The ESSD 2022 Conference December 12, 2022, NPIC, Phnom Penh

ការវិភាគល្បឿនខ្យ្់កន្ដ្រាក់នឹងការវាយតម្លៃភាពធន់ច ាំបាច់ម្នល្គឿងបង្ាំគ
ិ ខ្យ្់និងរញ្ជួ យដី៖ ករណីសិកាលៅភ្នាំលពញ
អាគារខ្ពស់ ពីលបតគងអាលល៉េល្កាលឥទ្ធ្

វង់ សគដី ដនa, ឈីន រតរb, ដួង ពិសដ

ិ a,c,*
ឋ

Basic wind speed analysis and serviceability evaluation of tall reinforced

concrete building subjected to wind and earthquake: a case study in Phnom Penh

Siden Vonga, Rattana Chhinb, Piseth Dounga,c,*

a
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
b
Research and Innovation Center, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
c
Research and Innovation Center, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
a vong_sdien@gci.itc.edu.kh, b rattana@ric.itc.edu.kh, c piseth@itc.edu.kh

លសចកតីសលងេប៖ នៅក្នុងការសិក្ាននេះ បានបង្ហាញអំពីការវភាគននន្បឿនខ្យ្់

ិ ក្ន្ដ្រាក្់ នង
ឹ ការវាយតនលៃភាពធន់របស់អាគារខ្ពស់ ពនី បតុង
អានល៉េនៅនរកាលឥទ្ធិព្ខ្យ្់នឹងរញ្ជួ យដី។ ក្នុងនគា្បំណងននការសិក្ាននេះ គឺចង់ក្ំណត់ន្បឿនក្ន្ដ្រាក្់នៅរាធានីភ្ននំ ពញ និងការនរបៀបនធៀប
បនទុក្ខ្យ្់នឹងរញ្ជួ យដីដដ្មានឥទ្ធិព្លក្ន្ើអាគារ។ ដំបូងនយើងនធវើការរបលូ្ទ្ិនននយ
័ ពីអាកាសយាដ្ឋានអរនាជាតិភ្ននំ ពញ ន ើយនធវើការ
វភាគន
ិ ង
ឹ បដលៃងន្បឿនខ្យ្់ននេះ បរទប់លក្យក្លក្សិក្ាន្ើអាគារខ្ពស់ៗ។ បរទប់លក្នទ្ៀតនយង
ើ នធវកា
ើ រវភាគអាគារខ្ព
ិ ស់ននេះ នរកាលឥទ្ធព
ិ ្
បនទុក្ទំងពរី ននេះ។ ដូចននេះ អនេរដដ្នយង
ើ អាចសិក្ាមានដូចជា សមាពធដដ្ប៉េេះនង
ឹ នទទរបស់ អាគារ ្ំ ង្ហក្ទ្ស
ិ នដក្តាលជាន់នល
ី យ
ួ ៗ ្ំ
ង្ហក្របស់អាគារទំងលូ្ និង្ំ នឹងរបស់អាគារទំងលូ្វាសលរសបនៅតាលបទ្ដ្ឋាន។ នយើងបានចនលៃយ
ើ ដូចដដ្បានបង្ហាញខាងនរកាល
ដូចនៅក្នុងរយៈនព្ 50ឆ្ន ំ នង
ឹ 700ឆ្ន ំ នយង
ើ ក្ំណត់បានន្បឿនខ្យ្់ក្ន្ដ្រាក្់អតប
ិ រមា 35,42m/s នង
ឹ 43,87m/s, នរៀងគាន។ ន យ
ើ ក្មាៃង
ំ
តាលទ្ស
ិ នដក្ នៅនរកាលឥទ្ធ្
ិ ព្រញ្ជួ យដីមានតនលៃតូចជាងរបស់បនទុក្ខ្យ្់ នង
ឹ ចំន េះអាគារខ្ពស់នយង
ើ គួរដតពចា
ិ រណាជាលួយបនទុក្ខ្យ្់ ។

Abstract: this case study presents the analysis of basic wind speed and serviceability evaluation of tall rein-
forced concrete buildings under wind and earthquake in Phnom Penh. The objectives are to examine the
basic wind speed in Phnom Penh and to compare the serviceability with earthquakes. First, the wind data
collection from Phnom Penh Airport was analyzed and converted to basic wind speed, and then applied to
the tall reinforced concrete buildings. After that, the reinforced concrete building was considered to be sub-
jected to both wind and earthquake loads. Therefore, the serviceability parameters such as drift and stability
index can be evaluated. The result showed that the basic wind speed for a return period of 50 years and 700
years is 35.42m/s and 43.87m/s, respectively. The lateral drift due to seismic as found is greater than that
due to wind but for the drift serviceability design of tall reinforced concrete buildings, wind load might be
the dominant factor to be considered rather than earthquake.

