Seismic Analysis of Structures III

Chapters – 5 & 6
Chapter -5
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
METHOD OF ANALYSIS
T.K. Datta
Response Spectrum Method Of Analysis
Department Of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi
Introduction 1/1
Response spectrum method is favoured by

earthquake engineering community because of:
 It provides a technique for performing an

equivalent static lateral load analysis.
 It allows a clear understanding of the

contributions of different modes of vibration.
 It offers a simplified method for finding the

design forces for structural members for
earthquake.
 It is also useful for approximate evaluation

of seismic reliability of structures.
T.K. Datta
1/2
Contd…
 The concept of equivalent lateral forces for earth-
quake is a unique concept because it converts a
dynamic analysis partly to dynamic & partly to
static analysis for finding maximum stresses.
 For seismic design, these maximum stresses are

of interest, not the time history of stress.
 Equivalent lateral force for an earthquake is

defined as a set of lateral force which will
produce the same peak response as that
obtained by dynamic analysis of structures .
 The equivalence is restricted to a single mode of

vibration.
T.K. Datta
1/3
Contd…
 The response spectrum method of analysis is
developed using the following steps.
 A modal analysis of the structure is carried out
to obtain mode shapes, frequencies & modal
participation factors.
 Using the acceleration response spectrum, an

equivalent static load is derived which will
provide the same maximum response as that
obtained in each mode of vibration.
 Maximum modal responses are combined to

find total maximum response of the structure.
T.K. Datta
1/4
Contd…
 The first step is the dynamic analysis while , the
second step is a static analysis.
 The first two steps do not have approximations,
while the third step has some approximations.
 As a result, response spectrum analysis is
called an approximate analysis; but applications
show that it provides mostly a good estimate of
peak responses.
 Method is developed for single point, single
component excitation for classically damped
linear systems. However, with additional
approximations it has been extended for multi
point-multi component excitations & for non-
classically damped systems.
T.K. Datta
1/5
Development of the method
 Equation of motion for MDOF system under
single point excitation
  Cx  Kx   MIxg
Mx (5.1)
 Using modal transformation, uncoupled sets of

equations take the form
zi  2ii zi  i2 zi  i xg ; i  1 m (5.2)
iT MI
i  T
i M i
 i is the mode shape; ωi is the natural frequency
λ
i is the more participation factor; ξi is the
modal damping ratio.
T.K. Datta
1/6
Contd…
 Response of the system in the ith mode is
x i = φ iz i
(5.3)
 Elastic force on the system in the ith mode

fs i = Kx i = Kφ iz i
(5.4)
i
 As the undamped mode
2 shape satisfies
Kφ i = ω i Mφ i
(5.5)
 Eq 5.4 can be written

2 as
fs i = ω i Mφ iz i
(5.6)
 The maximum elastic force

2
developed in the i th
fs ima x = Mφ iω i z ima x
mode
T.K. Datta
1/7
Contd…
 Referring to the development of displacement
response spectrum
zi max  i S di  i , i 
(5.8)
Sa   Sd
2
 Using f s i max  ,Eqn

i M i S ai  Pei
5.7 may be written as
(5.9)
1 1
 Eq 5.4xcan
i max 
beK f
written as
s i max  K Pei
(5.10)
Pe i
 is the equivalent static load for the ith mode
ofe i vibration.
P
 is the static load which produces structural
displacements same as the maximum modal
displacement.
T.K. Datta
1/8
Contd…
 Since both response spectrum & mode shape
properties are required in obtaining Pe i , it is known
as modal response spectrum analysis.
 It is evident from above that both the dynamic &
static analyses are involved in the method of
analysis as mentioned before.
 As the contributions of responses from different
modes constitute the total response, the total
maximum response is obtained by combining modal
quantities.
 This combination is done in an approximate manner
since actual dynamic analysis is now replaced by
partly dynamic & partly static analysis.
T.K. Datta
2/1
Contd…
Modal combination rules
 Three different types of modal combination rules
are popular
 ABSSUM
 SRSS
 CQC
 ABSSUM stands for absolute sum of maximum
values of responses; If x is the response quantity
of interest m
x i 1
xi max (5.11)
xi is the absolute maximum value of

max
response in the ith mode.
T.K. Datta
2/2
Contd…
 The combination rule gives an upper bound to the
computed values of the total response for two
reasons:
 It assumes that modal peak responses occur at
the same time.
 It ignores the algebraic sign of the response.
 Actual time history analysis shows modal peaks

occur at different times as shown in Fig. 5.1;further
time history of the displacement has peak value at
some other time.
 Thus, the combination provides a conservative
estimate of response.
T.K. Datta
2/3
0.4
Top floor displacement (m) 0.2
-0.2
-0.4
0 5 t=6.15 10 15 20 25 30
(a) Top storey displacement

First generalized displacement (m)
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
0 5 t=6.1 10 15 20 25 30
Time (sec)
(b) First generalized displacement

T.K. Datta Fig 5.1
Contd… 2/3
0.06
Second generalized displacement (m)

0.04
0.02
-0.02
-0.04
-0.06
0 t=2.5 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (sec)
(c) Second generalized displacement
Fig 5.1 (contd.)
T.K. Datta
2/4
Contd…
 SRSS combination rule denotes square root of sum
of squares of modal responses
 For structures with well separated frequencies, it
provides a good estimate of total peak response.
m
x x
i 1
2
i max (5.12)
 When frequencies are not well separated, some

errors are introduced due to the degree of
correlation of modal responses which is ignored.
 The CQC rule called complete quadratic
combination rule takes care of this correlation.
T.K. Datta
2/5
Contd…
 It is used for structures having closely spaced
frequencies:
m m m
x  i   ij xi x j
x 2
i 1 i 1 j 1
(5.13)
 Second term is valid for i j & includes the effect

of degree of correlation.
 Due to the second term, the peak response may be

estimated less than that of SRSS.
 Various expressions for i j are available; here

only two are given :
T.K. Datta
2/6
Contd…
 1  
2
 2
ij
ij  (Rosenblueth & Elordy) (5.14)
 1     4
2
ij
2
 ij
 1   
3
8 2 2
ij 
ij ij (Der Kiureghian) (5.15)
 1    4   1   
2 2 2
ij ij ij
 Both SRSS & CQC rules for combining peak modal

responses are best derived by assuming
earthquake as a stochastic process.
 If the ground motion is assumed as a stationary
random process, then generalized coordinate in
each mode is also a random process & there
should exist a cross correlation between
generalized coordinates.
T.K. Datta
2/7
Contd…
 Because of this, i j exists between two modal
peak responses.
 Both CQC & SRSS rules provide good estimates of
peak response for wide band earthquakes with
duration much greater than the period of structure.
 Because of the underlying principle of random
vibration in deriving the combination rules, the
peak response would be better termed as mean
peak response.
Fig 5.2 shows the variation of i j with frquency

ratio. i j rapidly decreases as frequency ratio
increases.
T.K. Datta
Contd… 2/8
Fig 5.2
T.K. Datta
2/9
Contd…
As both response spectrum & PSDF represent
frequency contents of ground motion, a relationship
exists between the two.
 This relationship is investigated for the smoothed
curves of the two.
Here a relationship proposed by Kiureghian is
presented
2
 2 4   D   ,   
 2

S xg            p     (5.16 a)
  ff  0 
 2.8 
p0 ( )  2 ln   (5.16 b)
 2 
T.K. Datta
2/10
Contd…
Example 5.1 : Compare between PSDFs obtained
from the smoothed displacement RSP and FFT of
Elcentro record.
/rad)
0.05
Unsmoothed PSDF from Eqn 5.16a
sec
Raw PSDF from fourier spectrum

2 -3
0.04
PSDF of acceleration
0.03
0.02
0.01
(m
00 10 20 30 40 50 60
Frequency (rad/sec)
Unsmoothed
0.025
Eqn.5.16a
sec/rad)
Fourier spectrum of El Centro

(m
0.02
-3
PSDFs of acceleration
2
0.015
0.01
0.005
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Frequency (rad/sec)
5 Point smoothed
T.K. Datta Fig5.3
2/11
Application to 2D frames
 Degree of freedom is sway degree of freedom.
 Sway d.o.f are obtained using condensation
procedure; during the process, desired response
quantities of interest are determined and stored
in
an array R for unit force applied at each sway
d.o.f.
 Frequencies & mode shapes are determined
using M matrix & condensed K matrix.
i
 For each mode find (Eq.
N 5.2) & obtain P ei
(Eq. 5.9)  W r
ir
i  N r 1 (5.17)
  
2
W r
 ir
r 1
T.K. Datta
2/12
Contd…
 Obtain R j  RPej ( j  1...r ) ; R j is the modal peak
response vector.
 Use either CQC or SRSS rule to find mean peak
response.
Example 5.2 : Find mean peak values of top dis-
placement, base shear and inter storey drift between
1st & 2nd floors.
Solution :
ω 1 = 5.06 ra d/s ; ω 2 =12.56 ra d/s ;
ω 3 =18.64 ra d/s ; ω 4 = 23.5 ra d/s
φ 1T =  -1 -0.871 -0.520 -0.278  ; φ 2T =  -1 -0.210 0.911 0.7 52 

