The Chain Rule

Differentiability

Mathematics 53

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 1 / 31

For today

1 The Chain Rule

2 Differentiability

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 2 / 31

For today

1 The Chain Rule

2 Differentiability

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 3 / 31

The Chain Rule

Theorem (Chain Rule)

If a function g is differentiable at x = x0 and a function f is differentiable at g( x0 ),
then

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 4 / 31

The Chain Rule

Theorem (Chain Rule)

If a function g is differentiable at x = x0 and a function f is differentiable at g( x0 ),
then f ◦ g is differentiable at x = x0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 4 / 31

The Chain Rule

Theorem (Chain Rule)

If a function g is differentiable at x = x0 and a function f is differentiable at g( x0 ),
then f ◦ g is differentiable at x = x0 and

( f ◦ g ) 0 ( x0 )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 4 / 31

The Chain Rule

Theorem (Chain Rule)

If a function g is differentiable at x = x0 and a function f is differentiable at g( x0 ),
then f ◦ g is differentiable at x = x0 and

( f ◦ g)0 ( x0 ) = f 0 ( g( x0 ))

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 4 / 31

The Chain Rule

Theorem (Chain Rule)

If a function g is differentiable at x = x0 and a function f is differentiable at g( x0 ),
then f ◦ g is differentiable at x = x0 and

( f ◦ g)0 ( x0 ) = f 0 ( g( x0 )) · g0 ( x0 ).

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 4 / 31

The Chain Rule

Theorem (Chain Rule)

If a function g is differentiable at x = x0 and a function f is differentiable at g( x0 ),
then f ◦ g is differentiable at x = x0 and

( f ◦ g)0 ( x0 ) = f 0 ( g( x0 )) · g0 ( x0 ).

Remark
The chain rule can also be stated in the following manner:

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 4 / 31

The Chain Rule

Theorem (Chain Rule)

If a function g is differentiable at x = x0 and a function f is differentiable at g( x0 ),
then f ◦ g is differentiable at x = x0 and

( f ◦ g)0 ( x0 ) = f 0 ( g( x0 )) · g0 ( x0 ).

Remark
The chain rule can also be stated in the following manner:
If y = f (u) and u = g( x ) , then

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 4 / 31

The Chain Rule

Theorem (Chain Rule)

If a function g is differentiable at x = x0 and a function f is differentiable at g( x0 ),
then f ◦ g is differentiable at x = x0 and

( f ◦ g)0 ( x0 ) = f 0 ( g( x0 )) · g0 ( x0 ).

Remark
The chain rule can also be stated in the following manner:
If y = f (u) and u = g( x ) , then

dy dy du
= ·
dx du dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 4 / 31

The Chain Rule

Theorem (Chain Rule)

If a function g is differentiable at x = x0 and a function f is differentiable at g( x0 ),
then f ◦ g is differentiable at x = x0 and

( f ◦ g)0 ( x0 ) = f 0 ( g( x0 )) · g0 ( x0 ).

Remark
The chain rule can also be stated in the following manner:
If y = f (u) and u = g( x ) , then

dy dy du
= · or Dx [ f (u)] = f 0 (u) Dx [u].
dx du dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 4 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
Find Dx [(2x )5 ].

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 5 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
Find Dx [(2x )5 ].

Note that (2x )5 = ( f ◦ g)( x ) where f ( x ) = x5 and g( x ) = 2x.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 5 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
Find Dx [(2x )5 ].

Note that (2x )5 = ( f ◦ g)( x ) where f ( x ) = x5 and g( x ) = 2x.

We have

f 0 ( x ) = 5x4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 5 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
Find Dx [(2x )5 ].

Note that (2x )5 = ( f ◦ g)( x ) where f ( x ) = x5 and g( x ) = 2x.

We have

f 0 ( x ) = 5x4 and g0 ( x ) = 2.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 5 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
Find Dx [(2x )5 ].

Note that (2x )5 = ( f ◦ g)( x ) where f ( x ) = x5 and g( x ) = 2x.

We have

f 0 ( x ) = 5x4 and g0 ( x ) = 2.

Using the chain rule,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 5 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
Find Dx [(2x )5 ].

Note that (2x )5 = ( f ◦ g)( x ) where f ( x ) = x5 and g( x ) = 2x.

We have

f 0 ( x ) = 5x4 and g0 ( x ) = 2.

Using the chain rule,

Dx [(2x )5 ] = f 0 ( g( x )) · g0 ( x )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 5 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
Find Dx [(2x )5 ].

Note that (2x )5 = ( f ◦ g)( x ) where f ( x ) = x5 and g( x ) = 2x.

We have

f 0 ( x ) = 5x4 and g0 ( x ) = 2.

Using the chain rule,

Dx [(2x )5 ] = f 0 ( g( x )) · g0 ( x ) = 5(2x )4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 5 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
Find Dx [(2x )5 ].

Note that (2x )5 = ( f ◦ g)( x ) where f ( x ) = x5 and g( x ) = 2x.

We have

f 0 ( x ) = 5x4 and g0 ( x ) = 2.

Using the chain rule,

Dx [(2x )5 ] = f 0 ( g( x )) · g0 ( x ) = 5(2x )4 · 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 5 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
Find Dx [(2x )5 ].

Note that (2x )5 = ( f ◦ g)( x ) where f ( x ) = x5 and g( x ) = 2x.

We have

f 0 ( x ) = 5x4 and g0 ( x ) = 2.

Using the chain rule,

Dx [(2x )5 ] = f 0 ( g( x )) · g0 ( x ) = 5(2x )4 · 2 = 10(2x )4 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 5 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
Determine Dx [sin(2x )].

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 6 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
Determine Dx [sin(2x )].

We have sin(2x ) = ( f ◦ g)( x ) where f ( x ) = sin x and g( x ) = 2x.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 6 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
Determine Dx [sin(2x )].

We have sin(2x ) = ( f ◦ g)( x ) where f ( x ) = sin x and g( x ) = 2x.

So, by the chain rule,

Dx [sin(2x )] = f 0 ( g( x )) · g0 ( x )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 6 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
Determine Dx [sin(2x )].

We have sin(2x ) = ( f ◦ g)( x ) where f ( x ) = sin x and g( x ) = 2x.

