Combining

Sentences with
Connectors, p. 367

Week 2
 Objectives

• Independent vs. dependent clauses

• Dependent marker words
• Independent marker words and connectors
• How to combine sentences correctly with connectors
1. Independent vs. Dependent Clauses
• Determine whether the following are independent clauses or dependent clauses:

1. She wants to travel the world and see wonderful sights. Independent clause
2. When you finish your homework, Dependent clause
3. Cheetahs are the fastest land animals. Independent clause
4. Although it was raining, Dependent clause
5. After the flood, the family moved into a temporary shelter.
Dependent clause Independent clause

Differences
What is the difference between independent and
dependent clause?

Sentence Types Definition

1. An independent a. A group of words that contains a subject
clause (sentence) a and verb but does not express a complete
thought.
2. Dependent b. A sentence that has a subject and a verb
clauses b and requires no extra information to
understand.

Markers
2. Dependent Marker Words

• What are the dependent marker words?

1. Before completing the assignment, Sam decided to eat a quick lunch.
2. I can't go to the movies since I don't have money.
3. I wore my boots because it looked like it might snow.

• What are other examples of dependent marker words?

after, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, in order
to, since, though, unless, until, whatever, when, whenever, whether, and while.

• Give examples! Markers

3. Independent Marker Words and Connectors

• What are independent marker words and connectors?

1. The movie got good reviews; however, it was very long.
2. Leilani likes to read novels. Also, she likes to read poetry.
3. I studied for the test, but I don't think I did well.
4. The novel is 800 pages long, yet it reads more quickly than many shorter books.
• What are other examples of independent marker words and connectors?
Independent marker words: Coordinating Conjunction:
Consequently, furthermore, moreover, nevertheless, and, but, for, or, nor, so, and yet.
and therefore.

• Give examples! Combining

sentences
Combining Sentences with
Coordinating Connectors
and, but, so, or

p. 367
 What are the differences between sentences a &
b in the following examples?
Combining two complete
(1) sentences (with a comma)
a. My sister likes to watch classic movies, and she enjoys reading fictional novels.
b. He is allergic to fish, milk, and peanuts. To list items
(2) Combining two complete
a. My siblings speak three languages, but I only speak one. sentences (with a comma)
b. I arrived at the airport and realized that I had brought everything but my passport!
Means except
(3)
a. We could stay home tonight, or we could go out for dinner. Combining two complete
sentences (with a comma)
b. Let’s go to the movies or the mall. List of options
(4)
Combining two complete sentences (with a comma)
a. It was cold, so I lit a fire. Practice
b. Nancy looks so tired. An adverb
 Are the following sentences Correct or Incorrect?
Explain your answer.

1. I love fruit but I’m allergic to strawberries. Incorrect Add a comma before
the connectors (and, or,
2. Sarah, and Sam take excellent care of their cat. Incorrect so, but) when they are
3. Tie your shoes, so you don’t trip on your laces. Correct combining two
complete sentences
4. It’s cold outside, and can’t find my coat. Incorrect (independent clauses)
with a subject, verb,
5. My brother will arrive at 5:00 pm, or will be here at 6:00 pm. Incorrect and complete thought.
6. It was a long journey so I’m really tired now. Incorrect Practice
P. 368

or

but

so

Self-study
P. 368
 Bonus Exercise 1 on BB

• Combine two complete sentences using (and, or, but, so).

➢Write at least 4 sentences with each coordinating conjunction.
➢Make sure to write complete sentences with a subject, verb,
and complete thought.
➢Punctuate the sentence correctly.
• For example:
1. Social media has several advantages, and it has several drawbacks
as well.
2. ……, but
3. ……, or
4. ……, so
 Previous Session on Sunday

• Differences between dependent and independent clauses

• How to combine sentences with coordinating conjunctions (and, but, so, or)
correctly

Bonus
Exercise on
BB

Practice
 Identify the dependent and independent
clauses.

1. When the president arrives Dependent clause

2. I enjoy sitting by the fireplace and reading. Independent Clause

3. Although he was wealthy, he was still unhappy.

Dependent Clause Independent Clause

Practice
 Are the following sentences correct or
incorrect? Explain your answer.

