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s==c+σ tan
Where
c = cohesion intercept
= friction angle
σ = total normal stress on the failure plane
Effective Shear Strength
For effective stresses the shear strength is expresses as:
s==c'+(σ−u) tan '
c' and ' = intercept and slope angle for the failure envelope plotted
in terms of effective stresses
σ and u = total normal stress and pore water pressure, respectively,
on the failure plane
Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion
is the theoretical angle between the major principal plane and the plane of failure
Laboratory Strength Test
The shear strength parameters, c and or c' and ', are
determined from laboratory shear test data.
The advantages of the triaxial test over the direct shear test are:
1. UU Quick Q Test
Unconsolidated-Undrained (UU) test which is also called the
quick test (abbreviations commonly used are UU and Q test).
This test is performed with the drain valve closed for all phases
of the test.
Axial loading is commenced immediately after the chamber
pressure 3 is stabilized.
UU – Q Test
1c= 3c+Dd
1c= 3c
1c= 3c+Dd
1c= 3c
20
Types of Tests
2. CU or R Test
Consolidated-Undrained (CU)test, also termed consolidated-quick test
or R test (abbreviated CU or R).
In this test, drainage or consolidation is allowed to take place during
the application of the confining pressure 3.
Loading does not commence until the sample ceases to drain (or
consolidate).
The axial load is then applied to the specimen, with no attempt made
to control the formation of excess pore pressure.
For this test, the drain valve is closed during axial loading, and excess
pore pressures can be measured.
CU – R Test
1c= 3c+Dd
1c= 3c; ’1c= ’3c
1c= 3c;
’1c= ’3c 1c= 3c+Dd
23
Types of Tests
3. CD or S Test
In this test, the drain valve is opened and is left open for the duration
of the test, with complete sample drainage prior to application of the
vertical load.
Since there is no excess pore pressure total stresses will equal effective
stresses.
CD – S Test
26
Use of Data
These soils will drain with relatively short testing times and the
consolidated-drained loading procedure comes closest to representing
the loading for long-term, drained conditions in the field.
Su
'
0 . 45( I p ) 1/ 2
Ip in decimal and > 0.5
Po
Su
'
0.11 0.0037I p Ip in percent
Po
Su = Undrained Shear Strength
Ip = plasticity index
p-q (stress path)