W Su Rcs 2008 Annual Report

Wolaita Sodo University
Office of Vice President for Research and Community Services
Research and Community Services

Annual Report of 2008 Fiscal Year
August 2016
Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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Office of Vice President for Research and Community Services

Research Publication, Dissemination and Documentation Directorate
Research and Community Services of 2008 Fiscal Year
Compiled by:
1. Gobeze Loha (PhD)
2. Wondimu Tegegne (PhD)
3. Yohannes Bisa
Edited by
Berhanu Kuma (PhD)
Augus 2016
Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
1. Preface ................................................................................................................................................ 5
2. Progresses and improvements in research and community services ...................................................... 6
3. The major activities performed ............................................................................................................ 9
3.1. Vice president for research and community services ...................................................................... 9
3.2. Research affairs directorate ......................................................................................................... 12
3.3. Community engagement and services directorate ........................................................................ 13
3.4. University industry linkage and technology transfer directorate ................................................... 15
3.5. Research publication, dissemination and documentation directorate ............................................ 17
3.6. Dairy farm coordination office .................................................................................................... 23
3.7. Kechi research and community services center ............................................................................ 26
4. College of agriculture ........................................................................................................................ 31
4.1 Research and community services coordination office .................................................................. 31
4.2 Researches undertaken ................................................................................................................. 32
4.3. Community services rendered ..................................................................................................... 51
5. College of Business and Economics ................................................................................................... 71
5.2. Researches undertaken ................................................................................................................ 71
6. School of Education and Behavioural Science.................................................................................... 79
7. College of Engineering ...................................................................................................................... 82
7.1. Research and community services coordination office ................................................................. 82
8. College of Health Sciences and Medicine ........................................................................................ 104
8.1. Research and community services coordination office ............................................................... 104
8.2. Researches undertaken............................................................................................................. 105
8. 3. Community services rendered .................................................................................................. 117
9. School of Law ................................................................................................................................. 121
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9. 1. Community services rendered .................................................................................................. 121
10. College of Natural and Computational Science .............................................................................. 124
10.1. Research and community services coordination office ............................................................. 124
10.2. Researches undertaken ............................................................................................................ 125
10.3. Community services rendered ................................................................................................. 144
11. Social Sciences and Humanities ..................................................................................................... 151
11.1 Research and community services coordination office .............................................................. 151
11.2. Researches rendered................................................................................................................ 151
12. School of Veterinary Medicine ...................................................................................................... 163
12.1. Research and community services coordination office ............................................................. 163
12.2. Researches undertaken ............................................................................................................ 165
13. Conferences, forums and trainings ................................................................................................. 180
13.1. Stakeholders mobilization ....................................................................................................... 180
13.2. Trainings for staff ................................................................................................................... 182
13.3. Fifth annual national research workshop.................................................................................. 195
13.4. Establishment of beef cattle fattening ...................................................................................... 202
14. Research and community services approved by college/school ....................................................... 204
14.1. College of Agriculture............................................................................................................. 204
14.2. College of Business and Economics ........................................................................................ 205
14.4. College of Engineering ........................................................................................................... 206
14.5. College of Health Sciences and Medicine ................................................................................ 206
14.7. College of Natural and Computational Science ........................................................................ 207
14.8. College of Social Sciences and Humanities ............................................................................. 208
14.9. School of Veterinary Medicine ................................................................................................ 209
14.10. Kechi Research center ........................................................................................................... 209
14.11. Summary of accepted proposals/projects by college/school ................................................... 209
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1. Preface
The Vice President for Research and Community Services (VPRCS) is accountable for planning,
coordinating and managing research affairs, community services, university industry linkage and
technology transfer and publication and dissemination of project outputs. The office aspires to
achieve excellence in research, technology transfer and community services and dedicated to
bring tangible economic, social, intellectual, and cultural developments by conducting
academically rigorous and socially meaningful research, disseminating knowledge and
technologies through rigorous community services.
To achieve these mission and goals, Wolaita Sodo University (WSU) has been granting and
coordinating various researches and community services since 2004 E.C. After 2004, the number
of research and community services conducted has been increasing. Similarly, the number of
academic staff involved in research and community services is increasing. As a result, the
number of research, technology transfer and community services proposals/projects and the
number of teachers engaged have been increasing and broadening from year to year. In 2008
fiscal year, a total of 83 (59 research proposals, 24 community services and technology transfer
projects) have been granted to university staff. Besides, several activities were performed in
2008 fiscal year with regard to research, community services, technology transfer, university
industry linkage and publication, dissemination and documentation of outputs. In addition,
conferences, forums, field day and trainings on research and community services were given.