1. On Monday we'll see the Eiffel Tower, and on Tuesday we'll visit the Louvre. correct

2. I studied for the test, but don't think I did well. incorrect

3. I know you must be tired so I will let you rest. incorrect

4. You're going to have a little brother, or sister. incorrect

Types of Sentences

Week 2
 Objectives

• Types of sentences in English

• Practice
1. Sentence Types
English sentences can be classified into four different types:

• Determine the type of each of the following sentences (Simple, Compound,

Complex or Complex-Compound)
Complex Sentence
1. Although online education has its limitations, it has several advantages that
explain why eLearning may be the greatest revolution in today’s education.
2. Vegetables are parts of plants that are consumed by humans or other animals as
food. Simple Sentence
3. The clown frightened the little girl, and she ran off screaming. Compound Sentence
4. Though Mitchell prefers watching romantic films, he rented the latest spy thriller,
and he enjoyed it very much. Complex-Compound Sentence
Differences
2. What is the difference between the four types
of sentences?

Sentence Types Definition

1. Simple Sentence a. A sentence with one independent clause
d and at least one dependent clause.
Remember:
2. Compound c b. A sentence with multiple independent
Sentence clauses and at least one dependent clause. Challenge yourself and
try to use all these four
types in your writing to
3. Complex c. A sentence with multiple independent vary your sentence
a
Sentence clauses but no dependent clauses. structure.
4.Complex- d. A sentence with one independent clause
Compound b and no dependent clauses. Practice
Sentence
Practice

Watch the video and use one of the four

types to describe, summarize or reflect on
the video.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHopJHSlV
o4
Examples
1. Although I am always tempted to share my plans and goals, I agree with the
speaker that sharing goals on impulse can make me less likely to achieve
them, and it may not be such a wise step. Complex-Compound Sentence

2. I agree with the speaker that sharing goals on impulse can make me less likely
to achieve them, and it may not be such a wise step. Compound Sentence

3. Although I am always tempted to share my plans and goals, I agree with the
speaker that sharing goals on impulse can make me less likely to achieve
them. Complex Sentence

4. I agree with the speaker that sharing goals on impulse can make me less likely
to achieve them. Simple Sentence
 Last Week

• Differences between dependent and independent clauses

• How to combine sentences with coordinating conjunctions (and, but, so, or)

• The 4 types of sentences in English

Practice
 Determine the type of each of the following sentences.

1. Laura forgot her friend's birthday, so she sent her a card when she finally
remembered. Complex-Compound Sentence

2. The team captain jumped for joy. Simple Sentence

3. Because the soup was too cold, I warmed it in the microwave. Complex Sentence

4. The pirate captain lost her treasure map, but she still found the buried treasure.
Compound Sentence
 Unit 1: Present
Progressive &
Present Simple, p. 2

Week 3
 Objectives

• Present Progressive’s Usage & Structure

• Present Simple’s Usage & Structure

• Differences between these two tenses

 What are the tenses of the following sentences?

1. My nephews play football every weekend. Present Simple

2. I’m teaching English right now. Present Progressive (Continuous)

3. Light travels at almost 300,000 kilometers per second. Present Simple

4. They are going to the party this weekend. Present Progressive (Continuous)

• What are the differences between the present progressive and present simple?
 When can we use the present progressive (continuous)
tense?
1. I’m teaching English right now.

2. We are staying with our friends at the moment.

3. We’re taking English Grammar I this semester.

Structure
 What is the structure of present progressive
sentences?

• We are going on vacation this summer.

➢Subject + verb to be+ verb-ing+ the remaining of the sentence + time expression
(is – am – are) (now, right now, at the moment,
today, tonight, this morning,
this afternoon, this evening, this
year, this season, this month,
this weekend, & these days)
➢Give examples!
 When can we use the present simple tense?

1. He always speaks Spanish at home.

2. The employees are never late.

3. The human body contains 206 bones.

Cont.
 Cont.
4. The kids want to go home now.
5. Suzan remembers your number.
6. My sister has two kids.
7. I hear the telephone.