So, by the chain rule,

Dx [sin(2x )] = f 0 ( g( x )) · g0 ( x ) = (cos(2x ))

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 6 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
Determine Dx [sin(2x )].

We have sin(2x ) = ( f ◦ g)( x ) where f ( x ) = sin x and g( x ) = 2x.

So, by the chain rule,

Dx [sin(2x )] = f 0 ( g( x )) · g0 ( x ) = (cos(2x )) · (2)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 6 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
Determine Dx [sin(2x )].

We have sin(2x ) = ( f ◦ g)( x ) where f ( x ) = sin x and g( x ) = 2x.

So, by the chain rule,

Dx [sin(2x )] = f 0 ( g( x )) · g0 ( x ) = (cos(2x )) · (2) = 2 cos(2x ).

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 6 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
Find h0 ( x ) if h( x ) = 2 sin( x2 ).

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 7 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
Find h0 ( x ) if h( x ) = 2 sin( x2 ).

Solution
Note that h( x ) = ( f ◦ g)( x ) where f ( x ) = 2 sin x and g( x ) = x2 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 7 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
Find h0 ( x ) if h( x ) = 2 sin( x2 ).

Solution
Note that h( x ) = ( f ◦ g)( x ) where f ( x ) = 2 sin x and g( x ) = x2 .
Now, using the chain rule,

h0 ( x ) = f 0 ( g( x ))

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 7 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
Find h0 ( x ) if h( x ) = 2 sin( x2 ).

Solution
Note that h( x ) = ( f ◦ g)( x ) where f ( x ) = 2 sin x and g( x ) = x2 .
Now, using the chain rule,

h0 ( x ) = f 0 ( g( x )) · g0 ( x )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 7 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
Find h0 ( x ) if h( x ) = 2 sin( x2 ).

Solution
Note that h( x ) = ( f ◦ g)( x ) where f ( x ) = 2 sin x and g( x ) = x2 .
Now, using the chain rule,

h0 ( x ) = f 0 ( g( x )) · g0 ( x ) = (2 cos x2 )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 7 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
Find h0 ( x ) if h( x ) = 2 sin( x2 ).

Solution
Note that h( x ) = ( f ◦ g)( x ) where f ( x ) = 2 sin x and g( x ) = x2 .
Now, using the chain rule,

h0 ( x ) = f 0 ( g( x )) · g0 ( x ) = (2 cos x2 ) · (2x )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 7 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
Find h0 ( x ) if h( x ) = 2 sin( x2 ).

Solution
Note that h( x ) = ( f ◦ g)( x ) where f ( x ) = 2 sin x and g( x ) = x2 .
Now, using the chain rule,

h0 ( x ) = f 0 ( g( x )) · g0 ( x ) = (2 cos x2 ) · (2x ) = 4x cos x2 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 7 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
dy √
Find if y = x3 − tan x.
dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 8 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
dy √
Find if y = x3 − tan x.
dx
√
We let y = u and u = x3 − tan x.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 8 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
dy √
Find if y = x3 − tan x.
dx
√
We let y = u and u = x3 − tan x.
Thus,

dy dy du
= ·
dx du dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 8 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
dy √
Find if y = x3 − tan x.
dx
√
We let y = u and u = x3 − tan x.
Thus,

dy dy du 1
= · = √
dx du dx 2 u

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 8 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
dy √
Find if y = x3 − tan x.
dx
√
We let y = u and u = x3 − tan x.
Thus,

dy dy du 1
= · = √ · (3x2 − sec2 x )
dx du dx 2 u

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 8 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
dy √
Find if y = x3 − tan x.
dx
√
We let y = u and u = x3 − tan x.
Thus,

dy dy du 1 3x2 − sec2 x
= · = √ · (3x2 − sec2 x ) = √ .
dx du dx 2 u 2 x3 − tan x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 8 / 31

The Chain Rule

Remarks

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 9 / 31

The Chain Rule

Remarks

1 The chain rule can also be extended to a finite composition of functions.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 9 / 31

The Chain Rule

Remarks

1 The chain rule can also be extended to a finite composition of functions.

To illustrate,
( f 1 ◦ f 2 ◦ f 3 )0 ( x )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 9 / 31

The Chain Rule

Remarks

1 The chain rule can also be extended to a finite composition of functions.

To illustrate,
( f 1 ◦ f 2 ◦ f 3 )0 ( x ) = f 10 (( f 2 ◦ f 3 )( x ))

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 9 / 31

The Chain Rule

Remarks

1 The chain rule can also be extended to a finite composition of functions.

To illustrate,
( f 1 ◦ f 2 ◦ f 3 )0 ( x ) = f 10 (( f 2 ◦ f 3 )( x )) · f 20 ( f 3 ( x ))

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 9 / 31

The Chain Rule

Remarks

1 The chain rule can also be extended to a finite composition of functions.

To illustrate,
( f 1 ◦ f 2 ◦ f 3 )0 ( x ) = f 10 (( f 2 ◦ f 3 )( x )) · f 20 ( f 3 ( x )) · f 30 ( x )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 9 / 31

The Chain Rule

Remarks

1 The chain rule can also be extended to a finite composition of functions.

To illustrate,
( f 1 ◦ f 2 ◦ f 3 )0 ( x ) = f 10 (( f 2 ◦ f 3 )( x )) · f 20 ( f 3 ( x )) · f 30 ( x )

2 It may help to think that :

“The derivative of f ( g( x )) is the derivative of the outside function evaluated at
the inside function times the derivative of the inside function.“

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 9 / 31

The Chain Rule

Examples

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 10 / 31

The Chain Rule

Examples

Dx [(3x2 − x − 6)27 ]

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 10 / 31

The Chain Rule

Examples

Dx [(3x2 − x − 6)27 ]

Dx [(3x2 − x − 6)27 ]

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 10 / 31

The Chain Rule

Examples

Dx [(3x2 − x − 6)27 ]

Dx [(3x2 − x − 6)27 ] = 27(3x2 − x − 6)26

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 10 / 31

The Chain Rule

Examples

Dx [(3x2 − x − 6)27 ]

Dx [(3x2 − x − 6)27 ] = 27(3x2 − x − 6)26 · Dx [3x2 − x − 6]

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 10 / 31

The Chain Rule

Examples

Dx [(3x2 − x − 6)27 ]

Dx [(3x2 − x − 6)27 ] = 27(3x2 − x − 6)26 · Dx [3x2 − x − 6]

= 27(3x2 − x − 6)26

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 10 / 31

The Chain Rule

Examples

Dx [(3x2 − x − 6)27 ]

Dx [(3x2 − x − 6)27 ] = 27(3x2 − x − 6)26 · Dx [3x2 − x − 6]

= 27(3x2 − x − 6)26 · (6x − 1).

