Introduction

This book is intended for AL-IMRA students who are learning

English language as second language. The aim is not only to
equip the students with the fundamental of English language but
also to guide them in the use of modern English in a
comprehensive manner.
Though students would find it equally useful, the entire
introduction material has been organized in unites. Each Unit
takes up a particular item or usage deals with it in simple. Direct
and clear manner. The emphasis throughout is on the functional
aspect of tenses. As such the examples showing usage and cover
all major variation in use, in preparing the material the needs and
difficulties of non-native learners of English have been kept in
view. Thus, the book contains lessons and tenses as well as other
types of material for the practice of grammatical structures.
This book is designed for intermediate and upper-intermediate
levels. The lessons contain this book are set by according to the
standard of the students, so at the end of every lesson there are
New Words written below with their part of speech as well as
their meaning in Somali language. Those words with their
pronunciation (British & America) have been recorded CD
available now.

Conversation (1)
A. What is your native country?
B. I am an American boy.

Tel: +251915112343 Email: dayr150@hotmail.com November 2017

 A. Don’t tell me lie, you are not an American boy because
American people are white and tall but you are black and
short, so don’t pretend someone who is an American
boy.
B. Don’t you know that some American people are black
and short?
A. Yes, I know that, but if you are an American boy, what
has brought you here?
B. I came here to visit my mother because my mother is
Somali.
New Words 1
Native (adj) Muwaadin Tall (adj) dheer
White (adj) Cadaan Pretend (v) iska dhigid
Bring (v) keened Lie(n) Been
Short (adj) gaaban Visit (v) booqasho
Conversation (2)
A. How are you feeling?
B. May you repeat that again?
A. I repeated that two times, and you didn’t hear me, so are
you deaf?
B. No, I am not deaf, but you are speaking slowly, so raise
your voice in order to hear what you are saying.
A. How are you feeling?
B. Oh! You are using a new sentence which I didn’t hear
before now, so can you explain it to me?
A. Yes, I can explain it to you, “how are you feeling”
means “how are you”.
New Words 02
Repeat (v) ku celin
Hear (v) maqlid
Raise (v) kor u qaadid
Sentence (n) Jumlad
New (adj) cusub
Deef (adj) dhagoole
Slowly (adv) si tartiib ah
Use (v) isticmaalid
Voice (n) cod
Explain (v) sharaxid

Conversation (3)
A. Can you tell me some information about Somalia?
B. Yes, I can tell you, Somalia is located Africa continent
especially horn of Africa, the population is nine Million,
it has two rivers, there are five regions in the country and
the religion is Islam, they have interim president, and
their president is honest.
A. Do you hope to go abroad now?
B. No, I didn’t hope to go abroad now because I want to
work for my land.

New Words 03
Information (n) warbixin
Continent (n) Qaarad
Horn (n) Gees
Rivers (n) Wabiyo
Religion (n) diin
President (n) Madax-weyne
Hope (n) Rajayn
Specially (adj) Gaar ahaan
Population (n) Mushtamac
Regions (n) Gobolo
Interim (adj) Ku meel gadh ah
Honest (adj) daacad ah
Land (n) dhul
Abroad (n) dibada
Work for (v) U shaqeyn Location (n) Ku Oolid

Conversation (4)
A. What is the difference between teacher and students?
B. I didn’t hear you, and I didn’t understand you, so what
did you say?
A. I said to you “Can you tell me the difference between
teacher and student?”
B. Really, I can tell you the difference between teacher and
student, but you must listen to me carefully.
Teacher is someone who teaches you something which
you don’t know, and student is someone who learns
something which he doesn’t know.
New Words 04
Difference (n) faraq Really (v) Xaqiiqdii
Understand (v) Fahmid Carefully (adv) si taxadar leh
Listen to (v) dhageysi Learn (v) barasho
Teach (v) dhageysi Between (prep) u dhaxeeya
Conversation (5)
Which is better to study Arabic or English?
Arabic is better than English
Why can you prove that?
Yes, I can prove that because Quran is written Arabic,
and Arabic is better language which will be spoken in
the doomsday, so that is why Arabic is better than
English.
If Arabic Is better than English, why do you learn
English?
 As you know if you don’t know English, you can’t get a
jab; even if you go to the other country, so you can’t
understand the people of that country, so that is why I
learn English.
New words (5)
Prove (v) caddeyn Study (v) Barasho
Doomsday(n) yomal qiyame Language (n) luuqad
Get (v) helid

Conversation (6)
A. Today I am ready to ask you many questions, so will
you answer all my questions?
B. I will answer every question that you ask me; but
don’t ask me difficult questions, I mean ask me
logical questions
A. I will ask you easy question as A.B.C
B. Ok, Start, what is your first question?
A. My first question is what is the difference between “how
are you” and “how do you do”.
B. That is an easy question, and listen “how are you is used
for someone whom you know very well and “how do
you do” is used for someone whom you don’t know very
well.

New Words 6
Ready (adj) Diyaar ah ask (v) weydiin
Question (n) su’aal Answer (v) ka
Jawaabid
 Difficult (adj) Adag Mean (v) Ula jeedo
Logical (adj) Macquul ah Easy (adj) fudud
Start (v) bilaabid first (adj) ugu
horeyn

Conversation (7)
A. Do you know where Al-Imra School is located?
B. Yes, I know but what do you want it?
A. I want to join it, so can you please tell me where it
is situated on?
B. First, where transfer from?
A. I transferred from another school.
B. How long have been searching for it?
A. I have been searching for it for two months.
B. You must follow me, and I will show you only
where it is situated on.
New words 7
Join (v) ku biirid situated on (adj) ku oolid
Transfer from (v) soo bedelasho Searching for (v) raadin
Follow (v) Raacid Show (v) Tusid
Conversation (8)
A. You always look for something, are you absent-minded?
B. No, I am not absent-minded, but I am forgetful person.
A. What are you looking for now?
B. I am looking for the mirror and the comb.
A. I thing that they have fallen from the table into ground, so
why didn’t you look for among these books?
B. I looked for them among these books and I missed them.
New words 8
Looking for (v) radin absent-minded (adj) maqane joga
Forgetful (adj) ilowshe badan Mirror (n) muraayad
Comb (n) Shanlo/ gadhfeedh Think (v) u maleyn
Fall (v) dhicid Table (n) miis
Ground (n) dhul Miss (v) waayid

Conversation (9)
A. What will you be when you grow up?
B. I will be a soldier.
A. That is lovely job, but why did you choose to be a soldier?
B. Because I want to defend my country from the enemy, and
keep the security of the country, so what will you be when
you grow up?
A. I will be a doctor?
B. That is necessary job, but why do you choose to be a
doctor?
A. Because I want to cure the sick people and fight against the
diseases.

New words 09
Grow up (v) weynaansho
Lovely (adj) la jecelaysan karo
Defend (v) difaacid
Keep (v) ilaalin
Soldier (n) Askari
Choose (v) doorasho
enemy (n) Cadow
Security (n) Amaan
Necessary (adj) Muhiim ah cure (v) daweyn
Sick (adj) Xanuunsanaaya Disease (n) Cudur
Fight against (v) la dagaalamid

Conversation (10)
A. Where is the book which you took from me?
B. Don’t mistake me for somebody else, look at me very
well.
A. I know you very well, don’t deny my book, give me my
book; otherwise, I will arrest you because I am a soldier.
B. Don’t claim a soldier because someone like you can’t be
a soldier, I think you are spy.
A. Please, shame on you, and don’t insult me because Allah
doesn’t allow insulting words.
New words 10
Take form me (v) ka qadasho Mistake for (v) ku khaldid
Look at (v) eegid deny (v) dafirid
Give (v) siin arrest (v) xidhid
Claim (v) sheegasho spy (v) basaas
Shame on (v) isku xishood insult (v) caayid
Allow (v) Ogolaansho

Conversation (11)
A. Can you help me please?
B. Yes, I can help you but what do you want and where are
from?
 A. First, I am guest, I am from Canada, and I need you to tell
me the situation of this country.
B. First, this country is peaceful land, and it has an honest
president.
A. Can you point me best hotel that I can sleep tonight?
B. Yes, you can sleep Hamda Hotel, take this road when you
reach the long way of the city, you will see Hamda Hotel.

New words (11)

Help (v) caawin guest (n) Marti
Need (v) baahasho situation (n) xaalad
Peaceful (adj) manad ah point (v) tilmaamid
Sleep (v) seexasho road (n) Wado/ jid
Reach (v) gaadhid long (adj) dheer
Way (n) waddo/ jid city (n) magaalo
Lecture (12)
I am very glad to stand in front of you although it is my first time
to stand in front of you, and the aim that I have stood here is only
to suggest lecture about English, so listen to me carefully.
As you know there are many different languages in the world.
But the most important language is English, so let me tell you the
easiest way that you can learn this language. There are four ways
that you can learn it easily, and four ways are Speaking, Writing,
Reading and listening, but speaking is the best way of learning
this language because there is an English proverb which says
“more practice makes you perfect” so I am advising the students
to speak English where ever they are and not to be shy of their
brothers because if you are bashful person, you can’t learn
anything.
I want to conclude my lecture since the time doesn’t permit me
to prolong my lecture, and I am thanking my own teacher who
allowed me to suggest lecture about English and also the students
who listened to me kindly.
New words (12)
Glad (adj) faraxsan stand (v) istaagid
Aim (n) ujeedo suggest (v) soo jeedin
Difference (adj) kala duwan important (adj) muhiim ah
Easy (adv) fudud Conclude (adv) gabo gabeyn
Shy of (adj) xishoonaya bashful (adj) xishood badan
Thank (v) u mahad celin Permit (v) ogolansho
Prolong (v) sii dheereyn kindly (adv) si naxariis leh
Conversation (13)
A. Why do the boys insult girls?
B. We boys, we don’t like to insult the girls because we don’t
know them from the people.
A. Don’t deny, you always tease them.
B. We were not sent to abuse them, we always like to share
conversation with them, but they are afraid of us.
A. Don’t tell me lie against the girls, they are not afraid of
you, and if you say that again, you will see something else
with your eyes.
New words (13)
Tease (v) aflagaadeyn send (v) dirid
Abuse (v) fadeexadeyn share (v) wadaagid
Afraid of (v) ka cabsasho Eye (n) il
Tell lie against (v)been ka sheegid
Conversation (14)
A. I used to see you in Kenya, so what has brought you
here?
B. I came here last week so as to get a job because someone
told me that Ethiopian government established many
companies those will produce oil, mineral and gold.
A. Really, you can imagine how happy I am, I didn’t expect
to see you here so you know that you helped me well
when I was in Kenya, and I must help you now but the
offices are closed, well come back tomorrow, I will
follow you every place that you want since you don’t
know this country.
New words (14)
Government (n) dowlad establish (v) Aas-aasid
Company (n) shirkad produce (v) soo saarid
Oil (n) saliid mineral (n) macdan
Gold (n) Dahab Imagine (v) qiyaasid
Happy (adj) faraxsan expect (v) rajeyn
Office (n) xafiis closed (adj) xidhan
Come back (v) soo noqosho go with (v) U raacid
Conversation (15)
A. Who is the worst student in our class?
B. First, why didn’t you greet me?
 A. Is it compulsory to greet you?
B. No, it is not compulsory but when two persons meet in
their first time, they must greet each other because
greeting is between infidels and Muslims.
A. I have an accord that I can do whatever I like and I don’t
greet mad person like you.
B. First, calm down second, if you are mad, I am madder
than you.
New words (15)
Worst (adj) ugu xun greet (v) salaamed
Compulsory (adj) khasab ah meet (v) kulmid
Infidel (n) gaal accord (n) ikhtiyaar
Mad (n) waalan calm down (v) dajin
Conversation (16)
A. I am fond of making conversation with you.
B. I know that, but you don’t deserve to make me
conversation with me because you know nothing about
English.
A. My friend, if you are clever student, answer this
question. Why English become the most international
language in the world?
B. Don’t ask me what someone else prepared for you, but
ask me what your teacher taught you, and I will
answer your question. English Colony colonized many
countries, so that is why English has become the most
intentional language in the world.
New Words (16)
Fond of (v) ka helid deserve (v) u qalmid
Clever (adj) xariif ah become (v) ahaansho
Intertional (adj) caalami ah prepared (v) diyaarin
Colony (n) gumeysi colonized (v) gumeysasho
Conversation (17)
A. Why are you laughing at me?
B. I am not laughing at you but I have just remembered
something which happened to me once so don’t think that I am
laughing at you.
A. Didn’t you hear an English proverb which says “don’t laugh
at the people but laugh with them” so it is impolite to you to
laugh the people.
B. Another English proverb which says “look before you leap”
so you must know what I am laughing.
A. Leave that, why do you wink at the girls?
B. It doesn’t concern you, mind you own business and don’t
interfere with my affairs.
New Words (17)
Laugh at (v) ku qoslid remember (v) Xusuusasho
Happen (v) dhicid Impolite (adj) edeb daro
Leap (v) boodid Leave (v) dhaafid
Wink at (v) u il jabin Concern (v) khuseyn
Mind (v) qabsasho business (n) shaqo
Interfere (v) faro galin affair (n) arrin
Conversation (18)
A. How is your condition?
B. My condition is very well.
A. How can I know that your condition is very well?
B. You can know how I am speaking to you now.
A. Anyhow, why do you always stammer ever you speak to me?
Please don’t be afraid of me.
B. How can I be afraid of you since you are good for nothing?
A. First, don’t shot as a goat and calm down. Second, I am
advising you not to be in front of the people since you can’t also
understand what I am saying now.
New Words (18)
Condition (n) Xaalad stammer (v) gaa-gaaleyn
Shout (v) qeyli goat (v) ri’

Conversation (19)
A. What do you like to make use of your leisure tim?
B. I spend my leisure time on gambling places, strolling with my
friends, and some other things those can’t be told here.
A. I seek refuge into Allah from the mischief curse Satan, what
happened my brother, repent of Allah who created you from clot
of blood and make use of your precious time while you are
young.
B. Do you mean, don’t relax and close up your eyes white world
as blind man?
A. Oh! Do me a favour, and my Allah guide you in the straight
path.
New Words (19)
Make use of (v) ka faa’iideysi Leisure (n) firaaqo
Spend (v) kharash gareyn Gamble (v)
khamarid
Stroll (v) damashadid Mischief (n) shar
Cursed (adj) nacdalan Satan (n) sheydaan
Repent (v) toobad keenid Create (v) Abuurid
Clot (n) Xinjir Blood (n) Dhiig
Precious (adj) qaali ah Young (adj) da’ yar
Relax (v) raaxeysasho Close up (v)
daboolasho
Blind (adj) indhoole Favour (n) axsaan
Guide (v) hanuunin straight (adj) toosan
Path (n) dariiq

Conversation (20)
A. I am very pleasant to share conversation with you.
B. I know that, but you are not allowed to share conversation
with me because you always make a mistake whenever you
speak to me.
A. Have you seen any mistake in my sentence? Please don’t
despise me.
B. It is great honor for me to despise you because you always
speak broken English.
A. It is clear that you are ignorant and answer this question,
where is Somalia located?
B. What a foolish person that you are! This is an easy question
and listen Somalia is located Africa continent especially horn of
Africa, and the capital city is Mugadishu.

