Air Monitoring and Cleaning System using sensors and filters

RESEARCHER:

Kimjin Andrae Mallare

RESEARCH ADVISER:

Sir. Marco Perillo Salcedo

 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

It is very important nowadays for people to be aware of the current air quality around

them. They should know whether they are breathing clean air or polluted air. This is because

air pollution ranked fifth in risk factor for death worldwide. In 2018, A report released by

7the World Health Organization (WHO) stated that about 7 million people in Asia died of

illness associated to air pollution. Air pollution can cause severe health effects such as

respiratory infections and cardiovascular diseases, as mentioned in which has measured air

pollution using PM2.5 and PM 10 sensors in 190 cities in China. Besides, air pollution also

give adverse effect to the environment that eventually resulted in global warming and

climate change. Malaysia uses Air Pollutant Index (API) to determine the air quality.

Different countries have different quality indices for example, United States and China uses

Air Quality Index (AQI), Canada and Hong Kong uses Air Quality Health Index (AQHI),

Singapore uses Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) and Europe uses Common Air Quality Index

(CAQI) . Most of the countries in the world has regulated six criteria pollutants, including

Carbon Monoxide (CO), Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Lead (Pb),

and particulate matter (PM) with the size of less than 10µm (PM10) and 2.5µm (PM2.5). Air

quality in Malaysia is measured by Continuous Air Quality Monitoring stations (CAQMs) that

have been placed in certain locations by the Department of Environment (DOE) Malaysia. It
is determined by measuring the concentration of air pollutants and calculating the index

level of the pollutants. The monitoring stations are stationary and the equipment in it are

estimated to be expensive (Teddy Surya Gunawan - (2018).

Statement of the Problem;

Air pollution is broken down into ambient (outdoor) air pollution. This pollution comes from

many sources, the majority of them a result of human activity specifically, this device is an

attempt to solve the following problems:

 the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal to generate electricity for homes and

businesses, or petrol and diesel to power our cars, buses, ships and planes

 industrial processes, particularly from the chemical and mining industries

 agriculture, which is a major source of methane and ammonia

 waste treatment and management, particularly landfills

 dirty indoor cooking and heating systems, a major problem in the developing world

 volcanic eruptions, dust storms and other natural processes

Hypothesis

The disadvantages of this device the filters should be clean each day, the app should be

downloaded to give the information what high level of toxic gases that made up the air on

that place and the alarm can triggered anytime, the vacuum on the device might not

inhaled all the toxic gasses that the vehicles emits.

 Conceptual Framework;

Based on the forgoing literature, a conceptual framework was drawn. The

independent variable of a study is the air quality monitoring and cleaning system using

sensors and filters. The dependent variable consist of a toxic gasses that made up the

atmosphere. It was assumed that the independent variable has no significant effect to the

dependent variable.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Air quality monitoring and Toxic gasses that made up

cleaning system using the atmosphere.

sensors and filters

Figure 1.1

Scope and Limitation of the Study

 This study focuses only on the air pollution of the atmosphere and the toxic gasses in

the terms Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O), Ozone (O3),

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Hydro fluorocarbons (includes HCFCs and HFCs). The

outcome is to lessen the air pollution in the Philippines. This study of the device is only
 limited for the vehicles like tricycles, cars, and the jeep that release too much toxic

gasses.

Significance of the Study

This research study will benefit the following:

This research study benefits to understand what happenings on our atmosphere to

help people prevent or to know toxic waste like hazardous gases, the device will give data to

the app to give information of what high levels of gasses that cause on that atmosphere, on

place that where they are, and this will help to lessen the air pollution.

Definition of Terms

The Grove - Gas Sensor(MQ2) - module is useful for gas leakage detection (home

and industry). It is suitable for detecting H2, LPG, CH4, CO, Alcohol, Smoke or Propane.

(seeedstudio)

In this study, the optical dust sensor detects the reflected dust light of dust in air it

benefits that smoker

MiSC-2614 Gas Sensor (Ozone)- MiCS-2614 is a small (5 x 7 x 1.55mm) MEMS

sensor consisting of a micromachined diaphragm with an embedded heating resistor and

the sensing layer on top.Its detection range is from 10-1000ppb (mikroe).

 In this study, this sensor will help detect Ozone gas.

Grove - Dust Sensor（PPD42NS）- This Dust Sensor gives a good indication of the

air quality in an environment by measuring the dust concentration. The Particulate Matter

level (PM level) in the air is measured by counting the Low Pulse Occupancy time (LPO time)

in given time unit. LPO time is proportional to PM concentration. This sensor can provide

reliable data for air purifier systems; it is responsive to PM of diameter 1μm (seedstudio).

In this study, Dust sensor will give data of air quality by measuring the dust

concentration.

