CV4102 Lecture 6 & 7 Design For Stiffener and End Post I

CV4102 Advanced Steel Design
CV4102
Advanced Steel Design
Design for stiffener and end post I
1
Topics
• General requirements for all stiffeners
• Design of intermediate transverse stiffener
¾ Direct Stress
¾ Shear
2
General requirements for all stiffeners

• Independent design check needed
• Cross section of the stiffener consists of (1) gross area of the
stiffener itself and (ii) contribution width of 15εtw on each
side (but no overlapping) [1-5: 9.1, Fig. 9.1]
• Normally, for efficient design, the stiffener section should
be at least Class 2
• Normally, thin-walled open section are used (Beg: 2.9.1,
Fig. 2.64)
Ist Ist
3

There are two general performance requirements for ALL
transverse stiffeners (intermediate, load bearing and end post)
at section where the web is subjected to direct stress (i.e. where
MEd≠0) [1-5: 9.2.1(4)]
• Requirement (A): To verify using a second order elastic
analysis that at the ultimate limit state
fy and b
σ max ≤ w≤
γ M1 300
σmax is the ultimate stress (elastic) and w is the ultimate

lateral deflection while b is the panel height (or web height)
4

• Requirement (B): The stiffener will not fail by torsional
buckling which requires either [1-5: 9.2.1(8)]
IT fy
≥ 5.3
IP E
where
IT is the St. Venant torsional constant of the stiffener alone
Ip is the polar second moment of area of the stiffener alone
around the edge fixed to the plate
Or when warping stiffness is considered [1-5: 9.2.1(9)]

σ cr ≥ 2 f y
where σcr is elastic critical stress for torsional buckling
5

• For an open section consists of N flat plates with
thickness ti and width bi
N
∑
bi ti3
IT =
i
3
• Ip should be reference to point O and

Ip= Ix + Iy
O x
Web
b1, t1 b1t13 + b2 t23
IT =
3
b2, t2
y
6

• Expression of σcr for an open section consists of N flat plates
is given by 2
1 ⎛ π EI w ⎞
σ cr = ⎜ 2 + GIT ⎟
I p ⎜⎝ l ⎟
⎠
where for transverse stiffener, l =hw and Iw is the warping

constant of the stiffener alone. Values of some sections are
given below
O x O x O x
Web Web Web
b1, t t 3
( b13 + b23 ) b,t t 3 b13 b1, t t 3 b13 t 3 b23
Iw = 1 Iw = Iw = +
36 36 36 144
b2, t b2, t
y y y
7

• For a stiffener consisting of flat plates, the requirement for
torsional buckling could be further simplified to limit the
width (bs) to thickness (t) ratio of the plates to those values
shown below (Beg: 2.9.4 Table 2.6)
Limiting b/t values to prevent torsional buckling

Steel 235 275 355 420 460
grade
bs/t ≤ 13.0 12.0 10.6 9.7 9.3
Note: if bs/t > the above suggested values, normally it is

difficult to satisfy the requirement unless more advanced
analysis is used.
8
Design of intermediate transverse stiffener

• By definition, no direct transverse loading or support reaction
is applied to an intermediate transverse stiffener
• The main function of intermediate transverse stiffener is to
provide rigid boundary support for the panel and prevent web
buckling due to direct stress (plate-like and column-like
buckling) and to shear stress (axial force to allows TFA and
PH formations)
Direct stress Shear stress
(Beg: 2.9.1 Fig. 2.62)
9
Verification for direct stress

• For intermediate stiffeners not subjected to major axial
load, Requirement (A) is needed under the effect of (1)
direct stress (plate/column like buckling) and (2) shear
stress (axial force from TFA and PH formation)
(1) Verification for Direct Stress

• Verification for direct stress for Requirement (A) using a second order
elastic analysis is not convenient in practice
• Hence, EC3 allows two simplified methods for direct stress verification
for intermediate transverse stiffener in the absent of axial force [1-5:
9.2.1(5)] and (Beg: 2.9.2.1)
10