New Words (19)

Pleasant (adj) faraxsan
Great (adj) weyn
Broken (adj) Khariban
Ignorant (adj) jaahil ah
Capital city (n) Caasimad
despise (v) quudhsasho
Honor (n) sharaf
clear (adj) cad
foolish (adj) nacas ah

Conversation (21)
A. Why do you always shiver whenever you speak to me?
B. Please, don’t scandalize me in front of these various students,
and don’t use what someone else build for you, but memorize
what your teacher teaches you.
A. Really, it is not my dignity to scandalize you, but I need you
to make use of me.
B. What the tedious person that you are! How I can make use of
you since you are using broken English? Please be after me, I
will show you good English.
New Words (21)
Shiver (v) gariirid scandalize (v) dacayadeyn
Various (adj) kala duwan build (v) dhisid
Memorize (v) xafidid dignity (n) sharaf
Tedious (adj) maraan
Conversation (22)
A. I dream last night.
B. What did you dream?
A. I dream that we are going to America.
B. That is strange dream, so where have been nowadays?
A. I was nowhere, but I was looking for a girl who deserves me
my father sent me much money and letter, and he told me in this
letter, that I must marry a beautiful girl.
B. Did you get a girl who deserves you?
A. No, but as you know you are a beautiful girl, so what you see
if I make relationship with you?
B. No, I don’t want to make relationship with you.
A. Why are you refusing me? Am I ugly?
B. No, you are not ugly but I don’t reach the age of the marriage.
New Words (22)
Dream (v) riyo strange (adj) cajiib ah
Letter (n) warqad money (n) lacag
Marry (v) guursasho beautiful (adj) qurux badan
Relationship (n) xidhidh Refuse (adj) diidid
Ugly (adj) fool xun age (n) da’
Marriage (n) guur

Lecture (23)
It is great pleasure for me to appear ahead of you and present
how tobacco seriously damages health, so please be attention my
speech. Everybody has habit which he is different from other
people, some people like listening to the radio, and others hate it.
But you can see some people who like smoking cigarette, and
smoke cigarette is one of the dangerous habits because smoking
cigarette hurts your lungs even it causes many diseases such as
“Cancer” and as we hear from the radio, this disease can’t be
cured. On the other hand, there are some women who smoke it,
and it is dangerous for the pregnant women. Finally, I am
requesting all the factories those produce cigarette to reduce their
production, so thank you for your listening.
New Words (23)
Pleasure (n) farxad appear (v) muuqasho
Present (v) soo bandhig seriously (adv) aad
Damage (v) wax yeeleyn health (n) caafimad
Pay (v) bixin attention (v) foojignaan
Habit (n) balwad different from (adj) kala duwan
Hate (v) nicid dangerous (adj) khatar ah
Hurt (v) dhaawicid lung (n) sanbab
Cause (v) sababid
Smoke (v) cabid/jaqid
Finally (adv) ugu danbeyn
Factory (n) warshad
Production (n) waxsoo saar
cure (v) daweyn
pregnant (adj) uur leh
request (v) codsasho
reduce (v) dhimid
kind (n) naxariis

Conversation (24)
A. I am very keen on talking about your group.
B. Really you are not wanted to talk about our group.
A. Why are you refusing me to talk about your group?
B. Really, I know you profoundly, so you habituated to gossip
some people those absent from you, but don’t you know that the
gossip is one of the illegal actions?
A. Yes, I know that, but I didn’t habituate to gossip someone
who is absent from me because my reputation is bigger than that,
so you know that your group will compete with our group but
how do you think your group?
B. Oh! Really that is great idea, but I am expecting that our
group will succeed in this competition because our group always
successful group.

New Words (24)

Keen on (adj) ka helid talk about (v) ka hadlid
Group (n) Koox profoundly (adv) si
qododheer
Habituate (v) caadeysasho
Absent (adj) maqnaansho
Reputation (n) sumcad
Idea (n) fikrad
guleysasho
Competition (n) tartan
gossip (v.n) xamasho/xan
illegal (adj) sharci daro
compete (v) tartamid
succeed (v) ku
successful (adj) guul leh

Conversation (25)
A. What are you expecting today?
B. I am expecting to get someone who can share this precious
opportunity with me.
A. What do you mean?
B. I mean, I need to get someone who can make this dedicated
dialogue with me?
A. First, what do you know?
B. I know English well.
A. You know nothing about English, so keep your broken
English from the sagacious men like me.
B. Don’t despise me; don’t you remember that I used to horrify
you with my admirable conversation?
A. What nincompoop person what you are! Really, I can’t but up
with your nonsensical speech, but I know you deeply, you used
to shiver and mimic.
B. Hi gay! Stop squabbling; otherwise, I will horrify you once
again. New Words (25)
Dedicated (adj) Hibo ah Opportunity (n) fursad
Sagacious (adj) caaqil ah horrify (v) waabsasho
Admirable (adj) loo bogi karo nincompoop (adj) doqon
Put up (v) u dulqaadasho nonsensical (adj)
Deeply (adv) si qoto dheer mimic (v) gagaleyn
Stop (v) joojin squabble (v) murmid
Conversation (26)
A. Why do you play truant from the school yesterday?
B. Said what!?
A. I have said, why did you play truant from the school
yesterday, so have you any logical reason for your absence, or
have you any justification for it?
B. You are, in fact, insolent student, so don’t exhaust me with
questions those you have stolen from somebody else, but ask me
questions those you can be understood.
A. I have just realized that you are good for nothing, so don’t
appear ahead of me; otherwise, you will take your heals.
B. Please, don’t waste our precious opportunity, and don’t
disgrace me, so I don’t want you to speak foolishly as you have
just spoken.
New Words 26
Play truant (v) u jarid reason (n) sabab
Absence (n) maqnaansho justification (n) cudurdaar
In fact (prep) xaqiiqdii insolent (adj) edeb daran
Exhaust (v) daalin stoleal (v) xadid
Realize (v) xaqiiqsasho Heels (n) cidhibo
Waste (v) dayicid disgrace (v) was u dhimid
Foolishly (adv) si nacasnimo leh
Conversation (27)
A. Listen to me my friend whenever you speaking to someone,
you must respect him and allow him to speak to you therefore, let
us talk quietly and don’t start quarrel because there is an English
proverb which says “don’t trouble trouble till trouble troubles
you” even if you start quarrel, don’t you know that I am
quarrelsome student then it will be difficult for you to understand
my speech.
B. Really your speech is nonsense today you memorized some
words that someone else build for you, so don’t pretend someone
who speak English better than I do.
A. I think that you got angry, so let me apologize to you for that
saying to you, excuse me.
New words 27
Respect (v) ixtiraamid quarrel (n) muran
Trouble (v) rabshid trouble (n) rashbad
Quarrelsome (adj) muranlow nonsense (n) macno daro
Angry (v) cadheysan excuse (v) raali galin
Apologize (v) raali galin
Conversation (28)
A. I am very glad to converse with you although your
conversation is boring one.
B. Don’t despise me, it is impolite to despise the people; but if
you are haughty, I am haughtier than you, and there is an English
proverb which says “haughtier, shy and proud person can’t learn
anything” first, you must you must speak quietly; otherwise, the
audience won’t hear your speech.
A. You have just advised me not to be shy, don’t you know that
the shyness is half of the faith?
B. Yes, I know that, but when you are learning something or
spreading the religion, shyness is taboo from you; and I am more
experienced than you at side of the religion.
New Words 28
Converse with (v) la sheekeysi boring (adj) xiiso lahayn
Haughty (adj) kibraani proud (adj) qabweyni
Quietly(adv) si dagan audience (n)
dhageystayaal
Shyness (adj) xishood faith (n) iimaan
Experienced (adj) khibrad leh
Conversation (29)
A. Friend of mine, since you were inaugurated the manager of
this company, why don’t you apply yourself to employ me?
B. First, where were you acquainted with me?
A. Really, I am not acquainted with you by name, but I am
acquainted with you by sight.
B. Really, you mistook me for somebody else, but I am not
familiar with you.
A. Aren’t you aware of that once you said to me, “I will assist
you if I get any vacant position from her”?
B. You are really obstinate person, and you determined to waste
my time on your nonsensical speech, so let me proceed my job.
New words 29
Inaugurate (v) Caleemo saarid manager (n)
Maareeye
Apply (v) isku taxalujin Employ (v) shaqaaleysiin
Acquainted (adj) garanaaya sight (n) aragti
Familiar (adj) aqoon u leh aware (adj) ka warqabid
Assist (v) caawin vacant (adj) banana
Position (n) jago obstinate (adj) cadaan ah
Determine (v) go’aansasho proceed (v) siiwadasho
Conversation (30)
A. First let me thank the almighty Allah who created us from clot
of blood, the day of judgement the provider whom we shall
return second, you must converse with me precisely.
B. Above all, are you reciting a poem as a poet? Really your
accent is neither British nor American, so you know that you are
my host, and guests must be welcomed cordially, amicably and
frankly.
A. I can’t tolerate you abusive although I don’t like to
demoralize notice person like you, but you have to know that
little knowledge is danger; and if you have to behaving like this,
you will endanger you self, so did you get light my speech?
B. I can’t really restrain my anger when I set my eyes one
chatter-box like you, but no matter since you scandalized me in
front of these various students, I will defeat you once.
New Words 30
Almighty (adj) Awood weyn leh judgment (n) xukun
Provider (n) irsaaqe return (v) ku
noqosho
Precisely (adv) si qeexan recite (v) tirin
Poem (n) gabey poet (n) gabyaa
Accent (n) lahjad host (n) marti-soore
Welcome (v) soo dhaweyn cordially (adv) si lab furan
Amicably (adv) si saxibtinimo frankly (adv) waji furan
Tolerate (v) u dulqaadasho novice (n) bilow
Little (adj) yar knowledge (n) aqoon
Danger (n) khatar behave (v) ku dhaqmid
Endanger (n) khatar galin get light (v) fahmid
Restrain (v) xajin/ xanibid chatter-box(n) nacable
Matter (v) dhibaato defeat (v) ka guuleysasho

Conversation (31)
A. Let us resume our previous topic.
B. Really, I don’t want to resume it, but I am so much concerned
about what you acclimatized nowadays.
A. I can’t perceive your speech, but can you discover what I
acclimatized nowadays?
B. You always try to keep up with the graduates, since you are
notice, what compelled you to do that?
A. Unfortunately, you misconceived my deed, but I only wanted
to make use of them.
B. I don’t really think so, but how can you figure out their
version since you don’t know how to connect two words.
A. I can’t endure the evil deeds that you are doing now, but any
ostentation is not required here, so change this bad character that
you deal with the people.
New Words 31
Resume (v) ambaqaadid Previous (adj) hore
Topic (n) mawduuc Acclimatize (v)
caadeysasho
Perceive (v) fahmid Discover (v) shaac ka
qadid
Try (v) isku deyid keep up with (v) la
qabsasho
Graduate (n) qalin-jabid compel (v) ku khasbid
Concerned about (adj) ka walacsan Unfortunately (adv)
nasiib daro
Misconceive (v) khalad u fahmid Deed (n) camal
Figure out (v) fahmid version (n) hadal
Connect (v) isku xidhid endure (v) u dulqaadasho
Evil (adj) xun change (v) bedelid
Character (n) dabeecad obstentation (n) istusnimo
Require (v) u baahasho.

Conversation (32)
A. Since I am crazy about making ordinary confab, will maintain
it with me?
B. If it possible one, I will maintain it with you.
A. As you know my friend, some of our students accustomed to
go their home directly whenever their period finishes, but why
don’t they make confab?
B. They misunderstood the meaning of making confab.
A. However, the case, how can they increase their speech if they
don’t make conversation?
B. Of my point of my view, they can’t increase their speech
without making conversation because there is an English proverb
which says “more practice makes perfect” So they are wanted to
converse one another whenever they are.
New Words 32
Crazy about (adj) ku baas ordinary (adj) cadi ah
Maintain (v) sii wadid possible (adj) suuragal ah
Accustom (v) caadeysasho directly (adv) si toos ah
Period (n) xiisad finish (v) dhamaystirid
Case (n) xaalad/arin increase (v) kordhin
Confab (n) wadosheekeysi Misunderstood (v) khalad
fahmid
Conversation (33)
A. Let us concentrate political affairs.
B. Before we focus on anything, let me interrogation that
someone asks me but I came here to converse with you, anyhow
let the cat out of the bag.
A. As you know my friend that the world changed but how does
it seems to you?
B. Really you questioned me unquestionable question which
can’t be question to the gentles like me, so you have to know that
the world didn’t change but the society changed; when the
people had exchanged their ideas, they developed it.
New Words 33
Concentrate (v) diirad sarid political (adj) siyaasadeed
Focus (v) diirad saarid interrogate (v) su’aalid
Seem (v) ula ekaansho respond (v) ka jawabid
Gentle (n) akhyaar question (v) su’aalid
Exchange (v) isweydaarsi develop (v) horumarin
Unquestionable (adj) aan su’aal ahayn
Conversation (34)
A. Since we are tired of making about ourselves, let us focus on
the advantage of this language.
B. Really you don’t know how I am angry with you because you
always speak so fast, but you want to deceive the students with
your sentences which can’t be rectified, so classify your speech if
you want me to proceed this topic with you.
A. “familiarity breeds contempt” really you disseminated fault
against me, so you are aware of that I am experienced in
speaking this language correctly and practically; but if I had
known that you can’t make out my speech, I would not have
spoken to you.
B. Actually, I acknowledge that your speech is null and void
because you always mispronounce that words, so you have to
improve your speech before you converse with somebody.
New Words 34
Tired (adj) daalan advantage (n) faa’iido
So fast (adv) si deg-deg ah deceive (v) khiyaameyns
Rectify (v) sixid classify (v) kala saarid
Breed (v) dhalin contempt (n) xaqiraad
Disseminate (v) faafin fault (n) khalad
Correctly (adv) si sax ah make out (v) fahmid
Actually (adv) xaqiiqdii acknowledge (v) qirid
Improve (v) hagaajin Familiar (n) aqoon isu yelasho
Practically (adv) si la taban karo Null and void (adj) waxba
ahayn
Mispronounce (v) khalad ugu dhawaaqid.
Lecture (35)
Good evening all of you I am really so glad to stand here and
express my sentiment, if I go down mu lecture, as you are aware
of there are many things banned in the class as squabbling
aimlessly, tittering and also grumbling, so these I have just
mentioned above are not really what to be concealed because
they are specific things which may disgrace our prestige, but I
specifically condemn the students those talk meaninglessly
whenever they are in the class.
It is possible your fellow can tempt you but you have to notify
him not to bother you when you are busy writing or listening to
you teacher’s address. One the other hand, there are some
students who are intruders and accustomed to interrupt the
students, so those students though that the education is farcical
things, but keep in your mind that is not so. In conclusion, I
would like to thank my own teacher who allowed me to spread
my words frankly, and also the students who listened to me
kindly.
New Words 35
Express (v) cabirid sentiment (n) aragti
Go down (v) u dhaadhicid ban (v) mamnuucid
Titter (v) qoslid grumble (v) gununicid
Mention (v) xusid conceal (v) qarin
Specific (adj) khaas ah condemn (v) canbaareyn
Specifically, (adv) si khaas ah bother (v) rabshid
Fellow (n) saaxiib tempt (v) duufsasho
Notify (v) ogaysiin prestige (n) sharaf
Busy (adj) mashquulsan address (n) hadal
Intruder (n) dhabqiye interrupt (v) dhexgalid
Education (n) waxbarasho farcical (v) khiyaali
Keep in (v) ku hayn conclusion (n) gabo gabeyn
Aimlessly (adv) si ujeedo la’aana.
Conversation (36)
A. Availing yourself of this precious opportunity what are you
going to concentrate on?
B. I want to concentrate on the students those congregate in one
place together but why do they congregate?
A. They want to receive their benefit from one another.
B. On the other hand, some of those students pursue one’s
mistake but the question is what obligated those students to
pursue one’s mistake?
A. If I consider your attitude towards what you have just talked
about, it is obligation to pursue one’s mistake because the
conversation my not be dramatic one if your defect is not
rectified.
B. Is your mind only to correct one’s mistake?
A. Appease your anger and let us persuade our impression each
other, if the person doesn’t speak accurate speech you can’t
understand his speech.
New Words 36
Avail (v) ka fa’iideysi congregate (v) isku ururid
Together (adv) wado jir receive (v) kala helid
Benefit (n) faa’iido pursue (v) dabo galid
Obligate (v) ku waajibid consider (v) tixgelin
Attitude (n) fikrad obligation (n) waajib
Dramatic (adj) xiiso leh defect (n) khalad
Correct (v) sixid appease (v) dajin
Accurate (adj) sax ah

Conversation (37)
A. Magazines are full of advertisement and they persuade the
girls to purchase cosmetics so why do the girls beautify
themselves and use cosmetics such as Henna, lipstick,
eyeshadow, and some other chemical things that I can’t mention
here.
B. Let me give you further details about that, really cosmetics
enable the girls to get a marriage because some men appreciate
beautiful girls, so that is why they use cosmetics vigorously.
A. On the other hand, some of those girls wear transparent
clothes and walk on the roads that their hair uncover so aren’t
they ashamed of themselves?
B. Really those girls thought that they have an accord that they
can do whatever they like.
A. I don’t like to motivate the girls’ spirit, but they transgressed
the commands of our religion.
New Words 37
Full (adj) buuxa advertisement (n) xayeysiis
Purchase (v) iibsasho cosmetic (n) ismaris
Beaufity (v) qurxin lipstick (n) dabno caseyso
Eye-shadow (n) indho kuul chemical (n) kiimikaad
Further (adj) dheeraad ah detail (n) faah-faahin
Enable (v) suuro gal ah appreciate (v) u bogid
Wear(v) xidhasho transparent (adj) khafiif ah
Clothes (n) dhar uncover (v) qaawin
Ashamed (adj) ka xishood motivate (v) kicin
Spirit (n) shucuun/ dareen transgress (v) ku xad gudbid
Command (n) amar vigorously (adv) si laxaad leh