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 10 / 31

The Chain Rule

Examples

Dx [(3x2 − x − 6)27 ]

Dx [(3x2 − x − 6)27 ] = 27(3x2 − x − 6)26 · Dx [3x2 − x − 6]

= 27(3x2 − x − 6)26 · (6x − 1).

d
[sec(cos x )]
dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 10 / 31

The Chain Rule

Examples

Dx [(3x2 − x − 6)27 ]

Dx [(3x2 − x − 6)27 ] = 27(3x2 − x − 6)26 · Dx [3x2 − x − 6]

= 27(3x2 − x − 6)26 · (6x − 1).

d
[sec(cos x )]
dx
d
[sec(cos x )]
dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 10 / 31

The Chain Rule

Examples

Dx [(3x2 − x − 6)27 ]

Dx [(3x2 − x − 6)27 ] = 27(3x2 − x − 6)26 · Dx [3x2 − x − 6]

= 27(3x2 − x − 6)26 · (6x − 1).

d
[sec(cos x )]
dx
d
[sec(cos x )] = sec(cos x ) tan(cos x )
dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 10 / 31

The Chain Rule

Examples

Dx [(3x2 − x − 6)27 ]

Dx [(3x2 − x − 6)27 ] = 27(3x2 − x − 6)26 · Dx [3x2 − x − 6]

= 27(3x2 − x − 6)26 · (6x − 1).

d
[sec(cos x )]
dx
d d
[sec(cos x )] = sec(cos x ) tan(cos x ) · [cos x ]
dx dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 10 / 31

The Chain Rule

Examples

Dx [(3x2 − x − 6)27 ]

Dx [(3x2 − x − 6)27 ] = 27(3x2 − x − 6)26 · Dx [3x2 − x − 6]

= 27(3x2 − x − 6)26 · (6x − 1).

d
[sec(cos x )]
dx
d d
[sec(cos x )] = sec(cos x ) tan(cos x ) · [cos x ]
dx dx
= sec(cos x ) tan(cos x )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 10 / 31

The Chain Rule

Examples

Dx [(3x2 − x − 6)27 ]

Dx [(3x2 − x − 6)27 ] = 27(3x2 − x − 6)26 · Dx [3x2 − x − 6]

= 27(3x2 − x − 6)26 · (6x − 1).

d
[sec(cos x )]
dx
d d
[sec(cos x )] = sec(cos x ) tan(cos x ) · [cos x ]
dx dx
= sec(cos x ) tan(cos x ) · (− sin x ).

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 10 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 11 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example

y = (2x − 1)100 (2 − x )200

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 11 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example

y = (2x − 1)100 (2 − x )200

dy
dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 11 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example

y = (2x − 1)100 (2 − x )200

dy
= 100(2x − 1)99
dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 11 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example

y = (2x − 1)100 (2 − x )200

dy
= 100(2x − 1)99 · 2
dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 11 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example

y = (2x − 1)100 (2 − x )200

dy
= 100(2x − 1)99 · 2 · (2 − x )200
dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 11 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example

y = (2x − 1)100 (2 − x )200

dy
= 100(2x − 1)99 · 2 · (2 − x )200
dx
+(2x − 1)100

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 11 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example

y = (2x − 1)100 (2 − x )200

dy
= 100(2x − 1)99 · 2 · (2 − x )200
dx
+(2x − 1)100 · 200(2 − x )199

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 11 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example

y = (2x − 1)100 (2 − x )200

dy
= 100(2x − 1)99 · 2 · (2 − x )200
dx
+(2x − 1)100 · 200(2 − x )199 · (−1)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 11 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example

y = (2x − 1)100 (2 − x )200

dy
= 100(2x − 1)99 · 2 · (2 − x )200
dx
+(2x − 1)100 · 200(2 − x )199 · (−1)
= (2x − 1)99 (2 − x )199 [200(2 − x ) − 200(2x − 1)]

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 11 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example

y = (2x − 1)100 (2 − x )200

dy
= 100(2x − 1)99 · 2 · (2 − x )200
dx
+(2x − 1)100 · 200(2 − x )199 · (−1)
= (2x − 1)99 (2 − x )199 [200(2 − x ) − 200(2x − 1)]
= 600(1 − x )(2x − 1)99 (2 − x )199 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 11 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 12 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
5
" #
(2x 2 + 2)4
Dx √
2x − csc x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 12 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
5
" #
(2x 2 + 2)4
Dx √
2x − csc x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 12 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
5
" #
(2x 2 + 2)4
Dx √
2x − csc x

√
( 2x − csc x )
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 12 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
5
" #
(2x 2 + 2)4
Dx √
2x − csc x

√ 5
( 2x − csc x ) · Dx [(2x 2 + 2)4 ]
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 12 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
5
" #
(2x 2 + 2)4
Dx √
2x − csc x

√ 5 5
( 2x − csc x ) · Dx [(2x 2 + 2)4 ] − (2x 2 + 2)4
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 12 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
5
" #
(2x 2 + 2)4
Dx √
2x − csc x

√ 5 5 √
( 2x − csc x ) · Dx [(2x 2 + 2)4 ] − (2x 2 + 2)4 · Dx [ 2x − csc x ]
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 12 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
5
" #
(2x 2 + 2)4
Dx √
2x − csc x

√ 5 5 √
( 2x − csc x ) · Dx [(2x 2 + 2)4 ] − (2x 2 + 2)4 · Dx [ 2x − csc x ]
= √
( 2x − csc x )2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 12 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
5
" #
(2x 2 + 2)4
Dx √
2x − csc x

