A Project Report On

Air pollution and air cleaning equipment in buildings

Submitted towards the partial fulfilment for the award of degree of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION affiliated to
Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University

Submitted to: Submitted By:

Ms. Shweta Agnihotri Kushagra Garg
Assistant professor Roll no: 2006070700032
Dr. VSICPS MBA 2020-2022

Dr. Virendra Swarup Institute of Professional Studies 337, K Block, Kidwai Nagar,
Kanpur 208011
 Acknowledgement

The satisfaction and the happiness that accompanies the successful completion of only task
would be incomplete without expression and gratitude to the people who made it possible.
I thank the almighty for having blessed me with the ability to complete my project properly and
also for guiding me in all walks of my life.
Indeed, I consider it as a pleasant duty, though equally difficult to acknowledge the motivating
efforts of several people who have me in bringing this project report to find its delight.
I am extremely thankful to our faculty Mrs. SHWETA AGNIHOTRI, H.O.D of MBA
department and other faculty members of DR. Virendra Swarup Institute of Professional
Studies, for their immeasurable advice and co-operation.
I extended my special thanks to my parents and all of my classmates of MBA Degree batch
2020 – 2022 who have always stood by me and have been my moral support and enthusiasm at
the worry.
Finally I once again thank each and everybody who has helped me to complete this study.

Mr. Kushagra Garg

MBA 1st Year
 DESCRIPTION
Name of the report

Air pollution and air cleaning equipment in building.

Abstract

The subject of this report work is air pollution and air cleaners in building. Clean air has big significance for
human health because different pollutions can cause allergy and disease. The quality of indoor air affects
health and effective working.

The aim of this report is to present methods and devices for cleaning the air. To describe which air cleaner can
arrest certain pollutant is another purpose of report. And a comparison of air cleaners of different manufac-
tures and detection the best was made.

Air cleaning is discussed in every country. And each country has its own guidelines and standards like
ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers) and EN (European
norms). In Russia there is the National Standard of the Russian Federation that was made according to Euro-
pean Norms. All these standards were used in the report.

Information about problems of air pollutants in the buildings is described in this report. Conclusion is done at
the end of report which said that there are three decisions of this problem. All sources of pollutants should be
control or eliminate. The second solution to use duct air cleaners in ventilation systems. And household air
cleaner can provide of indoor air impurities.
Subject headings, (keywords)
Indoor air, sources of air pollution, air cleaners, duct air filters.
CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................... 1

2 AIR IMPURITIES .............................................................................................. 3

2.1 Air impurities from outdoor sources ........................................................... 3
2.2 Air impurities from indoor sources ............................................................. 5
2.3 Health effects of different pollutants........................................................... 6

3 AIR CLEANERS ................................................................................................ 9

3.1 Household air cleaners ............................................................................... 9
3.1.1 Mechanical filters ............................................................................ 10
3.1.2 Electrostatic filters ........................................................................... 10
3.1.3 Coal filters ....................................................................................... 11
3.1.4 HEPA filters .................................................................................... 11
3.1.5 Photo catalytic filters ....................................................................... 11
3.2 Comparison of household air cleaners .......................................................... 12
3.3 Duct air cleaners (air cleaners in air handling system) .............................. 18
3.3.1 Fibrous media unit filters (Panel filters) ........................................... 18
3.3.2 Renewable material filters ............................................................... 23
3.3.3 Electronic air filters ......................................................................... 25

4 EXPERIMENT ................................................................................................. 29
4.1 The first part of experiment ...................................................................... 30
4.2 The second part of experiment (with additional source of pollution - smoke)34

5 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................. 37
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 38
 1

1 INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, because of the developed industry, air of atmosphere contains a lot of pol-
lutants and impurities. Most of them have a negative effect on almost all systems of
human body and on human health in generally. Besides outdoor pollutants indoor air
has its own pollutants. 90 % of the life people spend in premises breathing indoor air.
So people are exposed to the hazard impact of indoor and outdoor air pollutants. To
prevent this negative affect air should be pre cleaned or clean directly in premises.

Cleaning the air is the main subject of this report work. For this purpose the different
types of air cleaning devices can be used. It can be household cleaners which are
placed in a room and filter or devices which are part of air-handling systems of the
whole building (duct filters). Classification and individual types of air cleaners will be
told in this work, describe principals of operation and processes of arresting pollu-
tants. Also manufactures information of some air cleaners, comparison of this infor-
mation and conclusion will be shown.

This report work has three main parts. The first part has information about air pollu-
tants that have negative effects on human health. Sources of indoor and outdoor air
pollutants are written in the report. How they go into the buildings or how they are
formed in the buildings. Also the common diseases which these air pollutants can
cause and discomfort from this pollution are described.

The second part of the report work tells about the air cleaners and their classification.
Household air cleaners and sorts of filters (mechanical, electrostatic, coal, HEPA,
photo catalytic), which belong to this type, are told in the first section. Each filter has
its own role and arrests a certain type of pollutants. After description of household air
cleaners three filter types of common manufactures are presented, compared their
characteristics and made a decision about which filter manufacture is the best. About
duct air cleaners, and their classification according to ASHRAE standard is told in the
second section. ASHRAE divides duct air cleaner into three groups: Fibrous media
unit filters, renewable media filters, electronic air cleaners. In addition fibrous media
filters have own classification according to the EN 779-93 and Russian standard is
GOST P 51251-99. Comparison between three fibrous media unit filters (subclass dry-
 2

type extended surface filters) of common manufactures and chosen the best filter is
made at the end of the second part of the report.

Last part of the report contains the description of the experiment that was done to find
out the effectiveness of duct air filters. Also primary results of the experiment,
graphics and conclusion are presented in the fourth part. The conclusion provides an
answer to the question: what type of air cleaners is the most effective for air cleaning.
 3

2 AIR IMPURITIES

Indoor air quality in the buildings depends on few factors. These factors include out-
door air quality, construction of the ventilation system and effects of indoor pollutants.
Growing sources of harmful substances can be external and internal. External sources
include air pollution from combustion processes, road traffics, factories, allocation
pollution from soils such as radon, leakages from the tanks with fuel, pollution around
intake ducts through which air flows to the building etc. Outdoor air always contains
the pollution associated with various natural processes in our planet (soil erosion, vol-
canic pollution, etc.).

Internal sources include all pollutants associated with air handling systems. There are
materials which are used in this system such as air filters, ducts, fittings and air or fire
dampers. Materials which are used during the building process or building occupants
also can be sources. More specific substances are tobacco smoke, sources of
laboratories, kitchens, cafeterias, bathrooms, offices, parking garages etc. All these
places should be equipped with ventilation systems. /1/

2.1 Air impurities from outdoor sources

The areas where the soil is covered with grass, or near large space of water, the air
does not contain harmful gaseous impurities. It is almost free from dust and microor-
ganisms. But in populated areas, especially in industrial centers, the air can be conta-
minated. Consequences of human activity are more significant factors in air pollution.
They appear especially in large cities with an increasing the number of cars (to in-
crease exhaust gas emissions) and growing industrial emissions into the atmosphere
caused by the higher production. Products of these processes are the air pollution by
fine aerosol, and molecular (gaseous) contaminants. /2/ Also atmospheric air always
contains a certain amount of dust (airborne solid particles of mineral or organic) and
microorganisms (viability of microorganisms in the air provides the suspended par-
ticles of water, mucus, dust and fragments of the soil).
 4

Dust particles are distributed in the air and stay in suspension. This is because the size
of dust particles is small. Typically, the particle diameter is less than 100 microns
(from 0.01 to 100 microns).