Conversation (38)
A. Why were you seeking for me?
B. I was goanna make confabulation with you.
A. Go head and say and say everything that you made up in min
your mind.
B. I astonished how AL-IMRA teachers and students
exaggerated you but why do they exaggerate you?
A. They really admired how I ejaculate the words like
Americans.
B. Please speak bit by bit.
A. How can I speak gradually since I am an American boy?
B. You pointed yourself American, as the matter of fact your
speech is neither british or American.
A. Hi guy! Don’t worry if you want to be like me, emphasize
your speech and now clear of me.
New words 38
Seek (v) raadin goanna (n) doonid
Astonish (v) la yaabid exaggerate (v) buun-buunin
Admire (v) y bogid ejaculate (v) ku dhawaaqid
Bit by bit (adv) si tartiib ah gradually (adv) si tartiib ah
Worry (v) wel-welid emphasize (v) xoojin

Conversation (39)
A. Let me choose a topic.
B. Really, I know you deeply and I don’t give my priority your
choosing a topic.
A. It is obvious today that you were afraid of me.
B. You’re completely mistaken about me because you’re using
mistaken idea which nobody can rectify so loquacious person
like you, isn’t needed here.
A. Anyhow, tell me the aim that you rejected me to choose a
topic.
B. Aren’t you aware of that some of the students and I are fed up
with your speech.
A. Make me understand the reason that you are fed up with my
speech.
B. To tell you that, you always want you attitudes to be highly
regarded whether they’re needed or not.
A. Sorry for you saying that, but don’t you know that I am the
one who specialized in choosing interesting topics.
B. It is absolutely absurdity to hear that, but I am dissuading you
from taking this wrong opinion, so get rid of it suddenly.
New words 39
Priority (n) ahmiyad
Completely (adv) gebi ahaan
Loquacious (adj) hadal badan
Fed up with (adj) khaatiyaan
Specialize (v) ku takhasusid
Absolutely (adv) gebi ahaan
Absurdity (n) doqonimo
Wrong (adj) khaldan
Get rid of (v) ka takhalusid
obvious (adj) cad
mistaken (adj) khaldan
reject (v) diidid
highly (adv) aad
regard (v) tixgalin
dissuade (v) ka waanin
interesting (adj) xiiso leh
opinion (n) fikrad
suddenly (adv) si deg deg

Conversation (40)
A. I am eager to play your reputation and I am positive that you
can’t make my sentences out if I utilize my sophisticated words.
B. First don’t take wind out of sails because I have read from
your appearance that you are vibrating second correct your
mistake which can’t be mistaken by the novice students.
A. If you keep sight of the words coming from my needle in
haystack, so have you read between the lines my speech?
B. I don’t really appreciate the students who advertise by
themselves.
New Words 40
Eager (adj) danayn positive (adj) hubid
Utilize (v) adeegsi sophisticated (adj) casri ah
Appearance (n) muuqaal vibrate (v) gariirid
Keep sight of (v) arkid needle (n) irbad
Haystack (n) caws advertise (v) xayeysiin
Read between the lines (idm) fahmid

Conversation (41)
A. Courtship is the foundation of the marriage and I reached the
age of the marriage. I mean, I am mature, so I want the girl with
whom I shall share the life comfortably then I want you to be my
fiancée.
B. Courtship isn’t bad but majority of rising generation
particularly the boys started to deceive the girls, so we can’t rely
on them.
A. No, don’t suspect me, I am speaking to you affectionately and
honestly, really you are a beloved girl and I admire your
character, you see me that I am both rich and handsome boy, so
let me make a friendly relationship with you.
B. We girls, we don’t consider money and beauty. Indeed, you
are a handsome boy; however, I am an engaged woman,
New words 41
Courtship (n) haasaawe foundation (n) aasaas
Comfortably (adv) si raaxo leh mature (adj) qaan gaadh
Fiancée (n) gacaliso majority (n) ugu badan
Rising (n) soo kacaya generation (n) jiil
Suspect (v) ka shakiyid rely on (v) isku halayn
Particularly (adv) gaar ahaan honestly (adv) su daacad
ah
Beloved (adj) la jecel yahay rich (adj) raajir/tujaar
Handsome (adj) qurux badan beauty (n) qurux
Indeed (adv) xaqiiqdii Engaged (adv) doonan
Affectionately (adv) si kalgacal ah

Conversation (42)
A.I decided to talk about political affairs because most of the
students are crazy about the policy, so do you agree it with me?
B. No, don’t agree it with you because talking about something
constantly is similar to a boring story, so as to attract and satisfy
the audience we were obliged to talk about social affairs, for
example, education lack of university, increasing drugs, suffering
people and economic problems.
A. All right, if you talk about education, I can say Somali
education lost after the civil war had erupted in that country,
school roofs, books, desks and other important materials were all
looted so that is why we can’t talk about education and bear in
your mind that Somali people became ignorant.
New Words 42
Decide (v) go’aansaho policy (n) siyaasad
Agree (v) ku raacid constantly (adv) si joogta ah
Story (n) sheeko Similar to (adj) la mid ah
Attract (v) soo jiidasho Satisfy (v) qancin
Social (adj) bulsheed Obliged (adj) ku khasban
Drug (n) maandooriye University (n) Jaamacad
Suffer (v) ka deedmid lose (v) lumen
Erupt (v) qarxin civil war (n) dagaal sokeeye
Roof (n) saqafka material (n) qalab
Loot (v) bililiqeysi bear in (v) ku hayn
Economical (adj) dhaqaale ahaan
Conversation (43)
Health isn’t absence of the disease but if it is state of physical
and mental fitness so how can we fit in physically and mentally?
Deficiency of balance diet and environmental population can
effect and imperil our health; they can potentially be menace to
our health.
What do you mean “balanced diet”?
Balanced diet means good mixture of different food that contains
a lot of vitamins.
World census shows that most African countries are not able to
follow diet system due to poverty even they can’t buy highly
nourished food, so that is why most African people complain
about pains in legs, blindness and all those can be ascribed lack
of vitamins.
New words 43
State (n) xaalad physical (adj) muuqaal ahaan
Fitness (n) haboon mental (adj) maskax ahaan
Fit in (v) wanaajin deficiency (n) yaraansho
Diet (n) raashin balanced (adj) dheeli tiran
Pollution (n) wasakhoobid effect (v) wax yeeleyn
Environmental (adj) deegaan ahaan
Imperil (v) khatar gelin
Potentially (adv) suuro gal ahaan
Menace (n) dhib ku hayn mixture (n) isku dar
Contain (v) ku jira poverty (n) faqiir nimo
System (n) hab census (n) xanuuno
Nourished (n) indho-habeeno ascribe (v) u aaneyn
Conversation (44)
I’ve been told that you specialized in curing the dangerous
diseases such as epilepsy, polio, measles, asthma and jaundice so
are able to distinguish for me these marvelous diseases?
First you praised me massively because the diseases that you are
counting are not known by me; I saw only one or two, so why
didn’t you inquire health experts who are able to comment on the
contagious diseases in diseases? But my friend what is matter
with you? You’ve just asked me a question about health and you
are ejecting sputum.
Is there suitable place which you allocated for this?
Of course, everything has a suitable place.
New words 45
Epilepsy (n) suuxdin polio (n) dabeyl
Measles (n) jadeeco asthma (n) neefta
Jaundice (n) cagarshow distinguish (v) kala saarid
Marvelous (adj) la yaable praise (v) amaanid
Inquire (v) waraysasho expert (n) khabiir
Comment (v) faalo ka bixin
Contagious (adj) la isqaadsiin karo
Suitable (adj) ku haboon allocate (v) u qoondeyn
Conversation (45)
Doctor, I want to have interview with you about my illness.
Ok, talk about it.
I’ve been ill for two months, eating no food, speaking to no-one,
going to nowhere and also sweating all night, long once I look
my saliva, urine, feces and sputum, and the doctor told me that I
had epilepsy then I was isolated from the people. Doctor, what
are the symptoms of this disease?
It has various signs which the doctors can understand, so why
didn’t you some to me if the doctor had already told you?
Would I have soon got over it if I had come to you?
Of course, you would have soon got over it.
New words 45
Interview (n) wareysi illness (n) xanuun
Ill (adj) buka sweat (v) dhidid
Saliva (n) candhuf urine (n) kaadi
Feces (n) saxaro isolate (v) takoorid
Symptoms (n) calaamado signs (n) calaamad
Get over (v) bogsasho

Conversation (46)
Let us discuss the world’s problem and let me commence my
question, why did UN impose embargo on Iraq?
First UN is led by American government and this initiative was
initiated by US government because American president wanted
Iraqi people to comply with his orders.
Why was he pressurizing them to conform to his orders?
In my point of view, American president wanted Iraqi people not
to elect again former deposed president who was involved in the
destruction of that country.
Is that true that President Bush failed in his foreign policy?
Yes, he failed in his foreign policy, and his foreign policy
became rampant one because it resulted in American forces to
lose their lives in very country on which battle goes, suppose
Bosnia, Somalia, and Iraq, so it is clear that American
government can’t renounce the world’s problem.
New words 46
Discuss (v) ka hadlid commence (v) bilaabid
Impose (v) ku soo rogid embargo (n) cunaqabateyn
Lead (v) hogaamin imitative (n) hindise
Order (n) Amar pressurize (v) cadaadin
Conform (v) adeecid comply with (v) U
hogaansamid
Destruction (n) burbur involved in (adj) ku lug leh
Depose (v) casilid elect (v) doorasho
Former (adj)hore true (adj) run ah
Foreign (adj) dibada rampant (adj) fraha ka bixid
Result (v) natiijo force (n) ciidan
Battle (n) dagaal renounce (v) ka tanaasulid
Conversation (47)
What about if we talk about the violence which happened in
middle-east?
It great one so talk about it.
As you know my friend, Palestinian people were massacred and
tortured by Israel troops, so why didn’t Muslim countries help
Palestinian Muslims?
Let me tell you something about that wonderful disaster. Arab
leaders took session about that wonderful disaster; unfortunately
they reached no decision because they don’t have a temper to
organize by themselves.
On the other hand, I heard some reports say that President Bush
met his official representatives at white house, and they
discussed the embargo which will be imposed on Iran and also
the Jeopardy which Hezbollah Jeopardized Israel people.
Why didn’t President Bush criticize Iraq government?
Because Iraq didn’t comply with UN’s resolution.
New words 47
Violence (n) rashbad massacre (v) xasuuqid
Torture (v) jidh dilid troop (n) ciidan
Wonderful (adj) la yaab leh disaster (n) masiibo
Session (n) kalafadhi decision (n) go’aan
Temper (n) damiir organize (v) abaabulid
Report (n) warbixin official (adj) rasmi ah
Representative (n) wakiil jeopardy (n) khatar
Jeopardize (v) khatar galin criticize (v) canbaareyn
Resolution (n) qaraar

Conversation (48)
I can’t endure this suffering and this hard life, I please divorce
me.
You are speaking ironically, wonderfully, jealously.
It is not marvelous matter, please if you can’t maintain me,
divorce me.
Although I can’t tolerate your nonsensical speech, tell me what
made of you jealous.
However the case, you started to woo other girls and you forgot
our honey moon so that is what made me jealous.
Don’t scold me because I am free to marry four wives, so you
expired and you became slattern and also quarrelsome woman.
You took me from my family being virgin, buxom and pretty,
and my parents disowned me for the sake of you. I took curse
instead of bless, and I followed you being bald and lame,
although you violated our vow, don’t you know that I have
attractive face?
Yes, I know that you have attractive face which you can deceive
the young generation.
New Words 48
Divorce (v) furid vow (n) cahdi
Maintain (v) masruuf jealous (adj) hinaasan
Woo (v) shukaansasho forget (v) iloobid
Honeymoon (n) dadab gal scold (v) canaanasho
Free (adj) xor ah expire (v) dhicid
Slattern (n) basari family (n) qoys
Virgin (n) bikir buxom (adj) jidh ah
Pretty (adj) qurxoon parent (n) waalid
Disown (v) dayrin curse (n) habaar
Bless (n) duco bald (adj) bidaar
Lame (adj) laangashe violate (v) jabin
Wonderfully (adv) si layaab leh jealously (adv) hinaaso leh
Ironically (adv) jees jees ah attractive (adj) soo jiidsho leh

Conversation (49)
Since I am eloquent person I am speaking to you intellectually,
so today I am goanna talk about something which is important
for the young generation.
It is apparent that you are eloquent person, so use understandable
words.
As you know marriage plays a significant role in the society and
it is also the cornerstone of the population. I still amaze what the
marriage is, according to your theory how does it seem to you?
If I give my huge priority to the marriage, I grant that the
marriage was disgraced by the young people because every
person in the world does what he is thirsty for, but our young
people are not thirsty for getting marriage, so majority of the
young generation not stopped, marriage will not exist.
Although there is mismanagement in the young generation, how
can we avoid the fornication?
To tell you a new impression, we are required to tell our young
people that the marriage is important because if there hadn’t been
marriage, towards increasing the population.
New words 49
Eloquent (adj) aftahan ah fornication (n) mac
Apparent (adj) cad role (n) door
Signification (adj) muhiim ah amaze (v) la yaabid
Cornerstone (n) udub dhexaad theory (n) aragti
Huge (adj) weyn grant (v) qirid
Thirsty (adj) haraadan interest (v) xiiseyn
Adultery (n) macsi exist (v) jiritaan
Mismanagement (n) horumar intellectually (adv) si caaqil
nimo leh
Understandable (adj) la fahmi karo
According to (pre) iyada oo la eegayo

Conversation (50)
Political violence in Somalia intensified and terrified the emotion
of the society since very faction leader began unilateral meeting
which he says “a broad base government will be build without
qualification.” So will tremendous consequence come out from
that?
Although Somalia fragmented into clans, and fierce fights take
place in their capital city, no government can be build
government depends on all the leaders those are rivals for
presidency to be upright one.
Therefore, how can the leaders be united and terminate the
disturbances such as killing and kidnapping foreign to ransom,
aren’t they needed to contemplate?
There is no deal between the factions, and if there is no accord,
nothing can be tackled.
New words 50
Intensify (v) sii xoogaysi terrify (v) argagixin
Emotion (n) dareen faction (n) KOOX
Broad (adj) balaadhan base (n) sal
Qualification (n) shuruuc tremendous (adj) weyn
Consequence (n) natiijo come out (v) soo bixid
Fierce (adj) ba’an depend on (v) ku xidhan
Fragment (v) qeybsamid clan (n) qabiil/ jilib
Rival (n) looltame upright (adj) quamman
Unite (v) mideyn accord (n) heshiis
Disturbance (n) rashbad terminate (v) sii afjarid
Foreigner (n) ajinabi kidnap (v) afduubasho
Deal (n) heshiis ransom (n) madax furasho
Trackle (v furdaamin
Unilateral (adj) aan labo-geesiid ahayn
Presidency (n) madax weynanimo
Contemplate (v) ka baaran dagid

Lecture (51)
First and foremost, I am greatly obliged to thank my own teacher
whose gratitude can’t be repaid, second, it goes without saying
that Somali people were in hardship during the anarchy in the
country, so Somalia was without security or without produce fir
more than twenty years. Rustics flooded into the towns by trying
to keep up with urban life and leaving rural life.
On the other hand, I am convicted that former president of
Somalia had the responsibility of the tragedy or the racial war
among Somalia people, so Somalia ancient president was surely
reactionary one, and a lot of people believe that he monopolized
the people’s property, in addition to that he had never fulfilled
his commitments introducing Islamic religion into the country,
sohe wasn’t liberal one. Anyhow, Somalia just needs
rehabilitation and it can’t be rehabilitated unless the people get
back to their religion and culture, and support their government
and peacekeeping forces.
New Words 51
Gratitude (n) abaal repay (v) gudid
Go without saying (v) cad hardship (n) colaad
Anarchy (n)fawdo procedure (n) nidaam
Rustics (n) reer miyi
Urban (adj) magaalo
Convince (v) ka dhaadhicin
Responsibility (n) masuuliyad
Ancient (adj) hore
Reactionary (adj) dibu socod
Monopolize (v) ku takrifal
Commitment (n) ballanqaad
Introduce (v) ku soo dabaalid
Rehabilitation (n) dhaqan celin
Rehabilitate (v) dhaqan-celin
Get back (v) u noqosho
Peacekeeping (n) nabad ilaalin
Convinced (adj) ka dhaadhacsan
flood (v) fatihid
Rural (adj) miyiga
tragedy (n) masiibo
racial (adj) jisiyadeed
property (n) hanti
fulfill (v) fulin
liberal (adj) horu-socod
culture (n) dhaqan
support (v) taageerid