√ 5 5 √
( 2x − csc x ) · Dx [(2x 2 + 2)4 ] − (2x 2 + 2)4 · Dx [ 2x − csc x ]
= √
( 2x − csc x )2

= .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 12 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
5
" #
(2x 2 + 2)4
Dx √
2x − csc x

√ 5 5 √
( 2x − csc x ) · Dx [(2x 2 + 2)4 ] − (2x 2 + 2)4 · Dx [ 2x − csc x ]
= √
( 2x − csc x )2

√
( 2x − csc x )
= .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 12 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
5
" #
(2x 2 + 2)4
Dx √
2x − csc x

√ 5 5 √
( 2x − csc x ) · Dx [(2x 2 + 2)4 ] − (2x 2 + 2)4 · Dx [ 2x − csc x ]
= √
( 2x − csc x )2

√ 5
( 2x − csc x ) · 4(2x 2 + 2)3
= .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 12 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
5
" #
(2x 2 + 2)4
Dx √
2x − csc x

√ 5 5 √
( 2x − csc x ) · Dx [(2x 2 + 2)4 ] − (2x 2 + 2)4 · Dx [ 2x − csc x ]
= √
( 2x − csc x )2

√ 5 3
( 2x − csc x ) · 4(2x 2 + 2)3 · (5x 2 )
= .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 12 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
5
" #
(2x 2 + 2)4
Dx √
2x − csc x

√ 5 5 √
( 2x − csc x ) · Dx [(2x 2 + 2)4 ] − (2x 2 + 2)4 · Dx [ 2x − csc x ]
= √
( 2x − csc x )2

√ 5 3 5
( 2x − csc x ) · 4(2x 2 + 2)3 · (5x 2 ) − (2x 2 + 2)4
= .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 12 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
5
" #
(2x 2 + 2)4
Dx √
2x − csc x

√ 5 5 √
( 2x − csc x ) · Dx [(2x 2 + 2)4 ] − (2x 2 + 2)4 · Dx [ 2x − csc x ]
= √
( 2x − csc x )2

√ 5 3 5

( 2x − csc x ) · 4(2x 2 + 2)3 · (5x 2 ) − (2x 2 + 2)4 · √1
2 2x
= .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 12 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
5
" #
(2x 2 + 2)4
Dx √
2x − csc x

√ 5 5 √
( 2x − csc x ) · Dx [(2x 2 + 2)4 ] − (2x 2 + 2)4 · Dx [ 2x − csc x ]
= √
( 2x − csc x )2

√ 5 3 5

( 2x − csc x ) · 4(2x 2 + 2)3 · (5x 2 ) − (2x 2 + 2)4 · √1 ·2
2 2x
= .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 12 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
5
" #
(2x 2 + 2)4
Dx √
2x − csc x

√ 5 5 √
( 2x − csc x ) · Dx [(2x 2 + 2)4 ] − (2x 2 + 2)4 · Dx [ 2x − csc x ]
= √
( 2x − csc x )2

√ 5 3 5
 
( 2x − csc x ) · 4(2x 2 + 2)3 · (5x 2 ) − (2x 2 + 2)4 · √1 · 2 + csc x cot x
2 2x
= .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 12 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example
5
" #
(2x 2 + 2)4
Dx √
2x − csc x

√ 5 5 √
( 2x − csc x ) · Dx [(2x 2 + 2)4 ] − (2x 2 + 2)4 · Dx [ 2x − csc x ]
= √
( 2x − csc x )2

√ 5 3 5
 
( 2x − csc x ) · 4(2x 2 + 2)3 · (5x 2 ) − (2x 2 + 2)4 · √1 · 2 + csc x cot x
2 2x
= √ .
( 2x − csc x )2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 12 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 13 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example

Dx [sin(tan2 x )]

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 13 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example

Dx [sin(tan2 x )]

Dx [sin(tan2 x )] = f 0 (( g ◦ h)( x ))

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 13 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example

Dx [sin(tan2 x )]

Dx [sin(tan2 x )] = f 0 (( g ◦ h)( x )) · g0 (h( x ))

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 13 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example

Dx [sin(tan2 x )]

Dx [sin(tan2 x )] = f 0 (( g ◦ h)( x )) · g0 (h( x )) · h0 ( x )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 13 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example

Dx [sin(tan2 x )]

Dx [sin(tan2 x )] = f 0 (( g ◦ h)( x )) · g0 (h( x )) · h0 ( x )

= cos(tan2 x )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 13 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example

Dx [sin(tan2 x )]

Dx [sin(tan2 x )] = f 0 (( g ◦ h)( x )) · g0 (h( x )) · h0 ( x )

= cos(tan2 x ) · 2(tan x )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 13 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example

Dx [sin(tan2 x )]

Dx [sin(tan2 x )] = f 0 (( g ◦ h)( x )) · g0 (h( x )) · h0 ( x )

= cos(tan2 x ) · 2(tan x ) · sec2 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 13 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 14 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example

Dx [cos2 (cot 4x )]

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 14 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example

Dx [cos2 (cot 4x )]

= 2 cos(cot 4x )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 14 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example

Dx [cos2 (cot 4x )]

= 2 cos(cot 4x ) · (− sin(cot 4x ))

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 14 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example

Dx [cos2 (cot 4x )]

= 2 cos(cot 4x ) · (− sin(cot 4x )) · (− csc2 4x )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 14 / 31

The Chain Rule

Example

Dx [cos2 (cot 4x )]

= 2 cos(cot 4x ) · (− sin(cot 4x )) · (− csc2 4x ) · (4)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 14 / 31

For today

1 The Chain Rule

2 Differentiability

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 15 / 31

Differentiability

Recall:

Definitions

1 A function f is said to be differentiable at x = x0 if its derivative f 0 ( x0 ) at

x = x0 exists.
2 A function f is differentiable on ( a, b) if f is differentiable at every real
number in ( a, b).
3 A function f is differentiable everywhere if it is differentiable at every real
number.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 16 / 31

Differentiability

Example
(
x , x≥0
Determine if f ( x ) = | x | = is differentiable at x = 0.
−x , x < 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 17 / 31

Differentiability

Example
(
x , x≥0
Determine if f ( x ) = | x | = is differentiable at x = 0.
−x , x < 0

f 0 (0) = ?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 17 / 31

Differentiability

Definitions
Let the function f ( x ) be defined at x = x0 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 18 / 31

Differentiability

Definitions
Let the function f ( x ) be defined at x = x0 .
1 0 ( x ), is given by
The derivative from the left of f ( x ) at x = x0 , denoted f − 0

0 f ( x ) − f ( x0 )
f− ( x0 ) = lim ,
x → x0− x − x0

if the limit exists.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 18 / 31

Differentiability

Definitions
Let the function f ( x ) be defined at x = x0 .
1 0 ( x ), is given by
The derivative from the left of f ( x ) at x = x0 , denoted f − 0

0 f ( x ) − f ( x0 )
f− ( x0 ) = lim ,
x → x0− x − x0

if the limit exists.

