ISSN 0040-5795, Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering, 2019, Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 463–471. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.

, 2019.
Russian Text © The Author(s), 2019, published in Teoreticheskie Osnovy Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, 2019, Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 363–371.

Generalized Model for Engineering and Controlling a Complex

Multistage Chemical Energotechnological System for Processing
Apatite-Nepheline Ore Wastes
V. P. Meshalkina, A. Yu. Puchkovb, M. I. Dlib, and V. I. Bobkovb, *
aMendeleev
University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow, 125047 Russia
b
Moscow Power Engineering Institute, Smolensk Branch, Smolensk, 214013 Russia
*e-mail: vovabobkoff@mail.ru
Received February 4, 2019; revised March 4, 2019; accepted March 6, 2019

Abstract—A comprehensive formulation for the problem of engineering applied to a multistage chemical
energotechnological system for the production of phosphorus from the technogenic wastes of apatite-nephe-
line ores is presented. The main objective of the studies performed within the procedure of engineering is to
determine the phosphorus-production technology parameters decreasing energy and resource efficiency due
to the optimization of energy-consumption values for all considered multistage chemical energotechnological
processes instead of individual stages. A generalized model of engineering is developed for the chemical ener-
gotechnological system of phosphorus production in compliance with the IDEF0 International Standard of
Function Modeling, and parameters suitable for further use in the procedure of minimizing the energy and
resource efficiency of this production are concretized for multistage chemical energotechnological processes.
A conceptual foundation based on the methods of automatic control theory, i.e., the state-space description
of control objects, is proposed for the creation of a universal program-optimization model for a chemical
energotechnological system. Some results of a simulation experiment in the Simulink environment for the
modeling of dynamic systems are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approaches to
the optimization of multistage chemical energotechnological processes.

Keywords: chemical energotechnological system, heat and mass transfer, control, pellets, optimization,
energy and resource efficiency, technogenic wastes, functional simulation, systems analysis
DOI: 10.1134/S0040579519040237

INTRODUCTION furnaces (EOSFs) [1]. It is obvious that the formation

The environmental safety of technological pro-
cesses planned for application becomes the primary
factor affecting the decision to begin designing and
further developing new production plants. The prob-
lem of engineering technological processes with the
purpose of revealing their most environmentally haz-
ardous stages becomes relevant for plants which have
been already put in operation.
This problem is especially urgent for large plants
such as metallurgical, chemical, and mining and
refining enterprises. The exhaustion of the resource
base of mineral raw materials and the environmental
problems of storing the technogenic wastes of apatite-
nepheline ores from mining enterprises necessitate the
creation of a complex system for their processing and
utilization.
The phosphorus production process is a multistage
and energy-consuming technological operation
involving, from the technical equipment viewpoint,
granulators, calcining conveyor machines (hereinaf-
ter, calcining conveyors), and electric ore-smelting
and efficient operation of such a production chain
must be based on the methods of system analysis and
provided with the methodology of engineering energy-
and resource-efficient environmentally safe plants for
processing apatite-nepheline ore wastes at mining and
refining enterprises with the immediate implementa-
tion of the interdisciplinary approach [2, 3].
The submitted work is aimed at solving the urgent
fundamental problem of creating scientific founda-
tions for engineering energy- and resource-efficient
environmentally safe multistage systems for process-
ing apatite-nepheline ore wastes at mining and refin-
ing enterprises in calcining conveyors for the forma-
tion of pellets with their further use in EOSFs [4]. This
problem is directly associated with the development of
fundamental methods for controlling the energy and
resource efficiency of multistage chemical energo-
technological processes (CETPs) on the basis of hier-
archical heat-and-mass-transfer models in the imple-
mentation of individual subprocesses with consider-
ation for the properties of processed raw materials and

463
464 MESHALKIN et al.