Method I: Refined Ist requirement [1-5: 9.2.1(5)]
• Requirements (A) is considered to be satisfied if Ist is greater than
σ ⎛b⎞
4
⎛ 300 ⎞
I st ,req = m⎜ ⎟ ⎜1 + w u⎟
E ⎝π ⎠
0
⎝ b ⎠
where
σ cr ,c ⎛ N Ed ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞
σm = ⎜ ⎟⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟
σ cr ,p ⎝ b ⎠⎝ a1 a2 ⎠
π 2 Eemax
u= ≥ 1.0
300 f y b
γ M1
(Beg: 2.9.2.1 Fig. 2.65)
11

Method I: Refined Ist requirement [1-5: 9.2.1(5)]
⎡ b a a ⎤
w0 = min ⎢ , 1 , 2 ⎥
⎣ 300 300 300 ⎦
The elastic critical stresses for column and plate like buckling are
π 2 Etw2 π 2
Etw2
σ cr ,c = σ cr ,p = kσ
12( 1 − ν 2 )a 2 12( 1 − ν 2 )b2
and limiting values of their ratio are:
σ cr ,c
0.5 ≤ ≤ 1.0
σ cr ,p
kσ is the plate buckling coefficient and is dependent on the stress ratio ψ

[1-5: 4.4 Table 4.1]
Note: For Class 3 web under bending only kσ =23.9
12

• emax is the maximum distance from the edge of the stiffener to
the centroid of the stiffener
emax Ist
• NEd is the maximum force of both adjacent panels and should

be at least equal to the maximum compressive stress at the
edge of the panel times half of the effectiveP compressive area
of the panel. (For Class 3 web: all compressive area is effective)
• In checking, calculate u first, if u<1.0 displacement check is
decisive and set u=1.0. Otherwise, strength check governs.
π 2 Eemax
u= ≥ 1.0
300 f y b
γ M1
13

Method II: Equivalent uniform lateral load
• In this method, a first order elastic analysis is carried out on the
stiffener which is loaded laterally with an equivalent uniformly
distributed deviation force qdev,Ed such that
π
qdev ,Ed = σ m (w0 + wel )
4
σ cr ,c ⎛ N Ed ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞
σm = ⎜ ⎟⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟
σ cr , p ⎝ b ⎠⎝ a1 a2 ⎠
wel is the elastic deflection of the stiffener (which could only be
determined iteratively). In practice, it could be taken as the
maximum deflection = b/300
• All other terms are defined in Method I
14

Example (Verification for direct stress)
Given that at section B-B, Med=6000kNm. Check the adequacy

of the stiffener.
All dimensions are in mm; and all grade S235 steel
Design for stiffener and end post I 15


Solution
240 240
emax b=160,
t=20
(i) Gross section of stiffener:

15εtw=15×16=240mm
Ast=(240+20+240)×16+2×160×20=14400mm2
Ist=(160+16+160)3 ×20/12 + 2×240×163/12=6338.56cm4
(ii) Check for Requirement (B) (Torsional buckling check)

b/t=160/20=8 <13 (slide #8) Steel grade 235
bs/t ≤ 13.0
Hence, no torsional buckling and Requirement (B) is satisfied
16

Solution
240 240
emax b=160,
t=20
(3) Requirement A: Method I

emax=160+16/2=168.
Strength check needed:

π 2 Eemax π 2 × 210000 × 168
u= = = 2.579 ≥ 1.0
300 f y b 300 × 225 × 2000
γ M1 1.0
17

Solution 240 240
(iii) Requirement A: Method I

w0=2000/300=6.67 (see slide #4) emax b=160,
t=20
π 2 Etw2 π 2 210000 ×16 2

σ cr ,c = = = 7.774
12( 1 − ν )a
2 2
12( 1 − 0.3 )2500
2 2
π 2 Etw2 π 2 210000 × 162

σ cr , p = kσ = 23.9 = 290.318
12(1 − ν )b
2 2
12(1 − 0.3 )2000
2 2
σ cr ,c 7.774
= ≤ 0.5 => set to = 0.5
σ cr , p 290.318
(see slide #12)
18