Proximity sensor- A device that detects the presence or absence of a nearby

object, or properties of that object, and converts it into signal which can be easily read

by user or a simple electronic instrument without getting in contact with them

(techopedia).

In this study, this sensor is used to know the presence and the pressure of

the smoke that the vehicles emits.

Wi-Fi module 8266 – is a self contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP protocol stack

that can give any microcontroller access to your WiFi network. The ESP8266 is capable of

either hosting an application or offloading all Wi-Fi networking functions from another

application processor. (makerlab-electronics)

 In this study, the internet or the app benefits giving information of the important

details of the air pollution.

Ozone Water Filter - Ozone is an unstable gas comprising of three oxygen atoms,

the gas will readily degrade back to oxygen, and during this transition a free oxygen atom,

or free radical form (water-research.net)

In this study, Water is used to filter the toxic gas that the vehicles emits.

High Efficiency Particulate Arrestance (HEPA) filters - These units filter the air

passing through them at a very fine scale. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and its

contractors use HEPA filters that meet DOE standard STD-3020-97, Specification for HEPA

Filters Used by DOE Contractors, to filter 99.97 percent of all particles 0.3 microns or

larger.

In this study, this filter will clean the most of the toxic air gasses left that the ozone

water filter filters.

 CHAPTER II (REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE)

(a) Local Related Studies

Air pollution and particulate matter detector using raspberry Pi with IoT based

notification

Air Pollution in the Philippines is already a serious problem especially to the people living in

the cities. The factors such as smoke coming from vehicles and factories as well as dust and

debris contribute to air pollution which also leads to people having health problems. This

design aims to create a prototype which will detect the air pollution and particulate matter

in a barangay at Pandacan, Manila. The design hardware will send an email notification to

the registered email addresses of barangay officials whenever the sensors detect high

reading on either the particulate matter or carbon monoxide. The components included in

the hardware is a Dust Sensor which will measure the particulate matter in the area, Carbon

Monoxide Sensor for measuring the gas detected, microcontroller, and a Raspberry Pi in

order to send the data through email. (Meo Vincent C. Caya., 2017)

Development of a Low-Cost Air Quality Data Acquisition IoT-based System using

Arduino Leonardo

Air pollution is responsible for an estimated 5.5 million deaths in 2013 which costed the

global economy approximately US$225 billion in lost labor income. To address the problems

caused by air pollution, this study aims to develop a low-cost and portable air quality

monitoring system that detects the levels of CO, PM2.5, PM10, temperature, and humidity.

Using Internet of Things (IoT), the data that the system gathers can be accessed through the
internet. Moreover, the system assesses the obtained data through a comparative analysis

with the AQI. The Iterative Design Loop method was used in the development of the air

quality monitoring system. Furthermore, the sensors were programmed using the Arduino

Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Using the Welch’s t-test, it was found that the

obtained data of the system is not significantly different to that of the standard air quality

monitoring systems. To achieve more accurate data from the developed system, the raw data

of the developed and standard system were calibrated through an equation from the

trendline. Through the use of Acer CloudProfessor, the study successfully developed an air

quality monitoring system that can be accessed through the internet. (Joel T. Bautista, 2018)

Air Quality Monitoring Platform with the Integration of Dual Sensor Redundancy

Mechanism through Internet of Things

Air Pollution is an environmental and a social problem which has harmful effects on

ecosystems, climate, life expectancy and quality of life. It is counted in the largest

environmental health hazards in the Philippines especially in the nation's urban areas. This

study developed a platform that can monitor air quality in the Philippines wherein the

environmental parameters being monitored are ambient temperature, humidity, particulate

matter and carbon monoxide concentration levels. This study applies Dual Sensor

Redundancy Mechanism to examine the validity of the sensor readings. Using Wi-Fi

technology, the data obtained from the microcomputer is sent to the Cloud based Web

Server. The output of the system which involves sensor readings and Graphical
Representation with respect to time is displayed on the mobile application. After validating

the prototypes, the percent difference obtained fall under 5% mark and by conducting Two-

tailed T-test, it is determined that the prototypes are functioning correctly. The platform is

also implemented in two remote areas and environmental conditions are compared using

the data obtained during the monitoring process. (Meo Vincent C. Caya, 2018).

Microcontroller and app-based air quality monitoring system for particulate matter

2.5 (PM2.5) and particulate matter 1 (PM1)

Particulate matter," also known as particle pollution or PM, is a complex mixture of

extremely small particles and liquid droplets. Particle pollution is made up of a number of

components, including acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), organic chemicals, metals, and

soil or dust particles. The size of particles is directly linked to their potential for causing

health problems. Once inhaled, these particles can affect the heart and lungs and cause

serious health effects. The purpose of the researchers is to provide a standalone device that

can monitor Particulate Matter (PM) levels and provide a mobile application for end user to

check the PM level of a specific location. The system of this project is a microcontroller based,

and it has sensor that can detect concentrations of PM2.5 and PM1. For monitoring purposes,

there will be a mobile application provided that shows real-time data gathered by the sensor.

