Structural Design I

Flexural Analysis of RC Beams

E B Barbas
Flexural Analysis of RC Beams
Beams (long) response under a gradually increasing load.
a) Small load o No cracking will occur as the
P
tensile bending stress in
concrete is below the
modulus of rupture (fr).

(ACI 9.5.2.3)

Bending Moment Diagram o Beam behaves elastically

𝜖𝑐 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝. ) 𝑓𝑐 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝. )

N.A.
h
AS 𝜖𝑠 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠. ) 𝑓𝑠 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠. )

𝜖𝑐 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠. )
b 𝑓𝑐 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠. )
section strain stress
Flexural Analysis of RC Beams
Beams (long) response under a gradually increasing load.
b) Load further increased (Moderate magnitude)
o Cracks begin to develop when
P , the tensile stress in the
𝑓𝑐 < 0.5𝑓𝑐
concrete bottom equals the
modulus of rupture (fr).
Mcr Mcr o The bending moment at which
these cracks develop is referred
to as the Cracking Moment
Bending Moment Diagram (Mcr).

𝜖𝑐 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝. ) 𝑓𝑐 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝. ) (ACI 9.5.2.3)

N.A. yt = distance from centroidal

h axis to tension face
AS 𝜖𝑠 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠. ) 𝑓𝑠 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠. ) (reinf. neglected)
Ig = gross moment of inertia of
b 𝑓𝑐 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠. ) the section about the
section strain stress centroidal (reinf. neglected)
Flexural Analysis of RC Beams
Beams (long) response under a gradually increasing load.
c) Load further increased to failure o Non-linear compressive stress
P , o Steel reinforcement may yield
𝑓𝑐 > 0.5𝑓𝑐
(𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 )
o Compression face crushes at
failure
Mcr Failure scenarios
Mcr
a) Sudden rupture of
Bending Moment Diagram tension reinforcement
(under-reinforced
section, extreme)
𝜖𝑐 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝. ) b) Yielding of tension
𝑓𝑐 ′ (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝. )
reinforcement followed
N.A. by crushing of comp.
h concrete (balanced
AS 𝜖𝑠 = 𝜖𝑦 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠. ) 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠. ) section)
c) Sudden crushing of
b comp. concrete
section strain stress (extremely over-
reinforced section)
Flexural Analysis of RC Beams
Moment – curvature diagram of RC beam with tension reinforcement only
Flexural Analysis of RC Beams
Simplifications in Flexure Theory for Design
1. The tensile strength of concrete is neglected in flexural-strength
calculations (ACI 10.2.5)
2. The section is assumed to have reached its nominal flexural strength
when the strain in the extreme concrete compression fiber reaches the
maximum useable compression strain, 𝜖cu = 0.003 (ACI 10.2.3)

Sample moment-curvature
relationship of a section with
fc’=4000 psi and fy = 60 ksi
Flexural Analysis of RC Beams
Simplifications in Flexure Theory for Design

Compression Concrete Strain Limit

Flexural Analysis of RC Beams
Simplifications in Flexure Theory for Design

Compression Concrete Strain Limit

Flexural Analysis of RC Beams
Simplifications in Flexure Theory for Design
3. The compressive stress–strain relationship for concrete may be
based on measured stress–strain curves or may be assumed to be
rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any other shape that results
in prediction of flexural strength in substantial agreement with the
results of comprehensive tests (ACI 10.2.6).

h
AS
T

b
Mathematical description of Whitney’s rectangular compression stress block
compression stress block
Flexural Analysis of RC Beams
Simplifications in Flexure Theory for Design

The use of rectangular stress block per ACI 10.2.7

o For fc′ between 17 and 28 MPa, β1 shall be taken as 0.85.
o For fc′ above 28 MPa, β1 shall be reduced linearly at a rate of 0.05 for each 7
MPa of strength in excess of 28 MPa, but β1 shall not be taken less than 0.65.
Flexural Analysis of RC Beams
Simplifications in Flexure Theory for Design

The use of rectangular stress block per ACI 10.2.7

o For fc′ between 17 and 28 MPa, β1

shall be taken as 0.85.
o For fc′ above 28 MPa, β1 shall be
reduced linearly at a rate of 0.05
for each 7 MPa of strength in
excess of 28 MPa, but β1 shall not
be taken less than 0.65.

56 MPa
28 MPa
β1 values from tests
Flexural Analysis of RC Beams
Nominal Moment Strength of Singly Reinforced Beam sections
Conditions:
1. Stress and Strain are compatible 2.Equilibrium of forces is satisfied

Assume Tensile force in steel reinf.

fs = fy (reinf. has yielded, to
be verified)
𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0.003
Compressive force in conc. Equilibrium of forces
or
Flexural Analysis of RC Beams
Nominal Moment Strength of Singly Reinforced Beam sections

Depth of compression block Strain in tension reinf. Verifying if the tension

reinf. has yielded or not

Location of N.A.
Flexural Analysis of RC Beams
Nominal Moment Strength of Singly Reinforced Beam sections

Once assumptions has been verified

Nominal Moment Capacity or

𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑑 − 2
Flexural Analysis of RC Beams
 Flexural Analysis of RC Beams
Solution:

Nominal Moment Capacity

𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑑 − 2 (1)
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑑 − 2 (2)

Solution using equation (1) Nominal Moment Capacity:

𝐴𝑠 = 3 510 = 1530 𝑚𝑚2 151.2
𝑀𝑛 = 1530(420) 500 −
Assume: 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 (reinf. has yielded) 2

𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑀𝑛 = 272,719,440 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚

𝑴𝒏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟐. 𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
Depth of compression block a :
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 1530(420) (not done yet; verify if fs ? fy )
𝑎 = 0.85𝑓′ 𝑏 = 0.85(20)(250)
= 151.2𝑚𝑚
𝑐
Flexural Analysis of RC Beams
Solution: b=250 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0.003

h=565

d=500
0.003 𝜀𝑠
From the strain diagram: = ; 𝜀𝑠 = 5.433𝑥10−3
177.88 500 − 177.88
0.003 𝜀𝑠
= 𝜀𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦 /𝐸𝑠 = 420/200000 = 2.10𝑥10−3
𝑐 𝑑−𝑐
𝑎 151.2 𝜀𝑠 > 𝜀𝑦 Thus steel has yielded
𝑐= = = 177.88𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 0.85 𝑴𝒏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟐. 𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 As computed
 Flexural Analysis of RC Beams
Solution:

Nominal Moment Capacity

𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑑 − 2 (1)
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑑 − 2 (2)

Solution using equation (2) Nominal Moment Capacity:

𝐴𝑠 = 3 510 = 1530 𝑚𝑚2 151.2
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(20)(151.2)(250) 500 −
Assume: 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 (already verified) 2

𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑀𝑛 = 272,719,440 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚

Depth of compression block a : 𝑴𝒏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟐. 𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 1530(420)
𝑎 = 0.85𝑓′ 𝑏 = 0.85(20)(250) = 151.2𝑚𝑚
𝑐