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Module 3
Module 3
III. LESSON OVERVIEW: Movement is everywhere! In this chapter you’ll find out the parts and functions
of your musculoskeletal systems – systems that help you walk, run, dance and enjoy a certain
movement.
V. LESSON CONTENT
Auditory Ossicles
The auditory ossicles are six small bones found within the inner ear canal in the skull. There are three
auditory ossicles on each side of the head, known as the:
• malleus (hammer)
• incus (anvil)
• stapes (stirrup)
They work together to transmit sound waves from the surrounding environment to the structures of the inner
ear.
Hyoid
The hyoid is a U-shaped bone found at the base of the jaw. It serves
as a point of attachment for muscles and ligaments in the neck.
Vertebral column
The vertebral column is made up 26 bones. The first 24 are all
vertebrae, followed by the sacrum and coccyx (tailbone).
The sacrum and coccyx are both made up of several fused vertebrae. They help support the weight of the
body while sitting. They also serve as attachment points for various ligaments.
Thoracic cage
The thoracic cage is made up of the sternum (breastbone) and 12
pairs of ribs. These bones form a protective cage around the
organs of the upper torso, including the heart and lungs.
Some of the ribs attach directly to the sternum, while others are
linked to the sternum via cartilage. Some have no attachment
point and are referred to as “floating ribs.”
3 Types
True Ribs
False Ribs
Floating Ribs
The pectoral girdle is where the arms attach to the axial skeleton. It’s
made up of the clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade).
There are two of each of these — one for each arm.
Upper limbs
Each arm contains 30 bones, known as the:
• Humerus. The humerus is the long bone of the upper arm.
• Radius. The radius is one of two long bones of the forearm,
found on the thumb side.
• Ulna. The ulna is the second-long bone of the forearm,
found on the pinky finger side.
• Carpals. The carpals are a group of eight bones found in
the wrist area.
Metacarpals. The metacarpals are five bones found in the middle area of the hand.
• Phalanges. The phalanges are 14 bones that make up the fingers.
Pelvic girdle
The pelvic girdle, commonly known as the hips, is where
the legs attach to the axial skeleton. It’s made up of two
hipbones — one for each leg.
Each hip bone consists of three parts, known as the:
• Ilium. The ilium is the top portion of each hip
bone.
• Ischium. The ischium is a curved bone that
makes up the base of each hip bone.
• Pubis. The pubis is located in the front part of
the hip bone.
The skeletal system’s main function is to provide support for the body. For example, the spinal column
provides support for the head and torso. The legs, on the other hand, support and bear the weight of the upper
body while a person stands.
• Allowing for movement. Muscles attach to bones through tendons. This connection allows the body to
move in many different ways.
• Producing blood cells. The soft bone marrow inside of many bones produces red blood cells, white
blood cells, and platelets.
• Storing minerals and nutrients. Bones can store and release minerals, including calcium and
phosphorus, which are important for many bodily functions. Additionally, adipose (fat) tissue that can be
used as energy can be found in part of the bone marrow.
JOINT
Connective tissue: A material
The area where two bones are attached for the purpose of permitting body parts made up of fibers forming a
to move. A joint is usually formed of fibrous connective tissue and cartilage. framework and support structure
for body tissues and organs.
The human body has three main types of joints. They’re categorized by the Connective tissue surrounds many
movement they allow: organs.
• Synarthroses (immovable). These are fixed or fibrous joints. They’re defined as two or more bones
in close contact that have no movement. The bones of the skull are an example. The immovable joints
between the plates of the skull are known as sutures.
• Amphiarthroses (slightly movable). Also known as cartilaginous joints, these joints are defined as
two or more bones held so tightly together that only limited movement can take place. The vertebrae
of the spine are good examples.
• Diarthroses (freely movable). Also known as synovial joints, these joints have synovial fluid enabling
all parts of the joint to smoothly move against each other. These are the most prevalent joints in your
body. Examples include joints like the knee and shoulder.
Types of freely movable joints
There are six types of freely movable diarthrosis (synovial) joints:
1. Ball and socket joint. Permitting movement in all directions, the ball
and socket joint features the rounded head of one bone sitting in the
cup of another bone. Examples include your shoulder joint and your hip
joint.
2. Hinge joint. The hinge joint is like a door, opening and closing in one
direction, along one plane. Examples include your elbow joint and your
knee joint.
4. Pivot joint. The pivot joint, also called the rotary joint or trochoid joint,
is characterized by one bone that can swivel in a ring formed from a
second bone. Examples are the joints between
your ulna and radius bones that rotate your forearm, and the joint between the first and second vertebrae
in your neck.
5. Gliding joint. The gliding joint is also called the plane join. Although it only permits limited movement, it’s
characterized by smooth surfaces that can slip over one another. An example is the joint in your wrist.
6. Saddle joint. Although the saddle joint does not allow rotation, it does enable movement back and forth
and side to side. An example is the joint at the base of your thumb.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
A muscle is a group of muscle tissues which contract together to produce a force. A muscle consists of fibers of
muscle cells surrounded by protective tissue, bundled together many more fibers, all surrounded in a thick
protective tissue. A muscle uses Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) to contract and shorten, producing a force on
the objects it is connected to.
2. Excitability is the ability to respond to a stimulus, which may be delivered from a motor neuron or a
hormone.