φ 3T =  -1 0.738 -0.090 -0.347  ; φ T4 =  1 -0.843 0.268 -0.14 5 
T.K. Datta
2/13
Contd…
Table 5.1
Base shear in terms of
Disp (m) mass (m) Drift (m)
Approaches
2 modes all modes 2 modes all modes 2 modes all modes
0.9171 0.917
SRSS 1006.558 1006.658 0.221 0.221
0.9121
CQC 0.905 991.172 991.564 0.214 0.214
ABSSUM 0.9621 0.971 1134.546 1152.872 0.228 0.223
Time
0.8921 0.893 980.098 983.332 0.197 0.198
history
T.K. Datta
3/1
Application to 3D tall frames
 Analysis is performed for ground motion applied to
each principal direction separately.
 Following steps are adopted:

 Assume the floors as rigid diaphragms & find
the centre of mass of each floor.
 DYN d.o.f are 2 translations & a rotation; centers

of mass may not lie in one vertical (Fig 5.4).
 Apply unit load to each dyn d.o.f. one at a

time & carry out static analysis to find
condensed K matrix & R matrix as for 2D frames.
 Repeat the same steps as described for 2D

frame
T.K. Datta
3/2
C.G. of mass line

C.G. of mass line
CM1
CM1
L
L
CM 2
CM2
L L
CM3 CM3
L
L
(a) L L
L (b)
x
g
x
g


x
x
Figure 5.4:
T.K. Datta
3/3
Contd…
Example 5.3 : Find mean peak values of top floor
displacements , torque at the first floor & VX and VY
at the base of column A for exercise for
problem 3.21. Use digitized values of the response
spectrum of El centro earthquake ( Appendix 5A of
the book).:
Solution
ω 1 = 13.516 ra d/s ; ω 2 = 15.138 ra d/s ; ω 3 = 38.731ra d/s ;
ω 4 = 39.633 ra d/s ; ω 5 = 45.952 ra d/s ; ω 6 = 119.187 ra d/s
Results are obtained following the steps of

section 5.3.4.
Results are shown in Table 5.2.
T.K. Datta
3/4
Contd…
TABLE 5.2
Torque
displacement (m)
Approac (rad)
Vx(N) Vy(N)
hes
(1) (2) (3)
0.1431 0.0034 0.0020 214547 44081

SRSS
0.1325 0.0031 0.0019 207332 43376
CQC
Time
0.1216 0.0023 0.0016 198977 41205
 Results
history obtained by CQC are closer to those of
time history analysis.
T.K. Datta
3/5
RSA for multi support excitation
 Response spectrum method is strictly valid for
single point excitation.
 For extending the method for multi support
excitation, some additional assumptions are
required.
 Moreover, the extension requires a derivation
through random vibration analysis. Therefore, it is
not described here; but some features are given
below for understanding the extension of the
method to multi support excitation.
 It is assumed that future earthquake is

represented by an averaged smooth response
spectrum & a PSDF obtained from an ensemble
of time histories.
T.K. Datta
3/6
Contd…
 Lack of correlation between ground motions at
two points is represented by a coherence
function.
 Peak factors in each mode of vibration and the

peak factor for the total response are assumed to
be the same.
S d like Eqn. 5.16 is established

 A relationship
between and PSDF.
 Mean peak value of any response quantity r

consists of two parts:
T.K. Datta
3/7
Contd…
• Pseudo static response due to the
displacements of the supports
• Dynamic response of the structure with
respect to supports.
Using normal mode theory, uncoupled

dynamic equation of motion is written as:
s
zi  2i z i  i2 zi    ki uk ; i  1..m (5.18)
k 1
i T MRk
 ki  T (5.19)
i Mi
T.K. Datta
3/8
Contd…
 If the response of the SDOF oscillator to u
k is zki
then s
zi    ki z ki (5.20)
k 1
 Total response is given by

s m
r  t    ak uk  t    i zi  t  (5.21)
k 1 i 1
s m s
r  t    ak uk  t    i   ki z ki (5.22)
k 1 i 1 k 1
r  t   a T u  t   T z  t  (5.23)
 φ β a nd z are vectors of size m x s (for s=3 &

m=2)
T.K. Datta
3/9
Contd…
φ βT = 1 β 11  1 β 21  1 β 31  2 β12 2 β 22  2 β 32  ( 5.24a )
z T =  z 11 z 21 z 31 z 12 z 22 z 32  ( 5.24b)
r  t  ,u  t  a nd z  t 
 Assuming r (t ) to be random
processes, PSDF of is given by:
S rr  a T S uu a   T S zz   a T S uz   T S zu a (5.25)
 Performing integration over the frequency range

of interest & considering mean peak as peak
factor multiplied by standard deviation,
expected peak response may be written as:
T.K. Datta
3/10
Contd…
E ma x r  t   = b uub + b uz φ βD + φ  φ βD + φ  b  ( 5.26)
T T T T 12
βD zz βD zu
b T = a 1u p1 a 2u p 2 a 3 u p 3  a S u p S  ( 5.27a )
T
φ βD =  φ 1β 11D11 φ 1β 21D21 .... φ 1β s 1Ds 1 ...φ mβ 11D1m  ( 5.27b)
Dij = Di  ω j,ξ j  i= 1,..,s ; j= 1,..,m ( 5.27c)
 luu , lu z and lz z are the correlation matrices
whose elements are given by:

α
1
uiu j =
σ ui σ u j  S  ω  dω
-α
u iu j ( 5.28)
T.K. Datta
3/11
Contd…
α
1
 j S uiuk  ω  dω
*
uiz kj = h ( 5.29)
σ ui σ z kj -α
α
1
 i jS ukul  ω  dω
*
z kiz lj = h h ( 5.30)
σ z ki σ z lj -α
1 21 21 coh  i,k 
S uiuk = 2 S ui S uk coh  i,k  = 2
S ug ( 5.31)
ω ω
1 21 21 coh  i, j
S uiu j = 4 S ui S u j coh  i, j = 4
S ug ( 5.32)
ω ω
1 1
S ukul = S S coh  k,l = coh  k,l S u g
2
u k
2
u l ( 5.33)
T.K. Datta
3/12
Contd…
 For a single train of seismic wave, Dij = Di  ω j, ξ j 
that is displacement response spectrum for a
specified ξ ; correlation matrices can be
coh( i, j )
obtained Su g
if D  ω j,ξ j  provided;
is additionally can be
determined from (Eqn 5.6).
 If only relative peak displacement is required,third

term of Eqn.5.26 is only retained.
 Steps for developing the program in MATLAB is

given in the book.
Example 5.4 Example 3.8 is solved for El centro
earthquake spectrum with time lag of 5s.
T.K. Datta
3/13
Contd…
Solution :The quantities required for calculating the
expected
 1
φ
1value
 are
 1given
1  below:
1 1 1 1
 ; φ  ; r  ,
 0.5 1  0.5 1 3 1 1 1
w1  12.24 rad/s ; w2  24.48 rad/s
1 1 1 1  1111 11 21 1131 12 12 12  22 12  32 
a  
T
;   
T
3 1 1 1  2111 21 21 2131 22 12  22  22  22 32 

 0.0259 0.0259 0.0259 -0.0015 -0.0015 -0.0015 
 T D  
 0.0129 0.0129 0.0129 0.0015 0.0015 0.0015 
D11  D21  D31  D(1  12.24)  0.056m
D12  D22  D32  D (2  24.48)  0.011m
0 1 2 
 5   10 
coh  i, j    1 0 1  ; 1  exp   ;   exp  
 2   2 
2
  2 1 0 
T.K. Datta
3/14
Contd…
 1 0.873 0.765 
uu   0.873 1 0.873
 0.765 0.873 1 
 0.0382 0.0061 0.0027 0.0443 0.0062 0.0029 

uz   0.0063 0.0387 0.0063 0.0068 0.0447 0.0068 

 0.0027 0.0063 0.0387 0.0029 0.0068 0.0447 
 1 0.0008 0.0001 0.0142 0.0007 0.0001 

 0.0008 1 0.0008 0.0007 0.0142 0.0007 

 0.0001 0.0008 1 0.0001 0.0007 0.0142 
zz  
 0.0142 0.0007 0.0001 1 0.0007 0.0001 
 0.0007 0.0142 0.0007 0.0007 1 0.0007 
 
 0.0001 0.0007 0.0142 0.0001 0.0007 1 
T.K. Datta
3/15
Contd…
 Mean peak values determined are:
(u1 )tot  0.106 m ; (u2 ) tot  0.099 m
(u1 ) rel  0.045m ; (u2 ) rel  0.022 m
 For perfectly correlated ground motion
1 0 0
uu   0 1 0  uz  null matrix
 0 0 1 
1 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 

