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Assessment of the Quality of Air Filtration Functionality in Existing Air

Handling Units

Conference Paper · April 2023

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 EXPRES 2023
ISBN: 978—86—919769--7--2

ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF AIR FILTRATION

FUNCTIONALITY IN EXISTING AIR HANDLING UNITS

Zuzana STRAKOVÁ 1a, Vladimír ŠOLTÉS 2b

Viktória ÁLLÓOVÁ 1c, Tomáš STRENK 1d, Pavol ŠTEFANIČ 1e
1 Departmentof Building Services, Faculty of Civil Engineering
Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava
Radlinského 11, 810 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
2 DAIKIN Airconditioning Central Europe – Slovakia, Ltd.

Galvaniho 15/C, 821 04 Bratislava, Slovakia

a
E-mail: zuzana.strakova@stuba.sk; b soltes.v@daikin.sk
c
viktoria.alloova@stuba.sk; d tomas.strenk@stuba.sk; e pavol.stefanic@stuba.sk

Air filtration and maintaining healthy indoor air quality (IAQ) levels are just a few of the many different operational functions that
operating companies are responsible for. Sometimes, due to delayed maintenance and some filtration decisions, the significant impact
that choosing the right HVAC filtration has on air quality and operational efficiency is often overlooked. By analysing the energy
costs of air filtration, building management can make decisions leading to the use of an optimal filtration system that saves money
and time.

Keywords: Air filtration, Indoor air quality, Energy efficiency of operation, Air handling unit, Energy consumption