More powerful source of air pollution from dust is the smoke from the burning of
coal, peat and other fuels. The wind carries the smoke over long distances, so around
large power plants and other industrial air may be contaminated with a radius of 1-5
km. Also sources of pollution are industrial enterprises, which in the course of the
process are a significant dust generation. The amount of dust, its characteristics and
influence on the human body vary and depend on the location and source of dust, and
on its composition./3/

With the dust in the air and in indoor air (homes and public buildings) there are differ-
ent kinds of microorganisms. The more dust, the more microorganisms. In the air,
microorganisms are on the dust particles. Amount of free airborne bacteria is very
small. The number of microorganisms in the air as well as the amount of dust is varia-
ble and depends on conditions of air environment. In the summer, when the season is
dry, the amount of microorganisms is bigger than in winter. In the air of large popu-
lated areas amount of micro-organisms is also bigger than on the outskirts of the city.
In the certain season dust in the air is mixed with pollen from trees and grasses. Pollen
because of a warm air flow is transported long distances and the same way as the dust
disperses in the air. /3/

In the air of populated areas, especially near industrial plants, there are different kinds
of harmful gases and vapors (sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, chlo-
rine, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, etc.). A certain amount of these may be harm-
full for people, animals and nature. Near the chemical industry the air may be polluted
by different gases (chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen oxides, etc.). It depends on the
products or used materials.

Most often in the air of populated areas there is sulfur dioxide (S0 2). Air is polluted by
this gas during burning of fuels which contain sulfur. Industrial boilers, power plants
 5

and heating plants which operate on solid fuel, especially more heavily pollute the air
with this gas.

Near the steel plants the air is polluted with carbon monoxide. It is also found on the
streets with a large traffic. Carbon monoxide is contained in the smoke and exhaust
gases from cars as a product of incomplete combustion. Carbon monoxide is lighter
than air. When this gas goes into the atmosphere it is rising up. In the villages sources
of carbon monoxide are exhaust gases of tractors and combines. /3/

2.2 Air impurities from indoor sources

Many people think that outdoor air quality is most harmful for human health. But air
inside the building is not less pollutant. People spend inside the buildings 80-90% of
the time (at shops, in offices, at homes). Hence indoor air quality is very important./4/

Indoor air is usually different to compared with outdoor air. But the concentration of
pollution in indoor air depends on outdoor air, flow rates of ventilation, the
characteristics of building, seasons, etc. In general, everything interact with the air can
pollute it. The more things in the room, the more they pollute the air. In the indoor air
there are big amount of microorganisms, virus and all kinds of harmful or sometimes
poisonous impurities.

A large amount of dust particles, particles of wool, pollen and carpets are containing
in the indoor air. People are breathing dust which contains dust mites, fungal spores
and microscopic particles. Materials, which we use for repairs and can be sources of
air pollution. For example, wallpapers on the walls, linoleum on the floor, paints, and
polystyrene ceiling panels. All these materials allocate gases and can be very
dangerous for health. They can emit phenol, formaldehyde and can cause some
disease. Cleaning the room with too many household chemicals can also be a source
of air pollutions. In some case it can allocate formaldehyde and chemical pollution. /4/

If in the building there are some air cleaners or air handling systems with filters they
should be maintained well. Dirty filters can be a source of harmful pollutions.
Materials in air handling systems also can emit some pollutants. To avoid this in
Finland there is the cleanliness classification of air – handling components (M1). The
aim of this classification is the use of construction materials with low emission.
 6

Different pollutants are formed and emitted during the construction (TVOC, formal-
dehyde, ammonia, etc). This classification is showing emission requirements for
materials in relation to good indoor quality. Classification M1 means low
emissions./5/

2.3 Health effects of different pollutants

Pollution of indoors can affect your body at home, at work and even when visiting
friends. This is the common reason of respiratory diseases and asthma, allergy and
lung cancer. For some people, there is a greater risk - as very young children and the
elderly or those who already suffer respiratory illnesses as people with increased al-
lergic sensitivity. Harmful substances of indoor air can cause a variety of effects for
people. Various air pollutants, with different effects on human health, can be causing
various diseases.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

Gas cookers, which are poorly ventilated or used as a heater, may produce nitrogen
dioxide. It is a very common indoor pollutant. This is a real problem in countries
where are used of homes gas cookers. Gas NO2 is a product of fossil fuel combustion.

This gas cause more health effects for children with respiratory illness, which will
increase susceptibility of infections. Also NO2 can be hazard for asthmatics, bronchi-
tis and other people with respiratory problems. /6, p 102-104./

Formaldehyde and other Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

The content of VOCs and formaldehyde in residential buildings depends on several

factors such as building materials, paints, tobacco smoking, furniture, furnishings,
adhesive, cleaning agents and occupants themselves. It can be industrial or natural.

Formaldehyde can cause illnesses from subtle neuropsychological changes, mucous

membrane irritation of the eyes, nose and throat, and airway irritation to asthma and
cancer. The more formaldehyde, the more serious is disease.
 7

Other VOCs can cause irritancy, allergy and other transient effects. The influence of
VOCs is hard to measure because it can be temporary for example the influence of
painting during the repaint. /6, p105 -110/

Fungi and bacteria

Fungi and bacteria can be produced by the surface coating of the walls, wool, fabrics
and foodstuffs. They appear if there is excess of moisture on the surfaces and or if
ventilation is poor.

These substances can cause health effects other than illnesses attributed to saprotroph-
ic bacteria and fungal flora in building. There is also relation between respiratory
morbidity and dampness. According to some investigations mould houses have influ-
ence on children respiratory illnesses. But it is not proved well and requires further
investigations. /6, p 110-112/

Dust and house dust mites

Temperature and humidity affects on the content of dust and house dust mites in
buildings. Dust can be held on carpets or other surfaces. Their presence can cause al-
lergy or asthma. But they have their influence only on those who have predisposition
to this type of illness, mainly children. /6, p 112-116/

Carbon monoxide (CO)

CO can appear from unlocked leakages in flue or gas heating appliances. Danger also
comes if the house is situated close to main roads or to the garage. One more source is
tobacco smoke.

Health hazards: when CO comes to the blood it replaces oxygen, which blocks the
income of oxygen to the body. It has a role in promoting atherosclerosis. Accidental
exposures can cause lethal effects. The most susceptible are pregnant mothers, old
people, children and people suffering from anemia. /6, p 116-118/
 8

Particles (PM 10)

Particles PM 10 mean particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter. It can usually

come from environmental tobacco smoking, wood-burning stoves and kerosene hea-
ters. Cooking, sweeping, vacuuming can increase the number of particles. They can
come from outdoors for example from traffic and from indoors from peoples activi-
ties.

There is a link between mortality and morbidity and particle concentration. Effects on
cardiopulmonary impairment and may cause cancer. It is also known the influence on
lung function and bronchial reactivity because particles can easily pass into lungs and
stay there. /6, p 118-121/

Other pollutants

Other pollutants such as radon, tobacco smoke, organ chlorine compounds, other bio-
logical allergens, fibers etc. Radon can cause cancer. Tobacco smoke contains a num-
ber of chemicals which irritates the eyes, nose and throat. They can cause lung cancer,
nasal sinus cancer, heart disease. In children – low birth weight, sudden infant death
syndrome, asthma induction, exacerbation, middle ear disease and lower respiratory
disease.

