The A S M E Boiler and Pressure

Vessel Code
J. W. Stokes, L. Holly, K. H. Mayer

As codes of practice are often the starting point for ndt, the journal covers some of the
important codes and their implications from time to time. This paper gives a European
view of a major American code. The implications to ndt will be discussed later. The
technical rules for the design and construction of steam boilers and pressure vessels in
the USA are found in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPV Code). In most
states the rules of the BPV Code have been adopted as by-laws. The authors review of
the history, contents and application of the code. They also give details of the applica-
tion of the code by manufacturers outside North America and briefly compare the
equivalent German boiler and pressure vessel standards.

The American Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPV Code)
of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
consists of roughly 3 000 pages and is the largest existing code
for pressure-carrying parts of fossil and nuclear power
stations. 1 Apart from its widespread use in the USA and
Canada, the code has formed the basis for national standards
and reference in numerous other countries. Suppliers of
pressure-bearing parts to the USA must be versed in the
application of the BPV Code.
History
On 10 March, 1905 a disastrous boiler explosion occurred at
a factory in the State of Massachusetts, USA, killing 58
persons and injuring 117 others. For years prior to this,
boiler explosions had been accepted as 'an act of God'
although until that time approximately 10 000 boiler ex-
plosions had occurred in the USA, Canada and Mexico. 2
The accident in Massachusetts made the citizens see the need
for legislation and regulations covering the rules for con-
struction of steam boilers. In 1907 the state enacted the
first code.
Other states and cities began formulating rules and regula-
tions until there were so many that the manufacturers found
it difficult to construct vessels for use in one state that
would be accepted in another. Because of this lack of
uniformity, an appeal was made in 1911 by manufacturers
and users to the council of ASME to corlect the situation.
The council appointed a committee to prepare uniform
standards.
The committee was assisted by numerous engineers represent-
ing all phases of design, construction, installation and
John Stokes is National Board Boiler Inspector at Kemperco SA,
Liege, Belgium, Ludwig H o l l y and Karl Mayer are at M A N ,
Nuremberg Works, West Germany.
operation of boilers. After three years of meetings and pub-
lic hearings, a final draft of the first ASME rules for con-
structions of stationary boilers, known as the 1914 edition,
was adopted in the spring of 1915. Since the first code of
1914, other sections were added such as Section VIII for
unfired pressure vessels in 1925. a
Agencies implementing the code
Before describing BPV Code details, mention should be made
of important organizations in connexion with the code. The
first place is taken by ASME who created this voluminous
code and keeps it abreast with the latest engineering progress.
The ASME is made up of various administrations and, in
particular, of numerous members who meet at regular
intervals to discuss code matters. The ASME organization
relating to the BPV Code starts with the council and pro-
gresses downwards through the policy board for codes and
standards, the BPV main committee etc (Fig.l).
I
Codesandstandards
I I
I
i
]6 MainCommitteesin oil I
CodesStandardsS°fcty
& IB&PVManiIC°m
I mtiee
I Sub-commi~ees I
I
(Sub-groups
l
I
I orki°.. ooJs
Fig.1 The American Society of Mechanical Engineers has an
extensive organization to control the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING . JUNE 1974 145