Conversation (52)
Most of the people are fed up with escalating death rate and they
supplicate Allah to rescue them from the excessive crisis, so how
do you see the new government of Somalia which was build in
Kenya?
As we are aware of Somali people were devastated by civil war,
consequently it was necessary to get a government that
administrates and solves the rancor among Somali people and the
main objective of the new government is to make reconciliation
between Somali tribes those annihilated massively.
I was told that some dissidents rejected to validate codes of the
new government and they pointed it new party but do you think
that the members of the new government are effectual ones?
Really the new constitution which was legalized Muslim scholars
and other intellectuals of Somalia, so Somali people are obliged
to consolidate codes of the new government so as to pull of the
dissidents those want to fly into the face of what the intention of
Somali people is.
New Words 52
Escalate (v) sii kordhid death rate (n) xadi dhimasho
Supplicate (v) baryid rescue (v) badbaadin
Excessive (adj) xad-dhaaf ah crisis (n) dhibaato
Devastate (v) haligmid solve (v) xallin
Administrate (v) maamulid rancor (n) cuqdad
Main (adj) ugu muhiimsan objective (n) ujeedo
Tribe (n) qabiil annihilate (v) cidhibtirid
Dissident (n) mucaarid validate (v) ansixin
Code (n) sharci party (n) xisbi
Effectual (adj) waxtar leh constitution (N) dartuur
Reconciliation (n) dib-u-heshiisiin
Unanimous (adj) la isku raacsan yahay
Legalize (v) sharciyeyn Ratify (v) qalin ku duugid
Elder (n) duq scholar (n) caalim
Intellectual (n) indheer garad consolidate (v) adkeyn
Pull of (v) ka guuleysi intention (N) qasdi
Consequently (adj) sidaa awgeed

Conversation (53)
Bilateral discussion between Sudan and Us deteriorated after US
had accused Sudan of playing crucial role in supporting terrorist
groups, so let us analyze the addition of Sudan to the terrorist
list.
Sudan denied these allegations firmly and it and it pointed them
provocative and baseless.
Has American any evidence or concession showing that Sudan
backs terrorist group?
No, it is one of the American aggressions against Islam so we
can’t link Sudan with terroristm.
Is American supposed to impose sanction on Sudan?
Although US blames Sudan for supporting Hezbollah and New
Islam Jihad, Sudan took no notice of these allegations since it
believe that US the worst enemy of Sudan.
New Words 53
Bilateral (adj) laba-geesood ah discussion (n) dood
Deteriorate (v) sii kululaansho accuse (v) eedeyn
Terrorist (n) Argagixiso crucial (adj) Muhiim ah
Analyze (v) falanqeyn addition (n) ku darid
Allegations (n) eedaymo list (n) liis
Provocative (adj) daandaansi firmly (adv) si adag
Baseless (adj) bilaa sal ah
Concession (n) daliil
Aggression (n) gardaro
Terrorism (n) aragaxisonimo
Sanction (n) nunaqabateyn
evidence (n) dhacdo
back (v) ka dambayn
link (v) la xidhiidhin
suppose (v) ku wadid
blame (v) dhaleecayn

Topic about Kat (54)

I seek refugee into Allah form mischief of cursed Satan, as you
know Kat is consumed in Somali regional state extensively and I
want to express my sentiment towards Kat so please pay
attention to my speech.
Some of the narcotics known up to now are opium and drugs, so
Kat is one of the narcotics and Somali people consume it 80%,
there is no doubt that Kat results discord between the spouses
because the person spends much money on Kat.
On the other hand, Kat damages the person himself because it
makes him selfish, idle and mercenary, so isn’t it suitable to get
rid of it if it is responsible for all these damages? Some people
believe that the Kat cures some diseases but that is apparition. In
conclusion if you are Kat consumer, get rid of it suddenly.
New Words 54
Consume (v) quudasho narcotic (n) mukhaaradaar
Opium (n) maandooriye apparition (n) khiyaali
Drug (n) xashiishad doubt (n) shaki
Discord (n) khilaaf spouses (n) reer
Selfish (adj) danayste idle (adj) caajislow
Responsible (adj) masuul ka ah
Extensively (adv) si blaadhan
Mercenary (adj) calooshii- u shaqeyste

Conversation (55)
Really you can’t foretell how I am anxious about that you despair
our future decision so please don’t hesitate to tell me the truth
and declare what has changed you; you know that the first time
you flirted me and your love overwhelmed me.
That is a contingent attitude, but could you please notify me the
person whom you are speaking about, or are you insane? If you
are incapable of control your emotion, you must taken to the
lunatic asylum.
I am extremely sorry about the sorrowful news which I have
suddenly attained from your mouth, so if you disparaged me
disloyally, I must have patience and live the test of my life
sorrowfully.
Do you fly into a rage from my speech; I must apologize to you
for this matter, so display you sentiment towards me.
New words 55
Foretell (v) saadaalin despair (v) ka rajo dhigid
Hesitate (v) ka yabaalid anxious (adj) walaacsan
Truth (n) runta declare (v) caddeyn
Overwhelm (v) ka xoog badan flirt (v) xod-xodasho
Contingent (adj) dhici kara insane (adj) waalan
Incapable (adj) aaj karayn lunatic (adj) waalan
Asylum (n) magangelyo extremely (adv) aad
Sorrowful (adj) murugo leh attain (v) helid
Disparage (v) quudhsasho patience (n) samir
Rest (n) inta hadha display (v) soo bandhigid
Disloyally (adv) si daacad daro ah
Sorrowfully (adv) si murugo leh

Conversation (56)
Iraqi economy is fluctuating and the inflation has risen up
recently, so what can we ascribe to all these problems?
First, we can ascribe all these problems to lack of unity which
exists in the society because lack of the unity caused them
tragedy which can’t be covered. Second, we can ascribe these
problems to coalition troops who exploited the natural resource
extensively.
Coalition troops opened fire innocent people who were
demonstrating peaceful, so will this lose the people’s confidence
in coalition forces?
Iraqi people had already lost their confidence in coalition forces
started to terrorize the civilian, so Iraqi people appeal to the
international community not to ignore the action of coalition
troops.
New Words 56
Economy (n) dhaqaale Fluctuate (v) isbed-
bdedlid
Inflation (n) sicir-barar rise up (v) kor u kicid
Recently (adv) baryahan
Cover (v) daboolid
Exploit (v) ka manafacadsi
Natural (adj) dabiici ah
Fire (n) xabad
Maneuver (n) dhoolo-tus
Community (n) bulsho
Civilian (n) rayid
Innocent (adj) aan waxbo galabsan
bixid
coalition (n) xulufo
Unity (n) midnimo
troops (n) ciidan
resource (n) khayraad
confidence (n) kalsooni
terrorize (v) ka argagixin
ignore (v) iska indho tirid
appeal (v) codsasho
demonstrate (v) bannaan-

Conversation (57)
My friend let me ask something about the love sick circumstance
that made you thing, so could you please describe me the
meaning of love?
As I have just felt from your face, you are very ambitious to get
in touch with a girl, for the reason let me give you the definition
of the love, in my opinion love is a strong emotion with deep
devotion or affection for someone, according to the romances the
lover may impulsively yield to the love when the lover’s heart is
filled with a profound feeling for someone.
Personally, I am not remember of the persons who stimulate
something which is not well-founded but I am nostalgic to know
what the love is. Therefore, let me ask you another question
interrogation about the scented breeze that you encountered, can
anyone be killed by love? If it is “yes” is there any cure for it?
Psychologists confess that the love could lead you to death if the
lover doesn’t find beloved one, even they say there is a
superstitious love which may die away in a few days, however,
the cure for love is that the lover gets beloved.
What kind of suggestion would you like to offer if the lover may
relinquish if his/her love becomes abortive one and take into
account that destiny is something which is written.
New words 57
Circumstance (n) marxalad thin (adj) dhuuuban
Describe (v) qeexid ambitious (adj) hanwayn
Definition (n) qeexid strong (adj) xoogan
Devotion (n) u go’doomis affection (n) kalgacal
Romance (n) qiso-jacayl yield (v) is dhiibid
Heart (n) qabi fill (v) buuxin
Profound (adj) qoto dheer feeling (n) dareen
Stimulate (v) ku mirqaamid personally (adv) qof
ahaan
Nostalgic (adj) u jeelan scented (adj) udgoon
Breeze (n) saxan-saxo encounter (v) la darsid
Cure (n) daawo confess (v) qirid
Superstitious (adj) khiyali ah find (v) helid
Die away (v) baabi’id suggestion (n) talo
Offer (v) ugu deeqid jilt (v) ku daadasho
Abortive (adj) dhicidoobay relinquish (n) samrid
Destiny (n) qaddar/calaf
Get in touch with (v) la xidhiidhid
Impulsively (adv) sis al fudeyd ah
Well-founded (adj) xaqiiq ku salaysan
Psychologist (n) cilmi-nafsi yahan
Take into account (v) ku xisaabtamid

Conversation (58)
Bilateral negotiation between Israel and Palestinian delegation
which was supposed to open yesterday was postponed after one
part had boycotted the conference meanwhile riots against Israel
soldiers were slain and two others were stabbed so what cause
this terrible plight?
As we know Palestinian people had been illegally and
atrociously evacuated from their territory by Israel, and they
were not still repatriated, so why didn’t Palestinian people
protest against that atrocious action?
Really Palestinian insurgents held rally in Gaza strip and they
were chanting “we want our autonomy, we don’t want Jewish to
settle our territory” then clashes among Israel and Palestinian
insurgents broke out subsequently, but police arrived at the scene
and they dispersed the people, so why didn’t UN take legal step
against Israel?
It is marvel how security council overlooks Palestinian problems
because UN said an envoy had been sent there to supervise the
situation there, when he returned he was put on questions but he
left them, so this shows that UN under control of US.
New words 58
Negotiation (n) wada-xaajood
Postpone (v) dib-u-dhigid
Conference (n) shir
Slay (v) gawricid
Terrible (adj) ba’an
Illegally (adv) si shacri daro ah
Evacuate (v) qixin
Repatriate (v) dib u celin
Atrocious (adj) aad u xun
Rally (n) mudaharaad
Autonomy (n) madax banaani
Settle (v) degid
Subsequently (adv) isdabojooga
Scene (v) degid
Step (n) talabo
Overlook (v) iska indhatirid
Supervise (v) indha-indhayn
Put on (v) weydiin
Conversation (59)
As primitive girls were once complying with their religion and
culture, and they used to be bashful but modern girls had
delegation (n) wafdi
boycott (v) qaadicid
riot (n) mudaharaad
stab (v) tooriyeyn
plight (n) xaalad
atrociously (adv) si ba’an
territory (n) gobol
protest (v) gadoodid
insurgent (n) mucaarid
strip (n) marin
chant (v) ku luuqayn
clash (n) iska hor-imaad
break out (v) qarxid
disperse (v) kala caydhin
marvel (n) la yaab
council (n) gole
envoy (n) ergey
eradicated and neglected the culture and the religion so what
compelled them to falsify the religion and the culture?
Since we are sophisticated girls, don’t return us because we
adapted ourselves to the new standard of the world so we don’t
want to be savageries.
You trampled on the law deliberately and you took no notice of
our religion in spite of the culture so what cause you to turn deaf
you culture?
You are really reluctant boy, so let me enlighten you developing
a day after a day.
New Words 59
Primitive (adj) hore eradicate (v) cidhib tirid
Neglect (v) dayicid falsify (v) been-abuurid
Pass away (v) soo dhaafid adapt (v) la qabsi
Standard (n) heer savagery (n) badaw
Trample (v) ku tumasho law (n) sharci
Reluctant (adj) caga jiid ah enlighten (v) u iftiimin
Deliberately (adv) si badheedh ah
Turn deaf (v) iska dhago tirid
Century (n) qarni
US POCICY TOWARDS SOMALIA (60)
Us government deployed 30 thousand troop to Somalia at the end
of 1992 when terrible plight had been reported from Somalia, but
troops didn't accomplish their effort restoring stability in
Somalia.
"Road of the guns is still ringing in my ears, and i am obliged to
sacrifice myself to my country" said SNA backer who was angry
to American troops. However UNISOM seemed to have confined
their mission of patrolling roads and rearming through the streets
because UNISOM was fired with bazooka from SNA backers.
Militia men and many American troops were killed in
Mogadishu, Clinton to change his policy towards Somalia. Using
children and women for shield and he decided to move his troops
from Somalia
New words 60
Deploy (v) daad gureyn report (v) werin
Restore (v) soo celin accomplish (v) ka gun-gaadhid
Stability (n) xasilooni sacrifice (v) u hurid
Backer (n) taageere confine (v) xaddid
Mission (n) howl-gal patrol (v) roondeyn
Rearm (v) dib u hubay fire (v) ridid
Bazooka (n) baasuuke militia (n) maleeshiyo
Mount (v) sii kobcid prompt (v) ku kalifid
Shield (n) gabood move (v) ka bixid
Unscrupulous (adj) bilaadamiir ah

Avoid blasphemy (61)

Little is known about immoral films presented in Jigjiga
nowadays. To inform you about this, i have seen wicked scenario
on cinema boards entitled films for the young or sweet films then
i want to tell you in detail the Muslims’ view films.
Film is a motion picture which entertains the people. In Islam,
Muslims are not allowed to do anything which can distract them
from the worship of Allah; it's forbidden to entertaining films.
but the worst films that have been conduce to fornication, these
films are inapplicable to any muslim person.
I was furious when I saw that Muslim reaction to this was
sluggish. we have to crack down uncruppulous cinema owners.
Besides this, other wicked books with immoral illustration are
circulating in our country and they are against our decent
religion.