Formulation of the CETS Mathematical Selection

energy consumption formulation of the CETS of the optimization
optimization energy consumption
problem solution concept
problem optimization problem

Interpretation of modeling Selection of a numerical

Estimation of the precision
results with the correction optimization problem
and reliability of preliminary
of the mathematical solution algorithm
solution results
model

Refinement of the CETS Correction of the precision

optimization problem and computational efficiency
formulation on the basis of CETS optimization
of results of applying problem solution
a mathematical model algorithms

Fig. 1. Scheme of interrelation between the problems of the multiscale mathematical modeling and optimization of the energy
and resource efficiency of a chemical energotechnological system.

the need for the rational use of secondary energy
resources in the closure and redistribution of energy
flows in a complex chemical energotechnological sys-
tem (CETS) [5, 6].
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The adaption of equipment to operational regime
fluctuations at varied chemical and technological
properties of raw materials belongs to the class of
resource saving and environmental problems, as unex-
pected changes in the operational conditions of appa-
ratuses in energy-consuming plants generally lead to
an increase in the energy expenditures per unit of the
product and the variation of emissions. Much impor-
tance is attached to the problems of energy and resource
conservation and ecology in metallurgy, the chemical
industry, and ore mining and refining [7–10].
Improving the tool used for the engineering of
complex technological equipment for processing solid
technogenic wastes from mining and refining enter-
prises and which provides an integrated approach to
the algorithms of optimal control over the interrelated
processes implemented in calcining conveyors and
EOSFs is an urgent problem in the process of increas-
ing the energy efficiency of plants. The interdisciplin-
ary character of scientific studies on the creation of
scientific foundations for the complex energy- and
resource-efficient environmentally safe processing of
apatite-nepheline ore wastes is due to the need to
apply the fundamental methods of the system analysis
of physicochemical transformations and heat-and-
mass transfer and complex multistage chemical ener-
gotechnological processes.
One inextricable part of engineering in the consid-
ered plants is the development and application of mul-
tiscale mathematical models of chemical engineering
processes (CEPs) and the methods of optimal control
over the energy and resource efficiency of multistage
chemical, metallurgical, and mining plants as complex
CETSs [11].
The comprehensive formulation for the problem of
improving the energy and resource efficiency of a
chemical energotechnological system and its multi-
scale mathematical model (MM) are in interaction
with each other in the process of engineering and pro-
vide a dynamic character of the modeling and deci-
sion-making procedure itself (Fig. 1).
The initial problem formulation and mathematical
model sustain appreciable transformations in the pro-
cess of study, thus leading to the iterative character of
the entire modeling procedure and the further use of

