4/23/2020 Lode coordinates - Wikipedia

Lode coordinates
Lode coordinates or Haigh–Westergaard coordinates .[1] are a set of tensor
invariants that span the space of real, symmetric, second-order, 3-dimensional tensors and are
isomorphic with respect to principal stress space. This right-handed orthogonal coordinate system is
named in honor of the German scientist Dr. Walter Lode because of his seminal paper written in
1926 describing the effect of the middle principal stress on metal plasticity.[2] Other examples of sets
of tensor invariants are the set of principal stresses or the set of kinematic invariants
. The Lode coordinate system can be described as a cylindrical coordinate system within
principal stress space with a coincident origin and the z-axis parallel to the vector
.

Contents
Mechanics invariants
Axial coordinate
Radial coordinate
Surfaces on which the invariants , , are
Lode angle – angular coordinate constant. Plotted in principal stress space. The
red plane represents a meridional plane and the
Meridional profile yellow plane an octahedral plane.
Octahedral profile
A note on terminology
See also
References

Mechanics invariants

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lode_coordinates 1/8
4/23/2020 Lode coordinates - Wikipedia

The Lode coordinates are most easily computed using the mechanics invariants. These invariants are a mixture of the invariants of the Cauchy stress
tensor, , and the stress deviator, , and are given by[3]

which can be written equivalently in Einstein notation

where is the Levi-Civita symbol (or permutation symbol) and the last two forms for are equivalent because is symmetric ( ).

The gradients of these invariants[4] can be calculated by

where is the 3x3 identity matrix and is called the Hill tensor.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lode_coordinates 2/8
4/23/2020 Lode coordinates - Wikipedia

Axial coordinate
The -coordinate is found by calculating the magnitude of the orthogonal projection of the stress state onto the hydrostatic axis.

where

is the unit normal in the direction of the hydrostatic axis.

Radial coordinate
The -coordinate is found by calculating the magnitude of the stress deviator (the orthogonal projection of the stress state into the deviatoric plane).

where

Derivation
The relation that can be found by expanding the relation

and writing in terms of the isotropic and deviatoric parts while

expanding the magnitude of

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lode_coordinates 3/8
4/23/2020 Lode coordinates - Wikipedia

Because is isotropic and is deviatoric, their product is zero.

Which leaves us with

Applying the identity and using the definition of

is a unit tensor in the direction of the radial component.

Lode angle – angular coordinate

The Lode angle can be considered, rather loosely, a measure of loading type. The Lode angle varies with respect to the middle eigenvalue of the
stress. There are many definitions of Lode angle that each utilize different trigonometric functions: the positive sine,[5] negative sine,[6] and positive
cosine[7] (here denoted , , and , respectively)

and are related by

Derivation
The relation between and can be shown by applying a

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lode_coordinates 4/8
4/23/2020 Lode coordinates - Wikipedia

trigonometric identity relating sine and cosine by a shift

Because cosine is an even function and the range of the inverse

cosine is usually we take the negative possible
value for the term, thus ensuring that is positive.

This plot demonstrates that an intuitive approximation for the Lode

These definitions are all defined for a range of . angle is the relative position of the middle principal stress with
respect to the low and high principal stresses.
Stress State

range

Triaxial Compression
(TXC)

Shear (SHR)

Triaxial Extension
(TXE)

The unit normal in the angular direction which completes the orthonormal basis can be calculated for [8] and [9] using

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lode_coordinates 5/8
4/23/2020 Lode coordinates - Wikipedia

Meridional profile
The meridional profile is a 2D plot of holding constant and is sometimes
plotted using scalar multiples of . It is commonly used to demonstrate the
pressure dependence of a yield surface or the pressure-shear trajectory of a stress
path. Because is non-negative the plot usually omits the negative portion of the -
axis, but can be included to illustrate effects at opposing Lode angles (usually triaxial
extension and triaxial compression).