New words 61
Immoral (adj) fasahaad ah inform (v) wergelin
Wicked (adj) ba'an scenario (n) boostakaadh
Entitle (v) ciwaan uga dhigi motion (n) dhaqdhaqaaq
Picture (n) sawir entertain (v) maaweelin
Distract (v) ka jeedin worship (v) caadudid
Furious (adj) ja cadhaysan conduce to (v) horseedid
Reaction (n) fal-celinta sluggish (adj) gaabin
Crack down (v) wax kaqabasho owner (n) mulkiile
Illustration (n) sawir circulate (v) wareegid
Blasphemy (n) diin u gafid decent (adj) suuban
Inapplicable (adj) aan ku habooneyn

Lecture about bank (62)

since you are gregarious students let me greet you gently,
cheerfully, calmly, comically courteously, courageously, but not
cowardly, comically by saying peace of Allah be upon you.
bank plays a significant role in the society, as we aware of bank
is where we can deposit our money but keeping you money in
the home may imperil yourself because the thieves may make
attempt to rob your home and steal your money, so there is no
doubt that the bank enables you hard currency, you can get
interest on your money in the bank. In conclusion i would like to
encourage the creditors, depositors and investors to provide the
poor ones with loans massively.
New words 62
Gregarious (adj) bulshaawi ah gently (adv) si dabacsan
Cheerfully (si farxad leh calmly (adv) si degan
Courteously (adv) si edboon joyfully (adv) si farxad le
Courageously (adv) si dhiiran
Cowardly (adv) si fuleynimo ah comically (adv) si maada
Deposit (v) keydsi thief (n) tuug
Attempt (n) iskudey rob (v) dhicid
Currency (n) lacag interest (n) dulsaar
Encourage (v) dhiiri galin creditor (n) deyn bixiye
Depositor (n) kaysade investor (n) maalgaliye
Provide (v) siin loan (n) deyn

WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT HIV/AIDS? (63)

Let me thank Allah, the omnipotent and omniscient (S.W) he
who is the master of the universe the lord of mankind, Jinn and
all that exist.
There are many serious diseases which jeopardize human life
such Cancer, cholera and AIDS, so today I want to focus on
HIV/AIDS.
AIDS are words which abbreviated from acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), human viral disease that
ravages the immune system, undermining the boy’s ability to
defend itself from infection and disease, caused by the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), AIDS leaves an infected person
vulnerable to opportunistic infections. Such infections are
harmless in healthy people, but in those whose immune systems
have been greatly weakened, they can prove fatal. Although there
is no cure for AIDS, new drugs are available that can prolong the
life spans and improve the quality of life of infected people.
Scientists have identified three ways that HIV infections spread:
HIV transmission occurs most commonly during intimate sexual
contact with an infected person, make sure the blood before
transfusion because contaminated blood may transmit the virus.
HIV can be transmitted from an infected mother to her baby
while the baby is still in the woman’s uterus or, more commonly,
during the childbirth. The virus can also be transmitted through
the HIV/AIDS is not spread by shaking hands, hugging and
sitting near an infected person, so I supplicate Allah to save us
from this deadly disease.
New words 63
Omnipotent (adj) wax walbo kare
Omniscient (adj) wax walba oge
Master (n) macalin universe (n) caalamka
Lord (n) Alle/rabi mankind (n) insaanka
Abbreviate (v) soo gaabin acquire (v) kasbasho
Syndrome (n) calaamad cudur ravage (v) burburin
Undermine (v) diciifin ability (n) awooda
Infected (ajd) cudur qaba infection (n) jeermis
Harmless (adj) aan wax yeelo lahayn
Weaken (v) diciifin Fatal (adj) dilaa-ah
Available (adj) la heli karo Span (n) cimriga
Transmission (n) isu-gudbin Identify (v) cadeyn
Commonly (adv) sida guur Occur (v) dhicid
Intimate (adj) saaxiibtinimo ah Make sure (v) hubin
Contact (n) la xidhidhida Transmit (v) isu-gudbin
Transfusion (n) dhiig iskushidid Uterus (n) makaanka
Contaminated (adj) aafaysan Breast (n) naaska
Breastfeeding (n) naas-nuujin Hug (v) hab-siin
Save (v) badbaadin deadly (adj) bilaa-ah
Immunodeficiency (n) difaac yareeye

Conversation (64)
On the sunny morning of September 11, 2001, 19 terrorists,
working in teams 4 or 5, hijacked four commercial jetliners and
turned them toward targets chosen for destruction. Two of the
planes, loaded with fuel and passengers, were flown at full speed
into the district of New York City. The buildings burst into flame
and then collapsed.
Bush suggested that the top priority of his administration would
be a campaign to end terrorism. He affirmed that all the evidence
collected at that point indicated that al-Qaeda was the
organization responsible for the September 11 attacks, and he
with a drive to eliminate that organization.
George W. Bush announced that fighting terrorism and
preventing future attacks would be his administration’s top
priority. Governments around the world were told they must
decide whether to stand with the United States in this antiterrorist
effort or face U.S. wrath.
No-one was convicted of the detonation of the world trade center
but New York mayor confirmed that the radicals who
masterminded that blast will be imprisoned, so Pakistan
government took drastic proceedings against the fundamentalists
and extremists protesting against government’s policy towards
Muslims.
New Words 64
Sunny (adj) cad-ceed hijack (v) afduubid
Commercial (adj) ganacsiyeed turn (v) u duwid
Target (n) bartilmaameed loaded (adj) ku raran
Fuel (n) shidaal passenger (n) rakaab
Financial (adj) maaliyadeed twin (n) mataano
District (n) degmo burst (v) qarxid
Flame (n) olol ollapse (v) dumid
Campaign (n) olole
Collect (v) ururin
Organization (n) hay’ad
Promise (v) ballan qaadid
Announce (v) shaacin
Face (v) wajahid
Convict (v) xukumid
Mayor (n) duqa magalada
Mastermind (v) ka dambayn
Blast (n) qarax
Drastic (adj) daran
Fundamentalist (n) asal ahaan
affirm (v) xaqiijin
indicate (v) muujin
attack (n) weerar
eliminate (v) baabi’in
prevent (v) is hortaagin
wrath (n) cadho kulul
detonation (n) qarax
confirm (v) xaqiijin
radical (n) mayal adag
imprison (v) maxbuusid
proceeding (n) sharci
extremist (n) xag- jir

SIYAM-FASTING (65)
Siyam in Islam means fasting from food, drink and sexual
activities from dawn to sunset. There are two kinds of fasting in
Islam, the obligatory and the voluntary fast.
There are three obligatory fasts, the fast of the month of
Ramadan, the fast in connection with Nadhr a vow and the fast of
Kaffara, which means fasting for remission of sins of mistakes
committed.
The fasting of Ramadan is one of five pillars of Islam. This is
because the prophet (peace be upon him) said Islam upheld by
five pillars; first, to bear witness that there is no God but Allah
alone and that Muhammad is his messenger. Second, to pray
regularly. Third, to pay zakat, I,e. divine tax for poor due.
Fourth, to fast during the month of Ramadan. Fifth, to visit the
House of God in Mecca once in lifetime, for those who are able
to do the journey?
Fasting for the month of Ramadan was prescribed during the
second year of the Hijara. Fasting was an ancient form of
worship prescribed by God from the beginning of time. the aim
of ordering people to fast is that they should learn how to be
patient, to have good morals, to purify their hearts, noble their
character and to practice the gentle way of dealing with people.
One should feel the sufferings of hunger and thirst in order to be
quick to help those who are suffering when seeing them. One the
most way learn to feel the fear of God and his mercy.
Fasting in Islam has been described by the Qur’an and the saying
of the prophet. The Qur’an says “O you who believe, fasting is
prescribed to you as it was prescribed to those before you, that
you may learn self-restraint” .
This is for fasting in general, but the following verse gives the
reason for fasting during the month of Ramadan. It says:-
“Ramadan is the month in which was sent down the Qur’an as a
guide to mankind, also clear (signs) for guidance and judgment
between right and wrong. So every one of you who is present
spend it in fasting”
New words 65
Sexual (ajd) galmo dawn (n) waaberi
Sunset (n) cad-ceed dhac obligatory (adj) waajib
Voluntary (adj) tabaruc ah connection (n) la xidhiidha
Remission (n) darmbi dhaaf uphold (v) ayidid
Pillar (n) tiir
Regularly (adv) si joogto ah
Tax (n) canshuur
Prescribe (v) dejin/qorid
Patient (adj) samir leh
Purify (v) sifayn
Noble (v) wanaajin
Gentle (adj) dabac-san
Thirst (n) haraad
Guidance (v) ka marag kicid
Self-restraint (adj) is xakamayn
commit (v) dembi galid
divine (adj) rabaani ah
journey (n) safar
worship (v) caabudid
moral (n) niyad adayga
heart (n) qalbiga
practice (v) ku camal fal
huger (n) gaajo
fear (n) cabsi

Resources (66)
Ethiopia is a country endowed with a vast array of resources. It is
a land of great rivers, some of which flow beyond its boundaries
to the arid and semi-arid regions of neighboring countries with
billions upon billions of cubic meters of water and rich alluvial
soil.
Its immense and untapped waters could be used for irrigation and
to generate hydroelectric power. The country’s water resource
potential is estimated to produce about 60 billion KWH of
electricity.
Moreover, Ethiopia has agriculture friendly climate and rich
fertile soil. Agriculture, which was first practiced thousands of
years ago, is the primary and the most important occupation for
over 80 per cent of its population even today. Though the
production level is largely subsistence in character, agriculture
remains to be the backbone of the national economy.
Ethiopia also has largest number of heads of cattle in Africa
along with a vast number of goats, sheep, poultry, camels, etc.
although the country practices traditional husbandry
management, its indigenous breeds of cattle have high survival
rates.

New words 66
Endowed with (adj) lagu manaystay
Array (n) sharaxan
Boundary (n) xad
Neighboring (adj) deris la ah
Immense (adj) baaxad weyn
Irrigation (n) waraab
Potential (n) suurtogalka ah
Electricity (n) laydh
Practice (v) ku camal fal
Remain (v) baaqi ku ah
Heads (n raxan
Poultry (n) digaag
Indigenous (adj) u dhashay
Hydrogenous (adj) laydh-biyoood
Traditional (adj) dhaqan ahaan
vast (adj) baaxad leh
flow (v) qul-qulid
arid (adj) oomane
alluvial (adj) dihin
untapped (adj) weli-dihin
generate (v) dhalin
estimate (v) qiyaasid
agriculture (n) beeraha
primary (adj) aasaasiga
backbone (n) laf dhabar
Cattle (n) lo’
husbandry (n) xanaano
survival (n) cimri dherer
Structure of the Federal Democratic Republic Of Ethiopia
(67)
The federal arrangement, under the constitution, has guaranteed
the rights of the regional state to administer their own affairs.
The regional states have to formulate polices that are appropriate
for their respective development, to lay the foundation for their
respective development, to lay the foundation for economic and
social infrastructures , to directly participate in sectors that are
critical for their economic development and to safeguard law and
order in their own eras.
Devolution of power to the federal regions has guaranteed the
right of the people at the grassroots level to genuinely participate
in the decision making process that effects their lives.
The Federal democratic republic of Ethiopia has a parliamentary
form of government. The republic comprises of nine regional
states established on the basis of settlement patterns, language,
identity and the consent of the people concerned. Member states
of the FDRE are all entitled to equal rights and powers.
New Words 67
Arrangement (n) hab-sami
Guarantee (v) damaanad qaadid
Administer (v) maamulid flag (n) calan
Empower (v) awood u siin formulate (v) qeexid
Appropriate (adj) ku haboon respective (adj) gaar u ah
Critical (adj) khatar ku ah sector (n) waax
Devolution (n) dhaadhicinta safeguard (v) ilaalin
Genuinely (adj) si dhab ah process (n) geedi-socod
Comprise (v) ka kooban basis (n) aasaaska
Settlement (n) degaan pattern (n) hab
Identity (n) aqoonsi consent (n) ogolaansha
Entitle (v) xaq usiin equal (adj) isku mida
Infrastructure (n) kaabayaasha dhaqaale
Participate in (v) ka qeyb qaadasho
Parliamentary (adj) baarlamaaneed

Weapons (68)
Since I am well known here, I don’t to make myself presentation,
so I want to say something about weapons.
Weapons is advice used in fighting, weapon includes swords,
arrows, guns, canons, missiles, so weapon traumatizes the
vulnerable and many people die from hemorrhage when
homicide and suicide.
Most of weapon productive countries are westerns and they don’t
use weapon against their people, so they use weapons against
their enemy but in some parts of Africa, they use weapon against
their people and make it genocide against one another. Weapons
do damages not only the people but also the nature. In conclusion
I recommend weapon to be dismantled or destroyed.
New Words
Well-known (adj) caan ah presentation (n) bandhig
Weapon (n) hub device (n) qalab
Sword (n) seef
Canon (n) madfac
Traumatize (v) nadin leh
Hemorrhage (n) dhiig-bax
Genocide (n) xasuuq
Dismantle (v) kala furfurid
Productive (adj) wax soosaar leh
arrows (n) falaadho
Missile (n) gantaal
vulnerable (adj) tag-daran
western (n) reer galbeed
recommend (v) ku talin
destroy (v) bur-burin

Tenses
I. Present continuous tense
A. It is used for an action which is happing now.
Form:
Subject + is/are/am +present participle (affirmative)
Is/are/am + subject + present participle (interrogative)
Examples:
➢ He is telling you the truth(affirmative)
➢ Is he telling you the truth? (question)
➢ He is not telling you the truth (negative)
➢ Isn’t he telling you the truth (question with negative)

➢ We are allowing them to use right words.

➢ Are we allowing them to use right words?
➢ We are not allowing them to use right words.
➢ Aren’t we allowing them to use right words?
 ➢ I am answering all your questions.
➢ Am I answering all your questions?
➢ I am not answering all your questions. Or
➢ Aren’t I answering all your questions?

Question-words in present continuous tense

➢ Why are you abusing me?
➢ Why is he following your order?
➢ What is your friend preparing?
➢ What are the girls doing now?
➢ How is he learning something?
➢ How am I using these words?
➢ Where are they hiding the bag?
➢ Where is he standing now?
➢ What are suggesting the lecture?
➢ When is he explaining the lesson?
As relatives
➢ Is he telling you why I am coming here?
➢ I am laughing at how you are making the
practice outside of the class.
➢ He is pointing me where your school is located.
➢ The students are interesting what we are
displaying now.
➢ They are asking me when the teacher is starting
the explanation.
B. For an action that is planned or arranged to take place
in the near future.
Examples:

➢ I am staying in Jigjiga till Friday.

➢ My brother is arriving tomorrow.
 ➢ She is leaving by 6:30 bus tomorrow.

C. Be going to + infinitive is used to express firm

intentions and to express certainly about the future
which is based on evidence now.
Examples:
➢ He is going to wear his new suit for the
wedding.
➢ I am going to start this task tomorrow.
➢ Ali is going to join our team next summer.
➢ There are a lot of black clouds in the sky, it
going to rain.
➢ She is pregnant; she is going to have a baby.

II. Simple present tense

Plural subject singular

We, They, You and I He, She, It

DO DOES

It is used:
A. To express habitual or customary action.
Examples:
➢ We know what you tell us. (statement)
➢ Do we know what you tell us? (question)
➢ We don’t know what you tell us. (negative)
➢ Don’t we know what you tell us? (Question with
neg.)
 ➢ I get up early in the morning, every day.

➢ Do I get up early morning, everyday?

➢ I don’t get up early morning, every day.

➢ Don’t I get up early morning, everyday?

Remember: in simple present tense, if the subject of

affirmative sentence is a singular, add the verb “s” but not all
the verbs.
Examples:
➢ He always talks about political affairs (statement)
➢ Does he always talk about political affairs? (question)
➢ He doesn’t always talk about political affairs. (negative)
➢ Doesn’t he always talk about political affairs? (Question
with neg.)

She makes conversation with me every day.

Does she make conversation with me every day?
She doesn’t make conversation with me every day.
Doesn’t she make me conversation with me every day?

But there are some verbs those end in Ch, Sh, Ss, O, X,
and add “es” to these verbs when the subject is singular
and the sentence is affirmative/statement.
Examples:
➢ The teacher teaches us English language well.
➢ Does the teacher teach us English language well?
 ➢ He expresses the idea of our teacher.
➢ Does he express the idea of our teacher?
➢ Your brother always goes to school.
➢ Does your brother always go to school?
There are some verbs those end in “y” by changing the “y”
into “ies” but they do so when a consonant comes before the
“y” and singular subject is in affirmative sentence E.g fly, cry,
deny, try, satisfy, comply, reply, etc.
Examples:
➢ She complies with the order of the teacher (statement)
➢ Does she comply with the order of the teacher?
(Question)
➢ American airplane flies from New York to Canada every
Sunday.
➢ Does American airplane fly from New York to Canada
every Sunday?
Question-words in simple present tense
Examples:
➢ How do the girls understand what I say?
➢ Why does your friend always stand where my brother
stands?
➢ When do you listen to what the BBC broadcasts?
➢ Where does he sit when he comes here?
➢ Why do the boys ask me why the girls refuse to make
conversation?
➢ What do you like to do when you meet with your
friends?
B. To indicate unchanging conditions, facts, or beliefs.
Examples:
 ➢ One plus one equal to two.
➢ The earth revolves round the sun.
➢ Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
➢ The sun rises in the east.
C. To indicate a future event that talks about
timetables/schedules.
Examples;
➢ He signs the contract next week.
➢ Our examination begins on Tuesday.
➢ We fly to London at 4:00 next Friday.
Predicative adjectives in simple present
Form: subject + are/am/is + predicative adj. + object (if
necessary).
Examples:

➢ She is always shy of me.