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Vol. 53 No. 4 2019

 GENERALIZED MODEL FOR ENGINEERING
its results. Both the general problem formulation itself
and the mathematical model are refined during the
development of an adequate model. The same prob-
lem may have different mathematical models depend-
ing on the selected concept. For this reason, it is nec-
essary to search for such an MM variant for which the
solution of problem of studies would be simplest and,
nevertheless, provide the required depth of analysis.
The general structure of a multistage complex
CETS implies the systematization and application of
the fundamental models of physicochemical, chemi-
cal engineering, and thermophysical processes for the
processing of wastes from the disposal fields of mining
and refining enterprises into commercially competi-
tive products and takes into account the four aggre-
gated levels of phenomena and processes:
The first level describes CETPs in an individual
pellet;
The second level reflects the interactions in the
vertical multilayered bed of pellets;
The third level embraces CETPs in the moving ver-
tical multilayer bed of pellets;
The fourth level is based on the models of the first
three levels for the solution to the problem of describ-
ing the chemical energotechnological process of the
melting of pellets in energy-consuming EOSFs.
CETP models take into account a variety of control
variables and factors for both the EOSF and every vac-
uum chamber of the calcining conveyor (characteris-
tics of the initial raw materials and intermediate and
resulting products for EOSF, functional dependences
of the parameters of resulting products in the consid-
ered CETP on these characteristics, etc.). Moreover, it
is necessary to take into consideration the possibility
of the rational utilization of secondary energy
resources in the closure and redistribution of energy
flows in a system.
For the comprehensive consideration of the proce-
dure of reengineering providing the energy and
resource efficiency of the phosphorus production
CETS, it is reasonable to construct a hierarchical
structure of its models which would make it possible to
focus attention on different conceptual features.
The upper level of developed models is presented
by the models of IDEF International Standards (Icam
DEFination, Integrated Computer-Aided Manufac-
turing (ICAM)), in particular, IDEF0 (function mod-
eling methodology, IDEF subclass of standards
indexed with zero), which reflects the aggregated engi-
neering functions and their interrelations imple-
mented to attain the mentioned aims of increasing
energy efficiency.
The development of IDEF0 models implies the
sequential decomposition of the general problem into
individual functions until the composition and meth-
ods of their implementation will become entirely clear
for all parties concerned in the procedure of attaining
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
465
the desired goals. The so-called context diagram
reflecting the uppermost level in the hierarchy of stud-
ied procedures, which may be considered from differ-
ent viewpoints, e.g., organizational and functional
ones, in regard to the processed data and the structure
of engineering processes, products, and services, is
formed when beginning the development of a model.
Each of these viewpoints is divided into three more
sublevels, such as the description of requirements, the
description of specifications, and the description of
introduction. The most informative presentation for
the further study of trends in improving the energy and
resource efficiency is provided by the functional view-
point, so the IDEF0 model will be developed just for
it. The first decomposition level for the IDEF0 con-
text diagram in shown in Fig. 2.
The mathematical models, which describe a chem-
ical energotechnological process at the presented lev-
els and were implemented in computer-aided simula-
tors, are complex systems of partial differential equa-
tions closed by various boundary conditions [12]. The
results of their solution for one CETP will serve as ini-
tial data for the differential equations describing the
following CETP. Such a sequential transmission of
information flows (signals) enables the application of
methods of automatic control theory to the calcula-
tion of the entire multistage CETS. From the view-
point of automatic control theory, CETS represents a
complex of objects with a specified set of control sig-
nals, interferences, and input parameters (see Fig. 3).
Further analysis requires the detalization of the
input and output parameters of phosphorus produc-
tion CETS objects shown in Fig. 3.
Raw materials (technogenic wastes from the flota-
tion of apatite-nepheline ores in the form of a finely
dispersed fraction) with a specified chemical compo-
sition varied depending on the ore-deposit field are fed
to the granulator inlet.
In the granulator, roundish pellets are grained by
wetting the finely dispersed fraction with water and
clumped on rotary platelike disks inclined at a certain
angle. The input parameters for control object no. 1
(granulator) is the mass flow rates of water GH 2O and
raw materials Grm, the inclination angle of plates α,
and the power-supply voltage of the electric driving
motor of plates Up. The output parameters are the
mass flow rate of pellets Gk, the humidity content in a
pellet u0, and their diameter d. In addition to the listed
output parameters, it is necessary to emphasize the
energy consumption of the first CETS object when
conserving energy; let us demote this parameter as E1.
After the granulator, the raw pellets are fed to the
calcining conveyor, which represents 44 consecutively
connected vacuum chambers with an overall length of
130 m. In each chamber, the multilayer bed of pellets
moving on the conveyor is purged with the heating
exchange gas from the hearth, where the high tem-
Vol. 53 No. 4 2019
466 MESHALKIN et al.

Production technology Mathematical models

of technological objects Russian Federation
Energy-efficiency and processes Environmental law
audit results
Analysis of audit
results with the formation
of an energy-efficiency register Energy-efficiency
of technological processes
register
0p. 1
Experience in the application Positive experience
to improve energy efficiency Determination of a positive experience of application
Complex of measures
in the application of measures
to improve
to improve energy
efficiency energy efficiency
0p. 3
Analytic center

0p. 5
State of economics Estimation of the state of external Economic-
economic conjuncture conjuncture
for an enterprise estimate

0p. 2

Application of CETP
and CETS models
0p. 4

Organization
management
Decision support system
Research institutes
and organizations

Fig. 2. Structure of the IDEF0 engineering model for the procedure of providing energy and resource efficiency to the phosphorus
production CETS.