2 0 ( x ), is given by
The derivative from the right of f ( x ) at x = x0 , denoted f + 0

0 f ( x ) − f ( x0 )
f+ ( x0 ) = lim ,
x → x0+ x − x0

if the limit exists.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 18 / 31

Differentiability

Remark

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 19 / 31

Differentiability

Remark

1 The derivative from the left [right] is also referred to as the left-hand derivative
[right-hand derivative], or simply left derivative [right derivative].

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 19 / 31

Differentiability

Remark

1 The derivative from the left [right] is also referred to as the left-hand derivative
[right-hand derivative], or simply left derivative [right derivative].
2 0 ( x ) and f 0 ( x ) exist
The function f is differentiable at x = x0 if and only if f − 0 + 0
and

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 19 / 31

Differentiability

Remark

1 The derivative from the left [right] is also referred to as the left-hand derivative
[right-hand derivative], or simply left derivative [right derivative].
2 0 ( x ) and f 0 ( x ) exist
The function f is differentiable at x = x0 if and only if f − 0 + 0
and
0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ).
f− 0 + 0 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 19 / 31

Example
(
x , x≥0
Determine if f ( x ) = | x | = is differentiable at x = 0.
−x , x < 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 20 / 31

Example
(
x , x≥0
Determine if f ( x ) = | x | = is differentiable at x = 0.
−x , x < 0

Solution. We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 0.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 20 / 31

Example
(
x , x≥0
Determine if f ( x ) = | x | = is differentiable at x = 0.
−x , x < 0

Solution. We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 0.

0
f− (0)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 20 / 31

Example
(
x , x≥0
Determine if f ( x ) = | x | = is differentiable at x = 0.
−x , x < 0

Solution. We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 0.

0 f ( x ) − f (0)
f− (0) = lim
x →0− x−0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 20 / 31

Example
(
x , x≥0
Determine if f ( x ) = | x | = is differentiable at x = 0.
−x , x < 0

Solution. We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 0.

0 f ( x ) − f (0)
f− (0) = lim
x →0− x−0
−x − 0
= lim
x →0− x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 20 / 31

Example
(
x , x≥0
Determine if f ( x ) = | x | = is differentiable at x = 0.
−x , x < 0

Solution. We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 0.

0 f ( x ) − f (0)
f− (0) = lim
x →0− x−0
−x − 0
= lim
x →0− x
= −1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 20 / 31

Example
(
x , x≥0
Determine if f ( x ) = | x | = is differentiable at x = 0.
−x , x < 0

Solution. We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 0.

0 f ( x ) − f (0) 0
f− (0) = lim f+ (0)
x →0− x−0
−x − 0
= lim
x →0− x
= −1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 20 / 31

Example
(
x , x≥0
Determine if f ( x ) = | x | = is differentiable at x = 0.
−x , x < 0

Solution. We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 0.

0 f ( x ) − f (0) 0 f ( x ) − f (0)
f− (0) = lim f+ (0) = lim
x →0− x−0 x →0+ x−0
−x − 0
= lim
x →0− x
= −1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 20 / 31

Example
(
x , x≥0
Determine if f ( x ) = | x | = is differentiable at x = 0.
−x , x < 0

Solution. We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 0.

0 f ( x ) − f (0) 0 f ( x ) − f (0)
f− (0) = lim f+ (0) = lim
x →0− x−0 x →0+ x−0
−x − 0 x−0
= lim = lim
x →0− x x →0+ x
= −1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 20 / 31

Example
(
x , x≥0
Determine if f ( x ) = | x | = is differentiable at x = 0.
−x , x < 0

Solution. We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 0.

0 f ( x ) − f (0) 0 f ( x ) − f (0)
f− (0) = lim f+ (0) = lim
x →0− x−0 x →0+ x−0
−x − 0 x−0
= lim = lim
x →0− x x →0+ x
= −1 = 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 20 / 31

Example
(
x , x≥0
Determine if f ( x ) = | x | = is differentiable at x = 0.
−x , x < 0

Solution. We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 0.

0 f ( x ) − f (0) 0 f ( x ) − f (0)
f− (0) = lim f+ (0) = lim
x →0− x−0 x →0+ x−0
−x − 0 x−0
= lim = lim
x →0− x x →0+ x
= −1 = 1

=⇒ f −0 (0) 6= f +0 (0)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 20 / 31

Example
(
x , x≥0
Determine if f ( x ) = | x | = is differentiable at x = 0.
−x , x < 0

Solution. We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 0.

0 f ( x ) − f (0) 0 f ( x ) − f (0)
f− (0) = lim f+ (0) = lim
x →0− x−0 x →0+ x−0
−x − 0 x−0
= lim = lim
x →0− x x →0+ x
= −1 = 1

=⇒ f −0 (0) 6= f +0 (0)

∴ f ( x ) is not differentiable at x = 0.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 20 / 31

Example
(
1 2
2x + 24 , x < 4
Determine if f ( x ) = √ is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x ≥ 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 21 / 31

Example
(
1 2
2x + 24 , x < 4
Determine if f ( x ) = √ is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x ≥ 4

We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 21 / 31

Example
(
1 2
2x + 24 , x < 4
Determine if f ( x ) = √ is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x ≥ 4

We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.

0
f− (4)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 21 / 31

Example
(
1 2
2x + 24 , x < 4
Determine if f ( x ) = √ is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x ≥ 4

We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.