Keywords: Basic wind speed, Earthquake load, Drift, Return period, Reinforced concrete

1. Introduction basic wind speed and ground motion acceleration,

respectively to convert into forces distributed on the
Wind and Seismic loads are important loading building[2]. In Cambodia, due to the absence of its
types that affect the structure, in particular for tall own design codes, using international design codes
and lightweight buildings[1]. The practical design is very common for both loadings and design meth-
methods for wind and seismic loads allow using a ods. However, this situation provides concerns to
*
Corresponding Author
a
Bachelor student, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology of Cambodia
b
PhD, Research and Innovation Center, Institute of Technology of Cambodia
c
PhD, Research and Innovation Center, Institute of Technology of Cambodia

Copyright ©2022. Published by NPIC. All rights reserved.

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The ESSD 2022 Conference December 12, 2022, NPIC, Phnom Penh
the structural engineers regarding the reliability of The probability of converting 3-second gust to an
the given calculation approach and design parame- hourly is 3/3600 or 0.083%.
ters, such as topography and climate conditions. For Using statistic approach from Eq.1
seismic design, the engineers required vast amount
of information such as building and soil properties, F(z) = 0.9996
seismic history, and other relevant features of the Table 1: Standard Normal on appendix A7,[7]
buildings. That information is not available and re- z 0 1 2 3 3.33
quires an initiative, starting with basic research F(z) 0.5 0.8413 0.9772 0.9987 0.9996
with the currently available data. For wind, the
study focused on the information available from a
station in Pochentong, which is located at longitude
104o33'E and latitude 11o33'N in Phnom Penh,
Cambodia[3], [4]. For seismic, the peak ground ac-
celeration from the World Seismic Map is used to
convert into a seismic intensity that is used for seis-
mic verification of the example building in Cambo-
dia. This initiative provides the structural engineer-
ing aspect on both types of loads considering the
serviceability condition, especially lateral drifts[5],
[6].

2. Methodology
In this case study, a statistical approach known as According to table 1, we got the value of proba-
normal distribution was firstly used to convert an bility F(z) = 0.9996 when z equal 3.33.
hourly wind speed recorded by the station to a 3- For 3-second gust over hourly period, the proba-
second gust speed. Following that, a probabilistic bility is 0.83%, thus, from statistics (Eq.1) we have:
approach was utilized to forecast the fundamental U3−sec = U1hr + 3.33u (Eq.2)
wind speed associated with extreme values [7]. where: U3-sec= the 3-second gust wind speed; U1hr =
This approach only gives the "Type I Extreme the hourly wind speed; and u = the standard devi-
Value Distribution" for the analysis corresponding ation of the hourly wind speed.
to a return period as shown in figure 1. This study In this case, the gust factor can describe in Eq.3
compares the seismic loads on tall RC buildings using models developed for standard neutral
with the basic wind speed that has been computed boundary layer flow conditions.
and applied. The story drift, overall drift, and sta- u = 2.5u* (Eq.3)
bility index were investigated using the ASCE 7-16 where: u * = the friction velocity
criteria, as illustrated in figure 2 [8].
u*
= kp (Eq.4)
U1hr
where: k = 0.4 von Karman constant; and p = expo-
nent of the power-law wind profile
 Z2 
p
u2
=  (Eq.5)
u1  Z1 
where: u1 and u2 = wind speed at height Z1 and Z2,
respectively.
Figure 1: procedure for basic wind speed analysis By substituting Eq.3 and Eq.4 in Eq.2. We ob-
Figure 2: procedure for analysis RC building under Wind tained:
loads and Earthquake loads u 3−sec = u1hr (1 + 3.33p) (Eq.6)
The Eq.6 is used to convert and hourly wind
2.1. Statistical Approach for Wind Analysis
speed to 3-second gust speed. In order to have a bet-
The cumulative distribution function of X is de- ter estimation of p from Z0, fig. 1 is provide. For
fined using a relation below: example, for an open terrain where: Z0 = 0.02m and
p = 0.155.
F(z) = probability(X  u + z) (Eq. 1)

