CE5510 Advanced Structural

Concrete Design

2. Design for Bending with or w/o Axial

Loading

Professor Tan Kiang Hwee

Dept of Civil Environmental Engrg
National University of Singapore

Contents
2.1 Introduction 3
2.2 Method of Strain Compatibility & Force 4
Equilibrium
2.2.1 Uni-axial bending 5
2.2.2 Bi-axial bending 9
2.2.3 Effect of prestressing 19
2.3 Bending with axial loading 27
2.3.1 Biaxial bending with axial load 33
2.4 Concluding remark 37

© Tan K H, NUS 2
 2.1 Introduction

ind Action Effects

w
vFlexure (Bending) My+ Mz
vCompression/Tension N
vShear V
T vTorsion T
Mz My weight
x
V
N y
z
©Tan K H, NUS 3

2.2 Method of strain compatibility &

force equilibrium

3 basic requirements:
q Compatibility
q Strains (deformations) at various locations are related
to one another
q Material Laws
q Stress-strain relations (constitutive relations)
q Equilibrium
q Externally applied forces/moments = Internal resisting
forces/moments

©Tan K H, NUS 4
 2.2.1 Uni-axial Bending
w
steel
yielding ULS
SLS 3
3 -Inelastic,
cracked
w cracking 2
2 - Elastic,
1 cracked
d
1 - Elastic,
uncracked
d

Assumptions :
q Plane sections remain plane
q Perfect bond between concrete & reinft.
q Tensile strength of concrete is neglected after cracking
©Tan K H, NUS 5

q Ultimate limit state

h fcd

fcd =acc fck/gc

n.a.
acc = 0.85;
gc = 1.5

If width of compression
zone decreases in the
direction of extreme
compression fibre, hfcd ecu (0/00) = 3,5 for fck ≤ 50 MPa
should be reduced by ecu (0/00) = 2,6 + 35[(90-fck)/100]4 for fck ≥ 50 MPa
10%.

©Tan K H, NUS 6
 Example – RC Box Girder
Calculate the ultimate moment of resistance of the
box girder shown.

1200
50 120 mm
1000 mm2

800 120 fck = 30 MPa

2000 mm2 fyk = 500 MPa
250
5000 mm2
50

©Tan K H, NUS 7

120 1200 50 ecu= 0.0035 0.567fck

x=200 160 C1
Cs
mm es’ mm C2
n.a.

MRd es1 Ts1

es2 Ts2

es’=0.0035x150/200 = 0.00263>eyd=(fyk/gs)/Es = (500/1.15)/(200,000) = 0.00217

es1> eyd ; es2 > eyd

C1 =0.567x30x1200x120x10-3 = 2449 kN
C2 =0.567x30x240x40x 10-3 = 163 kN
Take mt. abt. n.a.:
Cs =1000x435x 10-3 = 435 kN MRd= [2449x140 + 163x60
Ts1=2000x435x 10-3 = 870 kN + 435x150 + 870x300
Ts2 =5000x435x 10-3 = 2175 kN + 2175x550] kNmm
\C1+C2+Cs- Ts1- Ts2 = 2 » 0 OK = 1875 kNm
©Tan K H, NUS 8
2.2.2 Biaxial Bending

M Mz due to
wind load

z a
My
y due to
Mz gravity load
My
æ Mz ö
a = tan çç ÷
÷
-1

è My ø
2 2
M = M y + Mz

©Tan K H, NUS 9

! 𝐹" = 0
yC MRd,y "
y ! 𝐹" 𝑧" = 𝑀(),+
zC C "
q
ec ! 𝐹" 𝑦" = 𝑀(),- C>0
x u
" T>0
es1
es2 hfc
lx d
es3
z es4 fs1
fs2
MRd,z fs3 T1
fs4 C
T2

Each set of values (x, q) gives a

T3
set value of (MRd,y, MRd,z) T4
©Tan K H, NUS 10
 MRd,y/bh2fck

b Increasing
As/Acfck
As/4 As/4

h MRd,y
As/4 As/4

MRd,z

MRd,z/b2hfck
©Tan K H, NUS 11

Example – Biaxial bending

A concrete beam has a 250 mm square section and is
reinforced by four H28 steel bars (616 mm2 per bar), one bar
being placed at 50 mm from each edge in each corner of the
section. Evaluate the flexural strength of the section if it is
subjected to biaxial bending moments of equal magnitude
about axes parallel to the edges. The material properties are: fyk
= 500 MPa, fck = 30 MPa, and Es = 200 GPa.