1 1 1 0 0 0
zz   
0 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 1 1
 
 0 0 0 1 1 1 
T.K. Datta
3/16
Contd…
 Mean peak values of relative displacement
RS A RHA
u1 =0.078m ; 0.081m
u 2 = 0.039m ; 0.041m
 It is seen that’s the results of RHA & RSA match

well.
 Another example (example 3.10) is solved for a time

lag of a 2.5 sec.
Solution is obtained in the same way and results

are given in the book. The calculation steps
are self evident.
T.K. Datta
4/1
Cascaded analysis
 Cascaded analysis is popular for seismic analysis
of secondary systems (Fig 5.5).
Secondary System
k
..
xf m
Fig 5.5
c
.. .. .. ..
xg xa = xf + xg
Secondary system mounted SDOF is to be analyzed for
on a floor of a building frame obtaining floor response spectrum
 RSA cannot be directly used for the total system
because of degrees of freedom become
prohibitively large ; entire system becomes
nonclasically damped.
T.K. Datta
4/2
Contd…
In the cascaded analysis two systems- primary
and secondary are analyzed separately; output of
the primary becomes the input for the secondary.
 In this context, floor response spectrum of the

primary system is a popular concept for
cascaded analysis.
The absolute acceleration of the floor in the figure

is xa
 Pseudo acceleration spectrum of an SDOF is

obtained for xa ; this spectrum is used for RSA of
secondary systems mounted on the floor.
T.K. Datta
4/3
Contd…
Example 5.6 For example 3.18, find the mean peak
displacement of the oscillator for El Centro earthquake.
 for secondary system = 0.02 ;  for the main
system = 0.05 ;floor displacement spectrum shown in
the Fig5.6 is used
Solution
Using this spectrum,
Displacement (m)
1.5
peak displacement of the

1
secondary system with
T=0.811s is 0.8635m. 0.5
 The time history analysis

0
for the entire system (with 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Frequency (rad/sec)
C matrix for P-S system) is Floor displacement response
found as 0.9163m. spectrum (Exmp. 5.6)
T.K. Datta
Approximate modal RSA 4/4
 For nonclassically damped system, RSA cannot

be directly used.
 However, an approximate RSA can be performed.
 C matrix for the entire system can be obtained

(using Rayleigh damping for individual systems
& then combiningCthem 0 without coupling terms)
1
C 
0 C2 

 TC 
matrix is obtained considering all d.o.f. &
becomes non diagonal.
 Ignoring off diagonal terms, an approximate

modal damping is derived & is used for RSA.
T.K. Datta
Seismic coefficient method 4/5
 Seismic coefficient method uses also a set of

equivalent lateral loads for seismic analysis of
structures & is recommended in all seismic codes
along with RSA & RHA.
 For obtaining the equivalent lateral loads, it uses

some empirical formulae. The method consists of
the following steps:
• Using total weight of the structure, base
shear is obtained by
Vb  W  Ch (5.34)
Ch is a period dependent seismic coefficient

T.K. Datta
4/6
Contd…
• Base shear is distributed as a set of lateral
forces along the height as
Fi  Vb  f (hi ) (5.35)
f (hi ) bears a resemblance with that for the
fundamental mode.
• Static analysis of the structure is carried out

with the force Fi (i = 1,2...... n) .
 Different codes provide different recommendations

for the values /expressions for C h & f (hi ) .
T.K. Datta
4/7
 Distribution of lateral forces can be written as

S
F = ρ ×W ×φ × a1 ( 5.36)
j 1 j j1 g
Fj Wj × φ j1
= ( 5.37)
∑ Fj ΣWj × φ j1
Wj × φ j1
Fj = Vb × ( 5.38)
ΣWj × φ j1
Wj × h j
Fj = Vb ( 5.39)
ΣWj × h j
Wj × h jk
Fj = Vb k
( 5.40)
ΣWj × h j
T.K. Datta
4/8
 Computation of base shear is based on first mode.
Following basis for the formula can be put forward.

Sa
V = ΣF =( ΣW × φ × i )× λ ( 5.41)
bi ji j ji g i
e
Sai
Vb i = Wi ( 5.42)
g
Vb ≤ Σ Vb i   ( 5.43)
S ai
≤Σ Wie  i = 1to n  ( 5.44)
g
S
Vb = a 1 × W ( 5.45)
g
T.K. Datta
5/1
Seismic code provisions
 All countries have their own seismic codes.
 For seismic analysis, codes prescribe all three

methods i.e. RSA ,RHA & seismic coefficient
method.
Codes specify the following important factors for

seismic analysis:
• Approximate calculation of time period for
seismic coefficient method.
• C h Vs T plot.
• Effect of soil condition on A or Sa & Ch
g g
T.K. Datta
5/2
Contd…
• Seismicity of the region by specifying PGA.
• Reduction factor for obtaining design forces

to include ductility in the design.
• Importance factor for structure.
 Provisions of a few codes regarding the first three

are given here for comparison. The codes include:
• IBC – 2000
• NBCC – 1995
• EURO CODE – 1995
• NZS 4203 – 1992
• IS 1893 – 2002
T.K. Datta
5/3
Contd…
IBC – 2000
• Ch for class B site,
 1.0 T1  0.4s

Ch   0.4 (5.46)
T T1  0.4s
 1
A
• for the same site, is given by
g

0.4  7.5T 0  Tn  0.08s
A 
n
  1.0 0.08  Tn  0.4s (5.47)

g 
0.4
 Tn  0.4s
 Tn
T.K. Datta
5/4
Contd…
 T may be computed by
 N 
  Wi ui
2

T1  2  i 1N  (5.48)
g 
 
Fi ui
i 1

 Fi can have any reasonable distribution.
 Distribution of lateral forces over the height

is given by
W j h kj
Fi  Vb N (5.49)
 j j
W h k
j 1
T.K. Datta
5/5
Contd…
k ={ 1; 0.5  T1 +1.5  ; 2 for T1 ≤ 0.5s ; 0.5 ≤ T1 ≤ 2.5s ; T1 ≥ 2.5s ( 5.50)
 Distribution of lateral force for nine story frame is

shown in Fig5.8 by seismic coefficient method .
W
2
9
W
8
W
7
W
6
Storey
W
9@3m W 5
W 4
W 3
W
2 T=2sec
T=1sec
10 T=0.4sec
2 4
Storey force
Fig5.8
T.K. Datta
5/6
Contd…
 NBCC – 1995
CeU
• C is given by C h = ; C e = USIF ( 5.51a );( 5.51b)
h R
A
• For U=0.4 ; I=F=1, variations of S & with T
g
are given in Fig 5.9.
4.5
Seismic response factor S
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
10 0.5 1 1.5
Time period (sec)
Fig5.9
T.K. Datta
5/7
Contd…
• For PGV = 0.4ms-1 , A is given by
g
 1.2 0.03 ≤ Tn ≤ 0.427s
A 
=  0.512 ( 5.52)
g  Tn > 0.427s
 Tn
• T may be obtained by
1
  Fu  N 2 2
T1 = 2π  
i i
1
( 5.53)
 g  1 Fu
N

i i
• S and A/g Vs T are compared in Fig 5.10 for

v = 0.4ms-1 , I = F = 1; z h = z v (acceleration and
velocity related zone)
T.K. Datta
5/8
Contd…
1.4
A/g
S
1.2
1
S or A/g
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time period (sec)
Fig5.10
T.K. Datta
5/9
Contd…
• Distribution of lateral forces is given by
Wh
Fi =  Vb - Ft  N
i i
( 5.54)
 Wh
i=1
i i
 0 T1 ≤ 0.7 s

Ft = 0.07T1Vb 0.7 < T1 < 3.6 s ( 5.55)
 0.25V T1 ≥ 3.6 s
 b
T.K. Datta
5/10
Contd…
 EURO CODE 8 – 1995
• Base shear coefficient Cs is given by
C
Cs = e (5.56)
• Ce is given by q
 A
 0 ≤ T1 ≤ Tc
g

Ce =  -
1 ( 5.57)
 A  Tc  3
g  T  T1 ≥ Tc
  1
• Pseudo acceleration in normalized form is given
by Eqn 5.58 in which values of Tb,Tc,Td are
Tb Tc Td
ha rd 0.1 0.4 3.0
me d 0.15 0.6 3.0
s oft 0.2 0.8 3.0 (A is multiplied by 0.9)
T.K. Datta
5/11
Contd…
• Pseudo acceleration in normalized form
,
is given by
 Tn
1+1.5 T 0 ≤ Tn ≤ Tb
 b
 2.5 Tb ≤ Tn ≤ Tc
A 
=  Tc  ( 5.58)
u
 g  2.5  T  Tc ≤ Tn ≤ Td
 n 
0

 Tc Td
 2.5 2
Tn ≥ Td
 T n
T.K. Datta
5/12
 Rayleigh's method may be used for calculating T.
 Distribution of lateral force is
Wφ
i i1
Fi = Vb N
( 5.59)
 Wφ
i=1
i i1
Wh
i i
Fi = Vb N
( 5.60)
 Wh
i=1
i i
 Variation of ce / u
go & A / ugo are shown in
Fig 5.11.
T.K. Datta
5/13
Contd…
3
..
A/ug0
2.5
..
Ce/ug0
2
Ce /ug0 or A../ug0
..
1.5
..
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time period (sec)
Fig 5.11
T.K. Datta
6/1
Contd…
 NEW ZEALAND CODE ( NZ 4203: 1992)
• Seismic coefficient & design response curves

are the same.
C  T  = C b  T1,1 RzLs T1 ≥ 0.45 ( 5.61a )

= C b  0.4,1 RzLs T1 ≤ 0.45 ( 5.61b)
• For
Ls serviceability limit,
T1
T.K. Datta is a limit factor. Response Spectrum Method Of Analysis
6/2
Contd…
• Lateral load is multiplied by 0.92.
• Fig5.12 shows the plot of cb vs T for   1
• Distribution of forces is the same as Eq.5.60
• Time period may be calculated by using