All the impurities mentioned above demand special approach. The number of their
effects is called sick building syndrome. They are also dangerous for people who have
multiple chemical sensitivity. /6, p 121-124/
 9

3 AIR CLEANERS

Air inside and outside building is not very clean. Our health and the people lifetime
depends from the quality of air. Nowadays some technology can help us to breathe
clean air. Air cleaners are the equipments which purify and make air free from par-
ticles, gases and different compounds. There are two types of air cleaners which are
used in buildings:
- Household air cleaners (purifiers). There are small devices which are set di-
rectly in the room
- Dust air cleaners. There are air cleaners in air handling systems.

3.1 Household air cleaners

Household air cleaners are devices for people who do not want to live in the polluted
indoor air, and prefer to breathe clean and healthy air. Also air cleaners are good for
people who suffer from allergies and chronic respiratory diseases.

Air cleaners are intended for cleaning indoor air pollutions such as: dust, fungal
spores, odors (cigarette smoke, smoke city), allergens (pollen, animal dander). Air
purifiers are designed to operate in one closed room. Air purifiers are used in residen-
tial and office premises for the removal of air contaminants. They are mobile and do
not need installation. And their work should be noiseless.

The type of these air cleaners usually depends on air pollutants in the buildings and
preference of people. People who suffer from allergies know what symptoms dirty
indoor air can cause.

The operation principle of most air cleaners is the filtering mechanism (i.e detention
of pollutants (particles), which are present in the air, on special filters). Some air
cleaners (with special filters) can oxidize and degrade contaminants into harmless
components.
 10

Typical air cleaner consists of a fan and a filter set (sometimes air cleaner include sev-
eral types of filters for better cleaning of air) collected in a single equipment.

Nowadays the following filters are used in air cleaners:

- Mechanical filters
- Electrostatic (ionizing) filters
- Coal (adsorption) filters
- HEPA filters (filters for better mechanical cleaning)
- Photocatalytic filter

3.1.1 Mechanical filters

This type of filters is the most common used in air cleaners. Mechanical filters arrest
large particles of dust, fabric fibers and animal dander. They consist of the usual fine
grid used as a pre-filter. Such filters are installed in almost all equipment and protect
from dust, not only people but also the inside of equipment. Particles go through this
grid and settle on it. But the minus of this type of filters is that it can become a source
of air pollution. That is why filters should be cleaned in time. This process needed
removing dust or washing./7/

3.1.2 Electrostatic filters

This type of filter arrests much smaller particles than mechanical (until 0,01 micron).
The air goes through an ionization chamber. In this chamber particles become posi-
tively charged. Then air goes over two negative charged plates, on which positively
charged particles are deposited.

But electrostatic filters can’t arrest molecules of gases. And on the other hand, this
filter can produce ozone and nitrogen oxides in the process. The reason of generation
of ozone is voltage of several thousand volts used in the ionization chamber. Such
filters cannot completely clean the air from dust particles./7/
 11

3.1.3 Coal filters

The main purpose of coal filters it is adsorption of gas molecules. Coal filters are good
deleting organic compounds. This type of filter destroys odors and harmful gas impur-
ities: tobacco smoke, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and sulfur, phenol, formalde-
hyde and esters (which we feel like unpleasant odors). The operating principle is
based on absorption on activated carbon. The amount of filter media is one of the most
important determinants of efficiency. The more micro pores contained in the filter, the
more gas and odor can be arrest and the longer the time of the work of filter. That coal
filters should be equipped also with mechanical filters.

Carbon filters should be replaced by new one, according to pollution. Positive charac-
teristic of this filter is that it captures almost all the toxic impurity with a molecular
weight of more than 40 atomic and good capture of dust. But if filters are not changed
in time air cleaners become a source of harmful substances./7/

3.1.4 HEPA filters

This type of filters is the main filter element in many air cleaners. The principle of the
HEPA filter is simple: air goes through the filter element and becomes free from dust
particles. These filters are made of special porous material based on glass fiber. They
capture dust and odors. Filters manufactured according to new HEPA technology and
arrest more than 99% of all particles less than 0.3 microns. Most allergens (pollen,
fungal spores, animal dander, dust mite allergens) are more than 1 micron, so this type
of filters is recommended for people with allergic or respiration disease. But the dis-
advantages of these filters are high cost and inability of regeneration./7/

3.1.5 Photocatalytic filters

Filters of this type are nowadays new in the field of air cleaning and one of the best.
This type of filters in contrast with other filters does not arrest pollutants. Photocata-
lytic filters fully destroy them. The method of air purification is the decomposition
and oxidation of toxic contaminants under ultraviolet light. The size of particles is less
than 0,001 micron. In this case, filters are not contaminated and cannot cause air pol-
 12

lution as other filters. This type of filters makes the air almost sterile. But it is not ne-
cessary if you don’t have asthma or allergies. The immunity of the healthy humans
may reduce because of sterile air. At the moment this type of cleaners is under inves-
tigation./7/

3.2 Comparison of household air cleaners

The main characteristics of air cleaners:

Efficiency of cleaning by filters depends on quality of air which required. It is de-

pends on the problems which you are trying to solve. When we deal with allergic, the
problem is more serious and the air must be cleaner. People without or with light
forms of allergy can feel comfortable when using air cleaner with one type of filtra-
tion, while for another person with more serious allergy, such air cleaning system
seems quite inefficient. The most high-quality filtering produce air cleaners which
have HEPA filter or a photocatalytic filter. These air purifiers are recommended for
asthmatics and allergy sufferers.

Air flow rate of air cleaner and the size of the room is an important factor in choosing
the air cleaner. Recommended to selection of the air cleaner air flow rate (m3 / h) so
that the air cleaner at one hour could pass through itself all volume of air in the room
at a maximum speed three times.

Sound level – the air cleaner must work all the time while the person is in the room.
Especially at night, noise of air cleaner becomes one of the main factors influencing
on the choice of model. Noise of use depends on filter area and working of the fan.
The more filter area, the less device noise.

In the following paragraphs there are three models of air cleaners from different man-
ufacture. They are compared according to efficiency of cleaning, air flow rate and
sound level characteristics and also such characteristics as power demand and working
room area. These air cleaners were selected with similar air flow rate (130-150 m3/h).
All this information was taken from the technical specifications of the each model of
air cleaners.
 13

3.2.1 Bionaire BAP830

Bionaire promises that their aie cleaners effective for preventing many diseases.
Bionaire air purifiers can be used in homes and offices. This type of air cleaners
effectively removes 99% of airborne particles because of HEPA filter. HEPA filter
can remove 99% of airbone particles with size more than 0.3 microns (pollen, dust,
etc.). Bionaire BAP830 is equipped with a filter status indicator. The lamp is switched
on if it is time to replace filter. Air cleaner operates with low noise level. Bionaire air
cleaners have an additional independent ionizer - which means you can turn off or turn
on the ionizer. /8/ Main elements are shown in the figure 1 below.

