11

Statistics and Probability

Quarter 4 – Module 2
Large-Sample Tests about the
Population Mean
Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 2: Large-Sample Tests on the Population Mean

First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Leo Niño O. Maniwang

Venus A. Boc
Editor: Marlon S. Jala PhD
Management Team: Bianito A. Dagatan EdD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent

Casiana P. Caberte PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Felix C. Galacio Jr. PhD

EPS, Mathematics

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EPS, LRMDS

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Learning Competencies: Identifies the appropriate form of the test-statistic when: (a)
the population variance is assumed to be known; (b) the
population variance is assumed to be unknown; and (c) the
Central Limit Theorem is to be used. (M11/12SP-Ivb-2)
Identifies the appropriate rejection region for a given level of
significance when: (a) the population variance is assumed
to be known; (b) the population variance is assumed to be
unknown; and (c) the Central Limit Theorem is to be used.
(M11/12SP-Ivc-1)
computes for the test-statistic value (population mean).
(M11/12SP-IVd-1)
Draws conclusion about the population mean based on the
test-statistic value & the rejection region. (M11/12SP-IVd-
2)
Solves problems involving test of hypothesis on the
population mean. (M11/12SP-IVe-1)

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

 identify the appropriate form of the test-statistic when: the population
variance is known and the Central Limit Theorem is to be used;
 identify the appropriate rejection region for a given level of significance
when: (a) the population variance is assumed to be known; and (c) the
Central Limit Theorem is to be used;
 compute for the test-statistic value (population mean);
 draw conclusion about the population mean based on the test-statistic value
and the rejection region; and
 solve problems involving test of hypothesis on the population mean.

Lesson 1: Large-Sample Tests on the Population Mean

What is it…
A one-population test is conducted to a sample purportedly coming from a
population with mean µ. It is sometimes called a significance test for a single mean.

There are two cases to consider for testing the mean of a single population:
1. The sample is large (n ≥ 30). Thus, we can apply the Central Limit Theorem
(CLT) and we use the normal curve as a model.
2. The population variance is assumed to be known. When the CLT is applied,
the sample standard deviation (s) may be used as an estimate of the
population standard deviation (σ ) when the value of σ is unknown.

The Central Limit Theorem states that if random samples of size n are drawn
from a population, then as n becomes larger, the sampling distribution of the mean
approaches the normal distribution, regardless of the shape of the population
distribution.

When the sample is large (n ≥ 30), the z-test statistic is used. The z statistic
measures the number of standard deviations between the observed value of the
sample mean x and the null hypothesized value of the population mean µ.

Two cases considered in conducting a significance test for a single mean:

Case 1: The population mean µ and the population standard deviation σ are known.

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 x−µ σ
Test Statistic: z= σx where: σ x = √n

x−µ
or simply, z= σ
√n
Example: Solve for the z-statistic.
1. sample mean = 90 population mean = 88
sample size = 100 population standard deviation = 6
x=90 µ = 88 σ =6 n=100
x−µ 90−88
2
z= σ = 6 = 0.6 = 3.33
√n √100
Case 2: The population mean µ is known but the population standard deviation σ is
not known, using sample standard deviation (s) as an estimate of σ .

x−µ s
Test Statistic: z= σx where: σ x = √n

x−µ
or simply, z= s
√n
Example: Solve for the z-statistic.
2. sample mean = 80 population mean = 83
sample size = 100 sample standard deviation = 4
x=80 µ = 83 s=4 n=100
x−µ 80−83
−3
z= s = 4 = 0.4 = -7.50
√n √100

What’s
Directions: Solve for the z-statistic. Show your Solutions.
1. sample mean = 80 population mean = 85
sample size = 100 population standard deviation = 5
2. sample mean = 90 population mean = 88
sample size = 100 sample standard deviation = 4
3. s=7 n=50 x=10 µ = 13
4. σ =6 n=50 x=13 µ = 10

Lesson 2: Rejection Region and Level of Significance

What is it…

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 The rejection region (also called critical region) refers to the region where the
value of the test statistic lies for which we will reject the null hypothesis. It may be on
the left, or right, or both depending on the alternative hypothesis.

