Earthquake Resistant

Design
Lecture 12:

Earthquake Resistant Design of

Reinforced Concrete Structures

Bachelor of Civil Engineering
Institute of Engineering
 Reinforcing Steel
Material Properties
• Fy  415 MPa
• Minimum strain at failure and strain capacity
• 15-12 % HYSD 415
• 22-20 % MS 250 Fu
• Ultimate tensile strength larger than actual Fy
yield strength
Fu
 1.25
Fy
s
• Inelastic deformation can be confined to
specially detailed plastic hinges
• Actual yield strength / nominal yield strength
>1.15
• For dependable yield strength
• UBC
Actual yield < specified yield +124 MPa
 Concrete
Material Properties
• Cube strength not less than
20 MPa High yield strength
fc
concrete (> 40 MPa)
f ck  20 MPa

• Higher strength is also not

very good. fck
Usual strength concrete
(20-40 MPa)

• Concrete cube strength

=1.25 cylinder strength
f ck  1.25 f c' 0 2 4 6 Strain (10-3)
 Confinement of Concrete
Hydrostatic
Pressure

(a)
f c

(b)
fck Initiation
(b)

Initiation
Unconfined
(a)
plain concrete

strain

'
f cc  f c'  4.1 f1

Compressive strength is increased by ~ 4 times of the confining pressure

 Confinement Steel
Confining pressure to concrete is
provided by transverse hoops
 d2 
2 h  f  f D S
 4  y l K
 
Strength of confined core fl
= strength of entire section
 d h2 f y 
AK 0.67 f ck  4.1 k   0.67 f ck Ag
 2 Dk S 

AK  4.1d h2 f y 
 1  k  1
Ag  0.67(2) Dk S f ck 
 4.1(2)  d h2 k f y  Ag
 ( )  1
 0. 67 4 D k S f ck 
 AK

 d h2
 Ash
4
 0.67   Ag  f Confined core is small and is smaller for
Ash    k 
D S  1 ck
 ( 4.1)2k   AK  fy rectangular hoop than spiral hoop.
 Ag  f Efficiency (loss factor), k = 0.92 for spiral
 0.0888 Dk S   1 ck
 AK  fy and 0.46 for rectangular
 Buckling of Rebars
Effect of trans. in preventing buckling of bars

Size of hoop
Effective rebar S
Adequate anchorage
of hoop
Diamond ties
Buckling of reinforcing steel
Critical inelastic buckling stress  Fcr
Yield strength of rebar S E
C 2 Et B ( t)
f cr   f y (k  1) db fy
ks 2
( ) S
r  c
B  1. 1
r
2
2
f cr  C 2 Et    f y
s S E
B t
Et d b db fy
 S  c ( )
Ey 2  f y  415 MPa 
 
 c Et E
 t  70 GPa  db
 (d b )
2 Ey S  12d b or 16db
Fcr
 Confined Concrete
Role of Transverse Reinf.
• Enhance shear resistance
• Prevent buckling of long.
reinf.
• Confine the compressed
concrete

Confinement of Concrete
• Trans. reinf. restraints the
transverse strains induced
by long. comp. when the f cc'  f c'  4.1 f l
unconfined concrete
strength is approached. fl = confining pressure
 Reinforced Concrete Beams
Flexure behavior of beams

M C
 B D
E

A
M

1 

• A – Initial cracking, stiffness decreases

• B – Tension steel yields, strength increases
• C – Maximum strength
• D- Compression concrete crushes
• E- Corresponding reinforcement buckles and chops quickly
 Flexural Strength of Beams
• Balanced case b
0.003
• Tension steel reaches , fy and 5 0.42 Xu,max
concrete strain reaches 0.0035
Xu,max 0.36fck Xu,max
• Tension strain in reinforcement d
fy Ast
ε st   0.002
1.15Es 0.0038

For f y  415 MPa

415
ε st,max   0.002
1.15  200000 M u ,lim  0.36 f ck xu , maxb(d  0.42 xu , max )
 0.0018  .002  xu , max  x 
 0.0038  0.36  1  0.42 u , max bd 2 f ck
 d  d 
xu , max
• Strain Compatibility   0.48 for f y  415MPa
d
0.0035 0.0035  0.0038
  M u , lim  0.36(0.48)1  0.42  0.48 bd 2 f ck
xu , max d
xu , max 0.0035  0.138bd 2 f ck
  0.48
d 0.0035  0.0038
Mu,lim does not depend on Ast and corresponds to
compression failure of beam
 Flexure strength of beams…
Singly Under-reinforced Beam b
0.003
xu xu , max 5 0.42 Xu,max

d d Xu,max
d 0.36fck Xu,max
 Ast f y 
M u  0.87 f y Ast d 1  

 bdf ck  Ast
 0.87 f y Ast  d  0.42 xu  0.0038

 0.87 Ast f y 
 0.87f y Ast d 1  0.42 

 0 .36 f ck bd 
 Ast f y 
 0.87f y Ast d 1  
 f ck bd 

Doubly Reinforced Beam b

sc
M u  M u ,lim  Asc f y ( d  d ) '
d’ fscAsc

0.0035
 
C
 sc  xu ,max  d ' Xu,max
d
xu , max
Ast  Ast1  Ast 2 Ast
A f T  0.87 f y 
 M u ,lim  sc sc dc st   0.002  Es Ast
 Es 
0.87 f y
 Curvature Ductility of Beams
d’ sc

