M53 Lec5.1 Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Derivatives of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions
Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Derivatives of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions Mathematics 53 1 / 30
For today
1 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
2 Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
3 Logarithmic Differentiation
4 Derivatives of Exponential Functions
5 Derivative of f ( x ) g( x) , where f ( x ) > 0
Definition
1 If a > 0 and a 6= 1, then the exponential function with base a is
f (x) = ax .
2 If a > 0 and a 6= 1, the logarithmic function with base a, written as
f ( x ) = loga x,
is the inverse function of the exponential function with base a.
y = loga x if and only if x = ay
loga ( a x ) = x for all x ∈ R

aloga x = x for all x > 0
What are the derivatives of these functions?

1
Consider lim (1 + h) h . This limit exists.
h →0
1 1
h (1 + h ) h h (1 + h ) h
0.5 2.25 -0.5 4
0.1 2.593742460 -0.1 2.867971991
0.01 2.704813829 -0.01 2.731999026
0.0001 2.718145927 -0.0001 2.718417728
0.00000001 2.718281815 -0.00000001 2.718281842
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
0+ e 0− e
The Number e
Definition
Euler’s number e is defined as
1
e = lim (1 + h) h .
h →0
Remark
The number e is irrational, and to the first few decimal places,
e = 2.718281828459045 . . . .
The Natural Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Definition
1 The natural exponential function is f ( x ) = e x .

2 The natural logarithmic function is f ( x ) = ln x = loge x.
Remark
Let a > 0 and a 6= 1.
1 ln(e x ) = x for all x ∈ R 4 loga x =
ln x
ln a
2 eln x = x for all x > 0
x
5 a x = eln a = e x ln a
3 ln e = 1
GOAL: Find the derivatives of logarithmic functions.
ln( x + ∆x ) − ln x
Let x > 0. Dx (ln x ) = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
x + ∆x

1
= lim · ln
∆x →0 ∆x x
∆x

1 x
= lim · · ln 1 +
∆x →0 x ∆x x
" x #
1 ∆x ∆x
= lim ln 1+
x ∆x→0 x
" x #
∆x ∆x ∆x

1
= ln lim 1 + Let h = .
x ∆x →0 x x

1 1
= ln lim (1 + h) h
x h →0
1 1
= ln e =
x x
Derivatives of other Logarithmic Functions
Let a > 0, a 6= 1 and x > 0.

ln x
Dx (loga x ) = Dx
ln a
1
= Dx (ln x )
ln a
1 1
= ·
ln a x
1
=
x ln a
Problem
1
f (x) = dom f = R \ {0}
x
Find an antiderivative of f , i.e., find F such that F 0 ( x ) = f ( x ) ∀ x ∈ R \ {0}.
Consider: F ( x ) = ln | x |
√
Let x 6= 0. Dx (ln | x |) = Dx ln x2
1 1
= √ · √ · 2x
x2 2 x2
2x
= 2
2x
1
=
x
Theorem
1
1 Dx (ln x ) = , x>0
x
1
2 Dx (loga x ) = , x>0
x ln a
1
3 Dx (ln | x |) = , x 6= 0
x
dy
Examples. Find .
dx
1. y = log2 x
dy 1
=
dx x ln 2
2. y = ln(3x2 + 2)
dy 1 6x
= 2 · 6x = 2
dx 3x + 2 3x + 2
Theorem
1
1 Dx (ln x ) = , x>0
x
1
2 Dx (loga x ) = , x>0
x ln a
1
3 Dx (ln | x |) = , x 6= 0
x
3. y = ln |7 − cos(2x )|
dy 1 2 sin(2x )
= · sin(2x ) · 2 =
dx 7 − cos(2x ) 7 − cos(2x )

4. y = ln sin log5 x

dy 1 1 cos log5 x
= · cos log5 x · =
dx sin log5 x x ln 5 x ln 5 · sin log5 x
Theorem
1
1 Dx (ln x ) = , x>0
x
1
2 Dx (loga x ) = , x>0
x ln a
1
3 Dx (ln | x |) = , x 6= 0
x
5. y = x2 log x
dy 1 x
= 2x · log x + x2 · = 2x log x +
dx x ln 10 ln 10
Logarithmic Differentiation
- a technique used in differentiating complicated products and quotients
Recall: Properties of absolute value

1 | xy| = | x ||y|
x |x|
2 =
y |y|
3 | x | = | x |r
r
Recall: Properties of logarithms

1 logb xy = logb x + logb y
x
2 logb = logb x − logb y
y
3 logb xr = r logb x
Logarithmic Differentiation
- a technique used in differentiating complicated products and quotients
- given an equation in x and y, say