Solution
(iii) Requirement A: Method I
Since the plastic moment contribution from the flanges is 7762kN
>6000kNm, the whole section still reminds elastic under the applied
sagging moment of 6000kNm. (see Lecture 4, slides 13 n 14)
Iy =943718.4+((440×403/12+(40×440)×9802))×2/104=4324795.73cm4
Hence, the maximum stress at web
6000 ×1000 ×1000 × 960
σ max,web = = 133.19 MPa < 235 MPa
4324795.73 ×10000
and total force: NEd=16×960×133.19/2 =1022.90kN
240 240 σmax, flange
σmax, web
Direct stress
1000mm 960mm distribution in
web due to
emax b=160, bending
t=20 moment


Solution
(iii) Requirement A: Method I 240 240
σ cr ,c ⎛ N Ed ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞
σm = ⎜ ⎟⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟
σ cr , p ⎝ b ⎠⎝ a1 a2 ⎠ emax b=160,
t=20
⎛ 1022.90 × 1000 ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= 0.5⎜ ⎟⎜ + ⎟
⎝ 2000 ⎠⎝ 2500 2500 ⎠
= 0.205MPa
σ ⎛b⎞
4
⎛ 300 ⎞
I st ,req = m⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 1 + w u⎟
E ⎝π ⎠
0
⎝ b ⎠
4
0.205 ⎛ 2000 ⎞ ⎛ 300 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 1 + 6.67 2.579 ⎟
210000 ⎝ π ⎠ ⎝ 2000 ⎠
= 57.4 cm4 < 6338.56 cm4
Hence, the stiffener is adequate.
20

Solution
(iv) Requirement A: Method 2
π
qdev ,Ed = σ m (w0 + wel )
4
π
= 0.205(6.667 + 6.667 )
4
= 2.15 N / mm
qdev ,Ed 2 2.15
M max = b = 2000 2 = 1.075kNm
8 8 (Beg: 2.9.6 Fig. 2.85)
M max emax 1075000 × 168
σ max = = = 2.85 MPa < 235 MPa
I st 6338.56 × 10 4
2.15 × 2000 4
4
5 qdev ,Ed b 5
wmax = = = 0.034 mm < 6.67 mm
384 EI st 384 210000 × 6338.56 × 10 4
Hence, both deflection and strength requirements are satisfied.

Verification for shear stress

(2) Verification for shear stress
• When shear force is present in a section, in addition to
direct stress, intermediate transverse stiffener also act as
rigid support for the interior panel.
• EC3 1-5 also requires that verification for shear stress for
Requirement (A) should be carried out using second order
elastic analysis.
• If both direct stress and shear stress are present at the same
section, then the effects of direct stress, which tends to
produce additional deviation forces and lateral deflection,
must be taken into account in the analysis [1-5: 9.2.1(6)]
22

• Minimum stiffness requirement
For intermediate transverse stiffener acting as rigid support
for panel, in addition to the general Requirements (A) and
(B), the following minimum stiffness is also required for its
second moment of area for the axis parallel to the web plate,
Ist [1-5: 9.3.3(3), Eqn. 9/6]
1.5hw3 tw3
I st ≥ 2
if a/h w < 2
a
I st ≥ 0.75hwtw3 if a/h w ≥ 2
However, the above conditions does not demand very strong
stiffener and does not ensure that Requirements (A) or (B)
would be met.
23

• Axial force generated by TFA
It can be shown that under the action of TFA, an axial force
Nst,ten will be imposed on the intermediate transverse stiffener
[1-5: 9.3.3(3)] such that
1 hw f ywtw
N st ,ten = VEd − ≥0
(λw ) 2
3γ M 1
VEd is the design shear force in the adjacent panels. For the
case of variable shear force, the value at the distance of 0.5hw
from the edge of the panel with the larger force should be
taken.
λw is the slenderness of the panel (Design for Bending and Shear,
Slide #39)
24

• Interaction with direct stress
If direct stress is present (i.e. MEd≠0), a small lateral
deflection will be induced and the deviation forces can be
transformed into additional axial force in the stiffener:
σ m hw2
ΔN st ,ten = 2
π
σ cr ,c ⎛ N Ed ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞
σm = ⎜ ⎟⎜ + ⎟
σ cr , p ⎝ b ⎠⎜⎝ a1 a2 ⎟⎠ (slide #11)
• After both Nst,ten and ΔNst,ten are calculated, an appropriate
second order elastic model should be employed to check for
the performance of the stiffener for Requirement (A)
• However, EC3 1-5 does not suggest any simplified model for
the verification of Requirement (A)
25