The various committees are made up of members which
come from the manufacturers, the inspection agencies and
the consulting engineers. The assignments to the sub-
committees, sub-groups and working groups are made to
persons knowledgeable in the area of concern. Appoint-
ments are made by the executive secretary who does his
best to ensure that all groups are uniformly represented.
One or more sections of the BPV Code have been adopted
by 47 states, 37 cities and 10 Canadian provinces 4 (Fig.2).
The ASME Code was officially accepted as the standard by
these authorities after the individual state, municipal or
provincial legislator enacted boiler and pressure vessel laws.
Each state has a department to enforce the laws. The name
of the department varies from authority to authority and
can readily be determined from the Uniform Boiler Law
Society. Within each jurisdiction there are various boards
that have the function of promulgating rules and regulations
and ruling on special problems such as deviations from the
standards.
As an example, the State of Pennsylvania has created by
legislative act within the Department of Labor and Industry
two bodies called the Industrial Board and the Advisory
Board. Membership on both is by political appointment.
Fig.2 One or more parts of the BPV Code is in force almost throughout North America
146
The function of the Industrial Board is to make and revise
regulations concerning the safety of industrial equipment.
The Industrial Board is not qualified to make technical
decisions. For expert advice the Industrial Board is
assisted by the Advisory Board.
The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors
is made up of inspectors of all states and cities that have
adopted one or more sections of the BPV Code. The pur-
pose of the organization is to promote greater safety to life
and property by securing concerted action and maintaining
uniformity in the construction, installation and inspection
of boilers and other pressure vessels and their appurtenances
and to secure interchangeability between political sub-
divisions of the United States and the Provinces of Canada. s
One of its main functions is the commissioning of the
authorized inspectors who monitor the implementation of
the various sections of the BPV Code by the manufacturers.
Applicants for a National Board commission have to pass a
written examination of the National Board. To be admitted
to the examination, applicants must have a definite educa-
tion and a minimum number of years of experience.
An inspection agency can be a state or municipality of the
United States or an insurance company authorized to write
Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Low
Boiler Low ~ 7 " ~
Cities and countieswith
Boilerand Pressure I - J
Vessel Ordinances
N O N - D E S T R U C T I V E T E S T I N G . JUNE 1974
boiler and pressure vessel insurance. Most inspectors come Turbine valve or
from insurance companies. Code stop volve
PG- 583. I
While not an agency for implementing the BPV Code the
Uniform Boiler Law Society was created as a non-profit
organization to promote the uniformity of boiler and _ 4_
pressure vessel laws throughout the United States and 7 Bypass
Canada. It continually works with the legislative bodies to valve Turbine
bring about a uniformity of regulations. Anyone interested
- 7 Boiler I
in this objective can become a member. /

Contents of the code

There are l 1 sections in the BPV Code:
section I power boilers;
"L 7-~ HP-h¢oter
section II material specifications;
section III nuclear power plant components; t Stop volv¢
I
section IV heating boilers;
Non-return volv¢
section V non-destructive examination; I
I = Piping and joint
I
section VI recommended rules for care and operation of ASME I Jurisdiction
heat ing b oilers; :7) ~ 7 Boiler feed pump'
Y / Piping and joint
section VIII pressure vessels; I I o------ ANSI B 31. I. O.
Alternative Jurisdiction
section IX welding qualifications; PG-58 3. 5.
section X fibreglass reinforced plastic pressure vessels; Fig.3 Those parts of a boiler system covered by the code are shown
section XI rates for inservice inspection of nuclear reactor on this scheme
coolant systems.
In designing new power station equipment it is important to
proceed in observance of sections I, II, III, V, VIII and IX.
The various sections contain basic rules for the design and Table 1. Classifications not considered to be part of
fabrication to establish satisfactory assurance of safety. section V I I
These are only minimum requirements. The BPV Code
does not contain rules to cover all details of design and cal-
Type Limits
culation. Where complete details are not given, the manu-
facturer's drawings and calculations are subject to con- Under 450 I capacity
Water storage tank
currance by the authorized inspector.
Water storage tank Under 450 I capacity, heat input
The ASME cooperated with various technical organizations (indirectly heat) under 27 kJ s"1 and water temperature
for several years in the preparation of the individual sections under 90°C
of the BPV Code. For instance, the American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the American Welding Pressure vessels Pressure under 100 kN m "2 or inside
Society (AWS) played an important role in the preparation diameter under 150 mm
of Section II. The BPV Code makes reference to various
other standards, eg to Power Piping Code B 31.1.0 of the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) for piping.
Section XI is the latest area of the code which was worked generator unit which come under the rules of section I. For
out recently by ASME, ANSI and United States Atomic the sake of convenience, only the live steam and feed water
Energy Commission (AEC). It contains the rules for in- pipes have been shown. The other connexions, such as
service inspection of nuclear reactor components. Perform- drains, vents and blow-off pipes, etc have been omitted. On
ance of the in-service inspections is the responsibility of the the live steam side the rules of Section I terminate at the
owner of the nuclear power system. The responsibility first stop valve of the boiler. In the case of a single boiler
includes the preparation of examination instructions and and steam turbine generator unit the stop valve can be
procedures, verification of qualifications of personnel and omitted. In this case the influence of section I terminates
maintenance of adequate records of inspections performed. at the emergency stop valve of the turbine (PG 58.3.1). In
this design the emergency stop valves are required to be
equipped with limit switches (open/closed) and designed to
S e c t i o n I and section V I I I
withstand the required hydrostatic test pressure of the
Precise details on the jurisdictional limits of these sections boiler.
of the BPV Code are found in the corresponding sections.
In respect of the feed water piping of once-through boilers
An attempt is made here to explain the jurisdictional limits the jurisdictional limits of section I terminate at the stop
of sections I and VIII covering specifications of special valve near the boiler (see alternative according to PG 58.3.5
importance in the construction of fossil power stations. in Fig.3). For other types of boilers the jurisdictional
Fig.3 is a simplified layout of those parts of the boiler and limits are up to and including the check valve downstream
external pipework of a single boiler and steam turbine of the feed pump. Table 1 shows the jurisdictional limits