Figure1. Bionaire BAP830 air cleaner. /8/

 14

3.2.2 Boneco P2261

The Swiss manufacturer “Plaston” has developed a model Boneco P2261 (figure 2).
This air cleaner combines high efficiency, functionality and traditional European qual-
ity. System of filtering elements includes pre-filter, filter class «HEPA» and coal fil-
ter. Passing through coal filter air is completely purified of bacteria. Air cleaner Bone-
co P2261 is economical, silent and has three levels of power. It can be used both in
homes or offices. /9/

The principle of operation is following: after mechanical filters air is supplied to aller-
gies HEPA filter. Air is cleaned from dust, pollen, pet dander, dust mites and other
micro particles. Cleaned air goes to the coal filter, which reduce the gaseous sub-
stance, including tobacco smoke and unpleasant odors. One of the functions of
Boneco P2261 is air ionization. /9/

Figure2. Boneco P2261 air cleaner. /9/

 15

3.2.3 Ballu AP250

The Chinese company Ballu industrial group has developed a model Ballu AP250
(figure3) which is efficient air cleaner with five air-filter system (HEPA filter, coal
filterphotocatalytic filter, ultraviolet lamps and ionizer). The air is purified and so pre-
vented the risk of respiratory diseases. The air cleaner is often installed in bedrooms,
children rooms and offices. Air goes through 5 degrees of purification and is achieved
high efficiency. As a result, micro organisms are killed; the dust is arrested, pollens
and other allergens, tobacco smoke and other odors are removed. The air cleaner has
three modes of power and operates with low noise level./10/

Figure3. Ballu AP250 air cleaner./11/

 16

3.2.4 Comparison

In the table1 characteristics of three air cleaners are shown. In the comparison of this
three types we can see that at almost similar performance power of “Boneco P2261” is
150W. It is more than in other air cleaners. And it is meaning that energy consumption
of “Boneco P2261” is more than in another two types. Sound level 25 dB is low and
this device is working quietly. Quality of air purification is good because there are tree
filters inside. Pre filter arrest large particles and protects next Hepa filter.

Table1. Comparisons of characteristics Bionaire BAP830, Boneco P2261 and Bal-

lu AP250 air cleaners.
Characteristics/models Bionaire BAP830 Boneco P2261 Ballu AP250

Air flow rate, m3/h 153 130 150

Power, W 70 150 45

Room space m2 32 Up to 60 Up to40

Room volume m3 96 150 120

Sound level dB 30 25 low

Filters Mechanical filter Mechanical filter Mechanical filter

HEPA filters HEPA filter HEPA filter
Ionizer Coal filter Coal filter
Ionizer Photocatalytic
filter +
UV lamps
Ionizer

Hepa filter arrests small particles. It is the main element of air cleaner. The last step is
a coal filter. It removes gas molecules and organic compounds. Also “Boneco P2261”
 17

air cleaners have large effective area. So, we can see that “Boneco P2261” has satis-
factory parameters and just one minus is high power demand.

“Bionaire BAP830” has bigger performance 153 m3/h and smaller power 70 W. Noise
level is also low 30 dB. There are two filters. Pre filter which arrest large particles and
Hepa filter for small particles. Negative properties of this air cleaner is that there no
filters for removing gases and odors. But in some case it is not necessary. And effec-
tive area is small too.

Third air cleaner is Ballu AP250. This air cleaner has the best parameters because the
small power demand 45W and performance is 150 m3/h. Noise level is not written in
the technical data but it is said that “Ballu AP250” works at low sound level. There
are five steps of cleaning. Hepa filter arrests all particles, coal filter remove all gases
and photocatalytic filter with ultrafiolet lamps make air absolutly sterile. Also this
type of air cleaners have large effective area.

The conclusion is that all air cleaners have good parameters. Ballu AP250 seems to be
the best. It is because this air cleaner has low noise level, low energy consumption,
high performance and high quality of air purification. All air cleaners have Ionizer
function. It is saturated the space of room with negative oxygen ions. The air with ions
effect on the body and even has antibacterial action. Microorganisms, viruses and fun-
gi are died in negative ionizing air.

Household air purifiers are used to remove harmful impurities such as dust, smoke,
gas emissions from building materials, dust mites, pollen, etc. But the main pollution
source of air can be outdoor source. And we cannot say that even the best and most
expensive equipment can delete carbon dioxide or saturate the air with oxygen. Only
air handling system can perform those functions. In the air handling system air goes
through filters and system prevents entry of particles and gases in the room. So both
air handling system and air cleaners are necessary to prevent air pollution in the build-
ings. That is why in my report work I am going to pay more attention to air cleaning
equipment in the system of ventilation.
 18

3.3 Duct air cleaners (air cleaners in air handling system)

The quality of outdoor air it is one of the factors which affect indoor air quality.But
according to the fact that outdoor air have pollutions the quality of indoor air is linked
with ventilation. Ventilation air is supplied in to the building throught air handling
system. It is a part of engeneering systems of the building. These systems provide
intake, cleaning and delivery of oudoor air to the premises.

If you find that the outside air or circulating air is polluted, the recommended control
measures are filtration and purification. In ventilation systems some forms of air fil-
ters for removing the amount of particles from the air are used. The most effective
method for removing particles from the air is the use of electrostatic and mechanical
filters. Nowadays, they are the most effective, because of size of removing particles.

The reasons of using this kind of air cleaners are: the proteсtion of ventilation system
from dust particles and other impurities; the proteсtion of rooms from the contamina-
tion; the maintenance of the necessary parameters the air in according with require-
ments of clean air (medical operational, etc.); the proteсtion of human health.

According to ASHRAE handbook, duct air cleaners are divided to the following
groups:
- Fibrous media unit filters
- Renewable media filters
- Electronic air cleaners

3.3.1 Fibrous media unit filters (Panel filters)

There are two types of filters in Fibrous media unit filters category:
- Viscous Impingement filters
- Dry - type extended surface filters
 19

Viscous Impingement filters.

This is a filter which is made of the porous fibers. Filter media is coated by adhesive.
Adhesive is arresting particles which go through this media. The property named this
type of filters « viscous ».

Consider the air flow with particles before filter. The particles move with flow, and
because of the mass and inertia try to continue moving. But it collides with the filter
media and separates from the air flow. Molecular force is not enough for adherence
particles to media. The adhesive is used to avoid the return of particles to flow. This
method is applied for heavy particles which have large inertias. /12, p 10.6/

“A number of different materials have been used as the filter medium, including
coarse (15 or 60 microns diameter) glass filter, animal, hair, vegetable fibers, synthetic
fibers, metallic wools, expanded metals and foils, crimped screens, random matted
wire and synthetic open-cell foams”. /12, p 10.6/

To ensure maximum efficiency, speed should be from 1,5 to 3 m/s to decrease imple-
ment with viscous media. Speed depends on the concentration of particles and types of
filter. For indication the time when filter needs service, pressure drop should be meas-
ured by draft gauges and manometers. This type of filters can be removable or perma-
nent. Removable filters are made of not expensive materials such as combination of
metal stiffeners and cardboard. Permanent filters are usually made from robust metal.
Cleaning of these filters can be recommended by design. But usually it is used steam
or water washing. After it the filter should be inflicted by the amount of adhesive us-
ing spraying or dipping. Except arresting particles, adhesive performs following func-
tions:

“A low percentage of volatiles to prevent excessive evaporation; 2 A viscosity that

varies only slightly within service temperature range; 3 The ability to inhibit growth
of bacteria and mold spores; 4 A high capillarity or the ability to wet and retain the
dust particles; 5 A high flash point and fire point; and 6 freedom from odor”. /12, p
10.6/
 20

Viscous impingement filters have low cost, low pressure drop and high efficiency.
These types of filters are designed to remove dust particles in the size range about 3 to
30 microns.

Dry-type extended surface filters

Media of dry air filters is fiber. They are made up from synthetics (polyester fiber),
cellulose fiber, glass fiber, asbestos, wool felt and other materials. The fibers are ran-
domly intertwined in different directions. Media is easy to handle, high strength and
durability.

The media of dry-type filters looks like pockets form or V-shaped pleats. This form is
usually supported by the wire frame. But design can be various. Media of dry-type
filters provide a high relation between area of medium and area through the filter. And
because of this pressure drop is normal.