0 ( 21 x2 + 24) − 32
f− (4) = lim
x → 4− x−4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 21 / 31

Example
(
1 2
2x + 24 , x < 4
Determine if f ( x ) = √ is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x ≥ 4

We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.

0 ( 21 x2 + 24) − 32
f− (4) = lim
x → 4− x−4
1 2
x − 8
= lim 2
x → 4− x − 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 21 / 31

Example
(
1 2
2x + 24 , x < 4
Determine if f ( x ) = √ is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x ≥ 4

We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.

0 ( 21 x2 + 24) − 32
f− (4) = lim
x → 4− x−4
1 2
x − 8
= lim 2
x → 4− x − 4
1 ( x + 4)( x − 4)
= lim
x →4 2
− x−4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 21 / 31

Example
(
1 2
2x + 24 , x < 4
Determine if f ( x ) = √ is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x ≥ 4

We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.

0 ( 21 x2 + 24) − 32
f− (4) = lim
x → 4− x−4
1 2
x − 8
= lim 2
x → 4− x − 4
1 ( x + 4)(x−4)
= lim
x →4 2
− x−4



Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 21 / 31

Example
(
1 2
2x + 24 , x < 4
Determine if f ( x ) = √ is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x ≥ 4

We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.

0 ( 21 x2 + 24) − 32
f− (4) = lim
x → 4− x−4
1 2
x − 8
= lim 2
x → 4− x − 4
1 ( x + 4)(x−4)
= lim
x →4 2
− x−4


= 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 21 / 31

Example
(
1 2
2x + 24 , x < 4
Determine if f ( x ) = √ is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x ≥ 4

We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.

0 ( 21 x2 + 24) − 32 0
f− (4) = lim f+ (4)
x → 4− x−4
1 2
x − 8
= lim 2
x → 4− x − 4
1 ( x + 4)(x−4)
= lim
x →4 2
− x−4


= 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 21 / 31

Example
(
1 2
2x + 24 , x < 4
Determine if f ( x ) = √ is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x ≥ 4

We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.
√
0 ( 21 x2 + 24) − 32 0 16 x − 32
f− (4) = lim f+ (4) = lim
x →4 − x−4 x → 4+ x−4
1 2
x − 8
= lim 2
x → 4− x − 4
1 ( x + 4)(x−4)
= lim
x →4 2
− x−4


= 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 21 / 31

Example
(
1 2
2x + 24 , x < 4
Determine if f ( x ) = √ is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x ≥ 4

We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.
√
0 ( 21 x2 + 24) − 32 0 16 x − 32
f− (4) = lim f+ (4) = lim
x →4 − x−4 x → 4+ x−4
1 2
√ √
x − 8 x−2 x+2
= lim 2 = lim 16 · √
x → 4− x − 4 x → 4+ x−4 x+2
1 ( x + 4)(x−4)
= lim
x →4 2
− x−4


= 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 21 / 31

Example
(
1 2
2x + 24 , x < 4
Determine if f ( x ) = √ is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x ≥ 4

We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.
√
0 ( 21 x2 + 24) − 32 0 16 x − 32
f− (4) = lim f+ (4) = lim
x →4 − x−4 x → 4+ x−4
1 2
√ √
x − 8 x−2 x+2
= lim 2 = lim 16 · √
x → 4− x − 4 x → 4+ x−4 x+2
1 ( x + 4)(x−4) x−4
= lim = lim 16 √
x →4 2
− x−4

 x → 4+ ( x − 4)( x + 2)
= 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 21 / 31

Example
(
1 2
2x + 24 , x < 4
Determine if f ( x ) = √ is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x ≥ 4

We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.
√
0 ( 21 x2 + 24) − 32 0 16 x − 32
f− (4) = lim f+ (4) = lim
x →4 − x−4 x → 4+ x−4
1 2
√ √
x − 8 x−2 x+2
= lim 2 = lim 16 · √
x → 4− x − 4 x → 4+ x−4 x+2
1 ( x + 4)(x−4) x−4
= lim = lim 16 √
x →4 2
− x−4

 x → 4+  −
(x 4)( x + 2)
= 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 21 / 31

Example
(
1 2
2x + 24 , x < 4
Determine if f ( x ) = √ is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x ≥ 4

We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.
√
0 ( 21 x2 + 24) − 32 0 16 x − 32
f− (4) = lim f+ (4) = lim
x →4 − x−4 x → 4+ x−4
1 2
√ √
x − 8 x−2 x+2
= lim 2 = lim 16 · √
x → 4− x − 4 x → 4+ x−4 x+2
1 ( x + 4)(x−4) x−4
= lim = lim 16 √
x →4 2
− x−4

 x → 4+  −
(x 4)( x + 2)
= 4 = 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 21 / 31

Example
(
1 2
2x + 24 , x < 4
Determine if f ( x ) = √ is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x ≥ 4

We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.
√
0 ( 21 x2 + 24) − 32 0 16 x − 32
f− (4) = lim f+ (4) = lim
x →4 − x−4 x → 4+ x−4
1 2
√ √
x − 8 x−2 x+2
= lim 2 = lim 16 · √
x → 4− x − 4 x → 4+ x−4 x+2
1 ( x + 4)(x−4) x−4
= lim = lim 16 √
x →4 2
− x−4

 x → 4+  −
(x 4)( x + 2)
= 4 = 4

0 (4) = f 0 (4) = 4
f− +

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 21 / 31

Example
(
1 2
2x + 24 , x < 4
Determine if f ( x ) = √ is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x ≥ 4

We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.
√
0 ( 21 x2 + 24) − 32 0 16 x − 32
f− (4) = lim f+ (4) = lim
x →4 − x−4 x → 4+ x−4
1 2
√ √
x − 8 x−2 x+2
= lim 2 = lim 16 · √
x → 4− x − 4 x → 4+ x−4 x+2
1 ( x + 4)(x−4) x−4
= lim = lim 16 √
x →4 2
− x−4

 x → 4+  −
(x 4)( x + 2)
= 4 = 4

0 (4) = f 0 (4) = 4 =⇒ f ( x ) is differentiable at x = 4

f− +

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 21 / 31

Example
(
1 2
2x + 24 , x < 4
Determine if f ( x ) = √ is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x ≥ 4

We compute the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.
√
0 ( 21 x2 + 24) − 32 0 16 x − 32
f− (4) = lim f+ (4) = lim
x →4 − x−4 x → 4+ x−4
1 2
√ √
x − 8 x−2 x+2
= lim 2 = lim 16 · √
x → 4− x − 4 x → 4+ x−4 x+2
1 ( x + 4)(x−4) x−4
= lim = lim 16 √
x →4 2
− x−4

 x → 4+  −
(x 4)( x + 2)
= 4 = 4

0 (4) = f 0 (4) = 4 =⇒ f ( x ) is differentiable at x = 4 and f 0 (4) = 4.

f− +

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 21 / 31

Differentiability and Continuity

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 22 / 31

Differentiability and Continuity

Theorem
If f is differentiable at x = x0 , then f is continuous at x = x0 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 22 / 31

Differentiability and Continuity

Theorem
If f is differentiable at x = x0 , then f is continuous at x = x0 .