perature of the heat-transfer gas is provided by the energy value E2 = λEt + Eel, where Et is the thermal
combustion of fuel. It is distributed between the vac- energy with the weight coefficeint λ, which takes into
uum chambers due to forced draft created by the consideration the nonequivalence of expenditures on
exhaust blowers over the technological zones of dry- the generation of electrical Eel and thermal energies.
ing, preheating, high-temperature calcination, heat The specific energy consumption in CETS object
recovery, and cooling. The presence of a great number no. 2 is 615 MJ per ton of final calcined pellets. It is of
of vacuum chambers is explained by the technological interest to study the phosphorus-production CETS
features of heat-and-mass transfer and chemical ener- from the viewpoint of improving its energy efficiency.
gotechnological processes occurring in the calcining
conveyor machine. On the other hand, this leads to an Control object no. 3 is an electric-arc ore-reducing
increase in the number of parameters to be controlled furnace in which the pellets are heated (reaction zone
(according to the number of vacuum chambers): the temperature, 1500–2000°C). The phosphorus flow
input signals for each vacuum chamber are the rate GP is an input EOSF parameter. The energy and
resource efficiency of EOSF operation is affected by
exchange-gas temperature at its inlet Tgi0 , i = 1, …, nk, the parameters of calcined pellets fed from the calcin-
where nk is the number of chambers, and the output ing conveyor machine, such as their strength and
parameters are the output air temperature Tgi and the degree of reaction, alongside the depth of immersion
air flow rate Wgi. of the electrodes deep into the furnace hel, which gov-
erns the reaction-zone temperature. Let the electric
The output parameters of the entire calcining con- energy expenditures providing the technological pro-
veyor are the mass flow rate Gko of pellets and their cess of the smelting of pellets in EOSF be denoted as
finite strength σk and degree of reaction ηk for the dis- E3. In this case, it is necessary to take into account that
sociation reactions of carbonates MgCO3 → MgO + the thermal energy is partially turned back into CETS
CO2 and СаCO3→ СаO + CO2. As a result of the heat- due to the redistribution of heat flows and the recovery
ing of pellets, the process of decarbonization with the of heat. The specific electrical energy consumption in
release of carbon dioxide is activated. This process EOSF is 14.6 MW h per ton of final product.
consumes the energy, which is taken into account in The total specific energy consumption of the entire
the overall balance of the plant. CETS is 52755 MJ per ton of final product—yellow
The operation of the calcining machine is provided phosphorus.
by the expenditure of both thermal energy and electric The analysis of heat-and-mass transfer and chemi-
energy (consumed by the exhaust blowers), which can cal energotechnological processes and their parame-
be taken into account as the generalized consumed ters in the three CETS decomposition objects makes it

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Vol. 53 No. 4 2019

 GENERALIZED MODEL FOR ENGINEERING 467

Control object no. 2

Chemical energotechnological system
for the calcination of phosphorite pellets
Control
object no. 1
Raw materials Pellets Calcination
(apatite-- Calcined
with a high CETP pellets
nepheline content
ores) Drying
Granulator CETP
Sintering
CETP

Control object no. 3

Phosphorus
Electric ore-smelting
furnace

Consumed energy Heat energy recovery

Fig. 3. Generalized flowsheet of a chemical energotechnological system as a control object.

possible to specify the vectors of their input (these particular, the regime providing the required quality of
parameters are denoted with the symbol V) and output the final product, the conservation of energy
(denoted with the symbol Y) parameters and formulate resources, and the reduction in recycling were
the optimization criterion from the viewpoint of the obtained for an OK-520/536F calcining machine).
energy and resource efficiency of the entire CETS as Optimal energy consumption regimes were deter-
mined for EOSFs in [12]. At the same time, it is of
V1 = (GH2O, Gc , α, U Т ) ,
Т
interest for economics to optimize the energy con-
(1) sumption for the entire multistage phosphorus pro-
Y1 = (Gk , u0, d ) ,
Т
duction process and determine not the local energy
( )
Т consumption minima for each of the considered
V 2 = Tg , Gk , d, u0
0
, objects as much as the global extremum, possibly with
(2)
some deviation from optimality for an individual
Y 2 = (Tg , Gko, σk , ηk ) ,
Т
object.
V3 = (Gko, σk , ηk , hel ) , A great number of factors, which are grouped into
Т
(3) vectors (1)–(3) and have an effect on the considered
Y 3 = (G p, σk , ηk ) .
Т
technological processes, make it more probable that
the surface of the response function of the objective
In Eq. (2), the inlet and outlet temperatures of each optimization function will be polyextremal [18]. This
vacuum chamber are denoted with the vectors circumstance actualizes the problem of the complex
( )
0 Т study of the considered CETS for the development of
Tg = Tg 1 Tg 2 ... Tg n
0 0 0
, methods and algorithms of determining the parame-
ters optimal from the viewpoint of energy efficiency
Tg = (Tg1 Tg 2 ... Tgn ) .
Т
for the phosphorus production CETS objects. The
The known mathematical models for optimizing objective function for the optimization of the energy
the energy expenditures in every control object con- and resource efficiency of the multistage phosphorus
sider them apart from the entire technological chain of production CETS must take into account the energy
phosphorus production [12–17]. Thus, the optimal consumption Ei, i = 1… 3, of each control CETS
regimes for the calcination of clumped raw materials object, but partial minima Ei does not have to be pro-
on calcining conveyor machines were found in [15] (in vided.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Vol. 53 No. 4 2019