To identify the appropriate rejection region:

A. Choose the significance level α.
B. Based on the alternative hypothesis, identify if the test is two-tailed or
one-tailed.
C. Get the critical values from the test statistic table.
When the population variance is assumed to be known and the Central
Limit Theorem is applied, use the z-table to identify the critical values.
D. Establish the critical regions.

z critical values
Level of Significance
Left-Tailed Right-Tailed Two-Tailed
α = 0.10 z = -1.28 z = 1.28 z = ± 1.65
α = 0.05 z = -1.65 z = 1.65 z = ± 1.96
α = 0.01 z = -2.33 z = 2.33 z = ± 2.58

One-Tailed Rejection Region

left – tailed right – tailed

α α

z critical value z critical value

Two-Tailed Rejection Region

α α
2 2
z critical values

Example 1:
The barangay captain claimed that his constituents have average monthly
income of P5,000 with a standard deviation of P10. To test the claim, the DSWD
conducted a census and found that the average monthly income of 250 residents was
P4,950. At 95% confidence, is the barangay captain right?
A. Choose the significance level α.
 0.05 because confidence level is 95%
B. Identify if it is two-tailed or one-tailed
 two-tailed, because H1: µ ≠ 5000
C. Get the critical values from the test statistic table.
 critical values z = ± 1.96
D. Sketch the critical regions. The critical region is on both tails.

α α
= = 0.025
2 2
-1.96 1.96

Example 2:
The coordinator claimed that the mean age of incoming SHS students is less
than 18 years. Mark interviewed 50 students and found the mean age of 17.8 years
with a standard deviation of 0.2 years. Is the claim true at 95% confidence?
A. the significance level α = 0.05 because confidence level is 95%
B. one-tailed, left-tailed test because H1: µ < 18
C. Get the critical values from the test statistic table, z = -1.65

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D. Sketch the critical regions. The critical region is on the left tail.

α = 0.05

-1.65

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 What’s
Directions: For each problem, do the following:
A. Choose the significance level α.
B. Identify if it is two-tailed or one-tailed
C. Get the critical values from the test statistic table.
D. Sketch the critical regions.

1. Counter.com claims that teenagers spend an average of 5 hours daily on Facebook.

A survey to 40 teenagers resulted with a mean time of 4.5 hours daily with a
standard deviation of 0.15 hour. Is the claim true at 99% confidence?
2. A parent lists down the expenses he will incur if he sends his son to the university.
He heard that the average tuition fee is more than P20,000 per semester with a
standard deviation of P250. He asked 36 friends and got an average cost on
university tuition fee of P20,050. Test the hypothesis at 0.10 level of significance.

Lesson 3: Drawing Conclusion about the µ (n ≥ 30

What is it…
STEPS IN THE TRADITIONAL METHOD OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING
1. Describe the population parameter of interest. (mean)
2. Formulate the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.
3. Check the assumptions:
 Is the sample large enough to apply the Central Limit Theorem?
 Do the samples come from normally distributed populations?
 Are the samples randomly selected?
4. Choose the significance level α.
 Is it two-tailed or one-tailed?
 Get the critical values from the test statistic table.
 Establish the critical regions.
5. Select and compute the appropriate test statistic.
6. State the decision rule for rejecting or not rejecting the null hypothesis.
7. Compare the computed test test-statistic and the critical value. Then based
on the decision rule, decide whether to reject or accept Ho. Interpret the
result.