50
250
y

z
©Tan K H, NUS 12
 hfcd = 0.9x0.567fck
0.0035 = 0.51fck
50 x=148 es‘ 0.8x Cs
C

es1 Ts1
25 es2
0 Ts2

After several iterations, x = 148 mm
es’ = (148-50Ö2)/148 x 0.0035 = 0.00183
< eyd = fyd/Es = (500/1.15)/(200x103)
= 0.00217 (\ not yielded)
es1 = (125Ö2 -148)/148 x 0.0035 = 0.00068
< eyd = 0.00217 (\ not yielded)
es2 = (200Ö2 -148)/148 x 0.0035 = 0.00319
> eyd = 0.00217 (\ yielded)
©Tan K H, NUS
C = (0.8x148)2(0.51x30)x10-3 =214.5kN
Cs=616x0.00183x200,000x10-3=225.5kN
Ts1=2x616x0.00068x200,000x10-3=167.6kN
Ts2=616x(500/1.15)x10-3 =267.8kN
\SF=214.5+225.5-167.6-267.8=4.6kNJ
MRd = [-214.5x(2/3)x(0.8x148)
- 225.5x50Ö2 + 167.6x 125Ö2
+ 267.8x200Ö2]x10-3
= 72.5 kNm
MRd,y = MRd,z = MRd /Ö2 = 51.3 kNm
13

Exercise 1
The MRd,y- MRd,z interaction diagram for the octagonal section
may be idealized by a piece-wise linear relation as shown.
Determine the values of MRd,y and MRd,z for each of the points 1,
2 & 3. Given that: fck = 40 MPa, fyk = 500 MPa; Es = 200 GPa, and
each bar has a cross-sectional area of 804 mm2.
z MRd,y
50 mm
1
250 mm 2
y y

250 mm
45o 3
0 MRd,z
50 mm
z
©Tan K H, NUS 14
 Example – Isolated L-beam
An isolated beam with an
inverted L-section is
subjected to vertical loads as 200 mm

600 mm
shown. The beam is free to
deflect vertically and laterally
MRd
between its supports.
Determine the design
moment of resistance of the 50 mm
L-section. The reinforcement
consisted of four uniformly 300 mm 300 mm
spaced steel bars of equal
diameter, with a total area of Material properties:
2250 mm2. Assume vertical fck = 40 MPa;
loads to pass through shear
fyk = 500 MPa; and
centre of section.
Es = 200 GPa.
©Tan K H, NUS 15

0 35
0 .0
Assume all steel bars
k –
yielded:
x h ec =
150 300 mm C yk 7 T = Asfyk/gs=978.8 kN
>e 021
0 .0 C = T gives
x
g C
½ (450 g) (0.9x0.567fck)
600 mm

= 978800
MRd \ g = 213.1 mm
T
x Check –es >eyk
50 mm
(= 0.00217) J
300 mm 300 mm
MRd= T(d – g/3)
= 978.8 x (550 – 213.1/3)
= 978.8 x 479.0 = 468.8 kNm
©Tan K H, NUS 16
 What if beam is prevented from deflecting
laterally? Assume effective flange width = 600 mm.

150 150 300 mm

x +C
n.a.

T
+x

©Tan K H, NUS 17

What if beam is prevented from deflecting

laterally? Assume effective flange width = 600 mm.

150 150 300 mm

Assume steel yields.

C = T gives
x +C 600 x (0.8x) x 0.567fck
n.a. = 2250 x 500/1.15

i.e.,
MRd,y = 503.1 kNm x = 89.9 mm < 200/0.8
T (Check steel yielding.)
+x
MRd,z = 146.8 kNm MRd,y = T(550 –0.4x89.9) kNmm
MRd,z = T(150) kNmm
©Tan K H, NUS 18
 2.2.3 Effect of prestressing
I’m stressed
to Po/Aps

At prestressing

Glad to Oh, I’m now partnered

work with U. with concrete & less
stressed at P/Aps

At transfer

Yes, I do Oh, we will be

my part. stressed further to
support the loads.