468 MESHALKIN et al.
The general energy- and resource-efficiency crite-
rion is presented as a linear combination of the partial
criteria Ei of control objects
Е = λ1Е1 + λ 2Е2 + λ3Е3, (4)
where λi is the weight coefficients specified to provide
the possibility to adjust the optimization procedure.
The constraints of the optimization problem are
formed with consideration for the technical features
and operational regimes of CETS units and the specif-
ics of heat-and-mass transfer and chemical energo-
technological processes [15, 17].
Extremum search problem (4) requires the vector
(E1, E2, E3) to be calculated with the further selection
of the vector providing the minimization of the crite-
rion Е. This problem is divided into several subprob-
lems, such as
(1) The mathematical description of individual
CETPs from the viewpoint of calculating their energy
efficiency;
(2) The development and testing of program CETP
models on the basis of their mathematical description;
(3) The aggregation of individual models into the
integrated program model (IPM) of multistage
CETPs and its testing;
(4) The use of an integrated program model for cal-
culation vectors (E1, E2, E3);
(5) The application of the optimization procedure
for revealing the optimal parameters of the generalized
CETS.
Points 1 and 2 in this list already have a solution
and are described in [1, 15–17]. Points 3–5 require
study and development. Let us consider the method-
ological aspects of their implementation in more
detail.
To aggregate the developed program models of
individual CETPs in point 3, it is necessary to have an
environment for their deployment. The Simulink
dynamic-system modeling package incorporated into
the MatLAB software [19] may be selected as such an
environment. To use this package, it is reasonable to
recast the individual mathematical models in a form
suitable for calculations in Simulink, e.g., in the
space-state description of control systems as applied to
both continuous- and discrete-time estimation prob-
lems [20, 21].
The local models of control objects represent sys-
tems of partial differential equations of different
orders, and the transition from these models to the
space-state description is very problematic. For this
reason, it was decided to use these models to obtain
the runout characteristics of objects by different chan-
nels (1)–(3) and with their further approximation
[22]. The set of such runout characteristics has pro-
vided the possibility to obtain linearized (near steady-
state regime points) models of control objects in the
form of transfer functions and perform the transition
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
from them to the space-state description. Introducing
the vector of state variables X(t), it is possible to
describe the control system by the vector-matrix first-
order differential equation
X (t ) = AX(t ) + BV(t ), (5)
supplemented with the output equation
Y(t ) = CT X(t ) + DV(t ), (6)
where А is the matrix of a system; B, D are the transfer
vectors; V is the input signal in a given channel; Y is the
vector of input variables; and C is the observation
matrix.
The extension of the stated approach to all control
channels makes it possible to calculate the energy-
consumption parameters at different combinations of
input data and take into account the cross coupling of
CETP variables.
PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
AND RESULTS
Applying the proposed approach to the space-state
description of control objects, an integrated program
model of the phosphorus production CETS was devel-
oped in the Simulink environment. The consecutive
connection of the program models of the granulator,
the calcining conveyor machine, and the EOSF
reflects the multistage character of this CETS and the
order of its operation, thus maintaining the adequacy
of the entire program model. The general structure of
the computer program model is shown in Fig. 4.
The scheme shown in Fig. 4 enables modeling at
different combinations of initial data, parameters, and
control signals due to the application of structural ele-
ments such as input and output ports (denoted as 1, 2,
3, and 4 in Fig. 4 with arrows corresponding to the
direction of their assignment).
A simulation experiment in Simulink was per-
formed on an IPM fragment with the purpose of
studying the effect of two factors (the radius and mois-
ture content of a pellet) on the CETP energy-con-
sumption value. Modeling was performed for these
parameters lying within the following ranges: pellet
radius, 0.09–1.1 cm; moisture content, 12.6–13.4%.
The experimental results are shown in Fig. 5 as a map
of level lines on the CETP energy-consumption sur-
face (MJ) depending on the radius and moisture con-
tent of a pellet.
The region corresponding to the admissible tech-
nological deviations of the radius and moisture con-
tent of a pellet in Fig. 5 is outlined with a rectangle.
The study of its topology makes it possible to find
combinations of affecting parameters which provide a
minimum CETS energy consumption within the tech-
nological norms for the parameters of pellets.
A visual analysis of the technological zone shows
that it has energy consumption minima (level lines
Vol. 53 No. 4 2019
 GENERALIZED MODEL FOR ENGINEERING 469