➢ Is she always shy of me?
➢ She is not always shy of me.
➢ Isn’t she always shy of me?
➢ They are afraid of going out at night.
➢ Are they afraid of going out at night?
➢ I don’t think some of the students are happy today
➢ He likes to see what you are fond of?
➢ Do you want to know what I am busy?
Remember: do/does, is used with ordinary verbs in simple
present to form negative and interrogative, but no with
adjectives.
State/perceptional verbs
 Some verbs are not usually found in continuous tense that
means they are not normally used in my continuous tense
form.
Here they are:
See, hear, smell, taste, feel, love, hate, like, dislike, desire,
forgive, want, wish, appear, seem, signify, think, realize,
understand, know, remember, forget, consist of, hope,
belong to, contain, deserve, suppose, trust, possess, mean,
cost, look like, owe, imagine, exist, fear, include, care.
These verbs are used in simple present tense by adding
now, but in present continuous tense.
Examples:
➢ We hear the voice of that student now.
➢ Do we hear the voice of that student now?
➢ She hates what you are using now.
➢ Does she hate what you are using now?
➢ He thinks that this man is bad now.
➢ Does he think that this man is bad now?
➢ The teacher forgives us now.
➢ Does the teacher forgive us now?
➢ I know that you understand my aim.
➢ Do I know that you understand my aim?
Some of the above verbs can be used to in the continuous
form with a difference in meaning as in the following
Examples:
➢ The doctor is seeing a patient.
➢ I am thinking about you.
➢ He is having lunch.
III. Simple past tense
 Simple past is used to indicate an action started and
completed at particular time in the past.
We can use simple past with time expressions such as
last, ago, yesterday, at 10:00 a.m., on Monday, in 2009,
etc.
Form: sub + v past + obj (affirmative)
Did + sub. V present + obj (interrogative)

Pronoun Subjects

They, We, I, You, She, He, It,

Did

Examples:
➢ They succeeded in the competition last week.
➢ Did they succeed in the competition last week?
➢ They didn’t succeed the competition last week.
➢ Didn’t they succeed in the competition last week?

➢ She met her brother at the airport yesterday.

➢ Did she meet her brother at airport yesterday?
➢ She didn’t meet her brother at the airport yesterday.
➢ Didn’t she meet her brother at the airport yesterday?
➢ He came here and took all his money at 10 a.m.
➢ Did he come here and take all his money at 10 a.m?
➢ He didn’t come here and take all his money at 10 a.m.
➢ Didn’t he come here and take all his money at 10 a.m?
Question-words and relatives in simple past tense
 ➢ Why did your friend tell you that the girls laughed at
my speech?
➢ How did the students understand what the teacher
explained?
➢ When did he answer what I asked him?
➢ Where did you put what I brought yesterday?
➢ I didn’t think that the boys spoke to you badly.
➢ She believed that we suggested the last lecture.
➢ Did you know why I came here and stood in front of
you?
Simple past is used for habitual action in the past with the
help of auxiliary “used to”
Form: Sub + used to + v present + Obj (affirmative)
Did + sub +used to + V present + Obj (interrogative)
Examples:
➢ The doctor used to visit us at the school.
➢ Did the doctor use to visit us at the school?
➢ I used to talk about social affairs?
➢ She didn’t use to talk about social affairs.
➢ She didn’t use to come here.
➢ Didn’t she use to come here?
➢ He used to be clever student.
➢ Did he used to be clever student?
➢ My friend used to be afraid of making conversation.
➢ Did my friend use to be afraid of making conversation?
ADJECTIVES IN SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Attributive adjectives are used before the noun they qualify,
for example, black man, dangerous disease, may people, etc.
Some adjectives are not used attributively but always
predicatively: such as: Il, afraid of, shy of, keen on, familiar with,
aware of, alive, dead angry, concerned about, fed up with.
Form: Sub + was/were + adjective + object
Examples:
➢ She was afraid of me. Was he afraid of me?
➢ I was happy to see you. Was I happy to see you?
➢ They were aware of your situation.
➢ Were they aware of your situation?
➢ We were concerned about the exam.
➢ Were we concerned about the exam?
➢ He was ill and absent from the school.
➢ Was he ill and absent from the school?
In simple past tense, verbs are divided into two parts, irregular
verbs and regular verbs so irregular verbs change formally but
regular verbs are those that form their past tense and past
participle by adding “-d” or “ed” to the verb.
A. Some regular verbs adding –d
Present simple past past participle
Advise advised advised
Agree agreed agreed
Arrange arranged arranged
Care cared cared
Cause caused caused
Compare compared compared
Change changed changed
Create created created
Desire desired desired
Excuse excused excused
Face faced faced
Force forced forced
Hate hated hated
B. Some regular verbs by adding –ed
Present simple past past participle
Appear appeared appeared
Accept accepted accepted
Clean cleaned cleaned
Expect expected expected
Fear feared feared
Help helped helped
Miss missed missed
Need needed needed
Offer offered offered
Remember remembered remembered
Respect respected respected
C. By doubling the last consonant and adding “ed”
Present simple past past participle
Allot allotted allotted
Bag Bagged bagged
Drop dropped dropped
Plan planned planned
Permit permitted permitted
Prefer preferred preferred
Stop stopped stopped
D. By changing the final –y into “I” and adding “ed”
Present simple past past participle
Apply applied applied
Cry cried cried
Dry dried dried
Deny denied denied
Supply supplied supplied
Classify classified classified
Intensify intensified intensified
Terrify terrified terrified
Try tries tried
Verify verified verified
Irregular Verbs
Simple simple past meaning
Present past participle in Somali
Be was/were been ahaansho
Begin began begun bilaabid
Blow blew blown
afdubid/qarxin
Break broke broken jabin
Choose chose chosen doorasho
Do did done sameyn
Draw drew drown swirid
Drink drank drunk cabid
Drive drove driven
wadid/kaxayn
Eat ate eaten cunid
Fall fell fallen dhicid
Fly flew flown duulid
Forbid forbade forbidden mamnuucid
Forget forgot forgotten iloobid
Freeze froze frozen qaboojin
Give gave given sii/bixin
Go went gone tagid/bixid
Grow grew grown korid/kobcid
Hide hid hidden qarin
Know knew know ogaansho
Ride rode ridden korid/fuulid
Rise rose risen soo
bixid/kicid
See saw seen arkid
Shake shook shaken lulid/ruxid
Speak spoke spoken hadlid
Steal stole stolen xadid
Swear swore sworn dhaarash
Tear tore torn
jeexid/dilaacin
Throw threw thrown tuurid
Write wrote written qorid
B. Two forms of the verb are same
Became became become ahaansho
Bring brought brought keenid
Buy bought bought iibsasho
Catch caught caught qabasho
Come came come imaansho
Dig dug dug qodid
Feed fed fed quudin
Feel felt felt dareemid
Fight fought fought dagaalamid
Find found found helid
Flee fled fled qixid
Get got got helid
Hang hung hung
sudhid/daldalid
Have had had haysasho
Hear heard heard maqlid
Hold held held
qabasho/hayn
Keep kept kept
ilaalin/dhawrid
Lay laid laid dhinac u
dhigid
Lead led led hogaamin
Leave left left tegid
Lend lent lent
deymin/amahin
Light lit lit iftiimin
Lose lost lost lumen
Make made made samayn
Mean meant meant ula jeedo
Meet met met kulmid
Pay paid paid bixin
Run ran run ordid
Say said said dhihid
Sell sold sold iibin
Send sent sent dirid
Shine shone shone iftiimid/dhalalid
Shoot shot shot
toogasho
Sleep slept slept
seexasho
Spend spent spent
kharashgareyn
Spin spun spun
candhuufeyn
Stand stood stood istaagid
Sweep swept swept xaaqid
Teach taught taught barid
Tell told told sheegid
Think thought thought u
maleyn
Weep wept wept
baroorasho
Win won won
guuleysasho
C. The three forms of the verbs are same
Bet bet bet sharatamid
Broadcast broadcast broadcast baahin
Cost cost cost qiimo ku
kicid
Cut cut cut jarid
Hit hit hit garaacid
Hurt hurt hurt wax yeeleyn
Let let let ogolaansho
Put put put dhigid
Quit quit quit joojin/ka
bixid
Read read read akhrin
Shed shed shed qubasho
Shut shut shut xidhid

(Make, with)
Form: sub + make + object + complement + verb/adj/noun
Complement of object verb
Examples:
➢ He makes me laugh in the class.
➢ The girls will make you forget the explanation.
➢ He made the baby cry.
➢ She is making me understand the lesson.
➢ You didn’t make them love yourself.
➢ They always make you hate my idea.
➢ Can you make me hear your speech?
Complement of object adjective
Examples:
 ➢ Why do you make the girl shy?
➢ How do they make the guests happy?
➢ Don’t make the girls afraid.
➢ You want to make me busy.
(With)
➢ He makes me laugh with his speech
➢ She makes the baby cry with her scolding.
➢ The girl makes you forget the explanation with her fast
talking.
➢ Whey made me angry with their quarrel.
Conjunctions
A conjunction is a word that joins words, phrases and
sentences.
“And”
Examples:
➢ The man is tall and handsome (joining adjectives)
➢ Your friend and this student laughed. (joining two
nouns)
➢ My brother and I are teachers. (joining two subjects)
➢ We ran after the thief and caught him (joining two
main clauses)
➢ The mother got into bus and the children followed her
(joining two main clauses with different subjects)
“Or”
Examples:
She is beautiful or ugly (joining adjectives)
The teacher or I knew you secret (joining two subjects)
The teacher will accept or refuse your permission (two main
clauses with same subject)
IV. Simple Future Tense
Simple future tense is used for an action which will
happen in the future.
Form: sub + will/shall + base verb + object
Examples:
➢ I shall finish the work of the company tomorrow.
(statement)
➢ Shall I finish the work of the company tomorrow?
(question)
➢ I shall not finish the work of the company
tomorrow. (negative)
➢ Shan’t I finish the work of the company tomorrow?
(question with negative)
➢ He will meet you at the meeting.
➢ Will he meet you at the meeting?
➢ He will not meet you at the meeting.
➢ Won’t he meet you at the meeting?
➢ You will answer all my questions.
➢ Will you answer all my questions?
Predicate adjectives in simple future tense ad “be”
Form: sub +will/shall be + adjective + object (if necessary)
Examples:
➢ She will be afraid of making practice.
➢ Will she be afraid of making practice?
➢ She’ll not be afraid of making practice.
➢ Won’t she be afraid of making practice?
➢ They will be shy of suggesting a lecture.
➢ Will they be shy of suggesting a lecture?
 ➢ We shall be angry of insulting words.
➢ Shall we be angry of insulting words?
➢ I’ll be aware of any step you take.
➢ Shall I be aware of any step you take?
Simple present tense & simple future tense
➢ If there are rains, there will be a good crop.
➢ The train will start when the signal turns green.
➢ She will reach development if you encourage her.
➢ We will get a job if we get up early.
➢ He knows that we will take special lesson tomorrow.
➢ We will be late if we don’t get a car.
➢ Are you ready to make use of what the teacher will
explain?
➢ You will not be able to keep up with us if you go on
this way.

V. Past Continuous Tense

It is used for an action that was taking place sometime in
the past.

Plural subject singular

We, They, You I, He, She, It

Wer Was
e
Form: subject + was/were + V-ing + object.
Examples:
➢ He was listening to the radio yesterday.
➢ Was he listening to the radio yesterday?
➢ He was not listening to the radio yesterday.
➢ Wasn’t he listening to the radio yesterday?

➢ The workers were fighting for their rights.

➢ Were the workers fighting for their rights?
➢ The workers were not fighting for their rights.
➢ Weren’t the workers fighting for their rights?

Simple Past and Past Continuous

We can use past continuous and simple past together. Past
continuous is used for longer action or situation action.
Simple past is used to express shorter action that interrupts it.
➢ He was taking his meals when I met him.
➢ I was crossing the road when someone called me.
➢ What were you doing when I came to you last night?
➢ Ali fell down while he was running.
➢ I didn’t think that your friend was despising the girls.
➢ There was a loud noise in the street while I was
watching TV.
This tense is used to refer to two activities going on at
sometimes in the past.
Examples:
➢ While I was doing my homework, my sister was
reading a novel.
 ➢ Where you listening to what the teacher was asking
you?
➢ My mother was cooking food while I was conversing
with my friends.
➢ He was speaking behind me when I was doing these
questions.
Adjectives in the past continuous tense
Examples:
➢ She was busy writing when I came to her.
➢ The students were afraid while the exam was going
on.
➢ The boys were laughing at what the girls were shy
of.
➢ She told me that her husband was angry all last
night.
➢ How were you informing you teacher what you
were concerned about?
➢ She was not happy how you were presenting the
report.
Neither, Nor. Either, Or.
Neither, nor (not one nor the other of the two things
or people)
➢ She spoke neither Swahili nor English (joining
nouns)
➢ He is neither dumb nor deaf. (joining adjective)
➢ She neither sang nor danced at the party. (two
verbs with same subject)
Remember: don’t use negative verbs in you sentence because
neither, nor are negative conjunctions.
Either, or (used to show a choice of two alternatives)
➢ Either you friend or the student interests her speech.
(joining two nouns)
➢ This man is either intelligent or ignorant. (two adj)
➢ The teacher either explained the lesson or rubbed it.
(two main clauses)
Relative pronouns
Relative pronouns introduce adjective clauses. They are used
to relate a group of words to a preceding noun or pronoun
Who; - as a general rule is used for persons only as subject of
a verb.
➢ The teacher who made us understand the lesson will
come tomorrow.
➢ The man who tries to join us is fond of making dialogue
with me.
➢ The student who chose this topic likes to appeat ahead
of us.
➢ The girls who didn’t attend their classes yesterday are
afraid of me.
Interrogatives/Questions
➢ Will the teacher who made us understand the lesson
come tomorrow.
➢ Is the man who tries to join us fond of making dialogue
with me?
➢ Does the student who chose this topic like to appear
ahead of us?
➢ Are the girls who didn’t attend their classes yesterday
afraid of the teachers?
Whom: Is used for persons as object of a verb.
Examples:
➢ The boy whom you hated was looking for you
yesterday.
➢ The student whom the teacher dismissed from the
school I s laughing at me.
➢ The girls whom were conversing with known English
well.
➢ Is the person whom you don’t want to make dialogue
with clever?
That; - is used for persons and things. It may be subject or
object.
Examples:
➢ The only man that succeeds in this competition will get
a good prize.
➢ The best student that can suggest this lecture is Abdi.
➢ The question that you asked me yesterday was difficult.
➢ The aim that the boys always visit us is clear.
➢ All stories that I told you last night were based on true.
Interrogative/Question
➢ Will the only man that succeeds in the competition get a
good prize?
➢ Is the best student that can suggest this lecture Abdi?
➢ Was the question that you asked me yesterday difficult?
➢ Is the aim that the boys always visit us clear?
➢ Were all stories that I told you last night based on true?
Which; - is used for animals and inanimate things.
It could be subject and object.
Examples:
 ➢ The dog which was barking all last night made me
angry.
➢ The war which is going on in Iraq rose up the price of
fuel.
➢ The books which help you most are those which make
you think most.
➢ The pen which I bought yesterday isn’t working
properly.
➢ The dramatic topics which you were displaying satisfy
the students?
Whose;- is used to show possession.
Examples:
➢ The boy whose behavior attracted us is going to reply
the question.
➢ The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.
➢ The person whose character is bad doesn’t have many
friends.
➢ This is a question whose answer will be difficult for
every student.

Interrogative/Question
➢ Is the boy whose behavior attracted us going to reply the
question?
➢ Is the film about a spy whose wife betrays him?
➢ Does the person whose character is bad have many
friends?
➢ Is this a question whose answer will be difficult for every
student?
VI. Present Perfect Tense
 It is used to express an action which has recently
completed.
Present perfect is something general/it is not specific in
time, it is also unknown time or it is something that is
unfinished (an action that started in the past and
continues up until now). We can also use present perfect
with an action occurring in an incomplete period such as
today, this afternoon/month/year.

Plural subject singular

We, They, You, I He, She, It

Have Has

Form: subject + have/has + past participle + Object

Examples:
➢ You have seen my friend today.
➢ Have seen my friend today?
➢ You haven’t seen my friend today.
➢ Haven’t you seen my friend today?

➢ She has taken twelve lessons this month.