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING . JUNE 1974 147

of section VIII. Generally there are no rules for pressure
vessels that operate at a pressure of less than 100 kN m "2.
Interpretation and revision
In the event of interpretation problems the manufacturer
will first request a ruling from the local authorized inspector.
If the question is an unusual one the inspector may refer it
to his home office which may be the headquarters of an
insurance company or a state, municipal or provincial
bureau. If the inspector is unable to provide a ruling it is
recommended that the question be referred to the BPV
committee. Each year approximately 2 000 enquiries are
sent to this committee by users of the code asking for inter-
pretations and suggesting revisions to the various sections.
The BPV main committee and all its sub-committees meet
six times a year to discuss and consider these and other
interpretations and revisions. Any questions that cannot
be routinely answered by the secretary of the committee
are referred to the proper sub-committees prior to the
meeting. Each session lasts for one week and ends with a
main committee meeting.
All proposed revisions, after approval by the BPV main
committee, policy board for codes and standards and the
ASME Council are published either entirely or by reference
in Mechanical Engineering. 7 Comments are accepted within
30 days of publication. The receipt of any comments
require that the sub-committee from which the recom-
mendation emanated reconsider its previous action.
Revisions are eventually incorporated into the codes as
addenda which are issued twice yearly on 30 June and
31 December. The addenda become mandatory six:months
after issue. Each set of addenda is a different colour. For
example, the winter addenda of 1972 was printed on blue
paper, s
Interpretations (code cases) of the intent of the code, after
approval, are also published in Mechanical Engineering.
These cases may be used beginning with the date of their
approval. Other interpretations of the intent of the code
which are not of general interest are sent only to the
interested parties who submitted the enquiry.
It is evident that the ASME is not a stagnant body, but one
that continually strives'to maintain the BPV Code abreast
of the latest technology while keeping the prime objective
of safety in mind.
Quality assurance - a new requirement of the code
In the beginning of the nuclear power industry, normal
industrial codes and standards were used for the conven-
tional portions of steam generating equipment. Beyond
this, however, pervasive and far-reaching procedures were
set up by the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) in response
to the responsibility placed on the AEC by federal statute to
ensure public safety from the potential hazards of nuclear
facilities. Because the quality control systems prevalent in
the electrical utility industry were not adequate for the
degree of reliability needed in the construction, operation,
design of the nuclear facilities, a system of quality assurance
w a s pressed by the AEC. The ASME in parallel with AEC
incorporated into section III nuclear power plant components,
a n appendix on quality assurance systems. This occurred
with the winter addenda of 1967 and this concept has now
been expanded to include all sections of the BPV Code,
with the summer 1973 addenda.
148
Quality assurance can be defined as an organized and
systematic method for specifying the objectives to be
achieved in a given activity, saying what is to be done, at
what level, and how it is to be achieved. Second, it is an
orderly system for ensuring that these objectives will be
carried out with a high degree of reliability. This system
must of necessity be documented in detail in a quality
assurance manual which contains as a minimum the follow-
ing:
authority and responsibility;
manufacturer's organization on chart;
drawing control system;
material receiving control;
examination and inspection programme;
correction of nonconformities;
welding;
non-destructive examination;
heat treatment;
calibration of measurement and test equipment;
records retention;
sample forms of the quality control system;
authorized inspector.
To describe this system in detail would be beyond the
scope of this presentation and reference is therefore made
to other publications) o, a 1,1~
Manufacturers outside North America
Each state that has adopted the BPV Code requires that
objects built under these standards be stamped with the
ASME symbol of the relevant section of the BPV Code.
According to the previous provisions of ASME only US and
Canadian manufacturers could be granted permission to use
the ASME stamp. Foreign manufacturers had to apply for
special permission in the form of a state special.
Since 2 October, 1972, however, because of a decision by
the United States District Court in New York, qualified
foreign manufacturers of boilers and pressure vessels can
obtain the certificates of authorization and code symbol
stamps. The procedure for applying and the evaluation of
the facilities which includes a view of the quality control
manual are now identical for both United States and foreign
manufacturers with one exception. The National Board
will perform the facility review with the inspection agency
for foreign manufacturers in lieu of the jurisdictional
authorities and the inspection agency.
The procedure for applying the ASME symbol is to first
enter into a contract with an authorized inspection agency,
then make application to the ASME for the particular sym-
bol which is desired. The ASME will verify with the
inspection agency that a valid contract is in effect and will
notify the jurisdictional authorities or the National Board
so that a joint review of the manufacturer's facility and
organization can be made. If approved, the manufacturer
will receive the symbol he has applied for.
It is not mandatory for the foreign manufacturers to obtain
the ASME symbol since, in lieu of general approval, objects
can still be manufactured on a unit by unit basis with state
special permission. As each state has its own method for
N O N - D E S T R U C T I V E T E S T I N G . J U N E 1974
 Registration of makers with the boiler section at the Table 2. A comparison of American and German codes
Department of Labor and Industry
(Submittal of a list of workshop facilities ) ASME BPV Code German code or recommendation