Resistance of this kind of filters depends on media and design form of filters. The air
velocity before filter and the air velocity through the filter are different. It is because
of area of filter media is much more than face area. The access velocities are 3 - 8 m/s
and the velocity through the filters media is from 0,03 to 0,46 m/s. /12, p 10.6-10.7./

Dry type air filters are more efficiency than Panel filters. It is because of variety of
media which is available to achieve desired degree of cleaning. Another option of the
dry extended surface media is HEPA filter (High Efficiency Particle Air). When the
dust velocity inside it is near 1,3 m/s, this type of filter can work.

3.3.1.1 Classification of dry-type extended surface filters in Europe and in Rus-

sia.

Classification of air cleaners in Europe and in Russia is similar. Air filters are used for
cleaning incoming air, and in some cases for cleaning emissions from air pollution
(exhaust). In Europe there are standards: EN 779-93 “Particulate air filters for general
ventilation. Requirements, testing, marking” and EN 1822-98 "High efficiency parti-
culate air filters (HEPA and ULPA)". Russian standard (GOST P 51251-99 “Air
 21

cleaning filters. Classification. Marking”) was based on these European standards.

Those standards make the classification of these filters. They are divided on classes
according to efficiency of passage through the filter media: fine filters classes (from
F5 to F9) and coarse filter classes (from G1 to G4). Those types of filters are used as
general purpose filters. Filters for special requirement such as HEPA – High efficien-
cy particulate air filters (H) and ULPA – Ultra low penetration air (U). Comparing the
filters from this standards and ASHRAE classification, we can say that filters from EN
and GOST to ASHRAE which are named Dry-type are the extended surface filters.
At the coarse filtration the arrested particle size is from 10 microns, with a fine filter-
ing from 1 micron or upwards and in high efficiency particulate air filters - the par-
ticles up to 0.1 microns.

The efficiency of filters and the ability to arrest particles are classified according to
the following test condition:

“The air flow shall be 0,944 m3/s (3 400 m3/h) if the manufacturer does not specify
any rated air flow rate; 250 Pa maximum final pressure drop for Coarse (G) filters;
450 Pa maximum final pressure drop for Fine (F) filters”./13, p 11/

“600 Pa maximum final pressure drop for High efficiency particulate air filters (H and
U)”/15/

There are several types of filters depending on the effectiveness of the treatment in
each class of filters. According to these conditions the classification of filters is pre-
sented on the next tables:
 22

Table2. Classification of air filters according to EN 779. /13, p12/

Class Final pressure drop Average Average

arrestance (Am) efficiency (Em)
of synthetic dust of 0,4 μm particles
Pa % %
G1 250 50 ≤ Am < 65
G2 250 65 ≤ Am < 80

G3 250 80 ≤ Am < 90
G4 250 90 ≤ Am

F5 450 40 ≤ Em < 60

F6 450 60 ≤ Em < 80

F7 450 80 ≤ Em < 90
F8 450 90 ≤ Em < 95

F9 450 95 ≤ Em
NOTE The characteristics of atmospheric dust vary widely in comparison with those of the synthetic
loading dust used in the tests. Because of this the test results do not provide a basis for predicting either
operational performance or life. Loss of media charge or shedding of particles or fibers can also ad-
versely affect efficiency (see annexes A and B).

Table3. Classification of EPA, HEPA and ULPA filters according to EN 1822-1.

/14, p 8/
Class Integral value Local value
Efficiency, % Coefficient overshoot,%
H10 85 15 - -
H11 95 5 - -
H12 99,5 0,5 - -
H13 99,95 0,05 97,75 0,25
H14 99,995 0,005 97,975 0,025
U15 99,9995 0,0005 97,9975 0,0025
U16 99,99995 0,00005 99,99975 0,00025
U17 99,999995 0,000005 99,9999 0,0001
 23

Coarse filters

Coarse filters are used if the requirements for clean air are low for cleaning the supply
air without special requirements. This type is installed in a single-stage air cleaning
system or as a pre-filter in multistage systems. Using coarse filters as first stage helps
to solve one more problem. Because of the fact this type is usually set on the air in-
take, filter protects devices of system from contamination. Filters material is consist of
a metallic grid or synthetic fibers. In this class Panel filters, Pocket type filters or
Pleated filters are used.

Fine filters

These filters are used as a secondary treatment and at general purpose remove high
concentration of dust. These filters must perform stricter requirements for cleaning air
and are installed to areas with more high requirements (offices, museums). To in-
crease using time of fine filters they are used as second stage after coarse filters. Fil-
ters material is a fiberglass and activated charcoal.

High efficiency particulate air filters.

HEPA and ULPA filters are intended for final cleaning. They are used for areas where
are the strictest requirements for clean air (hospitals, laboratories) and places where is
needed complete removal of bacteria and dust. These filters are installed as the third
purification stage. High efficiency particulate air filters are set directly before supply
air device to the room. Filters materials are bonded fiberglass or paper.

3.3.2 Renewable material filters

Moving Curtain Viscous Impingement Filters

There are two types. In the first case the filter material is packed in a roll form. Fresh
and dirty material is changed the following way: while dirty part of the filter is re-
moved automatically, fresh one is served. On the bottom there is a roll which moves
this dirty material and after it is thrown away. The roller works automatically and de-
 24

pends on a pressure switch control or timer. The pressure control defines pressure
through the media and according to these measurements switches on or switches off
the roller. The service of this type includes utilization of the dirty roll and involving
clean roll at the top. The cover of this media is the same as in viscous impingement
filters. The accumulated dirt should be deleted from adhesive reservoir. It can be done
by scraping. The operating period of this type of filter is made by time control. /12, p
10.7-10.8/

Figure 4. The renewable material filter. /16/

Moving Curtain dry-media filters

The media of this type of filters are as on previous dry-media filters made from ran-
dom fiber and also like in moving-curtain viscous filters are presented from a roll. /12,
p 10.8/
 25

3.3.3 Electronic air filters

Electrostatic air cleaners are collecting particles by principles of electrostatic precipi-

tation. These air filters are mainly used in industrial plants. There are three types of
work at low voltage
- Ionizing plate-type Electronic air cleaners
- Charged Media No ionizing Electronic air cleaners
- Charged Media Ionizing Electronic air cleaners

Ionizing plate-type Electronic air cleaners

Operation of this type is basing on charged particles. Air flow goes through the ionizer
wire with high potential voltage. It gives particles positive ions. After this flow
streams through to the opposite locating charged plates and particles are caught by
them. These plates are coated with adhesive or air. If there are prefilters or afterfilters
in this type, resistance of air flow is higher. Sometimes it is used for uniform distribu-
tion. For this purpose perforated plates are also used. This type of filter works with
low pressure drops and removes particles of dust and tobacco smoke. For better opera-
tion suitable screens are set before cleaner. They protect filters from shits of paper,
insects and pollutions like this.

Figure 5. The electronic air filters. /17/

 26

“The efficiency of electronic air cleaner is sensitive to air velocity, and the device it-
self has much less tendencies to rectify air steam velocity differences than do filters
which have higher resistances”. /12, p 10.8,10.9/

Charged Media Nonionizing Electronic air cleaners

This type of air cleaners includes both: dry type filters characteristics and electronic
air cleaner characteristics. The material looks like in dry-type: intertwined fiber, in
pleats form. Material is glass fiber, cellulose fiber or another similar material. This
media is dielectric and it makes nonuniform and intense electrostatic field. Particles
go through this media, polarize and stay in it. But charged media can be a cause of air
flow resistance, because of dust amount. It is one of the problems with this type of
cleaners: changing the filter media. The other problem is that dielectric media does not
work well when humidity more than 70%. /12, p 10.8-10.9/

Charged Media Ionizing Electronic air cleaners

As in two previous types of filters dust accumulates on the filter media charged on a
corona-discharge ionizer before. Ionizer makes this filter more efficient but this type
should be designed carefully.