√
3
x+1
y= √
csc5 ( x ) 1 − x2
Step 1: Take the absolute value of both sides of the equation and apply
properties of the absolute value.
√
3
x+1
|y| = √
csc5 ( x ) 1 − x2
1
| x + 1| 3
|y| = 1
| csc x |5 |1 − x2 | 2
Step 2: Take the natural logarithm of both sides and apply properties of
logarithms to obtain a sum.
1
!
| x + 1| 3
ln |y| = ln 1
| csc x |5 |1 − x2 | 2
1 1
ln |y| = ln | x + 1| 3 − ln | csc x |5 − ln |1 − x2 | 2
1 1
ln |y| = ln | x + 1| − 5 ln | csc x | − ln |1 − x2 |
3 2
Step 3: Take the derivative of both sides implicitly with respect to x and solve for
dy
.
dx
1 1
Dx (ln |y|) = Dx ln | x + 1| − 5 ln | csc x | − ln |1 − x2 |
3 2
1 dy 1 1 5 1 1
· = · − · (− csc x cot x ) − · · (−2x )
y dx 3 x + 1 csc x 2 1 − x2

dy 1 x
=y + 5 cot x +
dx 3( x + 1) 1 − x2
√3
!
dy x+1 1 x
= √ + 5 cot x +
dx csc5 ( x ) 1 − x2 3( x + 1) 1 − x2
√3 2
dy x tan4 x
Find if y = .
dx (2x2 + 1)3 log x
2
| x | 3 | tan x |4
|y| =
|2x2 + 1|3 | log x |
2
ln |y| = ln | x | + 4 ln | tan x | − 3 ln |2x2 + 1| − ln | log x |
3
1 dy 2 1 1 1 1 1
· = · +4· · sec2 x − 3 · 2 · 4x − ·
y dx 3 x tan x 2x + 1 log x x ln 10
√ 3 2
dy x tan x 4
2 2
4 sec x 12x 1

= + − 2 −
dx (2x2 + 1)3 log x 3x tan x 2x + 1 (log x )( x ln 10)
Theorem
1 Dx ( a x ) = a x ln a, a > 0, a 6= 1
2 Dx (e x ) = e x
Proof.
y = ax
x = loga y
Dx ( x ) = Dx (loga y)
1 dy
1= ·
y ln a dx
dy
= y ln a = a x ln a
dx
dy
In particular, if a = e, then = e x ln e = e x .
dx
Theorem
1 Dx ( a x ) = a x ln a, a > 0, a 6= 1
2 Dx (e x ) = e x
dy
Examples. Find .
dx
1. y = 4x
dy
= 4x ln 4
dx
3
2. y = e x
dy 3
= e x · 3x2
dx
Theorem
1 Dx ( a x ) = a x ln a, a > 0, a 6= 1
2 Dx (e x ) = e x
3. y = 24x csc(e x )
dy
= 24x ln 2 · 4 csc(e x ) + 24x [− csc (e x ) cot (e x ) · e x ]

dx
Remark
As a consequence also, if r ∈ R, then

1
Dx ( xr ) = Dx er ln x = er ln x · r · = xr · rx −1 = rxr−1 .
x
Hence, the power rule holds even for irrational exponents.
Examples.
1. Dx ( x π ) = πx π −1
√ √ √
2−1 (− sin x )
2. Dx ((cos x ) 2 ) = 2(cos x )
dy
Example. Find if y = x x , x > 0
dx
Option 1: Use logarithmic differentiation.
ln y = ln ( x x ) (no need to take absolute values since x > 0)
ln y = x ln x
1 dy 1
· = 1 · ln x + x ·
y dx x
dy
= y(ln x + 1)
dx
dy
= x x (ln x + 1)
dx
dy
Example. Find if y = x x , x > 0.
dx
Option 2: Write f ( x ) g( x) first as e g( x) ln[ f ( x)] .
y = e x ln x

dy x ln x 1
=e 1 · ln x + x ·
dx x
dy
= x x (ln x + 1)
dx
dy
Find if y = (sin x )cos x , sin x > 0.
dx
ln y = cos x ln(sin x )

1 dy 1
· = (− sin x ) · ln(sin x ) + cos x · · cos x
y dx sin x
cos2 x

dy cos x
= (sin x ) − sin x ln(sin x ) +
dx sin x
Exercises
dy
Find .
dx
x
1 y = log3 ( x2 + 2x ) + eπ
sin2 (3x )
2 y= √ (Use logarithmic differentiation.)
(5x + 1) 4 2x2 − 5
3 −3x )
3 y = (log x )cos( x , log x > 0
4 Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of f ( x ) = ln(2x + 1) − e3x
at the point where x = 0.

M53 Lec5.1 Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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M53 Lec5.1 Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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Derivatives of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

1 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

2 Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions

4 Derivatives of Exponential Functions

5 Derivative of f ( x ) g( x) , where f ( x ) > 0

2 If a > 0 and a 6= 1, the logarithmic function with base a, written as

is the inverse function of the exponential function with base a.

y = loga x if and only if x = ay

loga ( a x ) = x for all x ∈ R

What are the derivatives of these functions?

1 The natural exponential function is f ( x ) = e x .

Let a > 0, a 6= 1 and x > 0.

Find an antiderivative of f , i.e., find F such that F 0 ( x ) = f ( x ) ∀ x ∈ R \ {0}.

- a technique used in differentiating complicated products and quotients

Recall: Properties of absolute value

Recall: Properties of logarithms

- a technique used in differentiating complicated products and quotients

- given an equation in x and y, say

Hence, the power rule holds even for irrational exponents.

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