The major activities performed are compiled together and published in this annual report.
Research and community services annual report of 2008 fiscal year is produced to provide
information about the projects conducted in the 2008 fiscal year. In other words, one of the aims
of publishing the report is to disseminate information to the various stakeholders. In addition to
avoiding repetition, publishing Research and Community Services (RCS) will help us to
communicate what the office is doing to the university staff, nearby community and to other
concerned bodies. Furthermore, the reports can be used as an input by researchers to conduct
further studies. With this regard, this report will be helpful to researchers, students and other
interested individuals.
This annual report contains several issues. For examples, it presents message from VPRCS. It
describes the progresses and improvements in the research and community services of the year.
It also narrates the major activities performed by the office of VPRCS, its directorates and
coordinators in 2008 fiuscal year. Then, research projects undertaken and community services
rendered in the 2008 fiscal year are also described. It also presents the conferences, forums and
trainings which were made in the fiscal year. At the end, summary of research and community
services projects undertaken in the 2008 fiscal year are depicted.
Finally, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to the office of VPRCS, its directorates and
coordinators for coordinating the overall RCS and it’s for following up the progress. I am also
thankful to those who prepared and submitted the reports. I hope that the report will provide the
readers with insightful information about the overall RCS.
Wondimu Tegegne (PhD)
Director, Research Publication, Dissemination and Documentation Directorate
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2. Progresses and improvements in research and community services
WSU is basically responsible to provide quality education, conduct problem solving research,
transfer proven technologies and cater need based community services. As of its establishment,
the university has shown progresses and improvements in teaching and learning, researches,
technology transfer and community services. In this article, the remarkable progresses and
improvements in the research, technology transfer and community services of WSU are briefly
explained.
In terms of research, technology transfer and community services, the university have initially
been engaged in providing community services since its establishment in 2007. That is, it has
been offering education and training in the form of continuous education to the nearby
communities such as Wolaita, Kambata-Tambaro, Hadiya and Dawuro. In order to expand its
coverage, the university, in 2012 formally established research and community services
directorate under the vice president for academic and research to coordinate the research and
community services. During the directorate, five year's research strategic plan including 12
research thematic areas were identified, incorporated and implemented. In the last 3 consecutive
years (2012/13, 2013/14 and 2014/15), 58, 67 and 78 research, community services and
technology transfer projects respectively were sponsored by the university.
The increasing number of research, technology transfer and community services necessitated the
establishment of a separate vice president office at the end of 2015. The vice president office is
accountable for planning, coordinating and managing research affairs, community services,
university industry linkage and technology transfer and publication and dissemination of project
outputs. The office aspires to achieve excellence in research, technology transfer and community
services and dedicated to bring tangible economic, social, intellectual, and cultural developments
by conducting academically rigorous and socially meaningful research, by disseminating
knowledge and technologies through rigorous community services. As a result, the number of
research, technology transfer and community services proposals/projects and the number of
teachers engaged have been increasing and broadening from year to year. A total of 83 projects
including mega projects (59 research proposals and 24 community services and technology
transfer projects) have been granted in the year 2015/16 to the staff.
In order to make the research findings not shelved, the technology transfer wing of the vice
president office was engaged in transfer of proven technologies to the communities. The
university has given enormous attention to apply research findings and outcomes to practically
address societal problems. In line with this, the university has transferred a number of improved
agricultural technologies obtained from research projects to local farmers. For example, transfer
of apple technologies to highland areas, transfer of improved potato, onion, and pepper
technologies, livelihood improvement packages in which landless youth were organized into
cooperatives at Larena kebele to produce maize, onion, and tomato using irrigation and rain fed.
Transfers of improved coffee varieties and dorper sheep technologies to improve rural women
income are among the many technology transfer attempts of the university.
