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PROJECT WORK IN BIOLOGY

NAME :
CLASS :
ROLL NO :
ADMISSION NO. :
YEAR OF STUDY :
REG. NO. :

VALUED BY:

DATE:

TEACHER IN CHARGE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere gratitude to our principal Mrs. …..and
also express my sincere thanks to our Biology teachers ……
for giving me this great opportunity to do this project about
Drug Addiction, which helped me to know about the harmful
side effects on various drugs. I also thank my parents who
have helped me in collecting data regarding this project.
Overall I thank to God Almighty.
CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION
 WHAT IS ADDICTION
 TYPES OF DRUG ABUSE
 CAUSES OF ADDICTION
 EFFECTS OF ADDICTION
 HISTORY OF ADDICTION: DRUG ABUSE
 DIAGONISIS OF ADDICTION
 STUDY (QUESTIONARY)
 THE PROFILE OF FIVE PATIENTS
 TREATMENT OF ADDICTION
 SCENARIO OF ADDICTION
 CONCLUSION
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
Addiction is the one of the biggest disease of the world. More
than millions of the individual are struggling against
addiction. It takes away the happiness of the people by
avoiding them to get what they want and many of the people
were also not able to take correct decision. According to the
recent studies it has been found that adolescent is more
vulnerable to addiction. Addiction is that type of diseases
whose rehabilitation is very difficult. As we know prevention
is better than cure so we can prevent our self from getting
addicted by not living under peer pressure. If we also get
addicted, we should immediately take the help of specialist
for rehab.
WHAT IS ADDICTION?

Addiction is the habitual, physiological, psychological

dependence on a substance or practice which is beyond
voluntary control. A person who is habituated to a substance
or a practice, especially a harmful one, is called an addict.
Addiction is a chronic, progressive and sometimes fatal
disorder with both genetic and environmental roots. It
manifests as a compulsion that derives an individual to
continue to behave in a way that is harmful to self and loved
ones, despite an intense desire to halt that behavior. It is a
disease of “more”- an active addict needs an increasing
amount of substance to get high and is unable to cease usage
without painful withdrawal symptoms. This is true whether
the addictive substance is a drug or tobacco or alcohol or a
behavior. Medically, addiction is of three types: Tobacco
Addiction, Alcohol Addiction, Drug Addiction
TYPES OF DRUG ABUSE

1. Heroin
As a destructive opioid, heroin can lead to seizures, psychosis, and
hallucinations when it is abused. Heroin injections can also spread
diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis. This
drug is known to cause serious health issues when it is abused
because it interferes with the brain’s receptors. Individuals who take
heroin always require professional rehabilitation because the
symptoms of withdrawal may be life-threatening.

2. Cocaine
Cocaine is a very dangerous stimulant even when taken in small
amounts. It induces euphoria, increases blood pressure, and
accelerates the heart rate. The drug may lead to fatal strokes or
heart attacks for some users. Due to the severe consequences of
using cocaine, users require immediate professional treatment.

3. Crack
A potent form of cocaine, crack is often smoked and suddenly
creates an intense euphoric sensation for a short while. Crack has
turned into a problem because it is cheap and easy to buy and use.
Abusing the substance, however, can lead to immediate addiction.
Abusers are also at risk of suffering heart attacks and strokes with
every use. Long- term use can cause liver, kidney, and lung damage.

4. Hallucinogens
PCP (phencyclidine) and LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) are
hallucinogens, which means that they make users feel, see, and hear
things that are not real. While they experience hallucinations with
these drugs, users lose touch with reality and enter mental states of
disconnection. Withdrawing from hallucinogens is not easy, and
abusers will need professional treatment in a rehab facility.

5. Marijuana / Cannabis
Marijuana is the most common illegal drug that is abused, and many
people begin using it as a recreational drug in social situations.
Continued abuse of marijuana can lead to addiction, and the
substance can affect the physical coordination, memory, and mental
functions of users over time. While it is easy to abuse marijuana, it is
not easy to stop using it.