~ Application for licence to Industrial Board Section I TRD

Submittal of the following information
Detail design drawing
Calculation details
Material specifications
Welding procedure and welder's qualification tests
Approval of technical information by a professional J
engineer
I of German Society for Non-Destructive
Contract made with an inspection authority t
Issue of a Pennsylvania Special by the Industrial Board ~--
Fig.4 A foreign manufacturer without a ASME symbol can sell
a boiler of pressure vessel in the United States with a special permission
as in this procedure for the state of Pennsylvania
granting approval of a state special it is best to contact the
proper authorities in the jurisdiction prior to the start of
manufacturing. The Uniform Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Laws Society gives the names and addresses of the proper
authorities.
As an example of a procedure to obtain approval for con-
struction of a boiler or pressure vessel in a foreign country
let us take the State of Pennsylvania (Fig.4). On matters
involving the BPV Code, the Industrial Board refers any
applications to the Advisory Board who by virtue of its
composition ale more qualified to deal with questions in-
Volving the code. The Advisory Board which meets
quarterly reports to the Industrial Board its recommenda-
tion for approval or disapproval of the application.
The Industrial Board which meets monthly makes its
decision concerning the application and the manufacturer
is then notified of the approval or disapproval of his applica-
tion. If approval is granted, a Pennsylvania special number
(state special) is assigned to the object to be stamped on the
nameplate by the manufacturer in the presence of the shop
inspector after completion of fabrication and testing. A
manufacturer's data sheet must be submitted to the
Industrial Board which contains the same basic information
as that shown on the standard ASME forms.
If it is anticipated that a large volume of objects will be
shipped to the United States or Canada, then it may be
more economical to obtain the ASME symbols. The survey
costs for a nuclear symbol are between £6 0 0 0 - £ 1 6 000,
while the non-nuclear symbol costs about £1 600. It should
be added that by the recent court decision also an applicant
from outside North America can be approved as inspector,
provided he is employed by an authorized inspection agency,
as defined by ASME. 13
Comparable German standards
The history and development of the German Code is des-
cribed in numerous publications.14, is A direct comparison
between German standards and the BPV Code is difficult
to make because German legislation differs from US legisla-
tion. In Table 2 an attempt is made to show, side by side,
Section II TRD, DIN Standards, VdTOV and
StahI-Eisen Material Standards
Section II I AD Regulations, DIN Standards
Section IV TRD
Section V DIN Standards, VGB Recommendations,
AD Regulations and Recommendations
Testing (DGfZP)
Section Vl TRD, VDEW, VGB and V I K
Recommendations
Section VII TRD, VDEW, VGB and V l K
Recommendations
Section VIll AD Regulations
Section IX TRD, AD Regulations, DIN Standards,
DVS Regulations
Section X AD Regulations
Section Xl Recommendations of Reactor Safety
Commission for in-service inspection
of nuclear reactor pressure vessels
German and US standards which cover roughly the same
areas of concern. Standards which are compulsory by law
are minimum requirements for general safety and are deemed
to have been observed if the corresponding Technical Rules
for Steam Boilers (TRD) and the AD-Regulations of the
German Pressure Vessel Association have satisfactorily been
followed. Deviations from these rules and regulations are
allowed if the safety of plant is guaranteed in an other
manner of which evidence must be furnished in each
individual case. Additional requirements, say to increase
plant availability, can be negotiated between the purchaser
and the manufacturer.
The German Steam Boiler Association (DDA) is responsible
for the contents of the Technical Rules for Steam Boilers
(TRD) while the AD-Regulations are issued by the German
Pressure Vessel Committee (Figs 5, 6). Manufacturers,
owners and inspectorates are equally represented in these
associations. The DDA includes representatives of ministries.
For the nuclear area there is as yet no self-contained code
available which is comparable to the codes for steam boilers
and pressure vessels. The areas concerning materials and
manufacture are, for instance, covered by the AD Regula-
tions. In proportioning components reference is made to
Section III of the BPV Code of the ASME. 14 A nuclear
committee (KTA) was formed in September 1972 by the
federal ministry for science and education,,in which all
groups are represented, to prepare a code for general
coverage.22, 23 Technical inspection work is partly carried
out by private technical inspectorates (TU'V) and partly by
national inspection agencies (T(JA) in Hessen and Hamburg.
Generally, the German Code is less detailed than the BPV
Code, giving manufacturers greater freedon of initiative in
collaboration with the inspection agencies.