➢ Has she taken twelve lessons this month?
➢ She hasn’t taken twelve lessons this month.
➢ Hasn’t she taken twelve lessons this month?
➢ How many page of the book have you read?
➢ I have cut my finger (and it is bleeding now).
➢ We haven’t had any exercise this week.
We can use present perfect with time expressions such as
recently/lately, many time/several times, just, often,
sometimes, ever/never, already and yet.
➢ He has read this book several times.
➢ I have never heard like this story.
➢ Have you ever seen like this animal?
Just means a short time ago. It expresses a recently complete
action.
➢ The teacher has just started the explanation.
➢ No thank you, I have just had lunch.
➢ He has just understood my speech.
We used already to show that something happened earlier
than the time expected.
➢ The students have already memorized the last lecture.
➢ She has already written the lesson.
➢ Have you already forgiven the boy?
Yet: means still; until the present time. Used yet only in
questions and negative sentences
➢ Haven’t you eaten you lunch yet?
➢ He hasn’t finished the job yet.
➢ I got the book a month ago and I haven’t yet a chance to
read it.
➢ Haven’t the girls yet tried to make conversation?
The perfect when used with for/since expresses a situation in
the past and continues to the present. Since is used with a
point of time. For is used with a period of time.
Since For
Since 1990 for two years
 Since Tuesday for a week
Since six o’clock for the last two days
Since yesterday for a long time
Since last night for an hour
Examples:
➢ I haven’t eaten anything since last night.
➢ We have learnt English language for nine months.
➢ He has known her since January.
➢ She hasn’t attended the school for the last two
weeks.
VII. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
It is used to indicate an action that began in the past and
continues up to or through the present.
Form: sub + have/has/+been + V-ing + object
Examples:
➢ I have been reading this for the last two hours.
➢ She has been dancing since morning.
➢ They have been living here for the last five years.
➢ The child has been sleeping since morning.
➢ How long have you been learning this language?
➢ Has he been advertising this material for three months?
Exception; - verbs of perception can’t be used in the present
perfect continuous tense because those verbs don’t take “ing”
therefore we used them in present perfect tense and add
adverbial time.
Examples:
➢ We have known this case for two months.
 ➢ They have thought about you since morning.
➢ You have understood my aim since last Monday.
➢ She has felt your secret for one week.
Adjectives in present perfect
Form: subject + have/has + been + object
Examples:
➢ They have been afraid of me since last week.
➢ Have they been afraid of me since last week?
➢ She has been familiar with this machine for a long time.
➢ Haven’t you been aware of my situation since last
month?
➢ This girl has been shy of me for three days.
➢ How long have you been busy with this job?

VIII. Past Perfect Tense

It is used to indicate an action that occurred in the past period
to another past action or event.
Form: subject + had + past participle + object
Use: the past perfect is used to show the sequence of two
events in the past, so we use the past perfect for the event
completed earlier and simple past for the latter event.
Examples:
➢ She got the latter I had given her a good point.
➢ I went to sleep when my friend had gone.
➢ He told me the truth when his father had left.
➢ The leader sat down after he had completed his speech.
➢ The thieves had escaped before the police arrived.
 ➢ Passengers ran for safety because the bus had caught
fire.
➢ He returned the book when he had read it.
Adjectives in past perfect tense
Form: subject + had been + adjective + object (if necessary)
Examples:
➢ She had been afraid to go out before you came.
➢ The children had been a sleep before I knocked at the
door.
➢ The students had already been ready before the teacher
started the explanation.
Note: when a sentence describes two actions, one is
consequence of the other, we don’t use past perfect tense for
the earlier action.
Examples:
➢ When I shoed my ticket, the gatekeeper let me in.
➢ When it grew dark, we switched on the light.
IX. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
It is used to emphasize the duration of an activity that was in
progress before another activity in the past.
Form: subject + had + been + present participle
Examples:
➢ Women had been demanding the right to vote for many
years before they finally got it.
➢ I had been waiting for her since two thirty. She finally
came at six o’clock.
➢ Her eyes were red because she had been crying.
 ➢ Had the girls been preparing dinner for two hours before
we went home?
➢ It was six now and he was tired because he had been
working since dawn.
➢ Who had been writing something on the blackboard
before the teacher came?
X. Future Continuous Tense
It is used to express an action going on at sometime in the
future.
Form: subject + will/shall + be + present participle (affirm.)
Shall/will + subject + be + present participle. (Question)
Examples:
➢ He will be talking his high school examination this year.
➢ They will be leaving in a few days.
➢ The teacher will be making us understand the lesson.
➢ He won’t be coming tomorrow.
➢ When shall we be having out lunch?
➢ I shall not be meeting my friends next week.
➢ How will you be doing the final examination?
XI. Future Perfect Tense
It is used to express an action which is expected to be
completed by a certain point of time in future.
It is always used with a time-adverbial (by….)
Form: subject + will/shall + have + past participle
Will/shall + subject + have + past participle
Examples:
 ➢ By December 2020, they will have written another
book.
➢ I shall have finished my work by the time you come
to me.
➢ By the time you get there, the meeting will have been
over.
➢ By the end of this year, you will have learnt how to
write correct English.
➢ I shall have reached home before it gets dark.
➢ You will not have reached Addis Ababa by
tomorrow.
XII. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
It is used to express the duration of an activity that will be in
progress before another event in the future.
Form: sub + will/shall+ have + been+ V-ing.
Examples:
➢ Ahmed was born in 1960. By the year 2019, he will have
been living on this earth for 59 years.
➢ Shall I not have been looking after the baby since
Wednesday?
➢ She will not have been looking after the baby since 10:00
a.m.
➢ Will these two students have been staying in the class since
Monday?
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Conditional sentence has two parts; an if-clause and main
clause. The if clause contains a condition; it is also called a
conditional clause, the action in the main clause depends on
the fulfillment of this condition.
There are three kinds of conditional sentences.
1. Possible condition
This type of conditional sentence describes a simple situation
which may nor may not take place in the future. It is true in
the present or future.
A. We use simple present verb in the if-clause and simple
future in the main clause when the sentence concerns
a particular activity in the future.
Examples:
If you go, I am coming with you.
➢
If you have time, I will call you tomorrow.
➢
If my father is sleeping now, I will not disturb him
➢
If you have finished reading the book, I will return it
➢
to the library.
➢ If the weather is nice tomorrow, we can go to the
beach.
➢ I have enough money; I am going to visit beautiful
places.
B. We can use either the simple present or the simple
future in the main clause and simple present in the if-
clause to express and established fact or general truth.
Examples:

➢ If you heat water to 1000 c, it turns (will turn) in to

steam.
➢ If the temperature goes below 0o c, water freezes (will
freeze).
➢ If you poor oil on the water, the oil floats (will float)
C. The verb in the main clause can be should or any
expression of command, request or advice.
 Examples:
➢ If she calls me today, tell her I am busy.
➢ If you want to be health and strong, you had better
exercise regularly.
➢ If he comes and joins this class, he should comply
with rules of the school.
➢ It the manager is not in the office, he may be at home.
D. The simple present with adverbs of frequencies is used
in the main clause to express a habitual activity or
situation.
Examples:
➢ Asha always answer the phone if she is in her
office.
➢ If I don’t eat breakfast, I always get hungry.
➢ If he doesn’t smoke cigarettes, he usually gets
tired.
2. UNLIKELY OR IMAGINARY CONDITION
In this type of condition, the simple past tense is used
in the if-clause and present conditional (would, could
or might) is used in the main clause. It describes a
situation which is hypothetical or unreal.
Note: (were) is used for both singular and plural
subjects.
Examples:
➢ If I knew the answer, I would/could tell you (in
truth I don’t know the answer, so I can’t tell
you)
➢ If he were here right now, he would help us, (in
truth, he is not here right now)
➢ If I won a lot of money, I would sail round the
world.
Inverted word order in imaginary condition
You can leave out if and write had or were first in the clause
without changing the meaning of the original sentence.
Examples:
➢ If I’d more time, I would go to the beach every day.=
➢ Had I more time, I would go to the beach every day.
➢ If I were in your position, I wouldn’t go with him.=
➢ Were I in your position, I wouldn’t go with him.
➢ If she were here right now, she would help us.=
➢ Were she here right now, she would help us.
3. Impossible condition
The third type of conditional sentence expresses unreal
condition in the past.
We use the past perfect tense in the if-clause and perfect
conditional (would, should, could, might + have + past
participle) in the main clause.
Examples:
➢ If I had known you, I would have invited you.
➢ If she had had enough money, she could have gone with
us.
➢ If you had talked to them quietly, they would have
welcomed you well.
➢ If he had listened to me well, he’d have understood my
aim easily.
Inversion in Impossible Condition
Note: we can invert the above sentences by omitting if at the
beginning of the sentences. The meaning in both sentences is
the same.
Examples:
 ➢ Had I known you, I would have invited you.
➢ Had she enough money, she could have gone with us.
➢ Had you talked to them quietly, they’d have welcomed
you well.

Passive voice
Intransitive verbs cannot be used in passive voice because they
don’t take objects after them, in other words the action denoted
by the verb doesn’t pass over to thing else.
Some intransitive verbs:
➢ She stands in front of us.
➢ They go to AL-IMRA private every day.
➢ He sleeps on the bed.
➢ Why does he cry in this place?
➢ He died of cancer.
➢ The sun rises in the east.
➢ We always run on this road.
All these verbs have not got objects, but transitive verbs can be
used in the passive constructions because the action passes over
from the subject to objects:
Examples:
➢ She learns English at this school.
➢ We knew all you secrets.
➢ The teacher advised the students to make effort.
➢ He remembered the word.
Remember: in passive voice, we always start with the objects.
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
In passive voice:
Form: object + am/is/are + past participle.
Statements/Affirmatives
He understands the explanation well (active)
The explanation is well understood. (Passive)
More Examples:
Active: They learn English at this school.
Passive: English is learnt at this school
Active: mother treated me well.
Passive: I am treated well by my mother.
Active: Our teacher explains the lesson well.
Passive: The lesson is well explained.
Active: we make practice outside of the class.
Passive: practice is made outside of the class.
Active: He advises us to learn English.
Passive: we are advised to learn English.
Active: I hate the speech of this student.
Passive: the speech of this student is hated.
Active: He scandalizes the girls in the class.
Passive: The girls are scandalized in the class.
Questions/interrogatives
Active: do the students take a lesson on Saturday.
Passive: is a lesson taken, on Saturday.
Active: does she always consider my idea?
Passive: are my ideas always considered?
Active: why do you laugh at this boy?
Passive: why is the boy laughed at?
Active: How do you understand this teacher?
Passive: How is this teacher understood?
Active: what do you always concentrate on?
Passive: what is always concentrated on?
Active: what your teacher teach you?
Passive: what you are taught?

Negative construction
Active: Indians don’t eat beef.
Passive: beef is not eaten by Indians.
Active: they don’t use material everywhere.
Passive: material is not used everywhere.
Active: one doesn’t admire humble person.
Passive: a humble person isn’t admired.
Active: no-one knows his address.
Passive: his address is not known.
Active: we don’t usually invite our friends.
Passive: our friends are not invited.
Active: on-one defeats us the competitions.
Passive: we are not defeated in the competitions.
Active: nobody answers my questions directly.
Passive: my questions are not answered directly.
Notice that in all passive construction the negative word (not) is
put between the auxiliary and the past participle.
The object no-one itself is negative. But since it is indefinite and
has to be omitted. In the passive construction, the negative is
transferred to verb.
Relative construction in passive voice
Active: she tells me where you go.
Passive: I am told where you go.
Active: we ask you how they make practice.
Passive: you asked how they make practice.
Active: I point them what the teacher writes.
Passive: they are pointed what the teacher writes.
Active: he informs me why you use this word.
Passive: I am informed why you use this word.
Notice: these sentences have relative clauses, so if you want to
make these sentences passive, use personal object before the
relative clause.
Other Relative Construction in Passive
Active: she laughs at how I pronounce these words.
Passive: she laughs at how these words are pronounced.
Active: he hates where you make the practice.
Passive: he hates where the practice is made.
Active: I know what china makes of the shoes.
Passive: I know what the shoes are made of.
Active: I don’t understand why you insult the girls.
Passive: I don’t understand why the girls are insulted.

“That” Construction in Passive voice

1. People say that the president is honest. (Active)
➢ It is said that the president is honest (passive 1)
➢ The presidents is said to be honest. (passive 2)
2. Everyone knows that he is innocent. (Active)
➢ It is known that he is innocent. (Passive 1)
➢ He is known to be innocent. (Passive 2)
3. I think that all snakes are poisonous. (Active)
➢ It’s thought that all snakes are poisonous. (Passive 1)
➢ All snakes are thought to be poisonous. (Passive 2)
PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE
FORM: object + is/am/are/ + being + past participle.
Statements/ Affirmative
Active: the teacher is explaining the lesson.
Passive: the lesson is being explained.
Active: she is using new words.
Passive: new words are being used.
Active: we’re welcoming the guests cordially.
Passive: the guests are being welcomed cordially.
Active: I’m advising you to stand ahead of us.
Passive: you’re being advised to stand ahead of us.
Interrogatives/Questions
Active: is the teacher explaining the lesson?
Passive: is the lesson being explained?
Active: is she using new word?
Passive: are new words being used?
Active: aren’t we welcoming them cordially?
Passive: aren’t they being welcomed cordially?
Active: why is she abusing me?
Passive: why I am being abused?
Active: how is he advising the students?
Passive: how are the students being advised?
Active: where is the doctor curing the patients?
Passive: where are the patients being cured?
Active: what are you writing on the table?
Passive: what is being written on the table?
Active: when are they suggesting the lecture?
Passive: when is the lecture being suggested?

Negative Construction
Active: they are not repairing the car.
Passive: the car is not being repaired
Active: he isn’t talking about political affairs.
Passive: political affairs aren’t being talked about
Active: no-one is answering my questions.
Passive: my questions aren’t being answered.
Active: nobody is speaking English well.
Passive: English is not being spoken well.
Active: no-one is calling you.
Passive: you are not being called.

Note: there are some verbs those don’t take “ing” they are verbs
of perception:
Form: object + is/am/are + past participle + by agent.
Active: we remember the last lesson.
Passive: the last lesson is remembered.
Active: they don’t understand my speech now.
Passive: my speech is not understood now.
Active: she hates using these words now.
Passive: using these words is hated now.
Active: I don’t forgive you now.
Passive: you are not forgiven now.

Relative Construction in Passive Voice

Active: is she telling you what I’m concealing?
Passive: are you being told what I’m concealing?
Active: are you showing her how I do the job?
Passive: is she being showed how I do the job?
Active: he is asking us when our period finishes.
Passive: we are being asked when our period finishes.
Active: you know why I’m learning English.
Passive: you know why English is being learnt.
Active: she likes how you’re doing the job.
Passive: she likes how the job is being done.

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Form: Object + was/were + past participle.
Statements/Affirmative
Active: someone tool all the injured persons to hospital
immediately.
Passive: all the injured persons were taken to hospital
immediately.
Active: they build this castle in the twelfth century.
Passive: this castle was built in the twelfth century.
Active: the court sentenced him to death.
Passive: he was sentenced to death by the court.
Active: the girls abused you in front of the students.
Passive: you were abused in front of the students.
Active: someone opened the door and stole all my books.
Passive: the door was opened and all my books were stolen.
Active: they robbed the bank and took a lot of money.
Passive: the bank was robbed and a lot of money was taken.
Active: my parents refused me to join that private.
Passive: I was refused to join that private.
Active: he spoke to the students frankly.
Passive: the students were spoken to frankly.

Interrogatives/Questions
Active: did he welcome the guest in hotel?
Passive: were the guest were welcomed in the hotel?
Active: did you advise the students to be clever?
Passive: were the students advised to be clever?
Active: did she want him to be responsible for his children?
Passive: was he wanted to be responsible for his children?
Active: why did you choose me from the students?
Passive: why I was chosen from the students?
Active: how did they learn English at this private?
Passive: how was English learnt at this private?
Active: when did she memorize these words?
Passive: when were these words memorized?
Active: where did you hide my books?
Passive: where were my books hidden?
Active: what did he write on the blackboard?
Passive: what was written on the blackboard?

Negatives/Questions
Active: we didn’t appreciate your idea.
Passive: your idea was not appreciated.
Active: no-one understood my advice.
Passive: my advice was not understood.
Active: not many people published this magazine.
Passive: This magazine was not published by many people.
Active: nobody pronounced these words well.
Passive: these words were not well pronounced.
Active: she didn’t make any mistakes in the conversation.
Passive: any mistakes were not made in the conversation.

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

Form: object + be + past participle. (Affirmative)
Shall/will + object + be + past participle. (Interrogative)
Statements/Questions
Active: the teacher will give us the books.
Passive: we will be given the books.
Active: he will encourage you to follow this way.
Passive: you’ll be encouraged to follow this way.
Active: they will accuse me of making mistakes.
Passive: I shall be accused of making mistakes.
Active: he will employ her in this office.
Passive: she will be employed in this office.

Interrogatives/ Questions
Active: will you take this to home?
Passive: will this be taken to home?
Active: won’t the doctors cure the injured person?
Passive: won’t the injured person be cured?
Active: will they invited us at the hotel?
Passive: shall we be invited at the hotel?
Active: how will you do this examination?
Passive: who will this examination be done?
Active: when will your friends display this topic?
Passive: when will this topic be displayed?
Active: what will be do next Saturday?
Passive: what will be done next Saturday?