3.3.4 Comparison of dry-type extended surface filters.

As was written before according to standards EN 779-93, EN 1822-98 and GOST

51251-99, dry-type extended surface filters are divided on coarse, fine, HEPA and
ULPA filters.
In this section of my report there is a comparison of coarse bag filters of three com-
mon manufacturers: “General filter”, “Jack filter” and “Halton filter”. The aim is to
identify the most effective filter. From the value of efficiency would follow ease of
operation, good dimensions, low pressure drop and high efficiency.
 27

General filter
Activities of Italian company General Filter Company have placed in the production
and sale of components, systems and accessories for filtration in industrial, civil and
hospital building. This company operates in various markets, as in Italy and
abroad./18/

Jack filter
Company Jack is a leading manufacturer of filters for air-conditioning equipment.
Company produces the highest quality products at a reasonable price, the products of
this company has a good ratio price / performance. Most filters are made specifically
to the needs of customers. This company is operated in many countries but the main
offices are in Austria and Hungary. /19/

Halton filter
Halton Company specializes in the indoor climate and production of goods, services
and solutions. Halton is goal is to create a comfortable and safe rooms.
This company solves the problems of public, commercial and industrial buildings,
kitchens and restaurants. Halton is operating in 23 countries. The maine part of the
company are in Finland, USA and Malaysia. /20/
 28

In table 4 was shown technical and functional characteristics of three coarse bag fil-
ters. In this section a comparison of these parameters is concluded – to find out the
most effective filter.

Table4. Comparison of technical and functional data General filter ABA 40,
Jack Inofil Basic filter and Halton mesh filter coarse bag filters.
Technical General Jack Inofil Halton coarse
and functional filter Basic filter mesh filter
data ABA 40
Nominal air flow 2880 2850 2880
m3/h
Filtretion surface 1,78 1,9 -
m2
Max working 90 100 75
Temperature

Max working 90% 100% 100%

humidity
resistance
Initial efficiency 90% High economic 85%
efficiency
Final pressure 250 250 -
drop Pa
Dimensions mm 287 592 300 592 490 standard-sized+
manufacture filter
500
with
needed dimensions
Material Polyester Polyester Polyester

Air filters made by “Jack filter” can work with high working temperature 100 and

high working humidity resistance 100%. This type of filter have the same pressure
drop but bigger filtration surfaise 1,9 m2.This is paramets worse than filter made by
”Halton filter” because hence velosity is lower. The dimensions are almost the same
 29

as another coarse bag filters. Efficiency is not written in the technical data, but is said
to be high and economic.

Filters made by “General filter” have smaller working temperature 90 and smaller

working humidity resistance 90%. Filtration surfase of this type is 1,78 𝑚ଶ it is less
than in the previous filter but the pressure drop is the same and it is plus of this.
Effisiency is 90%. Dimensionse about the same.

Filter made by ”Halton filter” have smaller working tempereture 75 and high max-

imal working humidity resistance 100%. Effitiency of this type is 85%. It is less than
others. Dimentionis are not written in the thachnical data because the manufacturer
produces it with customer requirements. Filtration surface is not written too.

Material of all this filters is polyester. In conclusion we can say that all coarse bag
filters of these manufactures have good parameters and they are approximately the
same. Hence choosing depends from requirements of the customer.

4 EXPERIMENT

In this section of the report experiment will be described. This experiment was con-
ducted in the air conditioning laboratory in campus A of Mikkeli University of Ap-
plied Sciences . The subject of the experiment was to study cleaning possibilities of
duct Dry-type extended surface filters which are related to a Fibrous media unit type
of filters and are according to EN standard named fine filters. There were two filters:
one absolutely new, the other has worked for some time (little dirty). Later it will be
named just “dirty” in the text. The purpose of the experiment is to establish the effec-
tiveness of filters. In other words, which amount of existing content of contaminated
particles in the air the filter can arrest? The experiment is divided into two parts: in the
first part filter cleaned air flow which wasn’t additionally contaminated. In the second
part we had an additional source of pollution – matches smoke. The smoke increased
the initial number of contaminated particles in the air.
 30

Figure 6. The new dry-type extended surface filter.

Number of contaminated particles was determined by AEROTRAK Handheld Optical

Particle Counter (TSI model 8222). The device determined number of particles in one
cubic meter of existing air and the values of number were given for six size catego-
ries: 0,3 μm and 0,5, 1,0, 3,0, 5,0, 10,0 μm.

4.1 The first part of experiment.

The cleaning possibility of filters was determined in the first part of the experiment
when existing air doesn’t have any additional source of pollution. Initially was meas-
ured the content of contaminated particles related to the six size categories (0,3 μm
and 0,5, 1,0, 3,0, 5,0, 10,0 μm). Then was determined their content in the air flow after
clean new filter. After all that the clean filter was replaced and the dirty filter’s in-
stalled. Again, the number of particles was measured after the filter. The values of
content of contaminated particles in the existing air before filter were measurement at
the same time.

The Particle Counter is designed with new technologies and allows not only to meas-
ure easily, but provides facilities to get results of measurement also easily. The values
obtained using the device can be translated into table form of Excel-program. All
tables with the values obtained during the experiment are presented in Appendix 1 in
the end of the report. On the basis of the measured values the following figures
were
 31

created. They are visually reflecting the content of particles of various sizes before
and after cleaning of the air flow in the filter.

50
45
content of particles (10^6 units/m^3)

40
35
30
before filter
25
after clean filter
20
after dirty filter
15
10
5
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

Figure 7. Extraction capability of filters. Particles sizes 0,3 μm.

6
content of particles (10^6

4
units/m^3)

before filter
3
after clean filter
2 after dirty filter

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

Figure 8. Extraction capability of filters. Particles sizes 0,5 μm.

 32

0,25

content of particles (10^6 units/m^3)

0,2

0,15
before filter
after clean filter
0,1
after dirty filter

0,05

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

Figure 9. Extraction capability of filters. Particles sizes 1,0 μm.

0,25
content of particles (10^6

0,2
units/m^3)

0,15
before filter
after clean filter
0,1
after dirty filter
0,05

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

Figure 10. Extraction capability of filters. Particles sizes 3,0 μm.

 33

0,08
0,07

content of particles (10^6 units/

0,06

0,05
beforefilter
m^3)

0,04
after clean filter
0,03 after dirty filter
0,02

0,01

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

Figure 11. Extraction capability of filters. Particles sizes 5,0 μm.

0,012
content of particles (10^6 units/m^3)

0,01

0,008

before filter
0,006
after clean filter
after dirty filter
0,004

0,002

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

Figure 12. Extraction capability of filters. Particles sizes 10,0 μm.

The content of contaminated particles of any of the six categories has the biggest val-
ues before the filter, in the other words before cleaning. Therefore, the curve of the
values in the figures is locating above the others. Further, in all six figures it can be
seen that the curve of values of particle contents after cleaning on dirty filter is lower
than a similar curve for the clean filter. So, when air flows through the dirty filter the
values of particle contents are much lower. In other words, a dirty filter has a higher
cleaning efficiency compared with a new one. This can be explained as follows. Par-
 34

ticles, which were detained during the passage of air flow, began to accumulate in the
filter during the process of the filter usage. Therefore, the sizes of holes begin to de-
crease, which creates additional resistance to the passage of contaminated particles.
This circumstance improves the effectiveness of the filter. But when the particles
stuck in the filter, load will become too much. They will begin to detach from the fil-
ter, getting into the flow of treated air. This increases the contaminated particle con-
tent in the air flow after the filter. This means that the filter should have been replaced.