Model for double-sided stiffener (Beg: 2.9.2.3)
• An appropriate mechanical model for double-sided stiffener is
available from (Beg: 2.9.2.3, Fig. 2.69)
26

• By using this model, the
lateral deflection and
maximum stress can be
calculated as
1 hw
w = w0 ≤
⎛ N cr ,st ⎞ 300
⎜ − 1 ⎟
⎜N ⎟
⎝ st ,Ed + ΔN st ,Ed ⎠
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
N st ,Ed ⎛ (N st ,Ed + ΔN st ,Ed )emax ⎞ ⎜ 1 ⎟ fy
σ max = + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ w0 ⎜ ⎟ ≤
Ast ⎝ I st ⎠ ⎜⎜ ⎛
1−
(N st , Ed + Δ N ) ⎞
st , Ed ⎟ ⎟
γ M1
⎜⎜ N cr ,st ⎟⎟
⎝⎝ ⎠⎠
27

Terms for calculation of w and σmax are defined as
π 2 EI st
N cr ,st =
hw2 elastic critical force (Euler buckling load) of the
stiffener
N st ,Ed = N st ,ten + N st ,ex sum of the axial force due to TFA and any
other external loading (Slide #24)
Ast and Ist are the cross section area and second moment of area
of the stiffener, respectively
emax is the distance between the edge of stiffener to the centroid
of the stiffener
ΔN st ,Ed derivation force due to direct stress (Slide #25)
28

Model for single-sided stiffener (Beg: 2.9.2.3)
• An appropriate mechanical model for single-sided stiffener
is available from (Beg: 2.9.2.3, Fig. 2.70)
29

• By using this model, the lateral deflection and maximum
stress can be calculated as
1 hw
w = w0 (1 + 1.25δ m ) ≤
⎛ N cr ,st ⎞ 300
⎜ ⎟
− 1⎟
⎜N
N st ,ten e1 Requirement A
δm =
(N st,Ed + ΔN st,Ed )w0 ⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
N st ,Ed ⎛ (N st ,Ed + ΔN st ,Ed )e1 ⎞ ⎜ (1 + 1.11δ m ) ⎟ fy
σ max = + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ w0 ⎜ ⎟≤
Ast ⎝ I st ⎠ ⎜ ⎛⎜ (N st ,Ed + ΔN st ,Ed ) ⎞⎟ ⎟ γ M 1
1−
⎜⎜ N cr ,st ⎟⎟
⎝⎝ ⎠⎠
e1 is the distance between the centroid of the stiffener and the
centre line of the web (normally, e1 is much larger than w0)
30

Example (Verification for direct and shear stresses)
D 1 C
D 1 C
Given that at sections C-C and D-D, VEd=3000kN and

3500kN respectively. Check the adequacy of the stiffener 1-1
where Med at 1-1 is equal to 6000kNm
All dimensions are in mm, and all grade S235 steel


Solution 240 240
Ast=14400mm2 (slide #16)
Ist=6338.56cm4
emax b=160,
t=20
(i) Torisonal buckling requirement OK (see last example)
(ii) Minimum Ist about axis parallel to web 1.5 hw3 t w3

a/hw=2500/1920=1.302 < 1.414 (see slide #23) I st ≥ if a/hw < 2
a2
1.5hw3 tw3 1.5 × 1920 × 16
3 3
I st ≥ 0.75hw t w3 if a/hw ≥ 2
I st ,min = = = 695.78cm 4
a2 25002
Thus, Ist provides greater than minimum. But strength and

deflection Requirement (A) still need to be verified
32

Solution 240 240
emax=160+16/2=168
w0=2000/300=6.67
emax b=160,
σm=0.205MPa (slide #20) t=20
λw = 1.156 (Design for Bending & Shear, slide #43)
(iii) Use the double-sided model
Deviated force: 0.205 × 19202 σ m h w2

ΔN st ,ten = = 76.57kN ΔN st ,ten =
π 2 π2
Force due to TFA, use VEd=3500kN

1 1920 × 235 × 16
N st ,ten = 3500 − = 381.02kN ≥ 0
(1.156)2
1000 3
1 hw f ywtw
N st ,ten = VEd − ≥0
(λw ) 2
3γ M 1
33