Negative construction
Active: she will not tolerate your abusive.
Passive: your abusive will not be tolerated.
Active: we shall not converse with the boys.
Passive: the boys will not be conversed with.
Active: I will not repeat that word again.
Passive: that word will not be repeated again.
Active: they will not solve this problem easily.
Passive: this problem will not be easily solved.

PAST CONTINOUS TENSE

Form: Object + was/were + being + past participle.
Statements/Affirmatives
Active: he was memorizing the lessons.
Passive: the lessons were being memorized.
Active: Ali was advising the students.
Passive: the students were being advised.
Active: the students were displaying good topics.
Passive: Good topics were being displayed.
Active: he was mistaking you for somebody else.
Passive: you were mistaken for somebody else.
Interrogatives/Questions
Active: was she asking him this question?
Passive: was he being asked this question?
Active: were they using these difficult words?
Passive: were these difficult words being used?
Active: why were you calling me?
Passive: why was I being called by you?
Active: how were they advertising this book?
Passive: how was this book being advertised?
Active: where was he concealing my book?
Passive: where was my book being concealed?
Active: what were you talking about?
Passive: what was being talked about?
Active: what was the teacher giving the students?
Passive: what were the students being given?
Perceptional Verbs in past continuous tense
As we mentioned earlier all perception/state verbs can’t be used
in any continuous tense forms, so these verbs not work in past
continuous both active and passive voice.
Form: object + were/was + past participle.
Examples:
Active: she remembered the insulting words all last night.
Passive: the insulting words were remembered all last night.
Active: did you understand the aim of the teacher well?
Passive: was the aim of the teacher understood well?
Active: how did they see the words of that latter?
Passive: how were the words of that latter seen?
Note: being used in passive sentences tells us that the main verb
in the passive was taking “Ing” in the active.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Form: Object + have/has + been +past participle.
Statements/Affirmatives
Active: the teacher has just forgiven you.
Passive: you have just been forgiven.
Active: they’ve just told me all your mistakes.
Passive: I have just been told all your mistakes.
Active: she has already written the lesson.
Passive: the lesson has already been written.
Active: we’ve already talked about this plan.
Passive: this plan has already been talked about.
Active: I have just asked you simple a question.
Passive: you’ve just been asked simple question.

Interrogative/Question
Active: have you just phoned your friend?
Passive: has your friend just been phoned?
Active: has she already understood my idea?
Passive: my idea has already been understood?
Active: why has the teacher taken all our books?
Passive: why have all our books been taken?
Active: how have you explained the lesson today?
Passive: how has the lesson been explained?
Active: what has he eaten this afternoon?
Passive: what has been eaten this afternoon?
Active: have you ever heard like this story?
Passive: has like this story ever been heard?
Negative in passive construction
Notice: the negative in the subject is transferred to the adverb of
frequency, ever, which becomes, never in the passive
construction.
Active: no-one has ever known my secret.
Passive: my secret has been never been known.
Active: nobody has ever touched this box.
Passive: this box has never been touched.
Active: we’ve never seen such lesson before.
Passive: such lesson has never been seen before.
Active: I haven’t met my friend this morning.
Passive: my friend hasn’t met this morning.
Active: no-one will never abuse you here.
Passive: you will never be abused here.
Active: I haven’t drunk water since morning.
Passive: water hasn’t been drunk since morning.
Active: they haven’t read this book for an hour.
Passive: this book hasn’t been read for an hour.
PAST PERFECT TENSE
Form: object + had + been + past participle.
Statement/Affirmative
Active: we had sent the reply of you message last week.
Passive: the reply of your message had been sent last week.
Active: America had prepared embargo to impose on Iraq before
it was attacked.
Passive: embargo had been prepared to impose on Iraq before it
was attacked.
Active: he’d told me that case before the teacher came.
Passive: I’d been told that case before the teacher came.
Active: we got out after the teacher had explained the lesson.
Passive: we got out after the lesson had been explained.
Active: the police came after I had caught the thief.
Passive: the police came after the thief had been caught.
Active: they got in the train after they had given the conductor
tow tickers.
Passive: they got in the train after the conductor had been given
two tickets.

Interrogatives/Questions
Active: had you repaired the car before you drove it?
Passive: had the car been repaired before you drove it?
Active: Had he knocked the dog down before he turned on the
light?
Passive: had the dog been knocked down before he turned on the
light?
Active: why had the teacher written the exam before the students
came?
Passive: why had the exam been written before the students
came?
Active: how had one part boycotted the conference before
Palestinians made rally?
Passive: how had the conference been boycotted before
Palestinians made rally?
Active: how had you welcomed the guests before they sat down?
Passive: how had the guests been welcomed before they sat
down?

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Form: object + will/shall + have + been + past participle.
Shall/will + object + have + been + past participle.

Statement/Affirmative
Active: we shall have taken the final exam by the next summer.
Passive: the final exam will have been taken by the next
summer.
Active: he will have typed all the letters by next Friday.
Passive: all the letters will have been typed by the next Friday.
Active: the course will have finished his course by the end of this
year.
Passive: this course will have been finished by the end of this
year.
Active: by December 2019, u will have published another book.
Passive: by December 2019, another book will have been
published.

Interrogatives/Questions
Active: shall we have taken the final exam by next summer.
Passive: will the final exam have been taken by the next
summer.
Active: will the students have finished this course by the end of
this year?
Passive: will this course have been finished by the end of this
year?
Active: will you have fixed the car by the next month?
Passive: will the car have been fixed by the next month?

Negative construction
Active: we shall not have taken the final exam by the next
summer.
Passive: the final exam will not have been taken by the next
summer.
Active: they will not have repaired the bridge by the end of this
year.
Passive: the bridge will not have been repaired by the end of this
year.
Active: No-one will have taken any money by the end of this
month.
Passive; any money will not have been taken by the end of this
month.

PRESENT CONDITIONAL
Form: sub + would/could + be + past participle
Examples:
Active: they would give him a visa.
Passive: he would be given visa.
Active: if the teacher were present, he would explain the lesson.
Passive: if the teacher were present, the lesson would be
explained.
Active: we would teach her English easily if she came here right
now.
Passive: she could be taught English easily if she came here right
now.

PERFECT CONDITIOAL
Active: we would have written the lesson.
Passive: the lesson would have been written.
Active: if he had come here, the teacher would have forgiven
him.
Passive: if he had come here, he would have been forgiven.
Active: they could have finished this course within six months if
they had made effort.
Passive: this course could have been finished within six months
if they had made effort.
Active: if you had come late, I wouldn’t have allowed you to get
in the class.
Passive: if you had come late, you wouldn’t have been allowed to
get in the class.

Passive constructions of verbs with two objects

If the active sentence has two objects (direct or indirect), it can
be changed to the passive by taking any object as a subject.
Look at the following sentence:
Active: Mr. Basher teaches us English.
Passive: we are taught English by Mr. Basher.
So the sentence in the active voice has two objects, a direct
object (English) and an indirect object (us). The indirect object is
generally a personal object. As there are two objects, two
passives are possible. But since our interest is more in persons
than in things we use the indirect (personal) object to make
passives. However, if the intention is to emphasize the direct
object, we could say:-
Passive: English is taught (to) us by Mr. Basher.
Remember: if the direct object is used as a subject of the passive
sentence, there will be a preposition (to or for) between the main
verb and indirect object.
More Examples:
Active: they will ask you questions about the current affairs in the
interview.
Passive: you’ll be asked questions about the current affairs in the
interview.
Passive: questions about the current affairs will be asked to you
in the interview.
Active: he gave her a good present last night.
Passive: she was given a good present last night.
Passive: a good present was given to her last night.
Active: I will tell the police the full facts of this case.
Passive: the police will be told the full facts of this case.
Passive: full facts of this case will be told to the police.
Active: the teacher shows us the best way of learning this book
on Sunday.
Passive: we are shown the best way of learning this book on
Sunday.
Passive: the best way of learning this book is shown to us on
Sunday.
Active: our parents built us a new house near the river.
Passive: we were built a new house near the river.
Passive: a new house was built for us near the river.
Active: how bought the children a video game.
Passive: the children were bought a video game.
Passive: a video game was bought for the children.
 PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN SENTECES WITH
OBJECT COMPLEMENT
Active: the principal chose him captain of the team.
Passive: he was chosen captain of the team.
Active: the court found them innocent.
Passive: they were found innocent.
Active: they called me big thief.
Passive: I was big thief.
Active: we nominated a new queen.
Passive: we nominated a new queen.
Notice that the active sentences contain only one object.
Therefore, only one passive is possible here.
In the first sentence for example, the object is him and captain of
the team is an object complement, it completes the meaning of
the object, when this sentence is turned into passive, the object
become the subject but the complement doesn’t change its place.
“Make” in passive construction
Note that that in active voice the verb “make” takes the infinitive
without to, but to is necessary in the passive form:
Examples:
Active: she always makes me laugh.
Passive: I am always made to laugh.
Active: they made us forget the time.
Passive: we were made to forget the time.
Active: he is making the children cry.
Passive: the children are being made to cry.
Active: the teacher makes us understand the lesson.
Passive: we are made to understand the lesson.
Active: I didn’t make her feel her father’s death.
Passive: she wasn’t made to feel her father’s death.
Notice that complement adjective takes the infinitive without to
in passive construction.
Examples:
Active: he made me angry.
Passive: I was made angry.
Active: did you make me the girls shy?
Passive: were the girls made shy by you?
Active: she always makes me happy.
Passive: I am always made happy.
Active: they don’t make us busy.
Passive: we were not made busy.

MODEL AUXILARIES IN PASSIVE VOICE

Form: object + model auxiliary + be + past participle.
Examples:
Active: you can answer all my questions.
Passive: all my questions can be answered.
Active: she may take this handout.
Passive: this handout may be taken.
Active: we could stop him from going out.
Passive: he could be stopped from going out.
Active: they must complete all assignments.
Passive: all assignments must be completed.
Active: you have to understand my speech well.
Passive: my speech has to be well understood.
Active: we should open a college here.
Passive: a college should be opened here.
Active: the students ought to follow the instruction.
Passive: the instruction ought to be followed.

Interrogatives/Questions
Active: can we solve this problem?
Passive: can this question be solved?
Active: may I use your pen?
Passive: may your pen be used?
Active: could you lend me some money?
Passive: could be lent some money?
Active: must she learn all these words?
Passive: must all these words learnt?
Active: do I have to choose a good topic?
Passive: has a good topic to be chosen?
Active: should we join the army?
Passive: should the army be joined?
Active: ought the students to listen to you?
Passive: ought you to be listened to?

Imperatives in passive constructions

The imperative is used to express commands or request, to
change imperative sentences (commands) into passive, “let” can
be introduced.
Form: Let + object + be + past participle (positive)
From: Let + object + not be + past participle (Negative)
Examples:
Active: shut the door.
Passive: let the door be shut.
Active: choose a dramatic topic.
Passive: let a dramatic topic be chosen.
Active: write the useful words.
Passive: let the useful words be written.
Active: respect the teachers well.
Passive: let the teachers be respected well.
Active: Give the students permission today.
Passive: let the students be given permission today.
Active: let them use political words.
Passive: let political words be used.
Active: let me hear your voice clearly.
Passive: let your voice be heard clearly.

Negative imperatives in passive

Active: don’t insult the girls.
Passive: let the girls not be insulted.
Active: don’t take the book on the table.
Passive: let the book on the table not be taken.
Active: don’t tell him what I said.
Passive: let him not be told what I said.
Active: don’t persuade the boys a wrong idea.
Passive: let the boys not be persuaded a wrong idea.

Note that all the imperatives except requests use let in passive
construction. “Please” becomes, you are requested to. In passive.
Examples:
Active: please give the students chance.
Passive: you’re requested to give the students chance.
Active: please come here.
Passive: you are requested to come here.
Active: please raise your voice.
Passive: you’re requested to raise your voice.

“Please” in negative passive

Active: please don’t leave the home.
Passive: you are requested not to leave the home.
Active: please don’t call the police.
Passive: you’re requested not to call the police.
Active: please don’t dismiss this student.
Passive: you’re requested not to dismiss this student
Note: if ‘please’ contains other sentences with subject and object
apart from imperatives, it will not be changed into passive.
Examples:
Active: please can you explain this to us?
Passive: please can this lesson be explained to us?

Infinitives in passive constructions

The following verbs take infinitive (to + verb) ask, want, like,
expect, intend, need, beg, hate, mean, wish, love, prefer, if the
infinitive has a subject and object, we give consideration to the
infinitive and change it into passive.
Examples:
Active: I want you to help the students.
Passive: I want the students to be helped.
Active: they expect us to make efforts.
Passive: they expect efforts to be made.
Active: we’d like you to choose a good topic.
Passive: we’d like a good topic to be chosen.
Active: she needs me to explain the lesson again.
Passive: she needs the lesson to be explained again.
Active: he begged her to bring back all books.
Passive: he begged all books to be brought back.
Note: - if the subject of main verb and the object of the infinitive
become same person, use like this in passive:-
Examples:
Active: I would like someone to inform me questions about the
exam.
Passive: I would like to be informed questions about the exam.
Active: he wants the students to praise him every day.
Passive: he wants to be praised every day.
Active: she expected the students to welcome her well.
Passive: she expected to be welcomed well.
Active: he didn’t intend the robbers to kill him.
Passive: he didn’t intend to be killed.
Remember: if the infinitive doesn’t take an object, we use the
object of the main verb as subject of passive sentence.
Active: I don’t want you to come here.
Passive: you are not wanted to come here.
Active: do you need me to stand in front of the students?
Passive: I am needed to stand in front of the students?

Participles in passive construction

The following verbs take present participle as an object
complement, such as see, hear, watch, feel, catch, leave, find,
and notice. The participle modifies the noun or pronoun before
it, which it is subject. If the participle takes an object, we can
change it into passive like this:
Examples:
Active: I saw him insulting the girls.
Passive: I saw the girls being insulted.
Active: we heard her telling the students a lie.
Passive: we heard the students being told a lie.
Active: I caught him copying my letters.
Passive: I caught my letters being copied.
Active: police found the thief stealing the money in my store.
Passive: police found the money in my store being stolen.
Active: she felt something touching her shoulder.
Passive: she felt her shoulder being touched.

Relative Pronouns in passive voice

“Who” changes into “by whom” in passive voice.
Form: sub + by whom + Obj + auxiliary + past participle.
Examples:
Active: The boy who called you is my friend.
Passive: The boy by whom you were called is my friend.
Active: The man who gives the students an advice knows English
well.
Active: The man by whom the students are given an advice
knows English well.
Active: one of the boys who chose the topic is clever.
Passive: one of the boys by whom this topic was chosen is
clever.
Active: The person who makes me understand the lesson learnt
English well.
Passive: The person by whom I am made to understand the
lesson learnt English well.
Active: The girl who was making use of you is my sister.
Passive: The girl by whom you were being made use of is my
sister.

When: changes into “who” in passive

Form: subject + who + auxiliary + past participle.
Examples:
Active: The student whom the teacher dismissed came back.
Passive: The student who was dismissed by the teacher came
back.
Active: The boy whom I chose refused to get up.
Passive: The boy whom was chosen refused to get up.
Active: The man who you always scandalize became clever.
Passive: The man who is always scandalized became clever.
Active: The girl whom you are despising is more experienced
than you.
Passive: The girl who is being are despising is more experienced
than you.
Active: your friend whom the students laughed at will not come
to school.
Passive: your friend who was laughed at will not come to school.

Interrogative pronouns in passive voice

Who: changes into “by whom: in passive voice
Form: by whom + auxiliary + object + past participle
Examples:
Active: Who insulted you?
Passive: by whom were you insulted?
Active: who suggests the lecture well?
Passive: by whom is the lecture suggested well?
Active: who will welcome the guests?
Passive: by whom will the guests be welcomed?
Active: who has just laughed at the girls?
Passive: by whom have the girls been laughed at?
Active: who is demoralizing her?
Passive: who whim is she being demoralized?
Whom: changes into “who” in passive
Form: who + auxiliary + past participle + by agent
Examples:
Active: Whom did you call?
Passive: who was called by you?
Active: whom do they advise to change the bad character?
Passive: who is advised to change the bad character?
Active: whom does Emran want to make use of this precious
opportunity?
Passive: who is wanted to make use of this precious
opportunity?
Active: whom are the students nominating the monitor of the
class?
Passive: who is being nominated the monitor of the class?

Congratulation
After having finished these chapters, you are promoted to
advanced level
Success is now ahead of you!!!!
Miss, it not!!!!