CURVED BRIDGE STABILITY DESIGN

HYBRID STEEL BOX GIRDER

SYAHRIL TAUFIK
Ph.D., M.Sc.Eng., Ir.
Webinar – 25th March 2021
MAIN FOCUS
 Horizontally Girder
 Hybrid Steel Girder
 Design Principle of Curved Bridge
 Stability (3D FEA)
 Torsional Stiffness
 Torsional Rigidity
 Instability Check
 Stiffening
 Connection Behaviour
 Curved Box Girder Bridge
 STEEL BOX GIRDER

fcc = 30 MPa  40 MPa

Carbon steel

MCS

MCS MCS

Fig.1 A typical cross-section of trapezoidal box-girder system

 HYBRID BOX GIRDER

fcc = 35 MPa  50 MPa

Carbon
Carbon steel
CS CS
steel

CS
HSS HSS

Fig. 2 A trapezoidal hybrid box-girder system

 35 MPa
fy = 280 MPa ;
fu = 410 MPa
fy = 400 MPa ;
RC fu = 515 MPa
CS CS
fy = 565 MPa ;
MCS MCS
fu = 670 MPa
HSS

Fig. 3 A trapezoidal hybrid box-girder

 ANSYS FE
MODELLING

3D SOLID
MODEL

CONCRETE  SOLID65
STEEL  SOLID185
Fig. 4 Meshing elements
The bending stress in the web may exceed the allowable for the web steel if the stress in each
flange does not exceed the allowable for the flange steel multiplied by a reduction factor R.

Reduction Factor (R)

STELL BOX GIRDER TWO SPAN BRIDGE

Fig. 5 Stress contour and Displacement plot

Design load applied 33.220

229.950
295. 526

Overload condition
43.620

417.158
660.07
Fig. 6 Von Misses stress contour @ mid support
R > 50m

Extra bottom flange

Meshing element

0  ⅓L R > 90m

Fig. 7 Curved bridge

 A typical segment of a horizontally curved bridge deck

Fig. 8 Typical curved bridge radius

General Behaviour of Curved Box Girders:
 Curvature effect of the bridge (Bending effect)
 Eccentric (transverse position) vertical load
 Centrifugal Effect Torsional Effects (Mixed Torsion)
 Behaviour of the girder under gravity point load
 Moment, torque, deflection & rotation behavioural relations
 Behaviour of the girder under point torque
 Analysis of the Girder under Torsion
 Further on Uniform and non uniform torsion
 Curvature effect of the bridge (Bending effect)
M/HR
T

M/HR Equivalent The corresponding

Couple Force shear flow pattern

Fig. 9 Distortional force due bridge geometry

 A/ Longitudinal B/ Pure Bending

C/ Mixed torsional stress D/ Torsional distortion

Fig. 10 Bending and torsional reaction behaviours of the section

Eccentric (transverse position) vertical load

Frcy ex/2w
Frcy w = girder width

Frcx ey/2w

Fig. 11 Coupled components of the resultant centrifugal force on the girder system
Centrifugal Effect Torsional Effects (Mixed Torsion)
Panel (1) Panel (2) Panel (3)

q11 q21 q31

e a a c c g
T T
q24 q22 q34
q14 q12 T q32

f b b d d h
q13 q23 q33

Fig. 12 Shear flow inside the individual panel

Behavior of the girder under gravity point load

An arbitrary line load A/ Loading component (A) B/ Loading component (B)

containing bending and torsion

Fig. 13 Girder under point load containing bending & torsion

Moment, torque, deflection and
rotation behavioural relations
Behaviour of the girder under point torque
 Tw = V * h

Analysis of
the Girder
under Torsion

Fig. 14 Girder under torsion

Further on Uniform and non uniform torsion
The Stress Behaviour of Steel Box Girders
* Normal Stress Due to Curvature Effect of the Bridge
* Distortional Stresses
* Centre of twist
* Shear in the Section
* Shear centre
* Eccentricity between Shear Centre and Centroid
* Warping stress ratio
Normal Stress Due to Curvature Effect of the Bridge

Fig. 15 Normal stress component of top flange

Bending Stress + Distortional Stress + Torsional Warping Stress = Resultant stress

RES = b + d + t
Distortional Stresses
D
x h
y

Fig. 16 Angular change  in

box sections due to Distortion
Centre of twist

Panel (1) Panel (2)

e a a c

f b b d

Fig. 17 Centre of twist

Shear in the Section

Sz

z 0
y 0
x Sx
Fig. 18 Shear flow origin
Brace Strength Requirements
Brace forces in top-lateral bracing systems of steel
box-girders originate from four primary sources:
1.) Girder torsional moments
2.) Girder bending moments
3.) Vertical flange loads on inclined webs
4.) Lateral-buckling forces of the top flanges
Shear centre
gc

Sc (xo, yo)

Fig. 19 Shear centre

Eccentricity between Shear Centre and Centroid

Ksc = [Tsc]* [K] * [Tsc ] T

gc ec

Sc (xo, yo)
Fig. 20 Eccentricity Shear centre
Warping stress ratio

Where
N is normal stress and
S is shearing stress
S
Brace Stiffeners Requirements
The following governing scenario has to be satisfied for the
brace stiffness requirements of top-lateral bracing systems.
1.) Controlling girder rotations
2.) Controlling warping stresses
3.) Preventing lateral buckling of the top flanges
Adequate bracing design must satisfy the criterion with the
greatest lateral-brace stiffness requirement.
 HSS

HSS
X- type (SD) horizontal top truss (Interior panel) HSS
HSS

HSS

Warren type (SD) horizontal top truss (Exterior panels)

Fig. 21 Horizontal brace lay out

 40.537 MPa

255.543 MPa

516.291 MPa
Midspan – von Misses stress
Bottom flange ; 0.91 fy
34.572 MPa Side Web ; 0.91 fy
Concrete slab ; 0.89 fcc
Support – von Misses stress
Bottom flange ; 0.62 fy
Side Web ; 0.82 fy
Fig. 22 Stress contour Concrete slab ; 0.77 fcc
 CLOSED SECTION STEEL BOX GIRDER
 Advantages
• Excellent torsional rigidity and connector
performance
• Diversified application (curved bridge, widening
bridge, continuous bridge, pedestrian bridge, etc.)
• Abundant construction achievement
X Disadvantages
• Excessive stress on the compressive zone
of the upper flange uneconomical
• Excessive use of the framework members
NORMAL OPEN-TOP STEEL BOX GIRDER
 Advantages
• Use of the steel materials on the
compressive zone of the top flange uneconomical
• Reduced use of main member due to
the opening section
X Disadvantages
• Weak torsional rigidity and connector performance
before composite action
• Floor slab shore installation and the form installation
to the upper part of the girder are required
• Difficult to apply the tapered section to the support of
continuous bridges
• Excessive thick upper flange required at the support
of continuous bridges
 Section Comparison

Source: Samhyun, 2020

 Fig. 23 HSBG – Curved Bridge Design
CURVED
BRIDGE
L/3  2L/3
Material
Properties
fcc = 35 MPa (RC)
CROSSSECTION–MIDSPAN
2300  2600
300  400 fyr = 400 MPa
2300  2600
RC RC
fy = 280 MPa ;
CS CS CS CS fu = 410 MPa
40  70 fy = 400 MPa ;
1400  1900 20  40 fu = 515 MPa
MCS MCS
MCS MCS
HSS HSS
fy = 565 MPa ;
0  L/3
2L/3  L 1400  1600 CROSSSECTION–SUPPORT ZONE 1400  1600 30  50 fu = 670 MPa
THANK YOU