Remarks

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 22 / 31

Differentiability and Continuity

Theorem
If f is differentiable at x = x0 , then f is continuous at x = x0 .

Remarks

If f is discontinuous at x = x0 , then f is not differentiable at x = x0 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 22 / 31

Differentiability and Continuity

Theorem
If f is differentiable at x = x0 , then f is continuous at x = x0 .

Remarks

If f is discontinuous at x = x0 , then f is not differentiable at x = x0 .

If f is continuous at x = x0 , it does not mean that f is differentiable at x = x0 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 22 / 31

Differentiability and Continuity

Theorem
If f is differentiable at x = x0 , then f is continuous at x = x0 .

Remarks

If f is discontinuous at x = x0 , then f is not differentiable at x = x0 .

If f is continuous at x = x0 , it does not mean that f is differentiable at x = x0 .
If f is not differentiable at x = x0 , it does not mean that f is not continuous at
x = x0 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 22 / 31

Example
Consider the function f ( x ) = | x |.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 23 / 31

Example
Consider the function f ( x ) = | x |.

f is continuous at x = 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 23 / 31

Example
Consider the function f ( x ) = | x |.

f is continuous at x = 0

f is not differentiable at x = 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 23 / 31

Geometric Interpretation of Differentiability

Geometrically, if f is differentiable at x = x0 , then the graph of f has a tangent

line at x = x0 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 24 / 31

Geometric Interpretation of Differentiability

Geometrically, if f is differentiable at x = x0 , then the graph of f has a tangent

line at x = x0 .

Remarks

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 24 / 31

Geometric Interpretation of Differentiability

Geometrically, if f is differentiable at x = x0 , then the graph of f has a tangent

line at x = x0 .

Remarks
A function f is not differentiable at x = x0 if one of the following is true:

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 24 / 31

Geometric Interpretation of Differentiability

Geometrically, if f is differentiable at x = x0 , then the graph of f has a tangent

line at x = x0 .

Remarks
A function f is not differentiable at x = x0 if one of the following is true:
f is discontinuous at x = x0

x0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 24 / 31

Geometric Interpretation of Differentiability

Remarks
the graph of f has a vertical tangent line at x = x0

x0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 25 / 31

Geometric Interpretation of Differentiability

Remarks
the graph of f has a vertical tangent line at x = x0
the graph of f has no well-defined tangent line at x = x0 , i.e., the graph of f
has a corner or cusp at x = x0 .

x0 x0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 25 / 31

Theorem on left and right derivatives

Theorem

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 26 / 31

Theorem on left and right derivatives

Theorem
1 If f is continuous at x = x0 from the left and lim f 0 ( x ) exists, then
x → x0−
0 ( x ) = lim f 0 ( x ).
f− 0
x → x0−

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 26 / 31

Theorem on left and right derivatives

Theorem
1 If f is continuous at x = x0 from the left and lim f 0 ( x ) exists, then
x → x0−
0 ( x ) = lim f 0 ( x ).
f− 0
x → x0−
2 If f is continuous at x = x0 from the right and lim f 0 ( x ) exists, then
x → x0+
0 ( x ) = lim f 0 ( x ).
f+ 0
x → x0+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 26 / 31

Example
Determine if
(
x2 , x < −1
f (x) =
−1 − 2x , x ≥ −1
is differentiable at x0 = −1.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 27 / 31

Example
Determine if
(
x2 , x < −1
f (x) =
−1 − 2x , x ≥ −1
is differentiable at x0 = −1.

Solution. We first check continuity of f ( x ) at x = −1.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 27 / 31

Example
Determine if
(
x2 , x < −1
f (x) =
−1 − 2x , x ≥ −1
is differentiable at x0 = −1.

Solution. We first check continuity of f ( x ) at x = −1.

f (−1) = 1
lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = 1
x →−1− x →−1+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 27 / 31

Example
Determine if
(
x2 , x < −1
f (x) =
−1 − 2x , x ≥ −1
is differentiable at x0 = −1.

Solution. We first check continuity of f ( x ) at x = −1.

f (−1) = 1
lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = 1
x →−1− x →−1+

∴ f ( x ) is continuous at x = −1.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 27 / 31

 (
x2 , x < −1
f (x) =
−1 − 2x , x ≥ −1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 28 / 31

 (
x2 , x < −1
f (x) =
−1 − 2x , x ≥ −1

We have
(
2x , x < −1
f 0 (x) =
−2 , x > −1.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 28 / 31

 (
x2 , x < −1
f (x) =
−1 − 2x , x ≥ −1

We have
(
2x , x < −1
f 0 (x) =
−2 , x > −1.
Thus,

0
f− (−1) = lim f 0 ( x )
x →−1−

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 28 / 31

 (
x2 , x < −1
f (x) =
−1 − 2x , x ≥ −1

We have
(
2x , x < −1
f 0 (x) =
−2 , x > −1.
Thus,

0
f− (−1) = lim f 0 ( x ) = 2(−1) = −2
x →−1−

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 28 / 31

 (
x2 , x < −1
f (x) =
−1 − 2x , x ≥ −1

We have
(
2x , x < −1
f 0 (x) =
−2 , x > −1.
Thus,

0
f− (−1) = lim f 0 ( x ) = 2(−1) = −2
x →−1−
0
f+ (−1) = lim f 0 ( x )
x →−1+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 28 / 31