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The ESSD 2022 Conference December 12, 2022, NPIC, Phnom Penh
9 22.77 0.290 -0.212
10 24.29 0.323 -0.123
11 24.29 0.355 -0.035
12 24.29 0.387 0.052
13 24.29 0.419 0.140
14 24.29 0.452 0.230
15 24.29 0.484 0.320
16 24.29 0.516 0.413
17 24.29 0.548 0.510
18 24.29 0.581 0.610
19 24.29 0.613 0.714
20 25.80 0.645 0.825
21 25.80 0.677 0.943
22 27.32 0.710 1.070
Figure 3: the relationship between z0 and p[8] 23 27.32 0.742 1.209
24 27.32 0.774 1.363
2.2. Gumbel’s Method
25 27.32 0.806 1.537
26 28.84 0.839 1.738
Gumbel, 1954 provided an easily usable meth-
27 28.84 0.871 1.979
odology for fitting recorded annual maximums to-
28 30.36 0.903 2.285
wards the type I Extreme Value distribution that
29 30.36 0.935 2.708
takes the form of Eq.1 for cumulative distribution
30 33.39 0.968 3.418
FU (U). The five key steps of the Gumbel method
for processing wind speed data are as follows:
Yearly Maximum Wind Speed
Step1: Data is ranked in order from smallest to
largest: 1, 2, 3, … m, to N 35
Gusr Speed (m/s)

y = 3.1889x + 22.982
Step2: Probability of non-exceedance, p accord- 30
ing to: 25
m 20
p= (Eq.7)
N +1 15
Step3: Reduced variate is formed from: 10
r = − ln[− ln(p)] (Eq.8) -1.5 -0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5
Step4: Wind speed is plotted against y, and a line Reduce Variate
of best fit is drawn, usually by means of linear re-
gression, u = mode intercept of the line, (a) equal Figure 4: Analysis of annual the maximum gust wind
slope of the line.
Step5: For large value of return period a simple The design basic wind speed for various return
equation can be used to determine extreme wind periods was predicted and is listed in table 3 as
speed. show below:
   1  
U R = u + a − ln  − ln 1 −    (Eq.9)
  R   Table 3: Result of basic wind speed and return periods

Return Period (Year) Basic Wind Speed (m/s)
Table 2: Calculated the Reduce Variate at 10m 10 30.16
Exceed-
3s-Gust
Ranked

Reduce

20 32.45
Variate
at 10m
Speed

Non-

ance

50 35.42
100 37.65
1 12.14 0.032 -1.234 200 39.87
2 21.25 0.065 -1.008 500 42.80
3 21.25 0.097 -0.848 700 43.87
4 21.25 0.129 -0.717 1000 45.01
5 21.25 0.161 -0.601
6 21.25 0.194 -0.496
7 21.25 0.226 -0.397
8 22.77 0.258 -0.303