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING . JUNE 1974 149

 7
Low I::~i~a 24 Industrial /
Code (Gewo) |

Steam Boiler Code (DompfkV)

Code
Para 6 ~ Para 7, 8,10,13 and 14

[Appendix to Para. 6 DampfkV ]

I
General Administrative Regulations
Administration
Regulations Licence proceedure, application documents, preliminary
Fulfilment of general technical requirements testing, granting of permission, substantial changes

Technical Rules for Steam Boilers (TRD)

General Materials : Manu- Calcu- Equipment and I Testing Operation Low pressure Small
facture lation layout steam boi lets steam
TRD
5team Hotwater boilers
Steam Hot water I
boiler generator ~oilers generators
CX31 IOl f/ 2Ol ff 301 ff 40 402 5OI 601 701 801

Material Standards Welding StandardsI [ DINL752I DIN 4750 DIN 4751Sh.l÷Sh. 2 J

Standards eg. DIN 17153 DIN 4755 +DIN 4787 (oil-tiring systems)
Boiler plates DIN 4756 t DIN 4788 (gas-firing systems)

Sufety Exhaust gas I Oil-firing / Gas-firing ] Safety valves ]

Recommendations systems [ systems

Fig.5 The German Steam Boiler Code is also established under law

Conclusion Technical inspection is mostly performed by inspectors of

The BPV Code contains technical rules and standards pre-
pared by the ASME Committees for boilers and pressure
vessels. Because the USA is a decentralized, federal country
there is no uniform legislation for technical inspection and
so far only one or more sections of the BPV Code have been
adopted by 47 states, 37 cities and districts. Some states
have additional rules and standards of a supplementary or
restrictive nature.
the relevant insurance companies. There are also inspectors
from national and municipal authorities. Inspectors are
admitted after passing an examination of the National
Board.
According to the Summer 1973 Addenda of the BPV Code
the quality assurance system, hitherto only applicable to
nuclear reactor components, has been extended to all other
areas of the BPV Code. Manufacturers are required to

Regulations for the Prevention of

Accidents "Pressure Vessels" (VBG 17)
I
AD-Regulotions as generally accepted Standards I

I
A
I
B
I
H
I
W
I
N
I
S
]
P
Fundamental Equipment Calculation Manufacture Materials Pressure Special cases Examinations
vessels of
non-metallic
materials
I Pressure vessels of metallic materials I

BR HR WR
Calculation Manufacture Materials
of nuclear of nuclear of nudeor
reactor plant reactor plant reactor plant