4.2 The second part of experiment (with additional source of pollution - smoke)

In the second part of the experience the existing air has been further polluted with
smoking. This consequently increased the content of particles of all sizes in the air.
Experiments were carried out in the same way as previously. In the beginning, the
content of particles before the filter was measured, then after passing through a new
filter. After that, the new filter has been replaced by a dirty filter and the content of
particles passed the dirty filter was measured. The obtained values are also presented
in Appendix 1 in table form. Figures, built on the basis of these values, are listed be-
low.

600

500
content of particles (10^6

400
units/m^3)

before filter
300
after clean filter
200 after dirty filter

100

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 13. Extraction capability of filters. Particles sizes 0,3 μm.

 35

140

120

content of particles (10^6

100
units/m^3) 80 before filter

60 after clean filter

after dirty filter
40

20

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 14. Extraction capability of filters. Particles sizes 0,5 μm.

0,8
content of particles (10^6 units/m^3)

0,7

0,6

0,5
before filter
0,4
after clean filter
0,3 after dirty filter
0,2

0,1

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 15. Extraction capability of filters. Particles sizes 1,0 μm.

 36

0,06

content of particles (10^6 units/m^3)

0,05

0,04

before filter
0,03
after clean filter
after dirty filter
0,02

0,01

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 16. Extraction capability of filters. Particles sizes 3,0 μm.

0,014

0,012
content of particles (10^6

0,01
units/m^3)

0,008 before filter

0,006 after clean filter

after dirty filter
0,004

0,002

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 17. Extraction capability of filters. Particles sizes 5,0 μm.

As a result of the second part of the experiment, when the air had an additional source
of pollution - smoke, we obtained results similar as in the first part. The cleaning effi-
ciency of the dirty filter is better than the new one. This can be explained by an addi-
tional resistance of particles linked to the loading, which the contaminated particles
passing through the filter.
 37

5 CONCLUSION

In indoor air there are lots of different pollutants which make air dirty. But the air,
should be clean, because of avoid the risk for human disease. As it was written in my
report there are three main methods to make air clearer: The best way to prevent this
problem is to control of sources of pollutants. The second method is pre cleaning. It is
using duct air cleaners which are set in ventilation system. This method is used, when
we have outdoor sources of air pollutants. But sometimes this method is not enough or
there are some internal sources of impurities in the room and in that case we have to
clean the air by using household air cleaners. Household air cleaners, in contrast to
dust air cleaners in ventilation system, are operating in separately in single spaces.
This method removes impurities from indoor air. Especially household air cleaners are
useful for people with allergies or children.

Besides the description of air pollutants and air cleaners there is the comparison of
duct air cleaners in my report. Then according to results of comparison conclusion
was made. On the grounds of this comparison the best household air cleaner is Ballu
AP250. The best coarse bag filter manufactures was not defined, because technical
characteristics of these filters are almost similar and choice of needed cleaner depends
on preferences of customer.

At the end of my report an experiment is described. The experiment was made with
duct dry-type extended surface filters and a devise for measurement of particles
AEROTRAK Handheld Optical Particle Counter (TSI model 8222). As a conclusion
of this experiment it can be written, that filters really make the air cleaner. In our case
little dirty filter arrest more particles, because an additional resistance of particles. But
too dirty filter can be also a reason of an additional amount of air pollutants.
 38

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. E. Adan Liebana, A. Hernandez Calleja. Indoor Air: Methods of monitoring

and treatment.
http://www.ilo.org/safework_bookshelf/english?content&nd=857170541.
Referred 09.11.2010.
2. О.В. Проволович. Очистка приточного воздуха. АСИНКОМ.
http://www.asincom.org.ru/tc0804_2.htm. Referred 21.11.2010.
3. Воздушная пыль и ее влияние на организм человека.
http://www.vamstroim.ru/index.php/gigienavozduha/vozdpil.html.
Referred 29.11.2010
4. Источники загрязнения воздуха в помещении. Дыши свободно. Экология
городов и регионов. http://www.dishisvobodno.ru/indoor.html.
Referred 21.11.2010
5. Cleanliness Classification of Air-handling Components.
http://www.rts.fi/cleanliness_classification.htm. Referred 01.12.2010
6. Hester, Ronald E Harrison, Roy M. Air Pollution and Health. Royal Society of
Chemistry. 1998.
7. Воздухоочистители.ru – все про очистители воздуха.
http://www.vozduhoochistiteli.ru/. Referred 5.12.2010
8. BAP830-I Tour de purification d’air de type HEPA.
www.bionaire.fr/Product.aspx?pid=466. Referred 14.01.2011
9. Очистители воздуха Boneco P2261. http://www.boneco.ru/catalog/air-
cleaner/p2261/. Referred 14.01.2011
10. Воздухоочистители Ballu AP250. www.ballu.ru/catalog-ballu/149.html#tab-
0=0. Referred 14.01.2011
11. BALLU AP250 воздухоочиститель. Инструкция пользователя. Гарантий-
ный талон. http://www.ballu.ru/manual/Manual_AP250indd.pdf. Referred
14.01.2011
12.ASHRAE Handbook. Equipment. American society of heating,
refrigerating and air-conditioning engineers. 1983.
13. European Standard EN 779 :2002 ”Particulate air filters for general ventila-
tion. Determination of the filtration performance”
 39

14. European Standard EN 1822-1:2009 "High efficiency air filters (EPA, HEPA
and ULPA).Part 1: Classification, performance testing, marking".
15. National Standard of the Russian Federation GOST P 51251-99: 1999 ”Air
filters. Classification. Marking”
16. Greenleaf filtration. http://www.greenleaffilters.net/2035888.html.
Referred 20.12.2010
17. Keep away the asthma with electronic air filter.
http://industry-mart.blogspot.com/2010/04/keep-away-asthma-with-electronic-
air.html. Referred 20.12.2010
18. General filter Italy. http://www.generalfilter.com/index.html.
Referred 23.01.2010
19. Jack filter. http://www.jackfilter.at/default.htm. Referred 23.01.2011
20. Halton. http://www.halton.com/halton/cms.nsf/pages/indexeng.
Referred 23.01.2011
 Appendix 1.
Table 1. Content of particles with size 0,3 μm before and after dry-type filter
(Fine filter)

Part 1 of experiment (without additional sources of pollu- Part 2 of experiment (with smoke - source of pollu-
tant) tant)

Number
Number
After clean After dirty of mea- After clean After dirty
of mea- Before filter Before filter
filter filter surement filter filter
surment