Rayleigh’s method.
• Categories 1,2,3 denote soft, medium and hard.
• R in Eq 5.61 is risk factor; Z is the zone factor;

ls is the limit state factor.
T.K. Datta
6/3
Contd…
1.2
Category 1
1 Category 2
Category 3
0.8
Cb 0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time period (sec)

Fig5.12
T.K. Datta
Contd… 6/4
 IS CODE (1893-2002)
• Time period is calculated by empirical
formula and distribution of force is given by:
2
Wh
j j
Fj = Vb N
( 5.65)
 jj
Wh
j=1
2
S
• C e vs T & a vs T are the same; they are
g
given by:

1+15T 0 ≤ T ≤ 0.1s
Sa 
=  2.5 0.1≤ T ≤ 0.4s for ha rd s oil ( 5.62)
g 
1
 0.4 ≤ T ≤ 4.0s
 T
T.K. Datta
6/5
Contd…

1+15T 0 ≤ T ≤ 0.1s
Sa 
=  2.5 0.1 ≤ T ≤ 0.55s for me dium s oil ( 5.63)
g  1.36
 0.55 ≤ T ≤ 4.0s
 T

1+15T 0 ≤ T ≤ 0.1s
Sa 
=  2.5 0.1 ≤ T ≤ 0.67s for s oft s oil ( 5.64)
g  1.67
 0.67 ≤ T ≤ 4.0s
 T
For the three types of soil Sa/g are shown in Fig

5.13
Sesmic zone coefficients decide about the PGA
values.
T.K. Datta
6/6
Contd…
3
Spectral acceleration coefficient (Sa/g) Hard Soil
2.5
Medium Soil
Soft Soil
2
1.5
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time period (sec)
Variations of (Sa/g) with time period T

Fig 5.13
T.K. Datta
6/7
Contd…
Example 5.7: Seven storey frame shown in Fig 5.14
is analyzed with
Concre te de ns ity = 24kNm -3 ; E = 2.5 ×10 7 kNm -2
Live loa d = 1.4kNm -1
For mass: 25% for the top three & rest 50% of live
load are considered.
T1 = 0.753s ; T2 = 0.229s ; T3 = 0.111s
R = 3 ; P GA = 0.4g ; for NBCC , P GA ≈ 0.65g

Solution:
 First period of the structure falls in the falling
region of the response spectrum curve.
 In this region, spectral ordinates are different
for different codes.
T.K. Datta
6/8
Contd…
All beams:-23cm  50cm

Columns(1,2,3):-55cm  55cm
7@3m
Columns(4-7):-:-45cm  45cm
5m 5m 5m
A Seven storey-building frame for analysis

Fig 5.14
T.K. Datta
6/9
Contd…
Table 5.3: Comparison of results obtained by different codes
1st Storey Displacement Top Storey Displacement
Base shear (KN)
(mm) (mm)
Codes
SRSS CQC SRSS CQC SRSS CQC
3 all 3 all 3 all 3 all 3 all 3 all
IBC 33.51 33.66 33.52 33.68 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 10.64 10.64 10.64 10.64
NBCC 35.46 35.66 35.46 35.68 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 11.35 11.35 11.35 11.35
NZ
37.18 37.26 37.2 37.29 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00
4203
Euro 8 48.34 48.41 48.35 48.42 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 15.94 15.94 15.94 15.94
Indian 44.19 44.28 44.21 44.29 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45
T.K. Datta
6/10
Contd…
7
6
Number of storey
3 IBC
NBCC
NZ 4203
2
Euro 8
Indian
1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Displacement (mm)
Comparison of displacements obtained by different codes

Fig 5.15
T.K. Datta
Lec-1/74
T.K. Datta
Chapter - 6
Inelastic Seismic
Response of Structures
T.K. Datta
1/1
Introduction
 Under relatively strong earthquakes, structures
undergo inelastic deformation due to current
seismic design philosophy.
 Therefore, structures should have sufficient

ductility to deform beyond the yield limit.
 For understanding the ductility demand imposed

by the earthquake, a study of an SDOF
system in inelastic range is of great help.
The inelastic excursion takes place when the

restoring force in the spring exceeds or equal to
the yield limit of the spring.
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 1/2
 For this, nonlinear time history analysis of SDOF

system under earthquake is required; similarly,
nonlinear analysis of MDOF system is useful for
understanding non-linear behaviour of MDOF
system under earthquakes.
 Nonlinear analysis is required for other reasons
as well such as determination of collapse state,
seismic risk analysis and so on.
 Finally, for complete understanding of the
inelastic behavior of structures, concepts of
ductility and inelastic response spectrum are
required.
The above topics are discussed here.
T.K. Datta
Non linear dynamic analysis 1/3
 If structure have nonlinear terms either in inertia

or in damping or in stiffness or in any form of
combination of them, then the equation of motion
becomes nonlinear.
 More common nonlinearities are stiffness and
damping nonlinearities.
 In stiffness non linearity, two types of non
linearity
are encountered :
• Geometric
• Material (hysteretic type)
 Figure 6.1 shows non hysteric type non linearity;

loading & unloading path are the same.
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 1/4
Unloading
Loading
x
Loading
Unloading
Fig.6.1
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 1/5
 Figure 6.2 shows hysteric type nonlinearity;

experimental curves are often idealised as
(i) elasto plastic; (ii) bilinear hysteretic ;
(iii) general strain hardening
f f
fy
fy
x x
xy x y
Variation of force with displacement under cyclic loading

f f
fy f
y
x x
xy x y
Idealized model of force Idealized model of force

displacement curve Fig.6.2 displacement curve
T.K. Datta
1/6
Contd..
 Equation of motion for non linear analysis takes
the form
M x  Ct x  Kt x   Mr x g (6.1)
Ct and K t matrices are constructed for the
current time interval.
 Equation of motion for SDOF follows as
mΔx
 + ct Δx + k t Δx = -mΔx
 g (6.2)
 Solution of Eqn. 6.2 is performed in incremental
form; the procedure is then extended for MDOF
system with additional complexity.
 Ct and K should have instantaneous values.

t
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 1/7
 ct and kt are taken as that at the beginning of

the time step; they should be taken as average
values.
 Since  x &  x are not known, It requires an
iteration.
 For sufficiently small  t , iteration may be
avoided.
 NewMark’s   Method in incremental form is
used for the solution
Δx = Δt 
x k + δ Δt Δx
 ( 6.3)
 Δt 
2
x k + β  Δt  Δx
2
Δx = Δt x k +   ( 6.4)
2
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 1/8
1 1 1
Δx = Δx - x k - x k
 ( 6.5)
β  Δt 
2
βΔt 2β
δ δ  δ 
Δx = Δx - x k + Δt 1-  x k ( 6.6)
βΔt β  2β 
kΔx = Δp ( 6.7)
δ 1
k = kt + ct + m ( 6.8 a)
β  Δt 
2
βΔt
 m δ  m  δ  
Δp = -mΔx g +  + c t  x k +  + Δt  -1  c t  x k ( 6.8 b)
 βΔt β   2β  2β  
x k+1 = x k + Δx x k+1 = x k + Δx x k+1 = x k + Δx ( 6.9)
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 1/9
 For more accurate value of acceleration, it is

calculated from Eq. 6.2 at k+1th step.
 The solution is valid for non hysteretic non
linearity.
 For hysteretic type, solution procedure is
modified & is first explained for elasto - plastic
system.
 Solution becomes more involved because
loading and unloading paths are different.
 As a result, responses are tracked at every time
step of the solution in order to determine loading
and unloading of the system and accordingly,
modify the value of kt.
T.K. Datta 81
1/10
Elasto-plastic non linearity
 For material elasto plastic behaviour, ct is taken
to be constant.
 kt is taken as k or zero depending upon

whether the state is in elastic & plastic state
(loading & unloading).
 State transition is taken care of by iteration

procedure to minimize the unbalanced force;
iteration involves the following steps.
Elastic to plastic state
 x  e  ae  x  0 (6.10)
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 1/11
 Use Eq. 6.7, find( Δ x)p for( 1 - a e )Δp withk t = 0

Δ x =( Δ x )e +( Δ x )p
Plastic to plastic state
Eq. 6.7 with Kt=0 is used ; transition takes place if
x < 0at the end of the step; computation is then
restarted.
Plastic to elastic state
Transition is defined by x = 0
 x is factored (factor e) such that x = 0
( Δ x )a is obtained for  1- e  Δp with k t ≠ 0
Δ x =( Δ x )a +Factore d Δ x
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 2/1
Example 6.1 Refer fig. 6.3 ; n  10 rad / s ; find

responses at t=1.52 s & 1.64s given responses at
t= 1.5s & 1.62s ; m=1kg
Solution:
f
x x
fx
0.15mg
m
c
..
xg 0.0147m x
SDOF system with non-linear Force-displacement behaviour

spring of the spring
Fig . 6.3
T.K. Datta
2/2
t = 1.5s ; x = 0.01315m; x = 0.1902m/s ;

x = 0.46964 m/s 2 ; fx = 1.354 ; c = 0.4Ns m-1 ;
t
k =100 Nm-1
t
k = 1 0 14 0 Nm-1
Δ x g = - 0 .0 03 1 2g
Δ p = 3 7 .55 N
Δx = 0.003 7m; Δx  = - 0.01ms -1; Δf = k Δx
t
( fx ) =1.7243N > 0.1 5mg
t+Δt
( fx ) + e Δxk = 0.15mg( e = 0.3176)
t t
T.K. Datta 85
Contd.. 2/3
kΔx =  1- e  Δp ; k = 0; Δx =0.00373m; Δx =- 0.00749ms -1