1. Introduction 2. Modern buildings bring a modern illness

There are effective solutions in the form of air
filters to clean the air and protect people. Every day, a
person consumes 1 kilogram of food, drinks 2 litres of
liquids, but inhales up to 25 kilogrammes of air.
Therefore, it is important to know not only what we
consume, but also what air we breathe. Since we spend
approximately 90 % of our time indoors, its quality is
very important for our well-being and health [1, 2, 9].
In the 1970s, global energy use became a political
and economic issue due to the energy crises of the time.
These brought about an increase in the price of heating
and cooling in buildings, subsequently there were also
changes in building constructions. Many buildings have
received quality insulation, moisture barriers, and new,
tighter windows and doors. New methods of building
construction have been developed to reduce heat through
walls and windows, as well as to reduce the volume of
infiltration or air exchange through walls, windows, and
doors. All of this resulted in the accumulation of
pollutants and moisture inside the buildings. The
previously health-friendly environment has thus become
a topic that needs to be addressed [14].
Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) is now a common
term for headaches, eye and nasal irritation, fatigue, and
other symptoms that may be associated with time spent
inside a building or room. This syndrome is
demonstrable - hygienists have been warning about
symptoms similar to a cold for a long time. According to
their conclusions, it should be more accurately called
Building Related Illness (BRI), the origin of which can
be traced to a specific building or room [7, 11].
The syndrome of sick buildings is typical for
modern buildings, it rarely occurs even in old buildings.
Research shows that an optimal environment without the
occurrence of SBS syndrome is formed by the optimal
level of individual components of the environmental
microclimate: heat, humidity, odour, toxic, aerosol,
microbial, ionisation, electrostatic, electromagnetic,
acoustic, and psychological. According to a survey
conducted by the trade unions of banks and insurance
companies in Germany [12, 13] - the German Trade
Union, Bank and Insurances, HBV - almost a third of the
employees in the interior of the buildings complained
about the thermal and humid microclimate, another
 ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF AIR FILTRATION FUNCTIONALITY
IN EXISTING AIR HANDLING UNITS
13.5 % about noise, 10.6 % for lighting, 10.2 % for
cigarette smoke and 9.9 % for cramped space. This
means that the environment contributes more than 70 %
to the feeling of discomfort at work. People worry the
least about overtime, their superiors, and colleagues.
The HBV survey confirmed the INFRATEST -
ENQUIRY test published by the Association of
Ecological Research Institutes (AGOeF) [14].
Significantly more complaints related to air-conditioned
rooms. Respondents complained of fear of the cold,
irritation of mucous membranes, general irritability,
headaches, fatigue, rheumatism, loss of concentration,
and feeling numb. In rooms without air conditioning, the
number of complaints dropped significantly [3, 4].
3. Air filtration
The difference between fresh and clean air is large.
Fresh air forms oxygen and is temporary. Clean air does
not contain particles or emissions. According to the
World Health Organisation (WHO), air pollution kills
around two million people every year. Outdoor
pollution entering buildings through windows or filter
systems can easily contribute to indoor air pollution.
According to the WHO, ultrafine particles that penetrate
filter systems can have a negative impact on the
cardiovascular system and weaken lung and respiratory
functions in children and the elderly. There are effective
solutions in the form of air filters to clean the air and
protect people. Scientific surveys in Scandinavia, for
example, have shown that the performance of school
increased by 15 % with a better indoor air quality. In
some cases, internal sources of pollution can play a
decisive role - these include, for example, human
activity, interior fittings, and equipment - but in highly
polluted areas (for example, large urban
agglomerations), pollution from the outdoor
environment is a major load [5, 6].
3.1 Energy consumption of an air filtration
The filter itself does not consume any energy – no
electricity is required for its operation. However, it is an
important part of ventilation systems, which can
consume up to a third of the energy for building
operation. In western countries, the operation of
buildings accounts for approximately 40 % of total
energy consumption. According to a report from the
Fraunhofer Institute, fans in Europe consume
approximately 200 TWh annually. It is estimated that
about 15 % of this is connected to air filtration (i.e.,
30 TWh). Improving the energy efficiency of air filters
by 10 % would thus bring a saving of 3 TWh, which
represents 1.8 million tons of CO2 emissions, i.e., a value
corresponding to the production of 600,000 cars [8].
Air filters create resistance to air flow in the air
handling system, which more energy must be supplied to
the air. The pressure loss of the filter depends on several
factors: design, material, and filtration technology. As a
result of the amount of energy consumed to pass air
through the filter throughout its lifetime, the costs of
operating the filter are often four to five times higher
than its purchase price. For easier orientation when
choosing the most energy-efficient solution, the
Eurovent organization has therefore established an
efficiency certification programme, thanks to which all
Eurovent member countries will mark filters with a label
with its energy efficiency from 2012.
3.2 The quality filter matters
High quality filters capture 65 to 95 % of the
particles that try to enter the building through the
filtration system, and maintain high efficiency
throughout their lifetime. The situation is different with
cheap synthetic filters: when they are new, they capture
particles because of electrostatic bonding and are highly
efficient. However, this initial performance of the filter
decreases with the loss of electrostatic charge until the
filter finally completely loses its ability to capture
particles and then slowly releases them into the internal
environment. In addition to particles that penetrate into
indoor spaces from the outside through poor-quality
filtration, fine and ultrafine particles and fumes from
copying, fireplaces, candles, air fresheners, textiles,
furniture, paints, and cleaning agents can also contribute
to indoor pollution. Effective air filters capture even
ultrafine particles with a diameter of 2.5 μm and smaller.
In addition, low-energy air filters require less energy to
clean the air, therefore, providing good indoor air quality
at lower costs for the building operator. Some companies
are already putting emphasis on ecological aspects, for
example, minimizing the waste generated during the
disposal of used filters [10, 15].
To achieve better indoor air quality, it is necessary
to ensure sufficient air exchange through ventilation.
Despite all efforts to limit the formation of pollutants,
the air in a closed space is always polluted in a certain
way and, therefore, ventilation is a fundamental element
to achieve the desired indoor air quality. At the same
time, however, it is necessary to be interested in the state
of filtration at the relevant entities - be it employers,
operators, owners, or building managers.
4. Experimental measurement
4.1 Aim of measurement
The aim of the measurement was to assess the
current state, test the recommended new filters, and
assess their suitability for further use. These steps were
to lead to:
1. increasing the level of indoor air quality (IAQ):
Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a term that describes the
quality of air in your building that the building's
occupants breathe every day. Indoor air pollution levels
 ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF AIR FILTRATION FUNCTIONALITY
IN EXISTING AIR HANDLING UNITS

can be up to five times higher than outdoor levels and
people spend more than 90 % of their time indoors.
2. improving energy savings by reducing the pressure
drop in the filters during the exchange period. Our
intention is to use our knowledge and products to help
you protect your environment, reduce your labour
investment and lower your overall air filtration costs. In
other words, we invest time to help your business
improve, not just sell a product.
We did not change any filters in air handling unit No. 1
(AHU1), see Fig. 2. However, we installed some solid
particles and a sensor of the pressure loss generated at
2nd stage of filtration (2°) - that is, at the level that is
decisive for the resulting air quality and for assessing the
energy demand of the filtration.

4.2 Measurement location

Two almost identical air handling units are installed

on the high-rise building (Fig. 1), which together ensure Fig. 3. Fresh air quality
the supply of fresh air to the office premises and at the sensor directed from the air
same time extract waste air and discharge it to the handling unit to the offices
exterior. All air supplied is fresh, that is outdoo air. (upstream sensor after 2°
filtration)
Fig. 4. Sensor of the quality
of air extracted from offices
(downstream sensor before
filtration and release to the
exterior)

The data from the downstream senzor (Fig. 4) was

generally valid as information on the average air quality
in offices. The following sensors were also installed:
- outside air sensor on the roof; its data was generally
valid as information about the average air quality on
the roof of the building,
- pressure loss sensor for 2° filtration (connected to the
existing measurement system).