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The ESSD 2022 Conference December 12, 2022, NPIC, Phnom Penh
2.3. Story Drift and Allowable Drift evaluated, 0 = the first order relative lateral de-
flection between the top and bottom of the story due
to Vus , lc = the length of compression member in
frame, measured the center to center of the joint in
frame.
Px Ie
• Earthquake: max =
Vx h xs Cd
(Eq.13)
Where Px = total vertical design load at above level
x, Vx = seismic shear force acting between level x
Figure 5: building displacement shape under lateral force re- and x-1,  = seismic story drift as defined in sec-
sponse[9] tion 2.3 occurring simultaneously with Vx , h sx =
The design story drift () shall be computed as story height below level x.
the difference of the deflection at the center of mass
at top and bottom of the story under consideration 3. Analysis and Result
for more detail on CC.2.1 of ASCE 7-16.
 x = x − x −1 (Eq.10) 3.1. Building description
The deflection of the x at the center of mass shall
This case study is carried out with a tall rein-
be determine according with following equation be-
forced concrete building which served as an office
low:
Cd  xe
building. The building is assumed to be Phnom
x = (Eq.11) Penh capital city.
Ie
where: Cd = is deflection amplification factor, xe = Table 4-1: RC building description under Wind
is deflection at the location required by this section Type Office Building (Use Computer)
determined by elastic analysis, Ie = is importance Location Pochentong, Phnom Penh City
factor. Topography Homogeneous
Terrain Suburban
The design story drift () of each story shall be V700 44 m/s
not exceed the allowable story (a) as obtained -18 x 18 m in plan for 8, 12, and 16-
from figure 6 as bellowed. Story
Dimension
-Height of ground floor 4.5m and other
floor 4m
-Reinforced concrete rigid frame in both
directions
-Floor and roof slabs provide diagrams
Framing
action
-Fundamental natural frequency is as-
sumed to be greater than 1Hz
Cladding Masonry wall
-Superimposed Dead Loads: 1.68
Figure 6: Table of allowable Story Drift, (a)[10] kN/m2
Dead Loads
-Wall 100mm Interior: 5.76 kN/m2
-Wall 200mm Exterior: 12.10 kN/m2
2.4. Stability Index -Office building: 4.79 N/m2
Live Loads
-Roof lived: 0.96 kN/m2
The stability index can be assumed that a story
within a structure is non-sway frame or sway Table 4-2: RC building description under Seismic
frames. The stability index should be followed the Type -Office Building
equation below: Occupancy
• Wind force: Q =
 Pu  0
 0.05
Category
II

Vus lc Site Class D

SDC D
(Eq.12)
Ie 1
Where Q = stability index, P u
and Vus = The total
Mapped spec-
factored (from the same load combination) vertical tral respond
Ss = 0.215g and S1 = 0.129g
load on the horizontal story shear in the story being acceleration
parameter
R 3

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The ESSD 2022 Conference December 12, 2022, NPIC, Phnom Penh
Cd 2 7 28.5 131.77 311.99
-Ordinary Reinforcement Concrete
Frames 6 24.5 97.38 268.21
Framing
-Fundamental natural frequency is as-
sumed to be greater than 1Hz 5 20.5 68.18 224.42
4 16.5 44.17 208.24
3.2. Wind Pressure and story shear of Seismic
3 12.5 25.35 157.76
The wind pressure that effect on building height 2 8.5 11.72 107.27
corresponding to a peak wind speed for building in 1 4.5 3.70 56.79
Phnom Penh.

Table 5-1: Wind Pressure & Seismic story shear of building

The table 5-1, 5-2, 5-3 show the value of wind
8-story pressure and seismic story shear on the building.
Story hx (m) Wind Pressure Story Shear The wind pressures changed depending on the
height of the structure. The seismic story shear as-
8 32.5 183.49 324.92
sociated with the base shear followed the design
7 28.5 141.11 462.66 ground motion acceleration of the earthquake.
6 24.5 104.28 397.73
3.3. Story Drift of Building
5 20.5 73.01 332.79
4 16.5 47.30 287.23 According to ASCE 7-16, the story drift of the
3 12.5 27.14 217.60 tall RC building shall be computed followed this
2 8.5 12.55 147.97 equation 10-1 and 10-2.
1 4.5 3.96 79.53
S T O R Y D R IF T O F B U IL D IN G
Table 5-2: Wind pressure & seismic story shear of building 68
12-story 64
Story hx (m) Wind Pressure Story Shear 60
12 48.5 369.33 333.35 56
11 44.5 310.93 502.51 52
10 40.5 257.54 457.34
48 Drift 8-Story (W)
9 36.5 209.18 412.17
44 Allow Drift 8-Story (W)
8 32.5 165.85 426.33
40 Drift 8-Story (S)
7 28.5 127.53 373.86
HEIGHT