Under service/ultimate loads

©Tan K H, NUS 19

ecu hfcd

x 0.8x C
dps
c.g.c. M
ds y At transfer
Aps epe
P Apsfps
As es Asfs

Ac = area of cross-section; ecu(dps/x-1) ece

I : moment of inertia abt c.g.c.

eps = epe + ece + ecu (dps - x)/x SFi = 0

where epe = fpe/Eps = P/ApsEps SFiyi = MRd
ece = fce/Ec = P[1/Ac + eo2/I]/Ec
es = ecu (ds - x)/x
©Tan K H, NUS 20
 Example – PC Box Girder
Calculate the ultimate moment of resistance of the
prestressed concrete box girder shown. The effective prestess
in the tendons is 1100 MPa.
Ac = 374,400 mm2
I = 30.8 x 109 mm4
1200 yt = 356 mm
50 120 mm
fck = 30 MPa
2
1000 mm fyk = 500 MPa
yt Es = 200 GPa
c.g.c.
800 120 fpk = 1860 MPa
2
1000 mm fp0.1k = 1580 MPa
250
4600 mm2 Eps = 195 GPa
fpe = 1100 MPa
50
Assume bi-linear
relations for steel.
©Tan K H, NUS 21

50 ecu= 0.0035 0.567fck

1000 240 C1
mm2 es’ Cs
x = 300 mm
250 mm C2
56 n.a.
c.g.c.
200 ece + epe
1000 mm2 M Tp
250 es
4600 mm2 Ts
50

Stress in concrete at c.g.s. due to P (= Aps fpe = 1100 kN)

fce = P/Ac + Peo2/I = 1100x103/374,400 + 1100x103x1442/(30.8x109)
= 3.68 MPa

Strain components in tendons

epe = fpe/Eps = 1100/195,000 = 0.00564
Ecm = 22[(fck + 8)/10]0.3 = 22 x [(30 + 8)/10]0.3 = 32.8 GPa
ece = fce/Ecm = 3.68/32,800 = 0.000112
æ 500 - 300 ö f p 0.1k / g s 1580 / 1.15
e ps = e pe + e ce + e cu ç ÷ = 0.00809 > = = 0.00705
è 300 ø E ps 195,000
©Tan K H, NUS 22
 50 ecu = 0.0035 0.567fck
1000 240 C1
mm2 es’ Cs
x = 300 mm
250 mm
C2
56 n.a.
c.g.c.
200 ece + epe
1000 mm2 M Tp
4600 mm2
250 es Ts
50

Steel strains
æ 300 - 50 ö f yk / g s 500 / 1.15 435
e s' = 0.0035 ´ ç ÷ = 0.00292(comp) > = = = 0.00217
è 300 ø Es 200,000 200,000

æ 750 - 300 ö f yk / g s
e s = 0.0035 ´ ç ÷ = 0.00525 > = 0.00217
è 300 ø Es
\all steel have yielded.

©Tan K H, NUS 23

50 ecu= 0.0035 0.567fck

1000 240 C1
mm2 es’ Cs
x = 300 mm
250 mm C2
56 n.a.
c.g.c.
200 ece + epe
1000 mm2 M Tp
250 es
4600 mm2
50 Ts

Forces
Ult. moment capacity
C1 = 0.567 ´ 30 ´ 1200 ´ 120 ´ 10-3 = 2449kN (taken about n.a.)
C2 = 0.567 ´ 30 ´ 240 ´ 120 ´ 10-3 = 490kN
Cs = 1000 ´ (500 / 1.15) ´ 10 -3 = 435kN MRd = 2449x240 + 490x120
+435x250 + 1374x200
Tp = 1000 ´ (1580 / 1.15) ´ 10-3 = 1374kN
+ 2001x450 kNmm
Ts 2 = 4600 ´ (500 / 1.15) ´ 10 -3 = 2001kN = 588 + 58.8 + 109
Check for Equilibrium + 275 + 9001
å F = 2449 + 490 + 435 - 1374 - 2001 = 1kN = 1931 kNm
©Tan K H, NUS 24
Exercise 2

Determine the ultimate

flexural moment of resistance
of the partially prestressed
concrete section shown
using the method of strain
compatibility and force
equilibrium. Given: fck = 40
MPa; fyk = 500 MPa; Es = 200
GPa; fpe = 1100 MPa; fp0.1k =
1860 MPa; and Eps = 195 GPa.
(Hint: Assume neutral axis
All dimensions depth, x = 400 mm, and
are in mm. neglect ece.)

©Tan K H, NUS 25

©Tan K H, NUS 26
2.3 Bending with axial loading
N

e c2 = ecu2 =
d’ e 0.002 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035

3h/7
d NRd 0.002 0.002 0.002
x
y
MRd

e=0 increasing
MRd = NRd e x= ¥ decreasing
SFi = NRd
SFiyi = MRd
©Tan K H, NUS 27

q N-M (Column) Interaction Diagram

NRd
d’ No
Compression failure

d N
Balanced
Nb
M failure
e
MRd = NRd e

Tension
No’
failure

©Tan K H, NUS 28
 Example – Bending with axial loading

A reinforced concrete short

column, hexagonal in cross- N
section, contains six 25 mm

mm
50

275 mm
diameter longitudinal bars
and is subjected to an
eccentric compression
load. Given that fck = 30
MPa; fyk = 500 MPa and Es =
200 GPa, calculate the
design ultimate load NEd
that the column can carry 450 mm
at an eccentricity, e = 275
mm