Exceptions
 Some non-action (stative) verbs are occasionally used
in the progressive form. When?
‘Non-Action (stative) Verbs’ ‘Action Verbs’
Present Simple Present Progressive

1. Sarah and her husband feel homesick. 1. Sarah and her husband are feeling homesick.

2. The soup tastes good. 2. She’s tasting the food to see if it needs more
salt.

Structure
 What is the structure of present simple sentences?

• Maria usually goes to the library with her best friend.

➢Subject + main verb + the remaining of the sentence

(add ‘s’ at the end of
the verb if the subject
is singular)

➢You can use adverbs of frequency to show how often something happens.
• Adverbs of frequency go before the main verb or after verbs to be (is, are, am).

Summary
➢Give examples!
 Summary
Description Present Present
Progressive Simple
1. It describes something that is happening right now.

2. It is often used to show something that is temporary.

3. It describes what regularly happens with adverbs of frequency.

4. It talks about scientific facts.

5. It describe something that is happening in the extended present time (e.g.,

this morning).

6. It is used with MOST non-action verbs.

Practice
 Find and correct the errors in the following sentences.

1. My family planning to travel this year. ….is planning

2. He doesn’t goes to the gym every day. ….doesn’t go

3. Water is freezing at 0 degrees Celsius. ….doesn’t go

4. People treat always me very kindly. ….always treat

5. They don’t leaving the town tonight. ….aren’t leaving

6. I’m believing that recycling is important. I believe….

7. They doesn’t play the guitar very well. ….don’t play

 Unit 1: Present
Progressive &
Present Simple, p. 2

Week 3
 Objectives

• Adding ‘-s’ to the verbs

• Adding ‘-ing’ to the verbs

• Exercises
 Put the verbs in brackets in the present simple tense,
and use the correct form of the verb with -s.

works
1. Khaled always ____________ on Fridays. (work)

watches cartoons every day. (watch)

2. My nephew _____________
What is the
misses
3. Her son never_____________ the bus. (miss) negative form of
these verbs?
rushes
4. He always wakes up late and ____________ to work. (rush)

plays
5. My husband usually ______________ tennis in the evening. (play)

studies
6. She _____________ with her friend at the library every Monday. (study)

7. Suzan ______________
goes running every night. (go) Rules
Adding ‘-s’ to the Verbs
 Put the verbs in brackets in the present progressive
tense, and use the correct form of the verb with -ing.

talking
1. She is _____________ with her mom right now. (talk)

taking
2. They are ______________ three classes this semester. (take)

praying
3. My father is ________________ now. Call him later. (pray)
spying
4. Look! Our neighbors are ______________ on us. (spy)

dying
5. The doctor cannot save the patient. He is _______________. (die)

getting
6. They are______________ married tonight. (get)

7. You are _______________

upsetting the baby right now. (upset) Rules
Adding ‘-ing’ to the Verbs

Practice
 p. 8
am waiting
seem

am working

is talking

doesn’t look
seems
doesn’t mean Cont.
 p. 8
is talking
are taking

are standing
Do you think
are dating
don’t think
doesn’t mean
come
usually stand
 Bonus Exercise 2 on BB

• Write 2 sentences in the present

progressive tense and 2 sentences in the
present simple tense.
Non-Action
Verbs
Appendix 29, p. A-14
 Last Week

• Differences between present progressive and present simple

• How to add ‘-s’ and ‘-ing’ to the verbs

Practice
 Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple present or
present progressive).
is leaving
1.Look! He (leave) ________________the house.
am writing
2.Quiet please! I (write) _____________a test.
walks
3.She usually (walk) ________________ to school.
is going
4.But look! Today she (go) ________________ by bike.

go
5.Every Sunday we (go) ________________ to see my grandparents.

6. We (play) ________________
are playing Monopoly at the moment.
cries
7.The child seldom (cry) _________________.
am not doing
8.I (not / do) _________________ anything at the moment.
Does he watch the news regularly?
9.(watch / he) ________________ Bonus Practice
 Bonus Exercise 2 on BB

• Write 2 sentences in the present

progressive tense and 2 sentences in the
present simple tense.
Unit 2: Imperatives,
p. 13

Week 4
 What are the differences between the following
sentences?