3. Extensibility is the ability of a muscle to be stretched. For instance, let's reconsider our elbow flexing
motion we discussed earlier. In order to be able to flex the elbow, the elbow extensor muscles must
extend in order to allow flexion to occur. Lack of extensibility is known as spasticity.
4. Elasticity is the ability to recoil or bounce back to the muscle's original length after being stretched.
locomotion and other segmental manipulations.
FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLES
1. Movement: Our body's skeleton gives enough rigidity to our body that skeletal muscles can yank and
pull on it, resulting in body movements such as walking, chewing, running, lifting, manipulating objects
with our hands, and picking our noses.
2. Maintenance of posture: Without much conscious control, our muscles generate a constant contractile
force that allows us to maintain an erect or seated position, or posture.
3. Respiration: Our muscular system automatically drives movement of air into and out of our body.
4. Heat generation: Contraction of muscle tissue generates heat, which is essential for maintenance of
temperature homeostasis. For instance, if our core body temperature falls, we shiver to generate more
heat
5. Communication: Muscle tissue allows us to talk, gesture, write, and convey our emotional state by doing
such things as smiling or frowning.
6. Constriction of organs and blood vessels: Nutrients move through our digestive tract, urine is passed
out of the body, and secretions are propelled out of glands by contraction of smooth muscle. Constriction
or relaxation of blood vessels regulates blood pressure and blood distribution throughout the body.
7. Pumping blood: Blood moves through the blood vessels because our heart tirelessly receives blood
and delivers it to all body tissues and organs.
This isn't a complete list. Among the many possible examples are the facts that muscles help protect fragile
internal organs by enclosing them, and are also critical in maintaining the integrity of body cavities. For example,
fetuses with incompletely formed diaphragms have abdominal contents herniate (protrude) up into the thoracic
cavity, which inhibits normal lung growth and development. Even though this is an incomplete list, an appreciation
of some of these basic muscle functions will help you as we proceed.
TYPES OF MUSCLES
1. Skeletal muscle: This type of muscle creates movement in the body. There are more than 600
skeletal muscles, and they make up about 40 percent of a person’s body weight. When the
nervous system signals the muscle to contract, groups of muscles work together to move the
skeleton. These signals and movements are nearly involuntary, yet they do require conscious
effort. However, humans do not need to concentrate on individual muscles when moving.
2. Cardiac muscle: Cardiac muscle is involuntary muscle. This type makes up the walls of the heart
and creates the steady, rhythmic pulsing that pumps blood through the body from signals from
the brain. This muscle type also creates the electrical impulses that produce the heart’s
contractions, but hormones and stimuli from the nervous system can also affect these impulses,
such as when your heart rate increases when you’re scared.
3. Smooth muscle: Smooth muscle makes up the walls of hollow organs, respiratory passageways,
and blood vessels. Its wavelike movements propel things through the bodily system, such as food
through your stomach or urine through your bladder. Like cardiac muscle, smooth muscle is
involuntary and also contracts in response to stimuli and nerve impulses.
MUSCLES FUNCTIONS
Rectus Abdominus To curl and extend your body; to support your spine.
Trapzeius To help lift the arm to the side, help bend the neck, and shrug
the shoulders.
Hamstrings To bend your knees and help propel your body forward in
such activities as walking, running, jumping,.
• Sarcomeres consist of a Thick and Thin Filament, as well as protein dividers called Z-Disks.
• The Thin Filament is made up of the protein Actin, while the the Thick Filament is made up of Myosin.
• Myosin and and Actin are naturally attracted to each other, and must be separated in order to prevent
permanent contraction. To achieve this, a complex of Tropomyosin and Troponin proteins surround
and blocks the binding sites on the Actin proteins.
• When Calcium ions are released into the cell, the Calcium binds to the Troponin, causing it to release
its grip on the Actin. This reveals the binding sites, and Myosin attaches.
• When Myosin attaches to Actin, a change in conformation occurs, and you get what’s called the power
stroke. When thousands upon thousands (or millions upon millions) of these tiny power strokes are
performed, this causes the muscle to contract.
VI. ASSIGNMENT
Draw and label the basic structure of a bone highlighting the bone tissues found in https://bit.ly/3mXNQrg
Place Your drawing in a Long Bond paper with Borderline. (Name, Year and Section should be place on the
lower section of the Drawing.)
B. Choose 3 bone, joint and muscle injuries and/or conditions with its applicable first aid.
There is an available example on the material given by your instructor. Please review.
This activity will be graded according to the rubrics below:
VIII. EVALUATION
Quiz will be administered online through Google Classroom/MS Teams.
IX. REFERENCES
a. Books
1. Jun C. Alave, (2016) Physical Education and Health, JFS Publishing Services, Pasay City,
Philippines.
2. Hoeger, W., Hoeger, S. 2007. Fitness and wellness (7 th Ed.). USA. Human Kinetics Inc.
b. E-sources
1. Muir Orthopaedic Specialist, (2020). The Importance of Bone Health. Retrieved August 2020
from https://www.muirortho.com/orthopedic-blog/2019/december/what-affects-bone-health-/
2. Healthline, (2019), How Many Joints Are in the Human Body? Retrieved August 2020 from
https://www.healthline.com/health/how-many-joints-in-human-body#takeaway
Prepared by:
JONAR T. ZABALA
Instructor