©Tan K H, NUS 29

N
mm

C1 C2/2 0.9(0.567fck)
50

0.0035
275 mm

C2/2 Cs
es‘ 0.8x
x C1
C2
es1 Ts1

es2 Ts2

450 mm

NRd = Cs + C1 + C2 - Ts1 - Ts2

MRd = NRd (275) = Cs xs+ C1x1 + C2 x2 + Ts2 xs
xs = h/2 - 50 ; x1 = h/2 - 0.4x ; x2 = h/2 – (2/3)(0.8x)
h/2 = 225 sin 60o
à Solve for x and NRd

©Tan K H, NUS 30
Exercise 3

A structural concrete column section is symmetrically reinforced with four

bars having design stress-strain relations as shown. Each bar has an
area of Af. The section is subjected to axial compression N and
bending moment M about its major axis.
(a) Assuming an equivalent rectangular stress block of an intensity of
0.567fck over a depth 0.8x for the concrete area in compression, the
neutral axis depth xu at ultimate limit state can be shown to be given
by A(x/h)2 + B(x/h) + C = 0. Derive the values of A, B and C in terms
of Af /bh, ecuEf /fck and NRd /(bhfck); ecu being the maximum concrete
strain.
(b) Given that b = 200 mm, h = 300 mm, Af = 300 mm2, ffk = 540 MPa, Ef =
40 GPa, fck = 30 MPa, and ecu = 0.0035, calculate the value of M at
failure if NRd = 135 kN.
(c) What would be the value of MRd for the same NRd if the compression
bars were to be considered ineffective in carrying loads?

©Tan K H, NUS 31

sf

ffd
b

0.15h Ef

Tension
h ef
0
0.8Ef
0.15h Com-
pression
0.8ffd
Section
Design s-e relations

©Tan K H, NUS 32
2.3.1 Biaxial bending with axial loading
z
ey
N Mz
ey =
er N
ez
a My
y ez =
N

2 2
er = ey + ez

e.g. corner columns æ ez ö æM ö

a = tan -1 çç ÷ = tan -1 ç y ÷
÷ çM ÷
è ey ø è zø

©Tan K H, NUS 33

z N
q
C
a y Vary
0.0
T x 035 Vary
0.5
0.8x 67f
ck

! 𝐹" = 𝑁() C
"
! 𝐹" 𝑧" = 𝑀(),+
Tj
"
! 𝐹" 𝑦" = 𝑀(),-
"
©Tan K H, NUS 34
 N-My-Mz ey
interaction NRd
er
diagram for ez
rectangular aa Note:
section N
When N is small,

(M ) + (M )
y
k
z
k
=1
My + Mz » 1
(i.e. a straight line)

When N is large,
My2 + Mz2 » 1
(i.e. a circle)

Mz=Ney

My=Nez

©Tan K H, NUS 35

Exercise 4
A square column is subject to
axial loading and biaxial
bending. Material strengths
are fck = 30 MPa; and fyk = 500 80 240 80
MPa. (a) Find the unique z
combination of NRd, MRd,y, Neutral 80
and MRd,z that will produce axis
Comp.
incipient failure with the h y 240
zone y
neutral axis located as
shown. (b) Find the angle
between the neutral axis and 80
a z
the eccentricity axis, the
latter defined as the line from h=400mm
the column centre to the
point of load. As = 4H40 bars

©Tan K H, NUS 36
 2.4 Concluding Remark

q Use the method of strain Bridge

compatibility to analyse pier
and design structural Lift
concrete sections under core
bending and/or axial loads

q Construct design charts for

non-standard structural
sections such as those of lift Box
cores, bridge piers and box
girders girder

©Tan K H, NUS 37

Further Reading

Darwin, D., Dolan, C.W. & Nilson, A.H., “Design of

Concrete Structures”, 15e (Int’l. Ed.), Ch 3.
Wight, J.K., “Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics &
Design”, 7e (Global Ed.), Ch 4.

©Tan K H, NUS 38
Test Your Understanding –
Flexural Analysis of Sections
1. What are the three conditions to be satisfied in the flexural
analysis of structural concrete sections?
Ans:

2. The flexural theory (method of strain compatibility) applies to

ULS only. T or F?
Ans:

3. How does axial load affect the strain profile at ultimate?

Ans:

©Tan K H, NUS 39