▪ AHU2 with efficient filters - energy-saving filters,

type AAF

In air handling unit No. 2 (AHU2), see Fig. 5, we

Fig. 1. View of the high-rise building with administrative
operations in Bratislava (Slovakia) [16] replaced both filters on the input, ie, 1st stage of filtration
(1°) and 2nd stage of filtration (2°). However, we
As part of the measurements, we paid special installed some solid particle sensors and a pressure loss
attention to the quality of the fresh air supplied and to sensor generated at 2° of filtration.
the evaluation of the economic side of its filtration. We
also measured the quality of the extracted air and the
fresh air outside. By the term air quality for this
measurement, we mean the amount of solid particles in
the air.

▪ AHU1 with original filters

Fig. 5. Diagram of the location of the measuring sensors

in the air handling unit AHU2
Note: the red circular marks measuring the amount of solid
particles, the square ones measuring the pressure loss;
filters are shown in blue.

In addition, the following sensors and devices were

installed on the air handling unit:
Fig. 2. Diagram of the location of the measuring sensors
- data communication module from sensors to AHU2
in the air handling unit AHU1
Note: the red circular marks measuring the amount of solid (effective AAF filters),
particles, the square ones measuring the pressure loss; - fresh air quality sensor in air conditioning unit after
filters are shown in blue. 1° of filtration (upstream sensor after 1° of filtration),
 ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF AIR FILTRATION FUNCTIONALITY
IN EXISTING AIR HANDLING UNITS

- fresh air quality sensor in the air handling unit after ▪ AHU2 with efficient filters - energy-saving filters,
2° of filtration - supply to offices (upstream sensor type AAF
after 2° of filtration),
- pressure loss sensor for 2° of filtration (connected For a better display of the recorded values on the sensors,
to the existing measurement system). we present only a part of the measurement period in the
following figures. It mainly concerns the course of
pressure loss in the air handling unit.

Fig. 6. 1st stage of filtration: Fig. 7. 2nd stage of filtration:

DriPak PE ePM10 60 %
592x592x635/8 M
Me 25 mm
4.3 Measured values
DriPak NX+ EPM1 65 %
592x592x635/10 M
Me 25 mm
Fig. 11. Course of pressure loss in AHU2

Individual sensors recorded the following values of

physical quantities over time:

Fig. 12. Measured amount of solid particles on AHU2

Note: dark green - after 1 ° filtration, supply to the building
(upstream), light green - after 2 ° filtration, supply to the
building (downstream)

Fig. 8. Measurement of particles in the exterior 5. Results and Discussion

Note: black PM1, green PM2.5, blue PM10
The entire (100 %) volume flow of outdoor fresh air
▪ AHU1 with original filters is used for office ventilation, without recirculation. We
focus on two goals with the following results:

