we could
measure observations and process data to make a conclusion about
the population. So what are the possible values of a random variable, you might ask?
Below are some random variables with their corresponding possible values.
Random
Description Set of Possible Values
Variable
V marital status of teachers single, married, widow, …
W number of dots after rolling a die 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
X tossing a coin Heads, Tails
Y tossing two coins HT, HH, TH, TT
Z household pet being raised dog, cat, mouse, snake, rabbit, …
As a statistician, you must be able to identify the set of possible values of your
random variable even before conducting your survey.
Example 1. Suppose you are to test three random eggplants from a harvest to see if
there are worms in it. You want to find out the number of eggplants attacked by
worms. Use W to represent if there is a worm attack in an eggplant and N if there is
none.
Note: The letters W and N are not random variables but are used to
represent the possible outcome upon checking an eggplant. X is the
random variable representing the number of eggplants attacked by
worms.
Again, you are sampling three eggplants. The table below has been
filled out to illustrate and demonstrate the possible outcomes of this
experiment. Try to understand the values therein.
Example 2. Suppose that four coins are tossed. Let Y be the random variable
representing the number of heads that occur. Complete the table below to find the
possible values of Y.
Value of Random Variable Y
Possible Outcomes
(number of heads)
HHHH 4
HHHT 3
HHTH 3
HHTT 2
HTHH 3
HTHT
HTTH
HTTT
THHH
THHT
THTH
THTT
TTHH
TTHT
TTTH
TTTT
The possible values of the random variable Y are 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Now that we already have the possible values of the random variable, we can
now construct the probability distribution. Looking back at example 1, the random
variable X represents the number of damaged eggplants in a harvest. We have
defined the sample space and their corresponding values in the table below.
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Number of eggplants
Probability P(X)
with worm attacks X
There are 8 possible outcomes and
1 only 1 of them had no worm at all. So
0
8 the probability that we shall assign is 1.
8
There are 8 possible outcomes and 3
3 of them have exactly 1 eggplant
1 attacked by worms. So the probability
8
that we shall assign is 3.
8
There are 8 possible outcomes and 3
3 of them have 2 eggplants attacked by
2 worms. So the probability that we shall
8
assign is 3.
8
There are 8 possible outcomes and
1 only 1 of them had all 3 eggplants
3 attacked by worms. So the probability
8
that we shall assign is 1.
8
11
3/8
1/8 1/8
0
0 1 2 3
Number of eggplants with worm attacks X
What is a histogram?
What’s New
Based on the distribution above, the table below shows some
more probabilities. Can you explain how these values were obtained?
12
Number
Let’s stop of heads
and think for a Y Probability P(Y)
moment.
1
Can you explain0why the probability values P(Y) are like that? Where did the denominator
16
16 come from? How about the numerator values 1, 4, 6, 4, and 1? Where did they come
4 1
from? 1 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
16 4
6 3 Getting the sum of all probabilities in
2 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 4 6
16 8 the distribution we get 1 + + +
16 16 16
4 1 16
3 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 4 1 = 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 1. The histogram of the
16 4 16+ 16 16
1
distribution is shown below.
4
16
13
What’s New
Consider the histogram above. Try to answer the questions below.
What is the probability of getting more than 3 heads?
What is the probability of getting less than 2 heads?
What is the probability of getting at least 3 heads?
What is the probability of getting at most 1 head?
What is the probability of getting 2 or 3 heads?
What is the probability of getting pure heads?
What is the probability of getting no heads?
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There are four values for the random variable. Assign probability values P(X)
to each then construct the histogram by drawing on the graph below.
6/16
Probability P(X)
4/16
2/16
0
0 1 2 3
Number of male puppies X
15
1. X 1 3 5 7 9
1 1 1 1 1
P(X)
4 4 4 4 4
2. X 0 1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1 1
P(X)
5 5 10 5 5
3. X 1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1
P(X)
3 6 3 6
4. X 3 6 9 12
1 2 1 1
P(X)
5 5 5 5
5. X 1 3 5 7
P(X) 0.25 0.20 0.45 0.15
16
LOW
HIGH
17
18
No.and
Let’s stop of think for a moment.
Probability
mistakes 𝑿𝑿 ∙ 𝑷𝑷(𝑿𝑿)
𝑷𝑷(𝑿𝑿)
The entries𝑿𝑿 in columns 1 and 2 are just copied from the problem statement above. The
entries in the 3 st
0 third column you have to solve0yourself byndmultiplying the 1 and 3
20 2 column entries. 0 × = 0,
5 5 5 5 7 14
20
1 1× = ,2× = , and so on.
20 20 20 20 20 20
7 14 The number of rows would
2
20 20
depend entirely on the number of
3 9
3 possible values that the random
20 20
1 4 variable may take.