6. Alcohol
Abusing alcohol can cause psychological, physical, and social
problems, and it can lead to the destruction of relationships,
friendships, and marriages. A lot of alcohol abusers drink so much
that their bodies are unable to handle it. Sometimes this requires
that they are hospitalized for alcohol poisoning. Furthermore,
alcohol abuse can lead to injury or death to the people around them
while they are under the influence. Alcohol withdrawal can be fatal
because of delirium tremens, which is a symptom with the potential
to trigger heart failure or stroke. Refraining from drinking also is not
easy when it becomes a habit because of mental and physical issues.
Professional assistance is often necessary for abusers of alcohol.
CAUSES OF ADDICTION
Some of the causes of addiction are: -

1. Peer pressure
2. Stress and depression
3. Lack of education
4. Religious rituals
EFFECTS OF ADDICTION
 Fatigue –
The patient is tired most of the time.

 Memory loss –
Especially the patient's short-term memory.

 Eye muscles –
The eye muscles can become significantly weaker.

 Liver diseases –
The patient has a considerably higher chance of developing
hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Cirrhosis of the liver is an irreversible
and progressive condition

 Heart problems –
Regular heaving drinking can lead to cardiomyopathy
(damaged heart muscle), heart failure, and stroke.

 Menstruation –
Alcoholism will usually stop menstruation or disrupt it.

 Cancer –
Alcoholics have a much higher risk of developing several
cancers, including cancer of the mouth, oesophagus, liver,
colon, rectum, breast, prostate and pharynx.

 Suicide –
Suicide rates among people who are alcohol-dependent or
who abuse alcohol are much higher than among other people.
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
“Prevention is better than cure” is also true here. Tobacco,
drug/alcohol abuse are more during young age and
adolescence. The remedial measure should be taken in time.
The following measures would be particularly useful for
prevention and control of alcohol and addiction during
adolescents.

1.Avoid undue Peer pressure.

2.Education and counselling.

3.Seeking help from parents and peers.

4.Looking for Danger Signs.

5.Seeking Professional and Medical helps.

 DIAGNOSIS OF ADDICTION
Blood test or imaging scan can determine whether somebody is
addicted to drug or alcohol or smoking, and to what degree.
Blood test - this may be ordered to determine whether the
substance is still in the blood (whether the substance has been taken
recently). It is not used to diagnose addiction.
A GP (general practitioner, primary care physician) can help the
patient determine their degree of dependence by asking pertinent
questions, or using a specific questionnaire. The following questions
may help determine how dependent a patient is:

 How many cigarettes do you smoke per day?

 Do you find it hard not to smoke in places where it is not allowed,
such as in a church, school, movie theatre, library, public transport,
hospital, etc.?
 If you had to give up, which cigarette would you miss the most
(e.g. the first one in the morning)?
 Do you smoke more cigarettes during the first few hours after
waking up, than during the rest of the day?
 If you are ill, with a bad cold or the flu, do you still take drug or
alcohol?
 Have you ever smoked more than you intended to?
 Have you ever neglected a duty because you were smoking, or so
that you could have a cigarette?
TREATMENT OF ADDICTION
 DO-IT-YOURSELF –
Experts say about 30% of people with an alcohol problem manage to
reduce their drinking or abstain without seeking professional help.
There is a great deal of material in books and the internet that may
help the self-helper.

 COUNSELLING –
A qualified counsellor can help the alcoholic talk through his/her
problems and then devise a plan to tackle the drinking. Cbt (cognitive
behavioral therapy) is commonly used to treat alcohol dependency.

 DETOXIFICATION –
The patient takes some medication to prevent withdrawal
symptoms (delirium tremens) which many alcoholics experience
when they give up drinking.
HISTORY OF ADDICTION
1. BEER

Since the dawn of history, mankind has found ways to relieve the daily grind of
life. In ancient Mesopotamia (the area now known as Iraq), agriculture slowly
began to flourish, and a large network of city states started to gain prominence.
With the cultivation of wheat and barley came another product: beer. After all,
the water wasn't particularly healthy, and the weak alcohol content in beer killed
off a lot of harmful organisms in the water.

