CE 134_Principles of Steel Design

Introduction to Structural Steel Design

 Structural design
Introduction to Structural Steel Design
 Structural steel in engineering structures

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 Advantages of Steel as a Structural Material
 High strength
 Uniformity
 Elasticity
 Permanence
 Ductility
 Toughness
 Additions to existing structures
 Miscellaneous
(a) ability to be fastened together by several simple connection
devices, including welds and bolts;
(b) adaptation to prefabrication;
(c) speed of erection;
(d) ability to be rolled into a wide variety of sizes and shapes
(e) possible reuse after a structure is disassembled; and
(f) scrap value, even though not reusable in its existing form.
Steel is the ultimate recyclable material.
 Disadvantages of Steel as a Structural Material

 Corrosion
 Fireproofing costs
 Susceptibility to Buckling
 Fatigue
 Brittle Fracture
 Structural shapes
Structural steels are available of many shapes. The dimension and
weight must be added to the designation to uniquely identify the shape. For
example, W40 x 436 refers to W-shape with an overall depth of
approximately 40 inches that weighs 436 lb/ft. Shown in Table 1.1 the
Structural Shape Designation.
 Steel sections

Structural steel can be economically rolled into a wide variety of

shapes and sizes without appreciably changing its physical properties. Figure
1.1 shows the Rolled-steel shapes.
 Stress-strain relationship in structural steel
Stress-strain diagrams present valuable information necessary to
understand how steel will behave in a given situation. As shown in Figure 1.2
the typical stress-strain diagram for a mild or low-carbon structural steel at
room temperature.
 Stress-strain relationship in structural steel

Figure 1.3 shows typical stress–strain curves for several different

yield stress steels (Based on a figure from Salmon C. G. and J. E. Johnson,
Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fourth Edition. Upper Saddle River,
NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996.)
 Types of structural steel

A structural steel is a category of steel construction material that is

produced with a particular cross section or shape, and some specified
values of strength and chemical composition. The customary way to
specify a structural steel is to use an ASTM (American Society for Testing
Materials) designation. For ferrous metals, the designation has the prefix
letter “A” followed by two or three numerical digits (e.g., ASTM A36, ASTM
A514).

3 groups of hot-rolled structural steels for use in building:

1. Carbon steels use carbon as the chief strengthening element with

minimum yield stresses ranging from 220 MPa to 290 MPa. These are
normally called mild structural steels. The famous category amongst this
type is ASTM grade A36.
 Types of structural steel

2. High-strength low-alloy steels (HSLA) have yield stresses from 480 MPa
to 840 MPa. A commonly used type is ASTM grade A572.

3. Quenched and tempered alloy steels have yield stresses of 480 MPA to
690 MPa. These steels of higher strength are obtained by heat-treating
low-alloy steels. The heat treatment consists of quenching (rapid cooling)
and tempering (reheating). These are used for structural purposes and
generally available is ASTM grade A514.