4
20 20
1st Column × 2nd Column
1 = 3rd Column
5
5
20 20
The symbol for mean is the Greek letter 𝜇𝜇 (read as “myu”). To solve for
the mean, all we have to do is add up all the entries of the 3rd column.
Equation 1. 𝜇𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)
So the value of the mean in the example above is just the sum of all entries in
the third column,
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𝜇𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) = 0 + 14 9 4 5 = = 1.85
5
+ + + +
20 20 20 20 20 20
19
Equation 3. 𝜎𝜎 = √𝜎𝜎2
So the value of the standard deviation is solved by getting the square root of
the variance. Again, you cannot solve for the value of the standard deviation without
finding first the variance and mean.
Now that we have completed solving example 3, let us now summarize the
steps in solving for the mean, variance, and standard deviation.
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Solution:
𝑿𝑿 𝑷𝑷(𝑿𝑿) 𝑿𝑿 ∙ 𝑷𝑷(𝑿𝑿) 𝑿𝑿 − 𝝁𝝁 (𝑿𝑿 − 𝝁𝝁)𝟐𝟐 (𝑿𝑿 − 𝝁𝝁)𝟐𝟐 ∙ 𝑷𝑷(𝑿𝑿)
2 18
0 0 − 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 − 3.24 0.648
10 1.8 10
2 2 8
1 − 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 − 0.64 0.128
10 10 0.8 10
3 6 2
2 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 0.2 0.04 0.012
10 10 10
2 6 12
3 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 1.2 1.44 0.288
10 10 10
1 4 22
4 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 2.2 4.84 0.484
10 10 10
22
23
24
25
10 0.34
15 0.26
20 0.25
25 0.10
2. A police lieutenant records the number of police blotter filed each day in their
city. Based on his records, the probability distribution of the number of police
blotters filed each day is in the table below. The city mayor claims that the crime
rate is in its all-time low with only 2 blotters being filed each day. Determine the
mean of the probability distribution shown and decide if the mayor’s claim is
valid.
26
27
c. X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
d. X 4 8 12 14 16
P(X) 0.36 0.21 0.10 0.09 0.24
28
29
30
PRE-TEST ACTIVITY 1
1. A 1. Continuous
2. D 2. Discrete
3. B 3. Discrete
4. C 4. Continuous
5. B 5. Discrete
6. A 6. Continuous
7. C 7. Discrete
8. D 8. Discrete
9. B 9. Continuous
10. B 10. Continuous
11. Continuous
12. Continuous
13. Discrete
14. Discrete
15. Discrete
ACTIVITY 2
A.
Value of Random
Possible Outcomes
Variable X
FFF 0
FFM 1
FMF 1
FMM 2
MFF 1
MFM 2
MMF 2
MMM 3
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6/16
Probability P(X)
4/16
3/8 3/8
2/16
1/8 1/8
0
0 1 2 3
Number of male puppies X
1
What is the probability of getting more than 2 males?
8
1
What is the probability of getting less than 2 males?
2
1
What is the probability of getting at least 2 males?
2
7
What is the probability of getting at most 2 males?
8
3
What is the probability of getting 1 or 2 males?
4
1
What is the probability of getting no males?
8
1
What is the probability of getting all males?
8
B.
1. Not Valid. Sum exceeds 1.
∑ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) = 1 1 1 1 1 5
+ + + + = 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 1.25
4 4 4 4 4 4
2. Not Valid. Sum is less than 1.
∑ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) = 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 9
1 +1 +1 = + + + + = 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 0.9
+ + 10 10 10 10 10 10
5 5 10 5
5
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ACTIVITY 3
A.
33
34
A.
1. 𝑋𝑋 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)
0 0.40 0
1 0.22 0.22
2 0.15 0.3
3 0.10 0.3
4 0.08 0.32
5 0.05 0.25
35
1 0.13 0.13
2 0.23 0.46
3 0.15 0.45
4 0.16 0.64
POST-TEST
A. B.
1. A 1. Discrete
2. D 2. Continuous
3. B 3. Discrete
4. C 4. Continuous
5. D 5. Continuous
6. A
7. C
8. A
9. B
10. C
11. B
12. C
13. D
14. A
15. B
36
Belecina, Rene S., Elisa S. Baccay, and Efren B. Mateo, Statistics and Probability,
Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc., 2016, 1-48.
Calaca, Ninia I., Chin Uy, Nestor M. Noble, and Ronaldo A. Manalo, Statistics and
Probability, Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc., 2016, 40-92.
Walpol, Ronald E., Raymond H. Myers, and Sharon L. Myers, Probability and
Statistics: for Engineers and Scientists, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
07458: Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd., 2001, 51-83.
“Random Variables,” Khan Academy, Inc., last modified August 1, 2019,
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/statistics-probability/random-variables-
stats-library/random-variables-discrete/v/random-variables.
“Probability Distributions,” Batia Infotech, last modified Jan 28, 2013,
https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=probability-
distributions.
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