1. I don’t text while driving. Declarative sentences begins with a subject.

2. Don’t text while driving. Imperative sentences begins with a verb.

3. She always warms up before exercising. Declarative sentences begins with a subject.

4. Always warm up before exercising. Imperative sentences begins with a verb.

 When do we use imperatives?

1. Turn left at the light. To give directions and instructions

2. Don’t move!To give orders/ commands
3. Don’t exercise when you’re sick. To give advice or make suggestions
4. Be careful! Give warnings
5. Please read the article. Make requests
6. Have lunch with us tomorrow. Make informal invitations
• Remember:

Exercise
 p.15

e
c
b
g
d
a
h
f
Practice
Look at 5 pictures/ gifs, and think of the
best imperative sentence to give
instructions, order, advice, or warnings
and to make requests or informal
invitations.

Begin
1.

Cont.
2.

Cont.
3.

Cont.
4.

Cont.
5.

Self-Study
p. 17
 Previous Session on Sunday
(Imperatives)

Correct the errors in the following imperatives:

1. Looks both ways when you’re crossing the street. Look

2. Doesn’t smoke inside the building. Don’t

3. Sarah, you make yourself at home. Sarah, make yourself….

Unit 2: Imperatives,
p. 13

Week 4
 Objectives

• Forming sentences and questions in the simple past

• Regular and irregular verbs

 When do we use the simple past tense? What are the
time expressions used with simple past tense?

1. My sister was a singer.

2. I visited my grandparents last Friday.

3. Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in 1595.

4. I saw a movie yesterday.

5. He didn’t go to the party three days ago.

The negative form of the simple past is formed by

adding the helping verb ‘did’ and return the main verb
to the base form. (…didn’t + base form)
 1. Regular Verbs in the Simple Past Tense

• Put the verbs in brackets in the simple past tense, and use the correct form of the verb with -
ed.
walked
1. She ___________ slowly back to the kitchen. (walk)
arrived home at six o'clock yesterday. (arrive)
2. We _________

cried
3. They ____________ out in pain. (cry)
played his part very well. (play)
4. Tom ___________
ripped
5. Suzan ____________ her jeans on the fence. (rip)
preferred to die rather than surrender to the enemy. (prefer)
6. The solider ___________
Adding –ed to Regular Verbs
 2. Irregular Verbs in the Simple Past Tense

1. My brother _________
found a job in Germany. (find)

went
2. She __________ to the mountains last week. (go)

3. I __________
broke my leg while skiing. (break)

4. We ________
left the party at midnight. (leave)
Common Irregular Verbs
 How to Ask Questions in the Simple Past
Tense

Yes/No Questions Wh-Word Questions

• She bought a shirt for him to wear to the • They swam to an island that was not far
party. away.
Did she buy a shirt for him to wear at the Where did he swim to?
party?
 p. 27

wrote
were
led
became
left
didn’t have wore
Look at 4 gifs/ pictures, and write
sentences and questions and the simple
past tense.

Begin
1.
2.
3.
4.
 Previous Session on Tuesday

• Forming sentences and questions in the simple past

• Regular vs. Irregular verbs

Practice
 p. 30

chose
was thought
look
take
think
changed
decided

make
Unit 16: Present
Perfect, p. 182

Week 5
 Objectives

• Forming sentences in the present perfect tense

• Regular vs. Irregular Verbs

• Since vs. For

 When do we use the present perfect? How do we form
present perfect sentences?

1. He has worked in New York for a long time.

2. We have taught at this school since 2010.

3. I have been here since 9 o'clock.

Regular vs. Irregular Verbs

1. I read books every Friday.
2. I read three books last week.
3. I am reading a book now.
4. I have read three books since last Monday.
 1. Regular Verbs in the Present Perfect Tense

• Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect tense, and use the correct form of the verb
with -ed.

called
1. Sarah hasn’t _________ since February. (call)
lived
2. We have _________ here for ten years. (live)
studied for the exam since last week .(study)
3. They have __________

played
4. I haven’t ____________ tennis since my accident. (play)

5. John has __________

quitted smoking for three months. (quit)
Rules
Adding –ed to Regular Verbs
 2. Irregular Verbs in the Present Perfect
Tense
written
1. They have ______________ three poems since May. (write)

been
2. He has __________ here for twenty minutes. (be)

known
3. She has _____________ Maya since she was twelve. (know)

seen
4. I haven’t _____________ you since the wedding. (see)

Rules
Common Irregular Verbs

Self-study
p. 187
 What is the difference between ‘since’ and ‘for’?