1) The first goal was to increase the level of indoor air

Fig. 9. Course of pressure loss on AHU1
Fig. 10. Measured amount of solid particles on AHU1
Note: dark green - after 2° of filtration, supply to the building,
light green - extraction from the building
quality (IAQ). In AHU1 (original filters) the last level of
air supply filtration is according to the STN EN ISO
16890-1:2017 [17] filter standard with ePM 10
efficiency of 75 %. By installing energy-saving AAF
filters, we can increase the efficiency of an efficiency of
final stage on AHU2 to the ePM1 of 65 %.
Therefore, we are able to filter 10 times smaller
particles (ePM10 vs. ePM1) with roughly the same
percentage level of efficiency (75 % vs. 65 %). Because
we placed the building in an urban environment where
the concentration of ePM1 particles is much higher
(these small particles are significantly more harmful to
the human body), it is very important to remove them
from the fresh air supplied.
After 1 week after installation (see the following
AAF (Fig. 13) of the effective filter), where the
effectiveness of this filter can be clearly seen; the
original colour of the filter is white.
 ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF AIR FILTRATION FUNCTIONALITY
IN EXISTING AIR HANDLING UNITS
Fig. 13. View of an efficient energy-saving filter
after 1 week of operation
2) The second goal was to achieve energy savings thanks
to the reduction of air pressure losses on the filter or
generate pressure loss with less increase during long-
term operation. This will have a positive effect on the
operating costs of ventilation. We realised that the
originally installed filters started at an initial pressure
drop of 100 Pa. After 4 months in operation, the filters
reached a pressure drop of over 500 Pa and ran at this
high pressure drop level for 2 months to achieve a
regular filter change in mid-April. With the AAF energy
saving filters, we had trouble measuring the actual
pressure drop at the beginning of our measurement.
After several visits and changing sensors, we found with
Table 1. Calculation of efficient filters AAF
During the experimental measurement, we
monitored the operation of air handling units AHU1 and
AHU2 during the lifetime of their filters. We obtained
clear results regarding the quality of filtration and also
the difference in pressure loss for both variants.
Measurements of the amount of PM 2.5 particles showed
an average value of 8 μg/m3 with the original filters; with
an effective AAF filter it is approximately 4 μg/m3.
Because most of the employees were working from a
home during the period, we were unable to generate a
an external pressure drop measurement device that
currently the originally installed pressure drop
measurement (tubing) on AHU2 is not working well, so
we set up a completely independent measurement for our
sensor from the original AHU2 pressure drop
measurement - a new hose distribution. From the current
measurement, we can confirm that a month before the
planned filter replacement, the energy-saving filters
create a pressure drop of 240 Pa, which is half compared
to the originally installed filters.
Through our TCO diagnostic tool, we have
calculated that the Dpi (the mean reference value of
pressure loss in the actual air flow) decreases due to the
AAF filters (1° and 2°) by 174 - 125 = 49 Pa (Tab. 1),
which will significantly reduce annual energy
consumption.
Furthermore, we used input data about the existing
air conditioning units, the method of operation, energy
prices, and the estimated price of the filters. The result is
the table below (Tab. 2), which shows that with AAF
filters at 1 ° and 2°, the customer is able to save more
than 2000 € per AHU per year on energy alone (total
savings on two AHUs of over 4000 € per year) and will
meanwhile significantly increase the indoor air quality
(IAQ) level.
meaningful measure of how contaminated the air leaving
the building is during standard operations. In the future,
additional measurement of indoor air quality can be
considered. On the basis of the above, we suggest the
operator-customer to continue using AAF filters
(prefilter (1°) and main filter (2°)). The benefit will
continue to be a higher class of filtration, with a lower
pressure loss and a longer periodicity of filter
replacement. We will leave the installed sensors with the
customer until the filters are changed, i.e. for another 6
months.
 ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF AIR FILTRATION FUNCTIONALITY
IN EXISTING AIR HANDLING UNITS
Table 2. Annual savings in energy consumption during the use of efficient filters AAF
Microbiological analysis
At five selected locations, samples were taken from
the surface with a swab and submitted for
microbiological evaluation. Smears were taken in two
cases from the inside of the exhaust slot outlet in an open
office, in one case from the suction of a ducted air
conditioning unit in the office, and in one case from the
swirling anemostat in the office kitchen and in one case
from the air conditioning unit, from its condensation pan
when exhausting cold air in the server room.
The type of analysis was performed with the
Airlogy Kit ST M310 Ster. The occurrence of bacteria,
filamentous fungi, and yeasts was assessed. Bacterial
colonies of Staphylococcus epidermidis, genus Bacillus,
Micrococcus luteus, and Rhodococcus fascians were
identified only in two samples in crevice mouths.
However, their number corresponds to a low degree of
contamination of the examined surface.
A filamentous fungus identified as Aspergillus sp.
was found in a crevice outlet. The yeast was not detected
in the sample. Taking into account the number of
microorganisms present, it can be concluded that the
level of contamination of the examined surface was low.
The tested surfaces were visually smooth, intact, and
clean. Therefore, the results of the analysis can point to
regular and well-executed sanitation.
Also important is the fact that the sampling location
was in cooling mode for only a short period of time,
except for the sample from the server room and without
signs of condensation.
6. Conclusions
From a microbiological point of view, the hygienic
level of the final air handling equipment (exhausts, air
conditioning units) is sufficient. We recommend
performing analyzes of two swabs from the exhaust
outlets in the office during the summer season.
Subsequent analysis would assess whether there is an
increase in contamination.
After taking into account quality measurements and
energy consumption of supply air filtration, we
recommend using 2 sets of AAF filters (for 1° and 2°).
We recommend keeping the exhaust air filtration of the
same quality as the original solution.
We recommend continuing the set hygiene
measures, as they have been proven to be sufficiently
effective.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Ministry of
Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak
Republic under the VEGA grant 1/0303/21,
the VEGA grant 1/0304/21, the KEGA grant 005STU-
4/2021,and by the Research and Development Support
Agency of Slovakia under project APVV-21-0144.
Special thanks to the company DAIKIN
Airconditioning Central Europe – Slovakia, Ltd., for
their assistance in carrying out the experimental
measurements.
 ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF AIR FILTRATION FUNCTIONALITY
IN EXISTING AIR HANDLING UNITS
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