2 t
x = x + Δx + Δx = 0.01725m x = 0.1827ms -1
t+Δt t 1 2 t+Δt
P - c x -f
k+1 t k+1 x( k+1)
x = = 0.279ms -1
k+1 m
At t =1.625s ; x > 0 ; k = 10040; Δp =- 0.4173; Δx =0.000042;
Δx = - 0.061; X t + ΔX 1 = 0 ; e =- 6.8; Δx = e Δx =- 0.000283;
1
kΔx =  1- e  Δp ; k = 100; Δx = Δx + Δx = - 4.44 ×10 -5 ; Δx =- 0.061;
2 t 1 2
x = x + Δx =0.0298; x = x + Δx = - 0.033
t+Δt t t+Δt t
t+Δt 
x from Eqn  =3.28; f = f + k Δx = 1.4435 N
t+Δt xt t 2
T.K. Datta
2/4
Solution for MDOF System
 Sections undergoing yielding are predefined and
their force- deformation behaviour are specified
as shown in Fig 6.4.
0.5m
V
0.5k 0.5k p1
m
x x
y1
k k
m V
p2
k x
x
k y2
m
V
p3
1.5k 1.5k
x x
y3
Fig.6.4
 For the solution of Eqn. 6.1, state of the yield
section is examined at each time step.
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 2/5
 Depending upon the states of yield

sections, stiffness of the members are changed &
the stiffness matrix for the incremental equation is
formed.
 If required, iteration is carried out as explained for
SDOF.
 Solution for MDOF is an extension of that of SDOF.
KΔ x = Δp ( 6.11)
δ 1
K = Kt + Ct + M ( 6.12 a)
β  Δ t
2
βΔt
 M δ  M  δ  
Δ p =-M r Δ x g +  + C t  x k +  + Δt  -1  C t  x k ( 6.12 b)
 β Δt β  2 β  2β  
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 2/6
Example 6.2: Refer to Fig 6.5; K/m = 100; m = 1 kg;

find responses at 3.54s. given those at 3.52s.
Solution:
1.44977  0.15mg 
   
f = 0.95664  < 0.15mg  and x > 0
k
0.63432  0.15mg 
   
10260 s ym 
δ 1
K=K + C + M =  -124 10260 

t βΔt t
β( Δt)2  0 -124 10137 
Δx
 g = 0.5913
32.6224 
     
 g +  M + δ C  x +  M + Δt  δ - 1  C  x
Δp = -MIΔx  = 18.0256 
 βΔt β t k t k  
  2β  2β    8.4376 
0.0032 
Δx = K-1Δp = 0.0018 
0.0009 
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 2/7
m
x
3
3m k/2 k/2
m
x
2
3m k/2 k/2
m
x
1
3m k/2 k/2
f
3 storey frame y
f  0.15m g
y
xy  0.01475m
x x
y
Force displacement
Fig.6.5 curve of the column
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 2/8
 0.0032   0.16 
K
Δx = -0.0014  ; Δf = Δx =  -0.07 
2
 -0.0009  -0.045 
e ( 0.16) 
1.60977   1   0.15mg 
   
f = f + Δf = 0.88664  f + e Δf = f + e ( -0.07)  = ≤ 0.15mg 
k+1 k   k k 2
0.58932    ≤ 0.15mg 
 e ( -0.045)   
 3 
e = 0.136 ; e =1; e =1
1 2 3
 e Δx   e Δx 
 1 1   1 1 
  
Δx e = Δx =  e Δx + e ( Δx - Δx )  = e 2 Δx 2 
1 1 1 2 2 1
   
 e Δx + e ( Δx - Δx )+ e ( Δx - Δx )  e Δx
 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 2   3 3
e 
 0.000435   1 0.1358 
      
= -0.000965  e 2  = 0.6893 
-0.001865     3.07 
   e  
 3 
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 2/9
0.0028  0.00324  0.02009 

     
Δx = 0.0027  ; Δx = Δx + Δx = 0.0018  ; x = x + Δx = 0.00833 
2 1 2 k+1 k
0.0026  0.00074  0.0114 
     
0. - 0.0509   0 .1361 
δ δ  δ 
Δx = Δx - x + Δt 1-  x =  -0.0406  ; x = x + Δx =  0.07 
βΔt β k  2β  k  k+1 k
 -0.0524  0.0165 
e ( 0.16) 
 1  0.00  0.0218  1.4715 
 
Δf = e ( -0.07)  + -0.005  = -0.075  ; f = f + Δf =  0.882 
2 k+1 k
  -0.005  -0.05   0.584 
e 3( -0.045)      
 -2.289 
x
k+1 
= M-1 P - C x
k+1 t k+1 k+1
-F 
= -1.7 018 
-2.2825 
T.K. Datta
3/1
Bidirectional Interaction
 Bidirectional interaction assumes importance
under:
• Analysis for two component earthquake
• Torsionally Coupled System
 For such cases, elements undergo yielding

depending upon the yield criterion used.
 When bidirectional interaction of forces on

yielding is considered, yielding of a cross
section depends on two forces.
 None of them individually reaches yield value;

but the section may yield.
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 3/2
If the interaction is ignored, yielding in two

directions takes place independently.
 In incremental analysis, the interaction effect is

included in the following way.
 Refer Fig 6.6; columns translate in X and Y

directions with stiffnessk exi andkeyi .
 Ke x 0 Ke x e y 
 
Ke =  0 Ke y Ke y e x  ( 6.13a )
Ke x e y Key e x Kθ 

Ke x =  Ke xi ; Ke y =  Ke yi ; Kθ =  Ke xi e y +  Ke yi e x ( 6.13b)
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 3/3
Colm. 2
Colm. 4
CR
C.M. X
D
e
y
e
x
Colm. 1 Colm. 3
Fig.6.6
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 3/4
Transient stiffness Kt remaining constant over  t

is given by
Kt = Ke -Kp ( 6.14)
The elements of the modification matrix Kp are
B2xi B2yi B xiByi

Kpxi = ; Kpyi = ; Kpxyi = Kpyxi = ( 6.15)
Gi Gi Gi
G i = Kexih xi2 +Keyih yi2 ( 6.16a)
B xi = Kexih xi ; B yi = Keyih yi ( 6.16b)
Vxi Vyi
h xi = 2 ; h yi = 2 ( 6.16c)
Vpxi Vpyi
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 3/5
 When any of the column is in the full plastic state

satisfying yield criterion, k t = 0 .
 During incremental solution k t changes as the

elements pass from E-P, P-P, P-E; the change
follows E-P properties of the element & yield
criterion.
 Yield criterion could be of different form; most

popular yield curve is
2 2
 Vxi   Vyi 
i = 
 V   V 
+ ( 6.19)
 pxi   pyi 
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 3/6
 For V pxi  V pyi , curve is circular ; V pxi  V pyi ,

curve is ellipse; i  1 shows plastic state, i  1
shows elastic state, i  1 is inadmissible.
 If i  1, internal forces of the elements are

pulled back to satisfy yield criterion;
equilibrium
is disturbed, corrected by iteration.
 The solution procedure is similar to that for

SDOF.
 At the beginning of time , check the states of

the
elements
T.K. Datta & accordingly the transient stiffness
matrixOf is
Department Civilformed.
Engineering, IIT Delhi
3/7
Contd..
If any element violates the yield condition at the
end of time or passes from E-P, then an
iteration scheme is used.
If it is P-P & i  1 for any element, then an
average stiffness predictor- corrector scheme
is employed.
The scheme consists of : ta 2  Kt0 + Kt 
1 '
K =
 U1 is obtained withK ta for the time internal Δt

&
incremental
F1  K ta U1 restoring force vector is obtained.
(6.21)
Fi 1  Fi  force tolerance (6.22a )
U i 1  U i  displacement tolerance (6.22b)
T.K. Datta
3/8
Contd..
 After convergence , forces are calculated &
yield criterion is checked ; element forces are
pulled back if criterion is violated.
 1
Fi  Fi (6.23)
i
K ta
 With new force vector is calculated &
iteration
is continued.
 For E-P, extension of SDOF to MDOF is done.