One of the benefits of plotting the meridional profile with is that it is a

geometrically accurate depiction of the yield surface.[8] If a non-isomorphic pair is
used for the meridional profile then the normal to the yield surface will not appear
normal in the meridional profile. Any pair of coordinates that differ from by
constant multiples of equal absolute value are also isomorphic with respect to
principal stress space. As an example, pressure and the Von Mises stress
are not an isomorphic coordinate pair and, therefore, distort the yield
surface because
This plot shows a typical meridional profile of several plasticity
models: von Mises, linear Drucker–Prager, Mohr–Coulomb,
Gurson, and Bigoni–Piccolroaz. The upper portion of the plot
depicts yield surface behavior in triaxial extension and the lower
portion depicts yield surface behavior in triaxial compression.

and, finally, .

Octahedral profile
The octahedral profile is a 2D plot of holding constant. Plotting the yield surface in the octahedral plane demonstrates the level of Lode angle
dependence. The octahedral plane is sometimes referred to as the 'pi plane'[10] or 'deviatoric plane'.[11]

The octahedral profile is not necessarily constant for different values of pressure with the notable exceptions of the von Mises yield criterion and the
Tresca yield criterion which are constant for all values of pressure.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lode_coordinates 6/8
4/23/2020 Lode coordinates - Wikipedia

A note on terminology
The term Haigh-Westergaard space is ambiguously used in the literature to mean
both the Cartesian principal stress space[12][13] and the cylindrical Lode coordinate
space[14][15]

See also
Yield (engineering)
Plasticity (physics)
Stress
Henri Tresca
von Mises stress
Mohr–Coulomb theory
Strain
This plot shows a typical octahedral profile of several plasticity
Strain tensor models: von Mises, linear Drucker–Prager, Mohr–Coulomb,
Stress–energy tensor Gurson, and Bigoni–Piccolroaz. This plot has omitted Lode angle
Stress concentration values in favor of loading descriptions because of the
preponderance of definitions of the Lode angle. The radial
3-D elasticity
coordinate is .

References
1. Menetrey, P.H., Willam, K.J., 1995, Triaxial Failure Criterion for
Concrete and Its Generalization, ACI Structural Journal
2. Lode, W. (1926). Versuche über den Einfuss der mittleren
Hauptspannung auf das Fliessen der Metalle Eisen Kupfer und
Nickel. Zeitung Phys., vol. 36, pp. 913–939.
3. Asaro, R.J., Lubarda, V.A., 2006, Mechanics of Solids and Materials,
Cambridge University Press
4. Brannon, R.M., 2009, KAYENTA: Theory and User's Guide, Sandia
National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
5. Chakrabarty, J., 2006, Theory of Plasticity: Third edition, Elsevier,
Amsterdam.
6. de Souza Neto, E.A., Peric, D., Owen, D.R.J., 2008, Computational
Methods for Plasticity, Wiley
7. Han, D.J., Chen, W.F., 1985, A Nonuniform Hardening Plasticity
Model for Concrete Materials, Mechanics of Materials
8. Brannon, R.M., 2007, Elements of Phenomenological Plasticity:
Geometrical Insight, Computational Algorithms, and Topics in Shock
Physics, Shock Wave Science and Technology Reference Library:
Solids I, Springer-New York
9. Bigoni, D., Piccolroaz, A., 2004, Yield criteria for quasibrittle and
frictional materials, Int. J. Solids Struct.
10. Lubliner, J., 1990, Plasticity Theory, Pearson Education

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lode_coordinates 7/8
4/23/2020 Lode coordinates - Wikipedia

11. Chaboche, J.L., 2008, A review of some plasticity and viscoplasticity
theories, Int. J. Plasticity
12. Mouazen, A.M., Nemenyi, M., 1998, A review of the finite element
modelling techniques of soil tillage, Mathematics and Computers in
Simulation
13. Keryvin, V., 2008, Indentation as a probe for pressure sensitivity of
metallic glasses, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter
14. Cervenka, J., Papanikolaou, V.K., 2008, Three dimensional
combined fracture-plastic material model for concrete, Int. J. of
Plasticity
15. Piccolroaz, A., Bigoni, D., 2009, Yield criteria for quasibrittle and
frictional materials: A generalization to surfaces with corners, Int. J.
of Solids and Struc.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lode_coordinates&oldid=913971446"

This page was last edited on 4 September 2019, at 10:35 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lode_coordinates 8/8