'(6,*12)5(,1)25&('&21&5(7(

&20321(176$&,
ASTM STANDARD REINFORCING BARS
U.S. Customary units
'H¿QLWLRQV BAR SIZE DIAMETER, IN. AREA, IN
2
WEIGHT, LB/FT
a = depth of equivalent rectangular stress block, in. #3 0.375 0.11 0.376
Ag = gross area of column, in2 #4 0.500 0.20 0.668
As = area of tension reinforcement, in2 #5 0.625 0.31 1.043
#6 0.750 0.44 1.502
Ast = total area of longitudinal reinforcement, in2 #7 0.875 0.60 2.044
Av = area of shear reinforcement within a distance s, in. #8 1.000 0.79 2.670
#9 1.128 1.00 3.400
b = width of compression face of member, in.
#10 1.270 1.27 4.303
β1 = ratio of depth of rectangular stress block, a, to depth to #11 1.410 1.56 5.313
neutral axis, c #14 1.693 2.25 7.650
#18 2.257 4.00 13.60
f lc - 4, 000
= 0.85 $ 0.85 - 0.05 d n $ 0.65
1, 000
c GLVWDQFHIURPH[WUHPHFRPSUHVVLRQ¿EHUWRQHXWUDOD[LV
in. 81,),(''(6,*13529,6,216
d GLVWDQFHIURPH[WUHPHFRPSUHVVLRQ¿EHUWRFHQWURLGRI Internal Forces and Strains
nonprestressed tension reinforcement, in. d' Comp. strain
dt GLVWDQFHIURPH[WUHPHFRPSUHVVLRQ¿EHUWRH[WUHPH Mu İ's
tension steel, in. A' s C Cs' c
Pu c
Ec = modulus of elasticity = 33w1c.5 f lc , psi d dt
εt = net tensile strain in extreme tension steel at nominal As
Ts
strength
f lc = compressive strength of concrete, psi Net tensile strain: İt
fy = yield strength of steel reinforcement, psi
Mn = nominal moment strength at section, in.-lb Strain Conditions
φMn= design moment strength at section, in.-lb 0.003 0.003 0.003
Mu = factored moment at section, in.-lb
Pn = nominal axial load strength at given eccentricity, lb
c c
A' s c
φPn = design axial load strength at given eccentricity, lb dt
Pu = factored axial force at section, lb As
ρg = ratio of total reinforcement area to cross-sectional
area of column = Ast /Ag
İt • 0.005 0.005 > İt > 0.002 İt ” 0.002
s = spacing of shear ties measured along longitudinal
axis of member, in. Tension- Transition Compression-
controlled section controlled
Vc = nominal shear strength provided by concrete, lb section: section:
c ” 0.375 dt
Vn = nominal shear strength at section, lb c • 0.6 dt

φVn = design shear strength at section, lb

RESISTANCE FACTORS, φ
Vs = nominal shear strength provided by reinforcement, lb
Tension-controlled sections ( İt • 0.005): φ = 0.9
Vu = factored shear force at section, lb Compression-controlled sections ( İt ” 0.002):
Members with tied reinforcement φ = 0.65
Transition sections (0.002 < İt < 0.005):
Members with tied reinforcement φ = 0.48 + 83İt
Shear and torsion φ = 0.75
Bearing on concrete φ = 0.65

153 CIVIL ENGINEERING

BEAMS—FLEXURE SHORT COLUMNS
φMn•Mu /LPLWVIRU0DLQ5HLQIRUFHPHQWV
A
For All Beams tg = Ast
Net tensile strain: a = β1 c g

0.003 _dt - c i 0.003 _b1dt - a i 0.01 # tg # 0.08

ft = c = a
'HVLJQ&ROXPQ6WUHQJWK7LHG&ROXPQV
Design moment strength: φMn
where: φ = 0.9 [εt •] z = 0.65
φ = 0.48 + 83εt [0.002 ≤ εt < 0.005] zPn = 0.80z [0.85 fc ' _ Ag - Ast i + Ast fy]
φ = 0.65 [εt < 0.002]
6LQJO\5HLQIRUFHG%HDPV
As fy
a = 0.85 f ' b
c

Mn = 0.85 fc ' a b a d - 2 k = As fy a d - 2 k
a a

BEAMS—SHEAR
φVn•Vu
Nominal shear strength:
Vn = Vc + Vs
Vc = 2 bw d fc '
Av fy d
Vs = s _ may not exceed 8 bw d fc ' i

Required and maximum-permitted stirrup spacing, s

zV
Vu # 2 c : No stirrups required
zV
Vu > 2 c : Use the following table (Av given)

φVc
< Vu ” φ Vc Vu > φ Vc
2

Smaller of:
Av f y Vu
s= Vs = í Vc
50b w φ
Required Av f y
spacing s= Av f y d
0.75 b w fc '
s=
Vs

Vs ” 4 bw d fc '
Smaller of:
Smaller of: d
s= OR
Maximum d 2
permitted
s=
2 s = 24"
spacing
OR
s = 24" Vs > 4 bw d fc '
Smaller of:
d
s=
4
s = 12"

154 CIVIL ENGINEERING

 2.0
INTERACTION
Interaction Diagram
DIAGRAM

0.10
1.9 f t'c = 4 ksi

?e?/?h =
tfyγ = 60 ksi η
h
1.8 γ = 0.80 γγηh

1.7

0.20
bb
1.6 0.08

1.5 0.07 θe Pη
n

0
1.4

0.3
0.06

1.3
0.05

=0
fts
1.2

0
0.04

0.4

0
0.5
f 'c Ag

1.1
Pu

0.03
1.0
=

0.02
f 'c Ag

0.9
Pn

Pρg = 0.01
Kn =

0.8 /f4
12/21 y
ftss =
0.7

0.6 = 1.00
e/h
0.5

0.4 ε tt =
E = 0.002
0.002
f s == ft y
0.3

0.2 ε tt =
E = 0.005
0.005

0.1

0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65

Pne Pu e
Rn = =
f 'c Ag h f 'c Ag h

GRAPH A.11
Column strength interaction diagram for rectangular section with bars on end faces and γ = 0.80
(for instructional use only).
Nilson, Arthur H., David Darwin, and Charles W. Dolan, Design of Concrete Structures, 13th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2004.

155 CIVIL ENGINEERING