U p
 For calculating , the procedure as given in
SDOF is adopted.
T.K. Datta
3/9
Contd..
 If one or more elements are unloaded from
plastic to elastic state, then plastic work
increments for the elements are negative
w pi  Fi U pi (6.25)
U pi  U i  K ei 1Fi (6.26)
 When unloaded, stiffness within t , is taken as
elastic.
Example 6.3: Consider the 3D frame in Fig 6.8;
assume:
D = 3.5m; h = 3.5m;  Mpx = Mp y = M p  = M0 ;  M p  B =  Mp  = 1.5Mo
A D
ko
 M p  C = 2M o ;  k x = k y = k  A = k o ; k B= kC = 1.5ko ;kC = 2ko ; m = 50
in which mx = my = m = 620 kg and  VP  A = 152.05
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 3/10
find Initial stiffness & stiffness at t = 1.38s, given

that t = 1.36s
k 1.5k
A D
y
3.5m 1.5k 2k
3.5m
B x C
Force (N)
3.5m
For column A
3 D frame 152.05 N
0.00467m Displacement (m)
Force-displacement
curve of column A
T.K. Datta
3/11
U  0.00336  U  0.13675  U  -0.16679 

x x
 x             
U
 y  = 0.00037  U
 y  = 0.00345  U
 y  = -0.11434 
  0.00003     0.00311    -0.06153 
 θ k    θ k    θ k  
V = 102.83 V = 10.10
Ax Ay
 
 Vx  627.27  V = 154.24
Bx
V = 19.56
By
   
F =  Vy  = 70. 888  ; x = - 0.08613g
k V = 158.66 V = 15.15 gk
   773.51  Dx Dy
 Vθ k  
V = 211.54 V = 26.08
Cx Cy
Solution:
Forces in the columns are pulled back (Eq. 6.23)
& displacements at the centre
T.K. Datta 103 Of Analysis
Response Spectrum Method
Contd.. 3/12
KD 2
Ke x =  Ke xi = 6k 0 ; Ke y =  Ke yi = 6k 0 ; Kθ =  = 3k 0  3.5 
2
4
186000 0 54250 
Ke =  0 186000 54250 
 54250 54250 1139250 
2 2
 Vxi   Vyi 
i = 
 V   V 
+
 pxi   pyi 
A = 0.462 ; B = 0.465 ; C = 0.491 ; D = 0.488
Kt = Ke
638.6 s ym 
δ 1  0  ×10 4
K = Kt + Ct + M= K +1 0000M= 638.6
βΔt β( Δt)2
t  
5.425 5.425 1379.76 
16282 
 M δ  M  δ     
Δp = -MΔx
 g +  + C t  Uk +  + Δt  - 1C t U k =  286 
 βΔt β   2β  2β    612 
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 3/13
 0.0025   476.1
ΔU = K-1 Δp = 0.000001 and ΔF = Kt ΔU =  10.2 
0.000001 181.2 
0.0059 
 
Uk+1 = Uk + ΔU = 0.0004 
 0.0001 
 
VAx = 183.89 VAy = 13.52
1103.36 
  VBx = 275.84 VBy = 20.27
Fk+1 = Fk + ΔF =  81.09  ; ;
 954.75  VDx = 275.84 VDy = 20.27
  VCx = 367.79 VCy = 27.03
2 2
 V   Vyi 
i =  xi  +   & A = 1.47 ; B = 1.47 ; C = 1.47 ; D =1.47
 Vpxi   Vpyi 
1 1 1 1
eA =  0.824 eB = = 0.824 eD = = 0.824 e C = = 0.824
A B D C
 With the e values calculated as above, the

forces in the columns are pulled back
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 3/14
 0.254  0.83
U xe
U e  0.00122  105 ; e is calculed as 0.83 103 in which ex = etc.
U x
0.00124  0.83
16268.57 
p2  (1  e )p   285.76 
 631.48 
ex  e y 
 Ki xi  0.29167
 Ki
hxA  0.00795 hyA  0.00059
Vxi hxB  0.0053 Vyi hyB  0.00039
hxi  ; ; hyi  ;
2
V pxi hxD  0.0053 V 2
pyi
hyD  0.00039
hxC  0.00398 hyC  0.00029
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 3/15
BxA  246.56 B yA  18.12

BxB  246.56 ByB  18.12
Bxi  K exi hxi ; ; B yi  K eyi hyi ;
BxD  246.56 ByD  18.12
BxC  246.56 By xC  18.12
GA  1.972
GB  1.314
Gi  K h  K eyi h ;
2 2
exi xi yi
GD  1.314
GC  0.98
Bxi2 Byi2 D2 Bxi Byi

K pxi 
Gi
; K pyi 
Gi
; K p 
2
K p ; K pxyi  K pyxi 
Gi

Contd.. 3/16
exp 
K x
Pyi i
 0.2917; e yp 
K Pxi yi
 0.2917
K Pyi K Pxi
 1.0 sym 
K t   16.06 185   103
 
 0.29 53.96 0 
 62 sym 
 1  0.16 
K  Kt  Ct  M = K  10000 M = 10 5
 63.85
t  ( t ) 2
t
 
 0 0.54 126.6 
0.002598  0.0000983
 0.0026  0.002598  0.0001018
   
U 2  K 1p2   0.0001 ; U px   ; U py   
 0.002602   0.0000983 
 0.00 

0.002602  
0.0001018 
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 3/17
 K ex  K px  K pxy   U px 
V pi     U 
  K pxy K ey  K py i  py i
VAx  151.913 VAy  9.78

VBx  228.043 VBy  11.54
;
VDx  227.745 VDy  11.37
VCx  303.471 VCy  10.98
2 2
 Vxi   V yi 
i  
 V pxi 


 V pyi 

   
 A  1.002;  B  1.002; C  1.0;  D  1.00
Because yield condition is practically satisfied,

no further iteration is required.
T.K. Datta
4/1
Multi Storey Building frames
 For 2D frames, inelastic analysis can be done
without much complexity.
 Potential sections of yielding are identified &

elasto–plastic properties of the sections are
given.
 When IMI = Mp for any cross section, a hinge is

considered for subsequent t & stiffness matrix
of the structure is generated.
 If IMI > Mp for any cross section at the end of t

IMI is set to Mp, the response is evaluated with
average of stiffness at t and t  t (IMI = Mp ).
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 4/2
 At the end of each t , velocity is calculated at

each potential hinge; if unloading takes place at
the end of t , then for next t , the section
behaves elastically. ( t ~ small ).
Example 6.4
Find the time history of moment at A & the force-
displacement plot for the frame shown in Fig 6.9
under El centro earthquake; t  0.2 s ; compare the
results for elasto plastic & bilinear back bone curves.
• Figs. 6.10 & 6.11 are for the result of elasto
-plastic case Figs 6.12 & 6.13 are for the result
of bilinear case
• Moment in Fig 6.12 does not remain constant
over time unlike elasto-plastic case.
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 4/3
m
x3
3m k k
m
x2
3m k k
m
x1
k = 23533 kN/m
3m 1.5k 1.5k Kd
m = 235.33  10 kg
3
A
346.23kN
Frame
Force (kN)
KK  0.1
Ki di
0.01471m Displacement (m)
Force-displacement
Fig.6.9
curve of column
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 4/4
600000
400000
M om ent (N -m )
200000
0
-200000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-400000 Time (sec)

-600000
400000
Fig.6.10 300000
200000
100000
Force (N)
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035
-100000
-200000
-300000
-400000 Displacement (m)
Fig.6.11
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 4/5
800000
600000
400000
Moment (N-m)
200000
0
-200000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-400000
-600000 Time (sec)
-800000
500000
400000
Fig.6.12
300000
S h e ar F o rce (N )
200000
100000
0
-0.005
-100000 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
Displacement(m)
-200000
-300000
-400000
-500000
T.K. Datta Fig.6.13

4/6
Contd..
 For nonlinear moment rotation relationship,
tangent stiffness matrix for each t obtained
by considering slope of the curve at the
beginning of t
 If unloading takes place, initial stiffness is
considered.
 Slopes of backbone curve may be interpolated ;
interpolation is used for finding initial stiffness.
 If columns are weaker than the beams, then top
& bottom sections of the column become
potential sections for plastic hinge.
 During integration of equation of motion K t is
given by K K K (6.27)
t e p
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 4/7
 Non zero elements of Kp are computed using

Eqns. 6.15 & 6.16 and are arranged so that they
correspond to the degrees of freedom affected by
plastification.
 The solution procedure remains the same as

described before.
 If 3D frame is weak beam-strong column system,

then problem becomes simple as the beams
undergo only one way bending.
The analysis procedure remains the same as

that of 2D frame.
T.K. Datta
4/8
Contd..
 For 2D & 3D frames having weak beam strong
column systems, rotational d.o.f are condensed
out; this involves some extra computational
effort.
• Incremental rotations at the member ends
are calculated from incremental
displacements.
• Rotational stiffness of member is modified
if plastification/ unloading takes place.
• The full stiffness matrix is assembled &
rotational d.o.f. are condensed out.
 The procedure is illustrated with a frame as
shown in the figure (with 2 storey).
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 4/9
 Elasto-plastic nature of the yield section is

shown in Fig 6.16.
 Considering anti-symmetry :
M1, M2
Mp1 = Mp2 = Mp3
p 
Moment-rotation relationship
of elasto-plastic beam
fig. 6.16
T.K. Datta
4/10
 kl kl 
k -k -
2
-
2 
 
 -k kl   Δ1 
2k 0 Δ 
 2   2
K=     ( 6.28a)
 - kl kl kl2 kl2   θ1 
 2
 α1 + 0.67   
2 2 6 θ2 
 
 - kl kl2 kl2
 2
0  α 2 +1.33  
6 2 
KΔ = KΔ - KΔθKθ-1KθΔ ( 6.28b)
6 3  α1 + 0.67 
-1
-1
1 
Kθ = 2   ( 6.29a)
kl  1 3  α 2 +1.33  
3 1 -1 3  α1 + 0.67 
-1
1 
θ=     Δ ( 6.29b)
l 1 0   1 3  α 2 +1.33  
 1 -1 3k -1 -1 3  α1 + 0.67 