The university has given enormous attention to cater need based community services to
practically address societal problem. For example, rehabilitation of degraded natural resources in
Bugie Wanche kebele in which the project team managed to rehabilitate the already lost
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biodiversity through participatory approach. Establishment of dairy farm with purchase of 23
pure Holstein breed cows with manifold purposes such as supply milk to the university
communities and create job opportunities to the jobless population, as source of dairy
technologies to the farming communities, a research center for the university livestock and
veterinary staff, a practical learning center for livestock and veterinary students of the university,
a demonstration and training center for technology demanding stakeholders. The dairy farm has
already created permanent job opportunities for more than 10 employees and around 15 daily
laborers. Currently it supplies more than 200 liters of milk per day to university community
which is believed to contribute to retaining academic staff. A number of capacity building
trainings have been provided to teachers, supervisors, principals, vice principals of high schools
and junior secondary schools, zonal level education officers, and establishment of science
laboratories and upgrading science teachers innovative skills. The university is providing
comprehensive community services through Otona referral hospital.
In order to make research generated technologies site and agro ecology specific, the university
divulged incredible progress in establishing research centers. In current fiscal year, 2015/16, the
university has established four research centers at different places namely; Abala Faracho
research center, research institute for Omotic cultures and languages and Kokate highland fruits
nursery and farmers training center in Wolaita Zone and Kechi research center in Dawuro zone.
At these research centers, various researches, community services, up scaling technological
outputs are being done. The research centers are believed to help the university to conduct
various demand driven researchers, use the outputs of research to deliver need based community
services, transfer technological outputs to the concerned bodies. In other word, the research
centers will help the university to successful accomplish its objectives and address the need of
the community. Hence, it is believed that the research centers will facilitate the advancement of
research, community services and technology transfer attempts of the university.
The outputs of research, technology transfer and community services have been compiled,
organized, published and disseminated to academic communities and other concerned bodies.
With this regard, researchers and community services renderers are expected to share and
disseminate their findings and activities performed to concerned bodies using different ways.
One of the ways is presenting the project findings on seminars, workshops, conferences, etc.
Consequently, to facilitate the disseminations of project outputs, the university has hosted four
consecutive national research workshops since 2012. The university has also published and
disseminated the outputs presented in the national workshops on four proceedings.
Besides, research and community services annual report of 2014/15 was published. The
objectives of the annual report were to locally avail researches undertaken and community
services rendered in year basis and to avoid redundancy in the efforts of making research
demand driven and community services need based. Concerning this, more than 200 articles
were published by academic staff in various international and national peer reviewed reputable
journals. This shows that the academic staffs of the university have got ample experiences to
publish articles on proceedings and journals. Thus, it is time to establish a peer reviewed journal
where academic staff publishes the outputs. Accordingly, the office of the research publication,
documentation, and dissemination directorate has prepared a project proposal and working to
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establish a peer reviewed reputable journal at the university and to disseminate the outputs
through publication.
To standardized research, community services and technology transfer efforts of the vice
president office and build research ethics among academic staff of the university, the vice
president office is finalizing research and community services policy document. The policy
document is a framework that guides the overall processes of conducting research and delivery
community services, transferring improved technological packages and reporting, publishing and
disseminating project outputs. The policy will help to spearhead research and community
services and improve the overall research, community services and technology transfer activities
of the university. In particular, the policy is intended to motivate staff, sustain and improve their
competitiveness at national and international levels. The policy will also help establish and
improve research and publication culture at the university by specifying the necessary payment
for publication and dissemination of project outputs.
This is the second annual report of the office of vice president for research and community
services. As compared to the first annual report, the number of papers being published, the area
coverage and the content are greater indicating that academic staff are committed themselves to
research, community services and technology transfer of the university. However, a number of
academic staff who conduted research, rendered community services and transferred proven
technologies did not submit their annual report. I think this is not a good academic culture and
otherwise invites us to look for a means of punishing. I believe that this priece of information
from annual report will help stakeholders in multiple angles. I wish you a wonderful reading and
enjoy it.
