What is International Relations?

- international relations is a field of study that deals with the

relationships between states, international organizations and other non-
state actors. It is concerned with states political, social and economic
relationships.

3 Pillars of Foreign Policy

Preservation and enhancement of national security.

Promotion and attainment of economic security.
Protection of rights and promotion of welfare and interests of Filipino
overseas.

What is internal waters?

The waters around, between and connecting the islands of the

archipelago, regardless of their

What is national security?

The protection of the well-being of the citizens, government and the

state’s sovereignty.

Treaties and International Agreement Difference - A treaty can only be

valid and effective and entered it if is ratified by the senate of both
countries. On the other hand, an international agreement may be
entered by the President even without the concurrence of the Senate.
These are known as “less formal agreements.”

Quadrilateral Security Dialogue - US, Japan , India, Australia security

agreement.
 Theories:
Liberalism

Liberalism is a defining feature of modern democracy

‘liberal democracy’ as a way to describe countries with free and fair elections, rule of law and
protected civil liberties.
imperialism – when states seek to build empires by taking territory overseas
Democratic peace theory - the strongest contribution liberalism makes to IR theory. It asserts that
democratic states are highly unlikely to go to war with one another.
Liberal World Order is an ideological order, based on liberal ideas

Constructivism

Constructivism is the theory that says learners construct knowledge rather than just passively take in
information.
Assimilation refers to a part of the adaptation process initially proposed by Jean Piaget. Through
assimilation, we take in new information or experiences and incorporate them into our existing ideas.
Accommodation is part of the learning process that allows us to change our existing ideas in order to
take in new information.

Marxism

Marxism started during the rise of industrial revolution together with the rise of capitalism. In this rise
of capitalism comes together with the capitalists who exploits their laborer in order to gain maximum
profit using the laborers and their laborers with little to no benefits gain.
BUORGEOISIE – The means of production or the Capitalist.
PROLETARIAT – The working class or the laborers.
Class struggles – There are conflicts among the society classes especially between the proletariat and
the bourgeoisies

Realism

- The quality or fact of representing a person, thing, or situation accurately or in a way that is
true to life.
- Is a set of related theories of international relations that emphasizes the role of the state,
national interest, and power in world politics.

Classical realism

- Classical realist believe it follows from human nature.

- It states that it is fundamentally the nature of humans that pushes states and individuals to
act in a way that places interests over ideologies.

Structural realism /Neorealism

- is a theory of international relations that emphasizes the role of power politics in
international relations, sees competition and conflict as enduring features and sees limited
potential for cooperation.

Neoclassical (NEWCLASSICAL) realism

- neoclassical realist believe it results from both, in combination with domestic politics.
 - is an approach to foreign policy analysis that seeks to understand international politics by
taking into account the nature of the international system—the political environment within
which states interact.

Queer Theory

Queer - is an umbrella term for people who are not heterosexual or are not cisgender.
Heterosexual - refers to sexual or romantic attraction to or between people of the opposite sex.
Cisgender - means whatever gender you are now is the same as what was presumed for you at birth.
This simply means that when a parent or doctor called you a boy or a girl when you were born, they
got it right.
Sex – is categorized as male or female based on their biological attributes. It is based on our
chromosomes like XX or XY .
Gender - refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, expressions and identities. Ex.
LGBTQIA+: Abbreviation for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, and Asexual.
Sexuality - is about your sexual feelings, thoughts, attractions and behaviors towards other people.
Sexuality is diverse and personal.
Queer Theory - is an interdisciplinary field that create new ways of thinking in how sexuality shapes
and is shaped by other factors. It contradicts the idea that being heterosexual is the normal.
Butler (2002), gender does not come from a rooted identity somewhere inside us, but that it only
exists through our actions, and the actions of others in society towards us.

Green Theory
Indigenous Theory
Asian Perspective Theory

Provisions

Article 1 National Territory

The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced
therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting
of its terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the
insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands
of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the
Philippines.

Article 2 Sec 2

The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national policy, adopts the generally accepted
principles of international law as part of the law of the land and adheres to the policy of peace,
equality, justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity with all nations.

Article 2 Sec 7

The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy. In its relations with other states the paramount
consideration shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity, national interest, and the right to self-
determination.
Article 7 Sec 20

The President may contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the Republic of the Philippines
with the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board, and subject to such limitations as may be provided
by law. The Monetary Board shall, within thirty days from the end of every quarter of the calendar
year, submit to the Congress a complete report of its decisions on applications for loans to be
contracted or guaranteed by the Government or government-owned and controlled corporations
which would have the effect of increasing the foreign debt, and containing other matters as may be
provided by law.

Article 7 Sec 21

No treaty or international agreement shall be valid and effective unless concurred in by at least two-
thirds of all the Members of the Senate.

Article 6 Sec 23 Par 1

The Congress, by a vote of two thirds of both houses in joint session assembled, voting separately,
shall have the sole power to declare the existence of a state of war.

Article 6 Sec 23 Par 2

In times of war or other national emergency, the Congress may, by law, authorize the President, for a
limited period and subject to such restrictions as it may prescribe, to exercise powers necessary and
proper to carry out a declared national policy.