2 3 4
Control signal 1 Control signal 2 Control signal 3

.
. x = Ax + Bu
x = Ax + Bu
y = Cx + Du
1 y = Cx + Du
Input port
Granulator
CETS for the calcination
of phosphorite pellets

.
x = Ax + Bu
1
y = Cx + Du
Output port

Electric ore-smelting
furnace

Fig. 4. Structure of the computer-aided CETS control model.

Pellet radius, cm
1.20

1.15
4.02e+04

1.10

1.05 5.34e+04
9.3e+04 6.66e+04

7.98e+04 6.66e+04
1.00 5.34e+04

0.95

0.90

0.85

12.8 12.9 13.0 13.1 13.2

Moisture content, %

Fig. 5. Level lines on the specific CETS energy-consumption surface.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Vol. 53 No. 4 2019

470 MESHALKIN et al.
with an energy consumption of 53400 MJ per ton of
final product). Let us note that the isolated optimiza-
tion of every object of an integrated CETS apart from
each other and the further summation of the energy
consumption of these objects has given a level of only
54900 MJ per ton of final product.
Hence, it is possible to adjust the parameters of
individual CETPs to provide minimum energy con-
sumption for the entire generalized CETS instead of
its isolated objects.
Further works in the selected direction of studies
will be aimed at the development of program modules
calculating the complex effect of all CETS parameters
on the energy consumption for the integrated program
model of CETPs for other fragments of the aggregated
model [23, 24].
CONCLUSIONS
In the course of this study, an approach to con-
structing the generalized model of engineering for
multistage phosphorus production based on the com-
bustion of apatite-nepheline ore pellets in high-tem-
perature EOSFs with the possibility of optimizing the
energy consumption of this production has been pro-
posed. One result of solving such an optimization
problem is not only an increase in the phosphorus pro-
duction efficiency, but also a decrease in the techno-
genic contamination of the environment due to the
reduction of apatite-nepheline ore waste volumes at
the expense of their deeper processing.
The proposed approach excludes the principle of
the isolated consideration of energy-consumption
minimization problems for individual units and con-
siders them in an integrate complex on the basis of
multiscale mathematical models.
To provide the generalized perception of the entire
complex of CETS engineering measures, its functional
model has been developed in compliance with the
IDEF0 International Standard reflecting the decom-
position of the objective engineering problem into
more detailed functions, in addition to the results of
these functions in the process of attaining the declared
objective of energy consumption optimization and the
technogenic contamination reduction in phosphorus
production.
This work presents the concept of directions in the
works on the program implementation of the pro-
posed approach to the optimization of the CETS
energy consumption and the results of a simulation
experiment on the fragment of the integrated program
model in the Simulink environment with the purpose
of studying the effect of two factors (the radius and
moisture content of a pellet) on CETP energy con-
sumption. The experiment has demonstrated that
optimizing the energy consumption of a chemical
energotechnological system as an integrated and inter-
related system results in better solutions when com-
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
pared with the results obtained in the optimization of
every CETS apart. In this experiment, the energy con-
sumption minimum of 53.4 GJ per ton of final product
was attained in the region of technological tolerances
for the parameters of pellets, whereas the isolated opti-
mization of the energy consumption of every object in
an integrated CETS apart enabled the attainment of
this parameter only at a level of 54.9 GJ per ton of final
product.
FUNDING
This study was financially supported by the Russian
Foundation for Basic Research within scientific proj-
ect no. 18-29-24094 MK.
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Translated by E. Glushachenkova
Vol. 53 No. 4 2019