Berhanu Kuma (PhD)

Associate Professor of Agricultural Economics
Vice President for Research and Community Services
Tel: + 251-465511911
Fax: +251-465115113
E-mail: rcsvpoffice@wsu.edu.et
P.O Box 138, Wolaita Soddo University
Ethiopia
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3. The major activities performed
3.1. Vice president for research and community services

In the fiscal year 2008 EC, the office of VPRCS accomplished various activities. Among the
activities performed the major ones are discussed below. The office took lion share in creating
conducive working environment to university communities particularly in installment of four (4)
automatic generators, electric line installation and functioning of grain mill for students, pit
latrine construction for students, pipeline water supply, and getting transformers, finalizing staff
residences, among others. The office had also taken a large share in managing and administering
summer program as the then vice president for academic affairs left to India to recruit expatriates
and the president to USA to sign memorandum of understanding with Boston University in
Massachusetts. At the beginning of the academic year, the office participated actively in
presenting GTP-I and GTP-II documents while cascading national level GTP-II plan to the
university level and facilitated discussion forum.
In terms of planning for research, technology transfer and community services, in collaboration
with directors and coordinators, the office developed standard format for scientific proposal
writing and disseminated to all concerned bodies. In addition, the office had also developed
screening and evaluation criteria for proposals and projects to avoid inclusion of subjectivity in
the process of granting research, technology and community services funds. To learn from and
provide inputs to, the office had attended proposals and projects defense of the various college
and schools. In the process, two hundreds twelve (212) proposals/projects were submitted by the
staff of the university of which eighty three (83) were granted depending on the allocated budget
to the office. The office has conducted stakeholders (mobilized from various institutions)
meeting with the objective of getting feedbacks on the 2007 EC achievements and to win
supports for 2008 EC plans. In the meetings, research, technology transfer and community
services accomplishments of 2007 EC and plan for 2008 EC were presented and comments were
given and considered.
In order to enhance staff participation in research, technology transfer and community services, a
number of fara were created for various segments of the university. The office created discussion
forum with female/women staff of the university to increase their active participation in research
and identify researchable areas. At the end of the discussion, four (4) problematic areas such as
changing female students’ behavior, mentoring grade twelve (12) female students, empowering
female students through information communication technologies (ICT) and capacity building
for female/women employees were identified and female/women staffs were grouped to develop
proposals/projects. In addition, discussion forum was created at respective college/school, to
discuss matters concerning research, technology transfer and community services of the
college/school with teachers and consensus was reached to actively engage and make the
university research university.
To bring research, technology transfer and community services nearer to the communities and
make technology generation and dissemination site and agro ecology specific, the office has
established four (4) research centers three (3) of which are located in Wolaita zone while the
remaining one is located in Dawuro zone. These research centers are Abala Faracho research
center at Humbo woreda, Kokate highlands fruits nursery and farmers’ training center at Sodo
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zuria woreda, research institutes for Omotic languages and cultures in Sodo town and Kechi
research center in Tocha woreda of Dawuro zone. In most of the centers infrastructures are being
supplied and research activities are undertaken in Abala Faracho, Kechi and Kokate whereas
master plan and design are already in the pipeline for research institute for omotic languages and
cultures. The university has also established dairy farm and beef fattening farm in the campus.
The dairy farm was established with the purchase of 23 pure Holstein Frisian dairy cows, that
multiplied themselves and grown in number to become 42. The beef fattening was started with
the purchase of 20 local oxen and are under the processing of fattening. Both farms created
employment opportunity for more than 50 individuals.
The vice president office hosted a number of meetings with directors and coordinators to
structure and to institutionalize activities. Some of the key activities of the meeting include the
need to publish annual report using standardized format. In this case, format for research,
technology transfer and community services was developed, discussed, commented and finally
agreed up on and the annual report was published. A number of report formats such as complete
research report, terminal research report, and progress research report were developed and
implemented by staff. A number of meetings were conducted concerning academic staff
promotion cases in which the senate standing committee for research and publication validated
the reputability of article papers. Some other activities discussed, agreed and implemented based
on the meeting minute include research, technology transfer and community services policy
framework, research, technology transfer and community services thematic areas revision,
monitoring of research, technology transfer and community services, the 5th annual national
research workshop, publication of the 4th annual national research and community services
workshop, and finalization of 2009 EC research, technology transfer and community services
proposals/projects approval.
The office has actively engaged in matters related to university affairs and implemented
decisions. The office has actively been participating in top management meeting, university
board meetings to explain issues related to research, technology transfer and community services
and implemented decisions passed. It also has been actively participating in meetings and
trainings organized by ministry of education, ministry of science and technology and higher
institutions institutional transformation council meeting. As it is the responsibility of the office,
the office has been participating in annual research and community services workshop of the
various universities to share experiences and adopt best practices to enhance the university’s
competitiveness. As the vice president is the chief editor of WSU Damota magazine and facts
and figures, the edited documents were published and being disseminated to stakeholders. The
office has participated in a number of fora organized by stakeholders such as environmental
days, field days, exhibitions, field visits, technology days, certificate rewarding, among others.