5 Powers of the President in Foreign Relations

Power to negotiate treaties and international agreements

Power to appoint ambassadors and consuls
Power to receive ambassadors and ministers accredited in the Philippines
Power to contract and guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the republic
Power to deport aliens.

Philippine Relationship with Japan

During Pre-Spanish Colonization Philippines already have relationship with Japan. Our sweet potato
even reached Japan because of Austronesians. Our marine aquatic resources is also vast, so Japanese
also fish from it. It is also said in our history that Japan had made an offer to buy the Philippines but
was rejected. Today, japan is one of our top leading investor, they still give us aids and grants. One of
the projects between Japan and the Philippines is the construction of San Juanico Bridge.

Philippines Relationship with US.

We have a long standing relationship with US especially in terms of security, we have the US and
Philippines Mutual Defense Treaty. After that we had the Visiting Forces Agreement and the most
recent is the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement.

Philippines Relationship with China.

Great Powers:
Hungary
UK
Germany
Russia
France
Italy
China
Japan
US

ASIAN COUNTRIES WITH CAPITALS

S.N. Country and Territory Capital

1 Afghanistan Kabul

2 Armenia Yerevan

3 Azerbaijan Baku

4 Bahrain Manama

5 Bangladesh Dhaka

6 Bhutan Thimphu

7 Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan

8 Burma (Myanmar) Naypyidaw

9 Cambodia Phnom Penh

10 China (PRC) Beijing

11 Cyprus Nicosia

12 East Timor Dili

13 Georgia Tbilisi

14 India New Delhi

15 Indonesia Jakarta

16 Iran Tehran

17 Iraq Baghdad

18 Israel Jerusalem

19 Japan Tokyo

20 Jordan Amman

21 Kazakhstan Astana

22 Kuwait Kuwait City

23 Kyrgyzstan Bishkek

24 Laos Vientiane

25 Lebanon Beirut

26 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur

27 Maldives Malé

28 Mongolia Ulaanbaatar

29 Nepal Kathmandu

30 North Korea Pyongyang

 Host country Host city Mission Head of mission
Bahrain Manama Embassy Anne Jalando-on Louis
Bangladesh Dhaka Embassy Leo Tito L. Ausan Jr.
Bandar Seri Marian Jocelyn T.
Brunei Embassy
Begawan Ignacio
Cambodia Phnom Penh Embassy Ma. Amelita C. Aquino
Beijing Embassy Jaime A. FlorCruz
Consulate- Flerida Ann Camille P.
Chongqing
General Mayo
Consulate- Marshall Louis M.
Guangzhou
General Alferez
Consulate-
Hong Kong Raly L. Tejada
China General
Consulate-
Macau Porfirio M. Mayo Jr.
General
Consulate-
Shanghai Josel F. Ignacio
General
Consulate- Maria Antonina M.
Xiamen
General Oblena
East Timor Dili Embassy Belinda M. Ante
John Boitte C. Santos
India New Delhi Embassy
Chargé d'Affaires, a.i.
Jakarta Embassy Gina A. Jamoralin
Indonesia Consulate-
Manado Lolita B. Capco
General
Iran Tehran Embassy Roberto G. Manalo
Christopher P. Castillo
Iraq Baghdad Embassy
Chargé d'Affaires, a.i.
Israel Tel Aviv Embassy Pedro R. Laylo Jr.
Tokyo Embassy Mylene J. Garcia-Albano
Consulate-
Nagoya Roy B. Ecraela
Japan General
Consulate-
Osaka Voltaire D. Mauricio
General
Jordan Amman Embassy Wilfredo C. Santos
Kuwait Kuwait City Embassy Jose A. Cabrera III
Laos Vientiane Embassy Deena Joy D. Amatong
Lebanon Beirut Embassy Raymond R. Balatbat
Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Embassy Charles C. José
Enrique Voltaire G.
Myanmar Yangon Embassy Pingol
Chargé d'Affaires, a.i.
Jacqueline Joan S.
Oman Muscat Embassy Arquiza
Chargé d'Affaires, a.i.
 Maria Agnes M.
Pakistan Islamabad Embassy
Cervantes
Qatar Doha Embassy Lilibeth V. Pono
Economic &
Taipei Silvestre H. Bello III
Cultural Office
Republic of China
Chairman & Resident
(Taiwan)[c] Kaohsiung Extension Office
Representative
Taichung Extension Office
Rommel A. Romato
Riyadh Embassy
Chargé d'Affaires, a.i.
Saudi Arabia
Consulate- Edgar Tomas Q.
Jeddah
General Auxilian
Singapore Singapore Embassy Medardo G. Macaraig
Ma. Theresa B. Dizon-
South Korea Seoul Embassy
de Vega
John G. Reyes
Syria Damascus Embassy
Chargé d'Affaires, e.p.
Thailand Bangkok Embassy Millicent Cruz-Paredes
Juan E. Dayang Jr.
Ankara Embassy
Chargé d'Affaires, a.i.
Turkey
Consulate-
Istanbul Shirlene C. Mananquil
General
Abu Dhabi Embassy Alfonso A. Ver
United Arab
Emirates Consulate-
Dubai Renato N. Dueñas Jr.
General
Meynardo L.B.
Vietnam Hanoi Embassy
Montealegre