Since For

1. He has won many contests since 1995. 1. My father has owned the restaurant for

2. She has loved sports since she was a kid. years.

2. I have studied for the exam for two

weeks.

Practice
 Fill in the blanks with ‘since’ or ‘for’

since
1. Nobody has seen him _________ last Friday.

for
2. It has been foggy __________ some days.
since six o'clock.
3. He has been fishing ________
for
4. They've been living in France ___________ eight years.

since
5. Things have changed ___________ he became the headmaster.

Self-study
P. 186

Practice
 Correct the errors in the following sentences.

1. Caterina been skater since 1998. has been

2. My sister has have long hair since she was a little girl. has had

3. He has lived in the same apartment eleven years ago. for years

4. We have been not in a vacation for years. haven’t been

5. I didn’t see my best friend since August. haven’t seen

 Previous Session on Sunday

• Present perfect

• Regular vs. Irregular verbs

• Since vs. for

Practice
 p. 187

has not stopped

has been
have lived have had
have not taken
have gone
has skated
has won
has wanted has come Practice
p. 186

for
Since
for
since
for
since
for since
 Unit 17: Present
Perfect (already/yet),
p. 193

Week 5
 Objectives

• Forming sentences and questions in the present perfect tense with:

• Already

• Yet
 How do we use already with the present perfect? What
is the position of this adverb in the sentence?
1. I’ve already mailed the invitation.

2. She has baked the cake already.

Already refers to an action that has happened at an unspecified
3. Has Ali arrived already? time before now. It suggests that there is no need for repetition.

4. Have you already written to Sam?

5. John has already finished his project last month.

6. They haven’t already seen the movie.

 How do we use yet with the present perfect? What is
the position of this adverb in the sentence?
1. She hasn’t cleaned yet.

2. They haven’t yet arrived.

3. Have you bought the dress yet?

Practice
 Correct the errors in the following sentences
and questions.

1. I haven’t already baked the cake. I haven’t yet/ I have already

2. Have the guests yet arrived? … already arrived

3. Jenna already has left the party. … has already left/ has left the party already

4. She has met my sister yet. … hasn’t met/ already

5. Khaled has already been to Tokyo three years ago. No need to add the past simple
time expressions

Practice
 p. 196

have already met/ have met already

have already had

Has left already
No hasn’t
Have seen yet
Yes have
No, I haven’t seen yet

have already planned for

Videos
Revision
• Present Perfect with just, already, and yet
English
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_nhtAwI0dA

Arabic
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfYSzcZSw3U

Final Practice
Look at 4 gifs and describe the action using one/all of
the following tenses:
• Present progressive
• Present simple
• Present perfect (since, for, already, yet)
• Used to
• Simple past
• Imperative
Begin
1.

• Present progressive
• Present simple
• Present perfect (since,
for, already, yet)
• Used to
• Simple past
• Imperative
2.

• Present progressive
• Present simple
• Present perfect (since,
for, already, yet)
• Used to
• Simple past
• Imperative
3.

• Present progressive
• Present simple
• Present perfect (since,
for, already, yet)
• Used to
• Simple past
• Imperative
4.

• Present progressive
• Present simple
• Present perfect (since,
for, already, yet)
• Used to
• Simple past
• Imperative
 Previous Session on Sunday

• Forming sentences and questions in the present perfect tense

• Indefinite past

• Twice/often

• Just, lately, recently

• Ever
Practice
 Correct the errors in the following sentences.
Exercise 6, p. 209

1. I have always be afraid of heights. been

2. We’ve returned just from the best vacation we’ve ever have. … just returned

3. I’ve never went hot-air ballooning. … never gone

4. My brother has ever been very adventurous. … has never

Have you ever…?
5. You have ever seen the face of a kid on a hot-air balloon ride?