The office has also forwarded certificates during various occasions to staff and students or
student associations and made opening remarks during a number of trainings as well as
discussions. Participation in a number of entry and exit audit, supervision, and inspection teams
related to matters that improve efficiency and effectiveness of the university is among the roles
played by the office. In order to frame and tie teaching learning to research and community
services, the office with academic affair office hosted a number of meetings with college/school
deans and implemented the decisions.
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The office has developed numerous formats for signing memorandum of understanding with
various institutions. As a result, memorandum of understanding and agreement were signed with
a number of institutions such as Boston University in Massachusetts USA, university college of
Dublin in Ireland, Bergamo University in Italy, GIZ, industries, Nongovernmental organizations
and colleges and technical and vocational institutes in WSU mandated areas, Cornel university
digital library access, among others. The office entered into implementation phases with most
institutions such as GIZ’s preliminary study was conducted on 17 potential rivers of Wolaita
zone to generate mini hydropower to rural people and then serve as irrigation potential. In
consultation with responsible person of university college of Dublin and Bergamo university
projects were developed and submitted to European Union for funding. A development project
was developed and submitted to Food and Agricultural Organization of united nation for funding
in collaboration with concern Ethiopia. The university communities have direct access to digital
resources from Cornel University which also solved shortage of reference materials.
In terms of publications, the office has prepared formats for annual, completed and terminal
research and community services reports and published the first of its kind annual report of the
university. The office also published proceedings of the 4th annual national research and
community services workshop and book of abstracts and WSU affiliated journal in the 5th annual
national research workshop. A number of quarterly reports as requested by line offices and
offices in the university were produced and disseminated. The vice president was one of the
editors of all the published documents of the office. The published proceedings, annual reports
and book of abstracts were disseminated to zonal offices in the mandate areas, all higher learning
universities, the nearby colleges, university libraries, offices in the university. Research and
community service policy was prepared, comments at college/school level and being finalized
for final approval by senate and university board for implementation.
Berhanu Kuma (PhD)

Associate Professor of Agricultural Economics
Vice President for Research and Community Services
Tel: + 251-465511911
Fax: +251-465115113
E-mail: rcsvpoffice@wsu.edu.et
P.O Box 138, Wolaita Soddo University
Ethiopia
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3.2. Research affairs directorate
It is well known that research is the vital means to address the versatile problems and challenges
of development in the community. The research direction needs to focus on problems solving
technology generation, adaptation, demonstration and popularization to speed up the
socioeconomic transformation of the community. In the face of increasing population, climate
change and land degradation, the need to attain food security and economic development,
conducting research in a thematic approach is a pre-requisite. The university reckons in
increasing the intensity and variety of researches to enhance knowledge, technology generation
and dissemination that require fundamental changes in the research system. Therefore, engaging
for research is the major concern of academic staff members of the university.
A number of activities were performed by research affairs directorate. The major ones are
different formats were sent to respective college/schools for writing proposals, reports and field
trip reports; program arrangement for field trip for researchers to carry out research works;
discussions were held in each college/schools in handling, running and managing research
activities and responsibilities in presence of respective deans of colleges/schools; agreements
were signed with researchers to take responsibility and accountable to run the research as per
scheduled and submit information to concerned upon requirst; reviving the research projects of
year 2008 at department, college and university level and their respective budget allocation;
from a number of proposals planned only 59 projects were approved passing through reviewing
process based on relevancy of the project; suggestion and comments given by stakeholders
referring to university thematic area and reflection of community problem area.
Opportunities
The opportunities include involvement of more staff in research activities; strengthening
reviewing process at department, colleges/schools and university level; relatively better
commitment of staff for their individual research agenda; establishment of research wing at
university for better research involvement.
Problems encountered
Some of the problems encountered include limitation of vehicles; inexperienced staff in writing
proposals, analysis, and reporting and software utilization, less involvement of deans in research
works in some colleges/schools.