Stating the decision rule for rejecting or not rejecting the null hypothesis:
A. For two-tailed test,
 reject the null hypothesis if the computed test statistic is less than the
negative critical value or greater than the positive critical value.
 do not reject null hypothesis if the computed test statistic is greater than
or equal to the negative critical value or less than or equal to the positive
critical value.
B. For one-tailed test (left tailed),
 reject the null hypothesis if the computed test statistic is less than the
negative critical value
 Do not reject null hypothesis if the computed test statistic is greater than
or equal to the negative critical value
C. For one-tailed test (right tailed),

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  reject the null hypothesis if the computed test statistic is greater than
the positive critical value.
 Do not reject null hypothesis if the computed test statistic is less than or
equal to the positive critical value.

Example 1:
The barangay captain claimed that his constituents have average monthly
income of P5,000 with a standard deviation of P100. To test the claim, the DSWD
conducted a census and found that the average monthly income of 120 residents was
P4,950. At 95% confidence, is the barangay captain right?
The significance level α = 0.05 because confidence level is 95%
It is a two-tailed test because H1: µ ≠ 5000
The critical values are z = ± 1.96
The critical regions are on both tails.

α α
= = 0.025
2 2
-1.96 1.96
A. Computing the test statistic
x=4,950 µ = 5,000 σ =100n=120

x−µ 4950−5000
z= σ = 100 = -√ 30 or -5.48
√n √120
B. Decision Rule: -5.48 < -1.96; reject H0
C. Conclusion: There is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
The constituents do not have an average monthly income of
P5,000. The barangay captain is not right about his claim.
The average monthly income is less than P5,000.

Example 2:
The coordinator claimed that the mean age of incoming SHS students is less
than 18 years. Mark interviewed 50 students and found the mean age of 17.8 years
with a standard deviation of 0.2 years. Is the claim true at 95% confidence?
The significance level α = 0.05 because confidence level is 95%
It is a one-tailed, left-tailed test because H1: µ < 18
The critical value is z = -1.65
The critical region is on the left tail.

α = 0.05

-1.65
A. Computing the test statistic
x=17.8 µ = 18 s=0.2 n=50

x−µ 17.8−18
z= s = 0.2 = -5 √ 2 or -7.07
√n √50
B. Decision Rule: -7.07 < -1.65; reject H0
C. Conclusion: There is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
The mean age of incoming SHS students is less than 18
years. The coordinator is right about his claim.

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 What’s
Directions: Solve the following real-life problems involving test of hypothesis on the
population mean. State your conclusions.
1. Counter.com claims that teenagers spend an average of 5 hours daily on Facebook.
A survey to 40 teenagers resulted with a mean time of 4.5 hours daily with a
standard deviation of 0.15 hour. Is the claim true at 99% confidence?

2. A parent lists down the expenses he will incur if he sends his son to the university.
He heard that the average tuition fee is more than P20,000 per semester with a
standard deviation of P250. He asked 36 friends and got an average cost on
university tuition fee of P20,050. Test the hypothesis at 0.10 level of significance.

Assessment
Direction: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. Write the
CAPITAL LETTER of your answer in the answer sheet provided.

1. The sample is said to be large if ________________.

A. n = 30 B. n < 30 C. n ≠ 30 D. n ≥ 30

2. The central limit theorem states that the sampling distribution of the mean
approaches the normal distribution as the sample size ________________.
A. decreases C. becomes zero
B. increases D. remains the same

For numbers 3 – 10, refer to this problem:

The principal of Mabungahon National High School reported that the

average number of monthly absences of the students is 2 days. To test the
claim, 50 students were chosen at random and the results showed that the
average number monthly absences was 2.5 days with a standard deviation of 1.