-1
1  1 -1
KΔ = k  -
 l 1 0   1 0  ( 6.30)
 -1 2    1 3  α 2 +1.33    
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 4/11
 Equation of motion for the frame is given by:
MΔx
 + CΔx + K Δt Δx = -MIΔx
 g ( 6.31)
C = αK Δ0 + βM ( 6.32)
The solution requires K  t to be computed at time

t; this requires 1 &  2 to be calculated.
 Following steps are used for the calculation
x = x + Δx ; x = x + Δx ( 6.33a )
i i-1 i-1 i i-1 i-1
M = M + ΔM ; M = M + ΔM ( 6.33b)
1i 1i-1 1i-1 2 i 2 i-1 2 i-1
T.K. Datta
4/12
Contd..
  1i 1&   2 i 1 are obtained using Eqn. 6.29b
in which  values are calculated as:
r1i-1l r2i-1l
α1 = & α2 =
6EIc 6EIc
M1i-1 M2 i-1
r1i-1 = ; r2 i-1 =
θ 1i-1 θ 2 i-1
  M 1i 1 &  M 2i 1 are then obtained; and hence
M 1i & M 2i  &  are calculated from M 1i
1 2
M
and 2i , K  t is obtained using ( Eq. 6.30).
 If Elasto-plastic state is assumed, then 1   2  0
for 1   2   P at the beginning of the time
interval; for unloading1 &  2 are obtained
by (Eq.6.28a.)
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 4/13
Example 6.5: For the frame shown in Fig 6.17, find

the stiffness matrix at t = 1.36 s given the response
quantities in Table 6.1
θ4 θ1
1
5
6 M
3m k k
θ5 θ2
2
3 4
3m k k
θ3 50KN-m
θ6
3
1 2
E = 2.48  107 kN/m2
3m k Beam 30  40 cm
k
Column 30  50 cm
5m θY = 0.00109 rad θ
Frame Force-displacement curve
Fig. 6.17
T.K. Datta
x
Contd.. 4/14
Table 6.1
Time
Joint x x x θ θ 
θ M
Step
sec m m/s m/s2 rad rad/s rad/s2 kNm
1 1.36 0.00293 0.0341 -1.2945 0.00109 0.013 -0.452 50
3 1.36 0.00701 0.0883 -2.8586 0.00095 0.014 -0.297 -23.18
5 1.36 0.00978 0.1339 -3.4814

x 0.00053 0.009127 -0.098 42.89
2 1.36 0.00293 0.0341 -1.2945 0.00109 0.013 -0.452 -50
4 1.36 0.00701 0.0883 -2.8586 0.00095 0.014 -0.297 23.18
6 1.36 0.00978 0.1339 -3.4814 0.00053 0.009127 -0.098 -42.89
Table shows that sections 1 & 2 undergo yielding;

recognising this, stiffness matrices are given below:

Contd.. 4/15
 1.067  Δ1
-1.067 2.133 s ym Δ
  2
 0 -1.067 2.133  Δ3
 
 0.8 -0.8 0 2.4  θ1
Κ = 4.83 ×10 4 ×  0.8 0 -0.8 0.8 4  θ2
 
 0 0.8 0 0 0.8 3.2  θ3
 0.8 -0.8 0 0.4 0 0 2.4 θ
  4
 0.8 0 -0.8 0 0.4 0 0.8 4  θ5
 0 0.8 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 3.2  θ 6

 0.4451 s ym  Δ 1
ΚΔ = 4.83 ×10 4 × -0.6177 1.276 Δ
 2
 0.2302 -1.0552 1 .811 Δ 3
T.K. Datta
Push over analysis 5/1
 Push over analysis is a good nonlinear static

(substitute) analysis for the inelastic dynamic
analysis.
 It provides load Vs deflection curve from rest to

ultimate failure.
 Load is representative of equivalent static load

taken as a mode of the structure & total load
is conveniently the base shear.
 Deflection may represent any deflection & can

be conveniently taken as the top deflection.
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 5/2
 It can be force or displacement control depending

upon whether force or displacement is given an
increment.
 For both , incremental nonlinear static analysis is

‘performed by finding K t matrix at the beginning
of each increment.
 Displacement controlled pushover analysis is

preferred because, the analysis can be carried
out up to a desired displacement level.
 Following input data are required in addition to

the fundamental mode shape(if used).
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 5/3
 Assumed collapse mechanism
 Moment rotation relationship of yielding

section.
 Limiting displacement.
 Rotational capacity of plastic hinge.

 Displacement controlled pushover analysis is
carried out in following steps:
 Choose suitable 1
 Corresponding to 1, find  1  1  

r r
T.K. Datta
5/4
Contd..
 Obtain p  1 ; obtain VB1
 At nth increment, VBn   VBi 1n   1i

 At the end of each increment , moments are
checked at all potential locations of plastic
hinge.
 For this,  n is calculated from condensation

relationship.
 If | M |  M P , then ordinary hinge is assumed
at that section to find K for subsequent
increment.
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 5/5
 Rotations at the hinges are calculated at each

step after they are formed.
 If rotational capacity is exceeded in a plastic

hinge, rotational hinge failure precedes the
mechanism of failure.
 VBi Vs Δ 1i is traced up to the desired displacement

level.
Example 6.6
 Carry out an equivalent static nonlinear analysis

for the frame shown in Fig 6.19.
T.K. Datta
Mmax
yy
Contd.. 5/6
3m
3m
3m
3m
My
3m
3m y c
3m
4m 4m Moment rotation
Frame
curve for beams
Fig.6.19
Cross Location b (mm) d (mm) (kNm) (rad) (rad)
section
C1 G,1st, 2nd 400 400 168.9 9.025E-3 0.0271
C2 3rd ,4th, 5th & 6th 300 300 119.15 0.0133 0.0399
B1 G,1st, 2nd 400 500 205.22 6.097E-3 0.0183
B2 3rd ,4th, 5th & 6th 300 300 153.88 8.397E-3 0.0252
Table 6.2
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 5/7
 Solution is obtained by SAP2000.

Base shear
D (m) (KN) Plastic Hinges at section
0.110891 316.825 1
0.118891 317.866 1,2
0.134891 319.457 1,2,3
0.142891 320.006 1,2,3,4
0.150891 320.555 1,2,3,4,5
0.174891 322.201 1,2,3,4,5,6
0.190891 323.299 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
0.206891 324.397 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
0.310891 331.498 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
0.318891 332.035 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10
0.334891 333.11 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11
0.350891 334.185 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12
0.518891 342.546 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13
0.534891 343.207 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14
0.622891 346.843 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15
1.448699 307.822 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16
1.456699 308.225 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17
Table 6.3
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 5/8
0.9143
400
0.7548
300
Base shear (kN)
0.5345
200
0.3120
100
0.1988
0
0.0833 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Roof displacement (m)
Fig.6.21
Fig.6.20
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 5/9
15 14 15
13
10 9
11
12 6
7
8 5 8
5
16 17
2 1
4
3 3 3
Fig.6.22
T.K. Datta
6/1
Ductility & Inelastic spectrum
 A structure is designed for a load less than
that obtained from seismic coefficient method
or RSA (say, for VB / R . ( R  3  4)
 The structure will undergo yielding, if it is

subjected to the expected design earthquake.
 The behavior will depend upon the force

deformation characteristics of the sections.
 The maximum displacements & deformations

of the structure are expected to be greater than
the yield displacements.
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 6/2
 How much the structure will deform beyond

the yield limit depends upon its ductility;
ductility factor is defined as
xm
μ = ( 6 .3 5 a )
xy
f
For explaining Elastic
fo
ductility , two SDOFs
are considered with fy Elasto-plastic
elasto – plastic
behavior & the other a
corresponding Stiffness k
elastic system shown
in Fig 6.23. xy xo xm x
Fig. 6.23
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 6/3
 An associated factor, called yield reduction

factor, R Y is defined as inverse of f y :
fY x Y
fY = = ( 6.35b)
f0 x0
 R Y  2 means that the strength of the SDOF

system is halved compared to the elastic system.
xm xm x y μ
= × = μ fy = ( 6.36)
x0 xy x0 Ry
 With the above definitions, equation of motion
of SDOF system becomes:
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 6/4
x + 2ξω n x + ω n 2 x y f(y x, x)=

 - x g ( 6.37)
2 2
x g
μ+
 2ξω n x + ω n x y f( μ, μ)=
 - ωn ( 6.38)
ay
f( x, x)

f( x, x)=
 ; x( t)= μ( t)x y ;
fy
fy
ay = = ω n 2 x 0 fy
m
  depends upon n ,  , f y .
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 6/5
 Time history analysis shows the following :

 For f Y  1 , responses remain within elastic
limit & may be more than that for f Y  1 .
 For f  1, two counteracting effects take