36 Allow Drift 8-Story (S)

6 24.5 94.25 321.38
5 20.5 65.98 268.91 32 Drift 12-Story (W)
4 16.5 42.75 230.61 28 Allow Drift 12-Story (W)
3 12.5 24.53 174.70 24 Drift 12-Story (S)
2 8.5 11.34 118.80 20 Allow Drift 12-Story (S)
1 4.5 3.58 62.89 16 Drift 16-Story (W)
12 Allow Drift 16-Story (W)
Table 5-3: Wind pressure & seismic story shear of building 8
16-story Drift 16-Story (S)
4
Story hx (m) Wind Pressure Story Shear Allow Drift 16-Story (S)
0
16 64.5 674.91 389.46 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
STORY DRIFT
15 60.5 593.80 571.99
Figure 7: Story drift of building under wind and earthquake
14 56.5 517.87 534.18
13 52.5 447.14 496.36 We got the result of story drift and the allowable
12 48.5 381.60 491.83 drift of the building under wind and seismic loads
are shown in Figure 7 as above. As observed, the
11 44.5 321.25 451.27
story drift value is smaller than the allowable drift
10 40.5 266.10 410.70 for both wind and earthquake. However, in terms of
9 36.5 216.13 370.14 ratio, the story drift due to wind is so much more
critical compared with that due to seismic.
8 32.5 171.35 355.78
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The ESSD 2022 Conference
3.4. Stability Index
The stability index should be checked in the con-
dition of load case positive of ultimate limit state
(ULS+) for direction X+ and Y+ and then negative
of ULS for direction X- and Y- in plan. The equa-
tion following equation 11-1 and 11-2 in section
2.4.
December 12, 2022, NPIC, Phnom Penh
for the serviceability of tall reinforced concrete
buildings, wind load was more critical than seismic.
Acknowledgements
The project is funded by Improving Research in
STEM and Agriculture Higher Education Improve-
ment Project. (Credit No. 6221-KH).

References
S TABILIT Y INDEX
16
[1] “Guide to the Use of the Wind Load
14
Q-W (8-Story)
Provisions of ASCE 7-02 (Kishor C. Mehta,
James Delahay) (z-lib.org),”
12
Q-S (8-Story) [2] P. Of, Tall Buildings for Wind.
10 [3] S. Janjai, W. Promsen, I. Masiri, and J.
Laksanaboonsong, “Wind Resource Maps
STORY

Q-W (12-Story)
8
Q-S (12-Story)
for Cambodia,” J. Sustain. Energy Environ.,
6 vol. 4, p. 6, 2013.
Q-W (16-Story) [4] “Cambodia_WindSpeed_2000-2009.pdf.”
4 [5] Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing
Q-S (16-Story)
2 Buildings. Reston, VA: American Society of
Civil Engineers, 2017. doi:
0 10.1061/9780784414859.
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
[6] Anon, “Minimum design loads for buildings
STABILITY INDEX
and other structures,” ANSI/ASCE Stand.,
Figure 8: Stability index of building under wind & earth- no. 7 98, pp. 1–330, 2000, doi:
quake 10.1061/9780872629042.
[7] “Probability and statistic for engineering and
Figure 8 shows the stability index results for sciences”,.Available:https://www.ptonline.c
structures with 8, 12, and 16 stories. The stability om/articles/how-to-get-better-mfi-results
coefficient under wind loads, defined by ASCE 7- [8] V. Yilmaz and E. ÇELİK, “a Statistical
16, is observed to be less than 0.05 for this design, Approach To Estimate the Wind Speed
resulting in non-sway frames for the structure. Fur- Distribution : the Case of Gelibolu Region,”
thermore, stability index under earthquake will be Doğuş Üniversitesi Derg., vol. 9, no. 1, pp.
calculated by factoring in the maximum using equa- 122–132, 2008.
tions 10-1 and 10-2. It is obvious that none of the [9] fib, “Displacement-based seismic design of
floor levels require consideration of P-delta effects. reinforced concrete buildings,” State-of-the-
The additional factor relating to P-delta effects on art report prepared by Task Group 7.2. p.
displacement and member force must, however, be 196, 2003.
enhanced by logical analysis or multiplied by a fac- [10] M. D. Loads and O. Structures, "Minimum
tor of / instead of 0.1<  max (1-q). If  exceeds Design Loads and Associated Criteria for
max the structure needs to be redesign. Buildings and Other Structures".(ASCE 7-
16)
4. Conclusions

The basic wind speed in Phnom Penh was analyzed

using a meteorological station at Pochentong. The
basic wind speed for a return period of 50 years and
700 years was estimated to be 35.42m/s and
43.87m/s, respectively. Using the basic wind speed
determined above, the serviceability evaluation was
carried out in terms of lateral drift and stability in-
dex, considering for both wind and seismic. The lat-
eral drift due to seismic was greater than that due to
wind. However, the drift limit ratio illustrated that
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