The device has a GSM MODULE that sends data to the Raspberry Pi(server) that is then

connected to the internet. The mobile application receives real-time data from the sensor

and gives notifications to the user if the concentration level of PM is still safe. The researchers
conduct three tests in locations given by DENR. The three tests determine which location has

high, medium and low concentration of Particulate Matter. (Jennifer C. Dela Cruz, 2017)

Initial Development and Testing of Microcontroller-MQ2 Gas Sensorfor University

Air Quality Monitoring

Typical air quality monitoring system involved the use of expensive instruments often

accessed through the Philippines Department of Environment and Natural Resources

(DENR), leading to limitedlocale based air quality monitoring system. To address the need

this study was conducted utilizing microcontroller (arduino-uno)-MQ2 gas sensor. The

initial stage included preliminary development of premade devices, coding, and testing on

site. The testing was conducted in the University of Science and Technology of Southern

Philippines (USTP)-Science complex on March, 2017 with preselected dates. Result showed

Rs/Ro ratio within the appreciable range for air quality. Overall, the study served as neo

monitoring system for air quality locally and potential use can be maximized. However, it is

preliminary in nature and needing improvement. (Brawner Brian L. Heyasa, 2017)

(b) Foreign Related Studies

IoT Based Intelligent Industry Monitoring System

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a newly emerging field with a vision of connecting ‘things’,

human and machines together making them an integral part of internet. The entire world is
moving towards modernization and automation which may result in excessive pollution of

environment. Determining the air quality is a prime need of the hour. This paper deals with

the development of pollution monitoring system with deployment of intelligent sensors.

Monitoring the gas leakage level from any part of the globe can be achieved by integration of

big data to the Google Cloud via web servers. Analysis of the data is simplified thereby

enabling ease of monitoring. Alerts can be triggered in case of drastic deterioration of air

quality. The proposed method finds application in industry and also in monitoring of

pollution caused by vehicles (B. Rose Kavitha., 2019)

Air pollution monitoring network using low-cost sensors, a case study in Hanoi,

Vietnam

Air pollution is a serious problem in Vietnam, especially in urban areas with high pressures

of population, traffic, construction, and industrial development. Besides high accurate

measurements from automatic and continuous monitoring ground stations and high-cost

sensor devices, low-cost sensors have recently utilized to extent air pollution monitoring

networks although their data quality is still argumentative. In this paper, we present a low-

cost device, named FAirKit, which measured 6 basic air pollutants including PM2.5, PM10, CO,

O3, NO2, and SO2, and temperature and relative humidity. The sensors are calibrated with

standard devices to improve their data quality. FAirKits are installed and transferred data

in real-time to servers where an information system based on Sensor Web Enablement

(SWE) standard of Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) has been developed to store, process,
and visualize real-time air pollution information. Currently, the low-cost sensors network

has been deploying in Hanoi, Vietnam to enhance public awareness and alert local people to

air pollution (TNT. Nguyen., 2019).

IoT Implementation of Kalman Filter to Improve Accuracy of Air Quality Monitoring

and Prediction

In order to obtain high-accuracy measurements, traditional air quality monitoring and

prediction systems adopt high-accuracy sensors. However, high-accuracy sensors are

accompanied with high cost, which cannot be widely promoted in Internet of Things (IoT)

with many sensor nodes. In this paper, we propose a low-cost air quality monitoring and

real-time prediction system based on IoT and edge computing, which reduces IoT

applications dependence on cloud computing. Raspberry Pi with computing power, as an

edge device, runs the Kalman Filter (KF) algorithm, which improves the accuracy of low-

cost sensors by 27% on the edge side. Based on the KF algorithm, our proposed system

achieves the immediate prediction of the concentration of six air pollutants such as SO 2,

NO2 and PM2.5 by combining the observations with errors. In the comparison

experiments with three common predicted algorithms including Simple Moving Average,

Exponentially Weighted Moving Average and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average,

the KF algorithm can obtain the optimal prediction results, and root-mean-square error

decreases by 68.3% on average. Taken together, the results of the study indicate that
our proposed system, combining edge computing and IoT, can be promoted in smart

agriculture (Xiaozheng Lai., 2019).