3. What is the population mean?

A. µ = 2 B. x = 2 C. µ = 2.5 D. x = 2.5

4. What are the appropriate hypotheses?

A. null hypothesis H0: µ = 2; alternative hypothesis H1: µ = 2
B. null hypothesis H0: µ ≠ 2; alternative hypothesis H1: µ > 2
C. null hypothesis H0: µ = 2; alternative hypothesis H1: µ ≠ 2
D. null hypothesis H0: µ ≠ 2; alternative hypothesis H1: µ < 2

5. Based on the alternative hypothesis, is the test is two-tailed or one-tailed?

A. one-tailed because H1: µ = 2 C. one-tailed because H1: µ > 2
B. two-tailed because H1: µ ≠ 2 D. two-tailed because H1: µ < 2

6. At 95% confidence, the critical value(s) is/are ________________.

A. ± 1.65 B. -1.65 C. 1.65 D. ± 1.96

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7. Which is the correct graph (sketch) of the critical region?
A. C.

α α α = 0.05
= 0.025 = 0.025
2 2
-1.96 1.96 -1.65

B. D.

α α α = 0.05
= 0.025 = 0.025
2 2
-1.65 1.65 1.65

x−µ
8. Compute the test statistic using z= s .
√n
A. -3.53 B. 3.54 C. 3.53 D. -3.54

9. What is the decision rule?

A. -3.53 < -1.65; accept H0 C. 3.53 > 1.65; reject H0
B. -3.54 < -1.65; accept H0 D. 3.54 > 1.65; reject H0

10. What conclusion can be made about the principal’s claim?

A. The principal’s claim is correct. The average number of monthly absences of the
students in Mabungahon National High School is 2 days.
B. The principal’s claim is incorrect. The average number of monthly absences of
the students in Mabungahon National High School is 2 days.
C. The principal’s claim is correct. The average number of monthly absences of the
students in Mabungahon National High School is not 2 days.
D. The principal’s claim is incorrect. The average number of monthly absences of
the students in Mabungahon National High School is not 2 days.

References
Albert, JR. et. al 2016. Teaching Guide for Senior High School Statistics and
Probability. Quezon City: Commission on Higher Education

Belecina, R. et al. 2016. Statistics and Probability. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.

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 Answer Sheet
Name:
Grade 11- Score:

Quarter 4 – Module 2

Lesson 1
What’s More
1. 3.

2. 4.

Lesson 2
What’s More
1. A.
B.
C.
D.

2. A.
B.
C.
D.

Lesson 3
What’s More
1.

A.

B.

C.

2.

A.

B.

C.

Assessment
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.

xi
5. 10.

xii
 Answer Key

Quarter 4 - Module 2

Lesson 1
What’s More
1. -10 −15 √ 2
3. or -3.03
2. 5 7
5 √2
4. or 3.54
2

Lesson 2
What’s More
1. A. The significance level α = 0.01
B. It is a two-tailed test 𝛼
= 0.005
𝛼
= 0.005
2 2
C. The critical values are z = ± 2.58
-2.58 2.58
D. The critical regions are on both tails.

2. A. The significance level α = 0.10

B. It is a right-tailed test α = 0.10
C. The critical value is z = 1.28
1.28
D. The critical region is on the right tail

Lesson 3
What’s More
1. It is a two-tailed test because H1: µ ≠ 5
The critical values are z = ± 2.58 𝛼
= 0.005
𝛼
= 0.005
2 2
A. Computing the test statistic
-2.58 2.58
x−µ
z = s = -21.08
√n
B. Decision Rule: -21.08 < -2.58; reject H0
C. Conclusion: There is enough evidence to reject the null
hypothesis. Teenagers does not spend an average of 5
hours daily on Facebook. Counter.com is not right about
its claim.

2. It is a right-tailed test since H1: µ > 20,000

The critical value is z = 1.28 α = 0.10
A. Computing the test statistic
1.28
x−µ
6
z = σ = or 1.20
5
√n
B. Decision Rule: 1.20 < 1.28; do not reject H0
C. Conclusion: There is not enough evidence to reject the null
hypothesis. The average tuition fee is not necessarily
more than P20,000. The parent is not right about his
claim.

Assessment
1. D 6. D
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