6. I broke my leg last month, so I haven’t lately been able to do sports.

, so I haven’t been
able to do sports
lately.
 Unit 19: Present
Perfect & Simple Past
p. 212

Week 6
Objectives
• Differences between present perfect and simple past:
1. With for
2. Time (indefinite vs. specific)
3. Finished vs. not finished
 1. What is the difference between these
sentences in meaning? (With ‘for’)
Present Perfect
1. They have lived together in Boston for five
years.
2. I have waited for the bus for 15 minutes.
3. She has studied for the final exam for the
past three weeks.
Simple Past
1. They lived together in Boston for five
years.
2. I waited for the bus for 15 minutes.
3. She studied for the exam for three
weeks.
 2. What is the difference between these sentences in
meaning? (Indefinite vs. Specific Time)

Present Perfect Simple Past

1. They have decided to leave the town. 1. They decided to leave the town yesterday.
2. He has seen the movies. 2. He saw the movie last week.
3. I have discussed the issue with the 3. I discussed the issue with the manager
manager. two days ago.
 3. What is the difference between these sentences in
meaning? (Finished vs. Not Finished)

Present Perfect Simple Past

1. He has called three times today. 1. He called three times yesterday.
2. They have been to the hospital twice 2. They went to the hospital twice last month.
this month.
3. I travelled to Paris several times last year.
3. I’ve travelled to Paris several times
4. It’s 1:00 P.M. She had three cups of coffee this
this year.
morning.
 Summary
What are the differences between present perfect and
simple past?
Present Perfect Simple Past

1. To talk about things that started in the past, continue to the present
2. To talk about things that happened in the past and have no
connection to the present
3. To talk about things that happened at indefinite time in the past
4. To talk about things that happened at a specific time in the past
5. Do not use this tense with a specific point in time; except with since
6. To talk about things that have happened in a time period that is not
finished (e.g., today, this month)
7. To talk about things that happened in a time period that is finished
(e.g., yesterday, last month, etc.)
 Previous Session on Tuesday

• Present perfect with ‘already’ and ‘yet’

Practice
 p. 196

have already met/ have met already

have already had

Has left already
No hasn’t
Have seen yet
Yes have
No, I haven’t seen yet

have already planned for

Videos
 Unit 18: Present
Perfect: Indefinite
Past
p. 202

Week 6
Objectives
• Forming sentences and questions in the present perfect tense
• Indefinite past
• Twice/often
• Just, lately, recently
• Ever
1. Sentences in the Present Perfect
Tense
 Is the time specific in these sentences? Did the actions
happen in the past or in the present?

1. They have travelled to Egypt.

2. We’ve been to Rome.

3. He has read the book twice.

4. I have often visited my grandparents.

Cont.
 When/Why do we use the present perfect with
‘just,’ ‘lately,’ & ‘recently’?

1. I have just gotten back from China.

2. She has been so busy lately.

3. I haven’t seen my best friend recently.

Questions
2. Questions in the Present Perfect Tense
 Questions with ‘ever’

1. Have you ever eaten octopus?

2. Has he ever travelled abroad?

3. Have Suzan and Sara ever met?

Practice
 What is the meaning of the present perfect
tense in the following sentences?

1. He has worked in New York since 2019.

2. I have already submitted the project.

3. They have not started the meeting yet.

4. She has written a fictional novel.

5. We have been to London many times.

6. I have recently moved to this apartment.

Practice
 p. 205

have been

have been
have had have swam
have eaten
have slept
have become
Have found
Final
Practice
Look at 3 pictures/ gifs and describe the action using
the present perfect tense:
• Since/for
• Already/yet
• Indefinite past
• Twice (several times)
• Just, recently, or lately
• Question with ‘ever’
Begin
1.

• Since/for
• Already/yet
• Indefinite past
• Just, recently, or
lately
• Question with ‘ever’
2.

• Since/for
• Already/yet
• Indefinite past
• Just, recently, or
lately
• Question with ‘ever’
3.

• Since/for
• Already/yet
• Indefinite past
• Just, recently, or
lately
• Question with ‘ever’