 y  st Xe
d  xe 
 0.0035
u  c 
xu xu
st
 0.5 
    Neutral Axis for
 ' 
xe  '2 2  'd  
     m  2    m     ' m
d   d   Doubly Reinforced Beam
   
 
 x 
   1 e 
  d  xe  d 
  u  c    c 
 y  st  xu   st  xu 
 
 d 
 x 
1 e 
 c .Es  d 
  
f y  xu    u increases if

 d 
 y
• Tension steel content decreases
• Compression steel content increases
• Steel yield stress (fy) decreases
• Concrete compressive strain increases
• Trans. confinement increases and c
c u
y
 Deflection Ductility Of Members
Deflection at the tip = first moment of area of the curvature diagram
P
2
 2  yL
y 
1
2
 
yL  L 
3  3
 y p p y
  u   1 u
y y y p
 Lp 
 
 p  u   y l p  L 
2


  PL
p  3     Lp 
   u  1l p  L  

 y  L   y  
2  2 
u
y 
 Lp 
3L p  L  

 u   2 
  1   1
y  L2
  lp
Plastic Hinge Length Example
L p  0.5d  0.05 z (Corley 1966, L Lp
Assume 5  0.15
Mattock 1967) d L
u u
For 4  8.2
y y
 Effect of Axial Loads
Monotonic Loads M
P=0.4P0
• Bending strength increases with P=0
increasing axial force but below a
M M
certain value and strength
decreases afterwards. P P P=0.6P0
• Ductility decreases with 
increasing axial force.

Cyclic Loads
• At zero axial load, the loops are
spindle-shaped with some
pinching, energy dissipation
capacity is significant and
strength deterioration is small
• With increased axial loads,
energy dissipation capacity is
poor and strength deterioration is
rapid
 Bond
• Bond is offered by adhesion before
slip and friction after slip
• Before incipient slip- deformed
bars and round bars are same
• Ribs are wedged into concrete and
if properly confined, concrete
crushes around the ribs before its
pulls out.

• Transfer of force from deformed

bars
• Micro cracks form in concrete
from bar deformation.
• Diagonal compression force
are sustained by concrete
• To satisfy equilibrium a tension Bond strength increases
force which develop alongside with increase in cover
the longitudinal bar must be thickness and transverse
resisted by concrete or reinforcement
transverse reinforcement.
 Effective Restraint by Ties
hc ≤ 300mm
• Ties should be in contact with
longitudinal bar and tied with the wire
• A gap between tie and longitudinal bar 10d  75 mm
can aggregate the problem of buckling
after cover loss. Ends anchored
1350
• Closed stirrup are 135-degree hook with Reliability in a region
a 10 dia. extension (but not < 75 mm) at is low which is under
each end that is embedded in the compression
confined core.
• Hooks should engage peripheral
longitudinal bars.
• Cross-ties (i.e., a bar with 135-deg.
hook at each end) are less effective
than closed stirrups.
• Overlap of several closed stirrups at a
section is frequently needed.
• Parallel legs of stirrups should not be
spaced more than 300 mm.
 Anchorage and Splice
Anchorage in External Joints

Anchorage in Internal Joints Splice in Beam

 Shear in Beams
• High intensity shearing stresses in beams
cause inclined (diagonal tension) cracks,
which allowed may cause failure of two
modes:
• In compression zone, stress concentrate
at the tip of crack, leading to crushing of
concrete leading to buckling of
compression steel.
• Dowel action of rebars producing
secondary longitudinal stresses causing
splitting of concrete along rebars leading
to loss of bond and anchorage and 1.2 (D+L)
subsequent loss of stiffness.

Prevention
• Transverse reinforcement to arrest the VE
propagation of cracks 1.2( D  L)
• Should resist a portion or all of the shear VaD  L  VbD  L 
2
on the section.
M1  M 2
VE 
L
 Shear in Beams …
Factored shear load due to gravity and 1.2 (D+L)
earthquake loads
Vu  VD  L  VE B
A
wL  M p1  M p 2  L
  
2  L 

M p1 and M p 2 are the plastic hinges moments
at either ends of the beam
Sway to right VE
• Factored flexural strength
Cal. with m = 1.5 for concrete and 1.15 for steel.
M u ,lim or M u  M r
• Nominal flexural strength
IS:13920
Calculated without partial safety factors.
M n  1.20 ( M u ,lim or M u ) D L  M uAs  M uBh 
Vu ,a  Va  1.4  
 Lab 
• Probable flexure strength (Overtrength capacity)
 No partial safety factors D L  M uAs  M uBh 
Vu ,b  Vb  1.4 
 Account for ultimate steel stress  Lab 
f u  1.25 f y
M uAs  M uBh
 Compute shear demand in plastic hinge if same steel is provided on each face.
M p  1.4 to 1.5 M r
Seismic Detailing of Beam and Column

Beam
Columns
 Beam-Column Joints
T3
N3
V3 M3 Interior Joint
C3 V3
V3 T1
0.5l
V2 V1 C2
c M2 M1 V1
a a
M1 V2
0.5l M2 C1
c V4 T2
V4 M4 C4
V4
N4 T4
Diagonal cracking due to diagonal tensile
stresses due to normal stresses and shear
• Limit horizontal shear stress
Vu  T1  C2  V3  T1  T2  V3
• Nominal shear strength
Vn   f ck b j h
 is factor depending on
confinement provided by beams
framing in the joint.
1.5 Greatest for interior joint
1.1 Moderate for exterior joint
Corner Joint
0.9 Lowest for corner joint