 (
x2 , x < −1
f (x) =
−1 − 2x , x ≥ −1

We have
(
2x , x < −1
f 0 (x) =
−2 , x > −1.
Thus,

0
f− (−1) = lim f 0 ( x ) = 2(−1) = −2
x →−1−
0
f+ (−1) = lim f 0 ( x ) = −2
x →−1+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 28 / 31

 (
x2 , x < −1
f (x) =
−1 − 2x , x ≥ −1

We have
(
2x , x < −1
f 0 (x) =
−2 , x > −1.
Thus,

0
f− (−1) = lim f 0 ( x ) = 2(−1) = −2
x →−1−
0
f+ (−1) = lim f 0 ( x ) = −2
x →−1+

0 (−1) = f 0 (−1) = −2,

f− +

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 28 / 31

 (
x2 , x < −1
f (x) =
−1 − 2x , x ≥ −1

We have
(
2x , x < −1
f 0 (x) =
−2 , x > −1.
Thus,

0
f− (−1) = lim f 0 ( x ) = 2(−1) = −2
x →−1−
0
f+ (−1) = lim f 0 ( x ) = −2
x →−1+

0 (−1) = f 0 (−1) = −2,

f− +
=⇒ f ( x ) is differentiable at x = −1 and f 0 (−1) = −2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 28 / 31

Example
Determine if the following function is differentiable at x = 1:
(
x2 + x + 2 , x≤1
g( x ) =
3x , x>1

Solution. We first check continuity of g( x ) at x = 1.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 29 / 31

Example
Determine if the following function is differentiable at x = 1:
(
x2 + x + 2 , x≤1
g( x ) =
3x , x>1

Solution. We first check continuity of g( x ) at x = 1.

g (1) =

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 29 / 31

Example
Determine if the following function is differentiable at x = 1:
(
x2 + x + 2 , x≤1
g( x ) =
3x , x>1

Solution. We first check continuity of g( x ) at x = 1.

g (1) = 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 29 / 31

Example
Determine if the following function is differentiable at x = 1:
(
x2 + x + 2 , x≤1
g( x ) =
3x , x>1

Solution. We first check continuity of g( x ) at x = 1.

g (1) = 4
lim ( x2 + x + 2) =
x →1−

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 29 / 31

Example
Determine if the following function is differentiable at x = 1:
(
x2 + x + 2 , x≤1
g( x ) =
3x , x>1

Solution. We first check continuity of g( x ) at x = 1.

g (1) = 4
lim ( x2 + x + 2) = 4
x →1−

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 29 / 31

Example
Determine if the following function is differentiable at x = 1:
(
x2 + x + 2 , x≤1
g( x ) =
3x , x>1

Solution. We first check continuity of g( x ) at x = 1.

g (1) = 4
lim ( x2 + x + 2) = 4
x →1−
lim 3x =
x →1+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 29 / 31

Example
Determine if the following function is differentiable at x = 1:
(
x2 + x + 2 , x≤1
g( x ) =
3x , x>1

Solution. We first check continuity of g( x ) at x = 1.

g (1) = 4
lim ( x2 + x + 2) = 4
x →1−
lim 3x = 3
x →1+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 29 / 31

Example
Determine if the following function is differentiable at x = 1:
(
x2 + x + 2 , x≤1
g( x ) =
3x , x>1

Solution. We first check continuity of g( x ) at x = 1.

g (1) = 4
lim ( x2 + x + 2) = 4
x →1−
lim 3x = 3
x →1+

∴ g is discontinuous at x = 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 29 / 31

Example
Determine if the following function is differentiable at x = 1:
(
x2 + x + 2 , x≤1
g( x ) =
3x , x>1

Solution. We first check continuity of g( x ) at x = 1.

g (1) = 4
lim ( x2 + x + 2) = 4
x →1−
lim 3x = 3
x →1+

∴ g is discontinuous at x = 1

Hence, g is not differentiable at x = 1.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 29 / 31

Example
Determine if the following function is differentiable at x = 1:
(
x2 + x + 2 , x≤1
g( x ) =
3x , x>1

Solution. Note:
(
2x + 1 , x<1
g0 ( x ) =
3 , x>1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 30 / 31

Example
Determine if the following function is differentiable at x = 1:
(
x2 + x + 2 , x≤1
g( x ) =
3x , x>1

Solution. Note:
(
2x + 1 , x<1
g0 ( x ) =
3 , x>1

=⇒ lim g0 ( x ) = 3 and lim g0 ( x ) = 3

x →1− x →1+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 30 / 31

Example
Determine if the following function is differentiable at x = 1:
(
x2 + x + 2 , x≤1
g( x ) =
3x , x>1

Solution. Note:
(
2x + 1 , x<1
g0 ( x ) =
3 , x>1

=⇒ lim g0 ( x ) = 3 and lim g0 ( x ) = 3

x →1− x →1+

Though, lim g0 ( x ) = lim g0 ( x ) = 3, g0 (1) does not exist.

x →1− x →1+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 30 / 31

Example
Determine if the following function is differentiable at x = 1:
(
x2 + x + 2 , x≤1
g( x ) =
3x , x>1

Solution. Note:
(
2x + 1 , x<1
g0 ( x ) =
3 , x>1

=⇒ lim g0 ( x ) = 3 and lim g0 ( x ) = 3

x →1− x →1+

Though, lim g0 ( x ) = lim g0 ( x ) = 3, g0 (1) does not exist.

x →1− x →1+

Again, a function f must be cont. from the left [right] at x0 before we conclude that
0 ( x ) = lim f 0 ( x ) [ f 0 ( x ) = lim f 0 ( x )].
f− 0 + 0
x → x0− x → x0+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 30 / 31

Exercises

dy
1 Find if y = ( x + tan x )4 .
dx √
2 Find f 0 ( x ) if f ( x ) = sin(2x3 − 3x ).
π
3 Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of f ( x ) = cos 2x at x = .
4
4 Given  √

 2 3 x − x2 , x≥1
f (x) = ,
 tan( x2 − 1) − 5x2/3

, x<1
find f 0 (1), if it exists.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Chain Rule, Differentiability Mathematics 53 31 / 31