10^6 10^6 10^6 10^6 10^6

10^6 units/m^3
units/m^3 units/m^3 units/m^3 units/m^3 units/m^3
1 40,44576 36,49628 27,577412 1 554,502272 309,283328 200,560576
2 40,67764 35,7462 27,538944 2 482,241808 278,2184 109,957088
3 40,642076 35,536092 27,983474 3 39,684272 39,005492 27,86033
4 40,478804 35,324556 27,55715 4 39,981136 32,983704 28,891546
5 41,428596 35,101628 27,632262 5 41,218224 34,560716 29,67963
6 41,931076 35,295956 27,497108 6 40,473236 32,963406 29,10329
7 41,79052 34,957824 27,792354 7 40,728644 32,802136 29,254768
8 41,96786 35,51074 27,873016 8 40,288248 31,731222 29,434106
9 42,298084 35,656076 28,311966 9 40,431272 31,547708 29,208406
10 41,947356 35,949768 27,811436 10 40,14804 31,704722 29,30542
11 42,341684 35,8899 27,723788
12 41,927736 35,861988 27,830804
13 41,818036 36,129528 27,612732
14 41,277468 35,493592 27,206
15 43,231288 35,577372 27,965362
16 45,657848 35,808384 27,851008
17 43,415712 35,943436 27,262912
18 43,201296 35,914264 27,077422
19 41,646492 35,9317 27,55984
20 41,925496 35,681972 26,801926
 Table 2. Content of particles with size 0,5 μm before and after dry-type filter
(Fine filter)

Part 1 of experiment (without additional sources Part 2 of experiment (with smoke - source of pollu-
of pollutant) tant)
Number of Number of
Before After clean After Before After clean After dirty
measur- measur-
filter filter dirty filter filter filter filter
ment ment
1 3,097898 2,347748 1,937305 1 131,220064 120,976584 98,986824
2 2,883292 2,276736 1,77439 2 37,941578 23,167208 12,474586
3 2,818526 2,255081 1,752781 3 3,205884 2,71569 1,92444
4 2,897105 2,273699 1,734761 4 3,328087 2,175268 2,093176
5 3,078624 2,348218 1,694537 5 3,338202 2,437787 2,226501
6 3,022327 2,262579 1,76142 6 3,275912 2,253774 2,150982
7 3,037089 2,335158 1,693359 7 3,340623 2,189244 2,068619
8 3,066235 2,299662 1,678688 8 3,150468 2,183531 2,163043
9 3,092906 2,370727 1,744054 9 3,394331 2,00149 2,088345
10 3,005272 2,530369 1,681363 10 3,302779 2,074793 2,17522
11 3,024203 2,426653 1,599095
12 2,872185 2,330713 1,689964
13 2,927587 2,369311 1,688355
14 2,929514 2,292321 1,696641
15 3,142152 2,17596 1,799058
16 4,972932 2,269354 1,825156
17 4,101355 2,156493 1,668722
18 3,626386 2,278834 1,756768
19 3,202264 2,179701 1,78372
20 2,970677 2,136934 1,696109
 Table 3. Content of particles with size 0,5 μm before and after dry-type filter
(Fine filter)

Part 1 of experiment (without additional sources of Part 2 of experiment (with smoke - source of pollu-
pollutant) tant)
After After
Number of Before After dirty Number of Before After
clean dirty
measurment filter filter measurment filter clean filter
filter filter
1 0,112944 0,071765 0,031456 1 0,677214 0,254145 0,138341
2 0,105292 0,081642 0,014901 2 0,332516 0,09824 0,075898
3 0,099745 0,069945 0,01134 3 0,130239 0,082031 0,034111
4 0,076425 0,066623 0,012202 4 0,135114 0,061496 0,041434
5 0,10513 0,077802 0,012781 5 0,131107 0,084645 0,052205
6 0,118688 0,077922 0,010173 6 0,120333 0,068253 0,050022
7 0,103698 0,079431 0,09069 7 0,129092 0,080094 0,035518
8 0,114453 0,071952 0,067882 8 0,145868 0,080024 0,050995
9 0,117923 0,061079 0,062848 9 0,134752 0,088279 0,032697
10 0,100939 0,085512 0,054008 10 0,14502 0,055574 0,045563
11 0,100485 0,086161 0,067926
12 0,103729 0,089026 0,059247
13 0,089322 0,083114 0,048036
14 0,090285 0,08746 0,054042
15 0,095389 0,070556 0,055518
16 0,195907 0,079977 0,082252
17 0,164166 0,069154 0,062594
18 0,13068 0,069269 0,044384
19 0,102336 0,08094 0,069977
20 0,084354 0,086786 0,045342
 Table 4. Content of particles with size 0,5 μm before and after dry-type filter
(Fine filter)

Part 1 of experiment (without additional sources of Part 2 of experiment (with smoke - source of pollu-
pollutant) tant)
Number of Number of After
Before After clean After dirty Before After clean
measur- measur- dirty
filter filter filter filter filter
ment ment filter
1 0,218704 0,0088 1 0,052769 0,016806 0,012018
2 0,091877 0,015866 0,004295 2 0,022932 0,005695 0,002864
3 0,100767 0,011399 0,001427 3 0,01288 0,002878 0,001421
4 0,053637 0,019814 0,002835 4 0,008533 0,00143 0,001128
5 0,048011 0,011365 0,002829 5 0,010085
6 0,04665 0,016955 0,00425 6 0,009909 0,004265 0,003287
7 0,035425 0,022728 0,002839 7 0,012909 0,004215 0,00142
8 0,02687 0,015543 0,00141 8 0,00858 0,002933 0,001439
9 0,032852 0,017017 0,005681 9 0,009929 0,002894 0,002264
10 0,032689 0,021313 0,007127 10 0,018483 0,001424 0,001205
11 0,024057 0,008483 0,004237
12 0,015615 0,012517 0,004305
13 0,019771 0,012779 0,004243
14 0,014651 0,012221
15 0,017084 0,012335 0,004233
16 0,03691 0,021272 0,001428
17 0,029465 0,022761
18 0,025567 0,024339 0,002827
19 0,022741 0,008568 0,00426
20 0,019682 0,012752 0,004268
 Table 5. Content of particles with size 0,5 μm before and after dry-type filter
(Fine filter)

Part 1 of experiment (without additional sources of Part 2 of experiment (with smoke - source of pollu-
pollutant) tant)
Number of Number of After
Before After clean After dirty Before After clean
measur- measur- dirty
filter filter filter filter filter
ment ment filter
1 0,072408 1 0,013192 0,005818 0,003824
2 0,041632 0,012981 2 0,011466 0,005695
3 0,025546 0,014249 0,001427 3 0,005724 0,001439 0,001421
4 0,018349 0,007076 4 0,008533 0,00286 0,001428
5 0,015533 0,008524 5 0,007203
6 0,019895 0,009781 6 0,005662 0,001421 0,001429
7 0,012336 0,011784 0,001419 7 0,002868 0,001405 0,00142
8 0,012728 0,001413 8 0,00572 0,001429
9 0,012855 0,011344 9 0,001418
10 0,005263 0,004683 10 0,005687 0,001408
11 0,007075 0,001413
12 0,004231 0,001401
13 0,009477 0,008885
14 0,002844 0,001434
15 0,005333 0,003694 0,001411
16 0,008508 0,005678 0,001428
17 0,008535 0,002806
18 0,004431 0,001522
19 0,004284 0,002842
20 0,003833 0,001029
Table 6. Content of particles with size 0,5 μm before and after dry-type filter
(Fine filter)

Part 1 of experiment (without additional sources of pollu-

tant)
Number of After clean After dirty
Before filter
measurment filter filter
1 0,010344
2 0,002871 0,001431 0,001442
3 0,004274 0,002838
4 0,004234 0,00283
5 0,004236 0,00142
6 0,002825 0,001413
7 0,00142 0,001417
8 0,001414
9 0,005672
10 0,00142 0,001425
11 0,001415
12 0,001401
13 0,001412
14 0,002811 0,001422
15 0,004272 0,002847
16 0,002839
17 0,002845 0,002806
18
19 0,004264
20 0,004217