Solution
π 2 210000 × 6338.56 × 104 π 2 EI st
N cr ,st = = 35637.43kN N cr ,st =
1920 × 1000
2
hw2
N st ,Ed = N st ,ten + N st ,ex = 381.02 + 0 = 381.02kN

1
w = w0
⎛ N cr ,st ⎞
⎜
⎜N − 1⎟⎟
6.67 h
= = 0.09 mm ≤ w = 6.4 mm
⎛ 35637.43 ⎞ 300
⎜ − 1 ⎟
⎝ 381.02 + 76 .57 ⎠
Hence, deflection check OK.
34

Solution
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
N st ,Ed ⎛ (N st ,Ed + ΔN st ,Ed )emax ⎞ ⎜ 1 ⎟ fy
σ max = + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟w0 ⎜ ⎟ ≤
Ast ⎝ I st ⎛ (
⎠ ⎜ ⎜ 1 − st ,Ed
N + Δ N st ,Ed ) ⎞
⎟⎟
γ M1
⎜⎜ N cr ,st ⎟⎟
⎝⎝ ⎠⎠
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
381.02 × 1000 ⎛ (381.02 + 76.57 ) × 1000 × 168 ⎞ ⎟
⎟6.67 ⎜
1
= +⎜
14400 ⎝ 10000 × 6338.56 ⎠ ⎜ ⎛ (381.02 + 76.57 ) ⎞ ⎟
⎜ ⎜1 − ⎟⎟
⎝⎝ 35637.43 ⎠⎠
= 26.46 + 8.19 = 34.65 MPa ≤ 235 MPa
Hence, the stiffener is adequate.
35

CV4102 Lecture 6 & 7 Design For Stiffener and End Post I

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CV4102 Lecture 6 & 7 Design For Stiffener and End Post I

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CV4102 Advanced Steel Design

General requirements for all stiffeners

General requirements for all stiffeners

σmax is the ultimate stress (elastic) and w is the ultimate

General requirements for all stiffeners

Or when warping stiffness is considered [1-5: 9.2.1(9)]

General requirements for all stiffeners

• Ip should be reference to point O and

General requirements for all stiffeners

where for transverse stiffener, l =hw and Iw is the warping

General requirements for all stiffeners

Limiting b/t values to prevent torsional buckling

Note: if bs/t > the above suggested values, normally it is

Design of intermediate transverse stiffener

Direct stress Shear stress

(Beg: 2.9.1 Fig. 2.62)

Verification for direct stress

(1) Verification for Direct Stress

Verification for direct stress

Verification for direct stress

kσ is the plate buckling coefficient and is dependent on the stress ratio ψ

Verification for direct stress

• NEd is the maximum force of both adjacent panels and should

Verification for direct stress

Verification for direct stress

Given that at section B-B, Med=6000kNm. Check the adequacy

Design for stiffener and end post I 15

Verification for direct stress

(i) Gross section of stiffener:

(ii) Check for Requirement (B) (Torsional buckling check)

Hence, no torsional buckling and Requirement (B) is satisfied

Verification for direct stress

(3) Requirement A: Method I

Strength check needed:

Verification for direct stress

(iii) Requirement A: Method I

π 2 Etw2 π 2 210000 ×16 2

π 2 Etw2 π 2 210000 × 162

Verification for direct stress

Design for stiffener and end post I 19

Verification for direct stress

Hence, the stiffener is adequate.

Verification for direct stress

Hence, both deflection and strength requirements are satisfied.

Design for stiffener and end post I 21

Verification for shear stress

Verification for shear stress

Verification for shear stress

Verification for shear stress

Verification for shear stress

Verification for shear stress

Verification for shear stress

Verification for shear stress

Verification for shear stress

Verification for shear stress

Given that at sections C-C and D-D, VEd=3000kN and

Design for stiffener and end post I 31

Verification for shear stress

(i) Torisonal buckling requirement OK (see last example)

(ii) Minimum Ist about axis parallel to web 1.5 hw3 t w3

Thus, Ist provides greater than minimum. But strength and

Verification for shear stress