Gobeze Loha (PhD)

Research Affairs Directorate Director
Email: gobezeyoda@gmail.com
Phone: +251-924651397
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3.3. Community engagement and services directorate
While starting 2008 E.C fiscal year, all academic staff members were announced to plan
community service projects that could tackle the day to day problems of the surrounding
community. Based on this announcement and meetings held with each academic staff members,
a total of 26 projects were proposed and 10 of them were approved after intensive reviews were
made at each college/school level, 4 projects were proposed by female teachers and from these 2
of them were accepted, 4 projects were proposed for Kechi research and community services
center from the college of agriculture and all of them were accepted, 2 projects were proposed
for Abala Faracho research and community services center from the college of agriculture and 2
of them were accepted. In addition, 7 projects from the college of agriculture and 1 from the
college of natural and computational science were considered as on going projects.
The office of community engagement and service has majorly played its role in facilitating and
fulfilling all the necessities that could realize the achievement of the targets envisioned. For
instance financial aspect of each started projects were dealt with the concerned bodies in the
university, vehicles for field base projects were made ready through smooth communication with
the general service directorate, material supply and purchase for projects were frequently
followed. Some of the challenges in this regard were identified and possible solutions were
forwarded to the extent that the delayed materials could be purchased immediately. Different
formats were developed and sent to all coordinators to simplify the progress. For example;
format for workshop/training report, guidelines for community services proposalpreparation,
criteria for evaluating community services proposals, travel follow up letters were written for
each coordinator, and field trip formats were prepared so as to follow the activities done on the
field.
To awaken the contributions and responsibilities of academic staffs under the college of social
science and school of education and behavioral science, discussions were made with the deans
and RCS coordinators, letters were written to the dean office to coordinate and let the department
heads organize the staffs and bring need based mega projects that could support the livelihood of
the surrounding community, community services project sites were visited and justifications
were given for press agents from SNNP FM radio, EBC, supervision teams from MOE,
distinguished guests of 5th annual national research workshop, different interviews and
experience sharing meetings were made with private investors, researchers and media spokes
person from different universities (like Hawassa), experts from Wolaita Sodo soil laboratory,
stakeholders from various sectors etc.
In relation to capacity building trainings
The directorate played facilitation role in legal service awareness creation training which was
given by staff from law school for stakeholders in Humbo, Damot Pulasa, Offa, and Damote
Sore woreda on the topics such as human right and freedoms, the government and citizens
responsibilities for the respects of human right, consequences for violating human right and
freedom and other issues, training on advanced research analysis technique (inferential statistics)
for 40 academic staffs (36 male and 4 female) at the college of business and economics, all
academic staffs of natural and computational science college, school of educational and
behavioral science, college of agriculture.
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Opportunities
Some of the opportunities include meetings were held with academic staffs of each
college/school, positive interdependence among the directorates, financial management system
helped to manage projects, management of all projects systematically (through creating
monitoring and evaluation committee), making timely calls for proposal development and
willingness of the stakeholders to accept any type of project works sent to them.
Challenges encountered
Some of the challenges include lack of office facilities like printer, copier, and telephone etc,
ignorance of some RCS coordinators in responding to inquiries, failure to quickly submit
requested documents from the side of project implementers and RCS coordinators, exaggerated
per diem payment being requested by the project implementers, shortage of transportation access
for field based projects.
Pic 1: Stakeholder visiting diary farm, Gandaba campus of WSU
Pic 2: Legal service training at Humbo

Mr. Yohannes Bissa
Community Engagement and Service Directorate Director
Email: yohabis.391@gmail.com
Phone: +251-912120510
Fax: +251 -465 515113
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3.4. University industry linkage and technology transfer directorate
The need to make use of new knowledge and technologies from higher education institutions in
manufacturing, agriculture and service enterprises is a generally accepted benefit. In making use
of such knowledge and research outputs, university industry linkage is very important. WSU has
established the structure at a directorate level and became functional in 2008 E.C. The following
were major activities undertaken within University Industry Linkage and Technology Transfer
(UIL and TT) directorate in the year 2008 E.C.