Fig.6 The AD Regulations cover materials and manufacture for pressure vessels in West Germany

150 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING . JUNE 1974

establish a quality assurance programme to obtain a certifi-
cate o f authorization to manufacture components which are
subject to inspection.
Manufacturers o f boilers and pressure vessels, after qualifica-
tion, are given the ASME stamp and thus general ASME
approval. According to a court decision reached late 1972
this general approval can also be granted to manufacturers
outside North America. As in Germany, the strictly tech-
nical rules in the USA are independent o f legislation and thus
warrant flexibility in adapting to technical progress and
safety requirements.
References
1 A S M EBoiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section I-XI.
Edition 1971 with all addenda, The American Society of
Mechanical Engineers 345 East 47 Street, New York, N.Y.
10017
2 Codes, Standards and the ASME, Mechanical Engineering,
July 1972
3 Greene, A. M. History of the ASME Boiler Code, ASME,
New York
4 Tabulation of the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Laws of the
United States and Canada, Uniform Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Laws Society 57 Pratt Street, Hartford, Connecticut
5 National Board Inspection Code, National Board of Boiler
and Pressure Vessel Inspectors 1155 North High Street,
Columbus, Ohio, USA 43 201
6 Power Piping - ANSI B 31.1.0, American National Standards
Institute 1430 Braodway, New York, N.Y. 10 018
7 Mechanical Engineering, ASME Monthly
8 Summer and Winter Addenda, ASME, New York
9 A S M E ,Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III Article
NA-4000, Quality Assurance
10 Guide to a Quality Control System for Code Vessels by
R. Chuse, Welding Journal, (May) (1973)
11 Guide to Code Requirements for a Controlled Manufacturing
NON-DESTRUCTIVE T E S T I N G . J U N E 1974
System and the ASME Survey for Compliance, ASME, New
York
12 Stokes, ]. W., Mayer, K. H., Holly, L. Quality Assurance -
A Requirement of the ASME BPV Code (to be published)
13 ASMEPublication BPVC Brochure 2-73 ASME, New York
14 Dahmen, G., Koes, H. Technische Regeln und Richtlinien
im Dampfkesselbau (Technical rules and recommendations
for steam boiler construction), Steam Boiler Annual, l
(1970) 472-489
15 Dahmen, G., Kaes, H. Technische Regeln und Richtlinien
im Dampfkesselbau (Technical rules and recommendations
for steam boiler construction), Steam Boiler Annual, 2
(1972/73) 381-395
16 Greinert, W. Dampfkesselbestimmungen (Steam Boiler
Regulations), Deutscher Fabrik Schriften-Verlag Braunn und
Co. Kg, 5th Amendment, July 1971
17 Weber,E. Zur Geschichte der deutschen Dampfkesselbest-
immungen (History of German steam boiler regulations),
VDI-lnformation (1963) (8) (June)
18 Greinert, W. Technische Regeln und Normen im Rahmen der
Vorschriftenwerke fiir Dampfkessel, Druckgasbehfi]ter und
andere/iberwachungsbediirftige Anlagen (Technical rules and
standards of the code for steam boilers, pressure gas vessels
and other equipment requiring inspection), Technical
Supervision 11 (1970)(4) 105-108
19 Hoffmann, W. E. Das AD-Regelwerk (AD Regulations),
Technical Supervision 10 (1969) (2) 54-57
20 Wiesenack. Technische Regeln f/ir Reaktordruckbehfi]ter
(Technical rules for reactor pressure vessels), Technical
Supervision 11 (1970) (6) 201-203
21 Fransen, L. F. Zum Genehmigungsverfahren f/Jr Kernkraftwerke
(Licenee procedure for nuclear power stations), Technical
Supervision 13 (1972) (4) 93-100
22 Bekanntmachung des Bundesministers f'fir Bildung und
Wissenschaft vom 1. Sept 1972/iber die Gr/indung des
kerntechnischen Anschlusses. Bundesanzeiger Nr. 172
(Announcement of federal ministry for science and education
Sept 1, 1972 on the introduction of a nuclear association)
23 Smidt, D. Engpafl Genehmigungsverfahren (Bottleneck in
approval procedure), Atomwirtschaft, (1973) (March) 116-121
151