CPE261 (Object-Oriented Programming 1 for CpE

Week 1 Lecture 1 – C# Fundamentals

Introduction to OOP
History
Computer programming is a step-by-step process. A computer program is a step-by-step
set of instructions for a computer. Every computer program is an algorithm. The history of
computer programming is a steady move away from machine-oriented views of programming
towards concepts and metaphors that more closely reflect how we see and understand the world.
Programming languages allow programmers to develop software. The three major families
of languages are:
– Machine languages
– Assembly languages
– High-Level languages
Machine language is comprised of 1s and 0s. It is also the “native language” of a computer.
Machine language is difficult to program – one misplaced 1 or 0 will cause the program to fail.
Assembly languages are a step towards easier programming. Assembly languages are
comprised of a set of elemental commands which are tied to a specific processor. Assembly
language code needs to be translated to machine language before the computer processes it.
High-level languages represent a giant leap towards easier programming. The syntax of HL
languages is similar to English. Historically, we divide HL languages into two groups:
– Procedural languages
– Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) languages
Early high-level languages are typically called procedural languages. Procedural languages are
characterized by sequential sets of linear commands. The focus of such languages is on the
structure. Examples include C, COBOL, Fortran, LISP, Perl, HTML, VBScript.
The focus of OOP languages is not on structure, but on modeling data. Programmers code
using “blueprints” of data models called classes. Examples of OOP languages include C++,
Visual Basic.NET, and Java.
Early Programming Languages

Modern Programming Languages

Brief Programming History of OOP

OOP is mainly a program design philosophy. OOP uses a different set of programming
languages than old procedural programming languages (C, Pascal, etc.). Everything in OOP is
grouped as self-sustainable "objects". Hence, you gain reusability using four main object-oriented
programming concepts. In OOP programmers define not only the data type of a data structure but
also the types of operations/methods (functions) that can be applied to the data structure. data
structure becomes an object that includes both data and functions (methods) in one unit.
Programmers can create relationships between one object and another. For example,
objects can inherit characteristics from other objects. Eiffel, Actor, Emerald, JADE, Obix, Ruby,
Python, Scala, Smalltalk, Self are pure OO languages. Delphi/Object Pascal, C++, Java, C#,
VB.NET, Pascal, Visual Basic, MATLAB, Fortran, Perl, COBOL 2002, PHP, ABAP, Ada 95
are hybrid OO languages.
 A class is a prototype, idea, and blueprint for creating objects. An object is an instance of a
class. A class has a constructor for creating objects. Class is composed of three things - name,
attributes/properties, and methods.

A class is a definition of objects with the same properties and the same methods.

Almost everything in this world can be represented as an Object.

• A flower, a tree, an animal
• A student, a professor
• A desk, a chair, a classroom, a building
• A university, a city, a country
• The world, the universe
• A subject such as CS, IS, Math, History, …
• An information system, financial, legal, etc.
An object is an instance of a class. An object represents an entity, either physical,
conceptual, or software.
 An Object is a Class when it comes alive!
Examples
1. Homo Sapien is a class, John and Jack are objects
2. Animal is a class “Snowball”, a cat is an object
3. Vehicle is a class, My neighbor's BMW is an object
4. Galaxy is a class, the MilkyWay is an object

The table below shows the differences between Class and Object.

CLASS OBJECT

Class is a data type Object is an instance of Class.

It generates OBJECTS It gives life to CLASS

Does not occupy memory Location It occupies memory location.

It cannot be manipulated because it is not It can be manipulated.

available in memory (except static class)

An object is a class in “runtime”.

" The struggle you're in today is developing a strength you need for tomorrow..."