Internet of Things Mobile–Air Pollution Monitoring System (IoT-Mobair)

Internet of Things (IoT) is a worldwide system of “smart devices” that can sense and connect

with their surroundings and interact with users and other systems. Global air pollution is

one of the major concerns of our era. Existing monitoring systems have inferior precision,

low sensitivity, and require laboratory analysis. Therefore, improved monitoring systems

are needed. To overcome the problems of existing systems, we propose a three-phase air

pollution monitoring system. An IoT kit was prepared using gas sensors, Arduino integrated

development environment (IDE), and a Wi-Fi module. This kit can be physically placed in

various cities to monitoring air pollution. The gas sensors gather data from air and forward

the data to the Arduino IDE. The Arduino IDE transmits the data to the cloud via the Wi-Fi

module. We also developed an Android application termed IoT-Mobair, so that users can

access relevant air quality data from the cloud. If a user is traveling to a destination, the

pollution level of the entire route is predicted, and a warning is displayed if the pollution

level is too high. The proposed system is analogous to Google traffic or the navigation

application of Google Maps. Furthermore, air quality data can be used to predict future air

quality index (AQI) levels (Swati Dhingra, 2019).

 A Comprehensive Review of Wireless Sensor Networks Based Air Pollution

Monitoring Systems

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consists of sensors used for sensing environmental

conditions and many more applications in real world. Air pollution is a threat to the life of

humans. To control the air pollution it is necessary to monitor the pollutant gases in

periodically. Various air pollution monitoring systems using sensor network have been

developed, deployed and tested in the literature. This paper presents a comparative study

about the literature for air pollution monitoring systems based on the classification such as

stationary air pollution monitoring systems, dynamic air pollution monitoring systems and

pollution data analysis techniques. These pollution monitoring systems are compared based

on the methodologies followed, microcontroller used, communication device used, pollutants

analyzed using sensors, evaluation attributes, tested location and performance of the system.

This paper also discusses the merits and demerits of the air pollution monitoring systems

(R. Kingsy Grace., 2019).

Prediction of possible asthma attack from air pollutants: Towards a high density air

pollution map for smart cities to improve living

Asthma is a chronic, often devastating, condition that has no cure and causes a remarkable

economic burden to the associated family as well as to the government and state. But it can

be controlled and managed with personal diagnostic of triggering factors of asthma and
through preventive care. Sometimes it is as simple as avoiding air pollutants like dust,

tobacco smoke etc. Asthma attack triggered from air pollution could easily be avoided if there

is a way to monitor air pollution level continuously in the surroundings. In this paper, we

have presented a system that will be able to predict possible asthma attack for individuals

and alert them. The system is developed using an air pollutant monitoring device combined

with an Android application. Using supervised learning technique and analyzing (frequently

taken) air pollutant data, the system will help to reduce asthma attacks for asthma patients.

Also analyzing personalized data of individuals it will be possible to recommend a new user

about the safe and unsafe zone of the city. As a by-product, it will be possible to create a high-

density air pollution map of cities to monitor air pollution. (Rakibul Alam, 2019)

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Air pollution monitoring and cleaning system designed in this paper proposed a

good solution to the complexity of air pollution. The use of a large number of sensors ensures

monitoring accuracy, reduces monitoring cost and makes monitoring data in monitoring

area more systematic and perfect. The vacuum that inhaled deals specifically the toxic gases

that made up the atmosphere. Users were able to monitor measured parameters on their

smartphones, and a large number of field data provided by front-end sensor network makes

big data analysis in background application layer more direct and effective, providing a real
and effective decision-making basis for emergency response after pollution accident

happens.

Research Design

This study is experimental design which conducted with the method involves reading,

observation, formulating the events and make predictions or starts with hypothesis of the

study. It is always conducted in a scientific approach where a set of variables are kept

constant while the other set of variables are being measured as the subject of experiment.

This type of research design is chosen to gain further and deeper information from the

respondents.

Local of the study

The research study entitled, “Air Quality Monitoring and Cleaning System” This

device will be used in rural areas that needs to be aware what kind of toxic gases present

on the area they are, this will be conducted in Roxas City in the Province of Capiz.

Respondents of the study

The target of the respondent on this study are for the people who has allergies or

asthma and all of vehicle like motorcycles, cars, tricycles and jeep that blow too much toxic

gases pollution.
Research instrument

This study will use a sensors a lot of air monitoring sensor that and filters. The

sensors and fileter that will be used in this device are the Grove - Dust Sensor（PPD42NS)

is to detect the reflected light of dust concentration in air, The Grove - Gas Sensor (MQ2) is

to detect the H2, LPG, CH4, CO in the air, Proximity sensor detects the presence and the

pressure of the toxic blowing air, the use for Wi-Fi module 8266 is to give a message or

information to the app, the Ozone Water Filter is used to filter the toxic gas that exhaled ,

HEPA filter are the one that will filter the most of the toxic gas left and will exhaled the

clean air.