While the beer wasn't particularly strong, it also wasn't particularly nice, as the
concept of sterility was unknown in 3,000 BCE. However, beer was consumed in
bulk. Consequently, addiction to alcohol was rampant in the so-called cradle
of civilization, and people during that time generally lived much shorter lives
thanks to disease and, presumably, drunkenness.

2. OPIUM

Throughout the time that beer was gaining popularity, the Indians, Assyrians
and Egyptians were cultivating and preparing opium from the opium poppy.
Indeed, the upper classes of many civilizations would use this to relax and pass
time, although some uses are much less benign. One Egyptian scroll recommends
using opium to soothe a crying baby.

3. HALLUCINOGENS AND NATURAL HIGHS

Moving on 15 centuries, the ancient Greece used a special form of mead

(fermented honey) or beer to induce visions known as mysteries. Naturally, there
is something very mystical in seeing hallucinations, and plants containing
entheogens (natural chemicals that induce hallucinations) have been widely
cultivated throughout the world; these include the peyote cactus, fly agaric,
and cannabis. Clearly, this is a form of drug abuse, although it was a socially
acceptable one at the time.

4. COCAINE

During the second millennium, world trade started to be more prominent.

Ships started sailing from China to Europe-Marco Polo rediscovered major trade
routes to India and China, and in 1492, cocaine came to be major product of
trade.
After that, the American continent became ripe for development. Various
conquistadors discovered the drugs that kept the locals going, especially
cocaine, which was touted as a wonder cure for all ailments.

5. TOBACCO

One of the major drugs that came out of the New World was tobacco. Sir Walter
Raleigh famously introduced dried tobacco leaves to England, where they were
controlled and taxed heavily. Again, abuse of tobacco led to very expensive
addictions, as it was a risky but incredibly profitable voyage for those who made
it over the Atlant.
THE PROFILE OF 5 PATIENTS
Case No: 1 Patient Name: Sofia Akhtar
Age: 65 Type: T2DM
Gender: Female Date of Admission: 22/12/15
Comments: After I am started having T2DM, my life has totally
changed. I am the first person to have diabetes in my family. At the
onset of this disease I felt very much weakness and hunger.

Case No: 2 Patient Name: Mrs Neha Das

Age: 40 Type: T1DM
Gender: Female Date of Admission: 22/12/15

Comments: I am middle aged house wife and I have lots of difficulties

to tackle this disease due to weakness. I cannot meet the common need
of my family, and some time I become unconsciousness and my
family gets worried. Recently my husband spends lots of money for
this disease but I didn’t get any such good result.

Case No: 3 Patient Name: Shubankar Deka

Age: 45 Type: T1DM
Gender: Male Date of Admission: 06/01/16
Comments: I started having this disease at the age of 35, I didn’t take
much attention to it due to very busy job. I din’ took medicine
regularly or neither did any physical exercise and now I’m suffering
from this dangerous disease I have to lose my job, during urination I
feel burning sensation. Now I am unable to take care of my family,
Case No:4 Patient Name: Karan Barman
Age: 54 Type: T2DM
Gender: Male Date of Admission: 06/01/16

Comments: I am poor worker who earn few just to stay alive and to
take care of family. I don’t have much savings that I would go in a big
hospital for better cure or for medicine. Nowadays I also cannot go to
work site as I remain weak and my hand and leg shakes if I try to do
any hard work. Due to this I cannot send my children to school.

Case No:5 Patient Name: Miss Rupali Nath

Age: 33 Type: T2DM
Gender: Female Date of admission: 15/01/16
Comments: I am both working women and house wife I have no time
to care of my health I always remain busy taking care of my family
and doing stressful work at my office and due to this I had gained my
weight rapidly, presently my weight is about 93 kg and my recent
diagnosis says that I am suffering from diabetes.
SCENARIO OF ADDICTION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Special thanks to the following source: -
 Internet (Wikipedia)
 NCERT biology class XI
 Some diabetic patients
 Online library