Y
place (i) decrease of response due to
dissipation of energy (ii) increase of response
due to decreased equivalent stiffness.
 Less the value of f , more is the permanent
Y
deformation at the end .
  is known if xm for a f Y & x0 can be
calculated.
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 6/6
 Effect of time period on  , xm , xo , fY are

illustrated in Fig 6.24.
 For long periods, xm  xo  x go &

independent of f Y ;   RY .
 In velocity sensitive region, xm may be

smaller or greater than xo ; not significantly
affected by f Y ;  may be smaller or larger
than RY .
 In acceleration sensitive region, xm  xo ;
increases with decreasing f Y & T ; ;   RY
for shorter period,  can be very high
(strength not very less).
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 6/7
Spectral Regions
Acc. Vel. Disp.
sensitive sensitive sensitive
10 10
5 5
1 1 Spectral Regions
Acc. Vel. Disp.
0.5 0.5
x0/ xg0 or xm/ xg0
f  0.125 sensitive sensitive sensitive

y
f  0.25 10 10
0.1 xxy 0.1 fy  0.125
0.05 m g0 0.05 5 f 0.25 5
y
f  0.5 f 0.5
y x x f 1 y
0.01 m g0 y 0.01
T = 0.125
Ta =0.035
0.005 0.005
Tc =0.5
Tf =15
Te =10
d =3
1 1
xm/x0
b
0.001 0.001 f 1
0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100 0.5 y 0.5
T (sec)
Ta =0 .035
Tb =0 .125
n
Tc =0 .5
Tf =15
Te =10
Td =3
Normalized peak 0.1 0.1
0.01 0.050.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100
deformations for elasto-plastic T (sec)
n
system and elastic system
Ratio of the
Fig. 6.24 peak deformations
T.K. Datta
Inelastic response spectra 6/8
 Inelastic response spectrum is plotted for :
Dy = x y Vy = ω n x y A y = ω n 2 x y ( 6.39)
 For a fixed value of , and  plots of DY , VY , AY

against Tn are the inelastic spectra or ductility
spectra & they can be plotted in tripartite plot.
 Yield strength of the E-P System.

fy = mA y ( 6 .4 0 )
 Yield strength for a specified  is difficult to
obtain; but reverse is possible by interpolation
technique.
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 6/9
 For a given set of Tn &  , obtain response for

E-P system for a number of f Y .
 Each solution will give a  ; f o  K xo , xo is

maximum displacement of elastic system.
 From the set of f &  , find the desired  &

corresponding f Y .
 Using f Y value, find  for the E-P system.
 Through iterative process the desired f Y

and  are obtained .
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 6/10
 For different values of Tn , the process is

repeated to obtain the ductility spectrum.
1
0.8
0.6  1
fy /w=Ay /g
0.4 1.5
2
0.2 4
8
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Tn (sec)
Fig. 6.25
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 6/11
 From the ductility spectrum, yield strength

to limit  for a given set of Tn & can be
obtained.
2
x
 Peak deformation m = μ x Y = μ A Y ω n.
1 1
 If spectrum for   1  1.5

0.5 2
is known ,it is possible 2
to plot f vs. Tn for

0.37
4
different values of  .
Ry
fy
0.0 5
0.195
0.12  8
0.1 10
Ta =0.035
Tb =0.125
 The plot is shown in
Tc =0.5
Te =10
Tf =15
Td =3
Fig. 6.26. 0.05
0.01 0.050.1 0.5 1 5 10
20
50 100
Tn(sec)
Fig. 6.26
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 7/1
 Above plot for a number of earthquakes are

used to obtain idealized forms of f & Tn .
 1 Tn < Ta


fy = ( 2μ - 1)-1/2 T < Tn < Tc ( 6.41)
b
 -1

 μ Tn > Tc
1  1
 1.5
0.5  2
 4
fy
0.2
 8
0.1 Tc'
Ta =1/33
Tc =1/2
Tb =1/8
Tf =33
Te =10
0.05
0.01 0.050.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100
Fig. 6.27
Tn (sec)
T.K. Datta
Construction of the spectra 7/2
 As RY  1 fY , idealized inelastic design

spectrum for a particular  can be constructed
from elastic design spectrum.
 Inelastic spectra of many earthquakes when

smoothed compare well with that obtained as
above.
 Construction of the spectrum follows the steps

below :
 Divide constant A-ordinates of segment

b  c by RY  2   1 to obtain b'c' .
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 7/3
 Similarly, divide V ord .
Pseudo-velocity V or Vy (log scale)

V xgodD
Elastic design c V =
inates Y 
(c  d ) of Rsegments V /   xg
spectrum
o
xA g
D o
D/ e

c 'by
d' ; to c' d' µ
A=
b
1
( d  e)
µ-
get ; D ordina-
v2
e'
d 'e'
A/
tesRof 
Y segments
b' Inelastic design fD
=x
by f get 
to ; a
spectrum
D/
go
f' µ
f' a'
o
xg
A=
ordinate by to Tb=1/8 sec Te=10 sec
get f ' . e' Ta=1/33 sec Tf=33 sec
DY  xgo  Tn  33 s
 Join a& ' ; draw Natural vibration period Tn (sec) (log
a a '&b
for '
scale)
Illustration of the
1
; take AY as xthe
 go sameTn  s Method
; join . 33 Fig. 6.28
T.K.Draw
Datta
for Response Spectrum Method Of Analysis
Contd.. 7/4
Example 6.7 :
Construct inelastic   2 design spectrum from
the elastic spectrum given in Fig 2.22.
The inelastic design spectrum is drawn & shown

in Fig 6.28b. 10
7
5
Acc.(m/sec 2 ) 10m
Disp.(m)
4
3 Elastic design spectrum
2
1 10g 1m
Inelastic design
0.7
spectrum0.1m
0.5
0.4
1g
0.3
0.2
0.1g
0.1 0.01m
0.07
0.05 0.001m
0.04 0.01g
0.03
0.02
0.0001m
0.001g
0.01
0.007
0.005 1  10 -5 m
0.004 0.0001g
0.003
0.002
Ta Tb Tc Td Te Tf
0.001
0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.50.7 1 2 3 4 5 67 10 20 30 50 70100
Time period (sec)
(b)
Inelastic design spectrum for  = 2

Fig. 6.28b
T.K. Datta
7/5
Ductility in multi-storey frames
 For an SDOF, inelastic spectrum can provide
design yield strength for a given ; maximum
displacement under earthquake is found as  x y
 For multi-storey building , it is not possible
because
 It is difficult to obtain design yield strength of
all members for a uniform .
 Ductility demands imposed by earthquake on
members widely differ.
 Some studies on multi - storey frames
are summarized here to show how ductility
demands vary from member to member
when designed using elastic spectrum for
uniform .
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 7/6
 Shear frames are designed following seismic

coefficient method ; VBY is obtained using
inelastic spectrum of El centro earthquake
for a specified ductility & storey shears
are distributed as per code.
 Frames are analysed assuming E-P behaviour

of columns for El centro earthquake.
 The storey stiffness is determined using

seismic coefficient method by assuming
storey drifts to be equal.
T.K. Datta
Contd.. 7/7
 Results show that
For taller frames,  are larger in upper & lower

stories; decrease in middle storeys.
Deviation of storey ductility demands from the

design one increases for taller frames.
In general demand is maximum at the first

storey & could be 2-3 times the design 
Study shows that increase of base shear by

some percentage tends to keep the  demand
within a stipulated limit.
T.K. Datta
T.K. Datta

Seismic Analysis of Structures III

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Seismic Analysis of Structures III

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Chapters – 5 & 6

Response spectrum method is favoured by

 It provides a technique for performing an

 It allows a clear understanding of the

 It offers a simplified method for finding the

 It is also useful for approximate evaluation

 For seismic design, these maximum stresses are

 Equivalent lateral force for an earthquake is

 The equivalence is restricted to a single mode of

 Using the acceleration response spectrum, an

 Maximum modal responses are combined to

 Using modal transformation, uncoupled sets of

 Elastic force on the system in the ith mode

 Eq 5.4 can be written

 The maximum elastic force

 Using f s i max  ,Eqn

xi is the absolute maximum value of

 Actual time history analysis shows modal peaks

Top floor displacement (m) 0.2

(a) Top storey displacement

(b) First generalized displacement

Second generalized displacement (m)

(c) Second generalized displacement

Fig 5.1 (contd.)

 When frequencies are not well separated, some

 Second term is valid for i j & includes the effect

 Due to the second term, the peak response may be

 Various expressions for i j are available; here

 Both SRSS & CQC rules for combining peak modal

Fig 5.2 shows the variation of i j with frquency

Raw PSDF from fourier spectrum

Fourier spectrum of El Centro

φ 1T =  -1 -0.871 -0.520 -0.278  ; φ 2T =  -1 -0.210 0.911 0.7 52 

2 modes all modes 2 modes all modes 2 modes all modes

ABSSUM 0.9621 0.971 1134.546 1152.872 0.228 0.223

 Following steps are adopted:

 DYN d.o.f are 2 translations & a rotation; centers

 Apply unit load to each dyn d.o.f. one at a

 Repeat the same steps as described for 2D

C.G. of mass line

Results are obtained following the steps of

0.1431 0.0034 0.0020 214547 44081

 It is assumed that future earthquake is

 Peak factors in each mode of vibration and the

S d like Eqn. 5.16 is established

 Mean peak value of any response quantity r

Using normal mode theory, uncoupled

 Total response is given by

 φ β a nd z are vectors of size m x s (for s=3 &

 Performing integration over the frequency range

 luu , lu z and lz z are the correlation matrices

whose elements are given by:

 If only relative peak displacement is required,third

 Steps for developing the program in MATLAB is

3 1 1 1  2111 21 21 2131 22 12  22  22  22 32 

 0.0382 0.0061 0.0027 0.0443 0.0062 0.0029 

 1 0.0008 0.0001 0.0142 0.0007 0.0001 

 It is seen that’s the results of RHA & RSA match

 Another example (example 3.10) is solved for a time

Solution is obtained in the same way and results

 In this context, floor response spectrum of the

The absolute acceleration of the floor in the figure

 Pseudo acceleration spectrum of an SDOF is

peak displacement of the