University industry linkage

Linkage as clearly stated in the national science and technology procedural directive of ministry
of science and technology refers to a coordinated system of work among education and training,
research institutions and industries. In line to this, the linkage could be realized with a formal
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) and some could also facilitate the coordination using
their own organizational system without MoU. Therefore, the UILand TT directorate was able to
facilitate some linkages with industries by signing MoU with two industries. These are
• SNNPR Boditi Industrial and Construction College, Boditi, Wolaita

• iCog Lab
Initial cooperation between WSU and Ethiopian Airlines has started for student’s internship
program. The Airline confirms that after this year, WSU will be enlisted within their database for
student’s internship program and other announcements.
Identifying list of potential industries for university industry linkage MoU – we are able to
identify more than 200 industries that WSU can initiate MOU for university industry linkage. In
addition to the initial efforts to establish a formal university industry linkage, the directorate
worked with colleges/departments to secure placement for student’s internship program.
Accordingly, in 2008 E.C the office prepared 1166 cooperation letter for potential industries.
Technology transfer
Under this wing, the office is expected to work closely with respective colleges, school or
department on accumulating, adapting, copying/learning, diffusing, as well as avoiding obsolete
and harmful technologies. Though works are implemented in relation to identifying,
copying/learning and transferring technologies, all these efforts are reported either as a research
or community services works due to the fact that these tasks are new to the university
community. Therefore, the directorate here identified list of works which have been done in 2008
E C as either technology identification, learning/copying or transfer.
Identifying/learning/adopting technologies
Under college of agriculture there were five research projects on ground that are intended to
identify agricultural technologies to improve productivities. These projects are focused on maize
varity selection for moisture stress area, tillage methods on grain yield, and optimum furrow
length with variable water application rate on maize, performance evaluation of released coffee
Arabica and malt barely.
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Transferring technologies
Three technology transfer projects were on ground in 2008 E C. These are Briquette production,
poultry production through sand incubation techniques, and modern beekeeping technology all of
which are implemented by the college of agriculture.
Miscellaneous activities
In addition to the specific office work carried out within the UIL and TT, the directorate
intensively involved on various tasks accomplished in 2008 E.C. with the office of VPRCS,
directorate, and RCS coordinators. These include a comprehensive research policy document
preparation, 5th Annual National Research Workshop, stakeholder mobilization forum, 2008 E C
proposal screening and evaluation process, 2009 proposal screening process, regular and urgent
meetings with concerned bodies.
• UIL and TT is one of the new directorate office established under the VPRCS. WSU
took the initiative to realize this structure with understanding of its role to the national,
local and institutional contribution. Though, there are positive insights about the office, a
number of challenges are observed during this short period of work. Some of these are
• Less attention to infrastructures needed for the directorate. At this moment, the
office has only a table, a chair and a personal computer. One can imagine how it would
be very difficult to facilitate an effective collaborative or relationship with various types
of industries without office facilities printer, copier, fax, office phone, and car.
• The directorate is working within shared office. Some negotiation and discussion with
representatives of various industries may need privacy and comfort. However, the current
office that the UIL and TT directorate is using is not convenient for this purpose.
• Overlapping of activities with other offices. The University Industry linkage has been
carried out by different entities of the university like the president office, vice president
offices, communication and international relationship directorate, different colleges or
schools. After establishing the UIL and TT directorate, the linkage activities are supposed
to be centralized and organized, but still responsibilities are overlapping. Moreover, there
is an overlapping of concepts like research and technology identification/copying,
similarly community services and technology transfer.
Mr. Tewodros Getachew (MPH, Assistant Professor)

University Industry linkage and Technology Transfer Directorate Director
E-mail: tedrigecho@gmail.com
Phone: + 251 -0911 058241
Fax: +251 -465 515113
16
3.5. Research publication, dissemination and documentation directorate
Research Publication, Dissemination and Documentation Directorate (RPDDD) is one of the
directorates under the Office of VPRCS. The office of RPDDD is concerned with publication,
dissemination and documentation of RCS outputs and aspires to achieve excellence in
publication and dissemination of RCS outputs. Besides, the office is responsible to publish and
disseminate RCS outputs through various ways (i.e., journals, proceedings, webpage, conference,
workshops, public lectures, FM Radio, etc.).
In line with the goal and responsibilities of RPDDD, the following are the major activities
performed in the 2008 fiscal Year.
A. Publication of 2007 fiscal year annual report

WSU has been engaged in conducting research and providing community services in various
areas since 2004 E.C. Accordingly various research and community services activities have been
undertaken in 2007 E.C fiscal year. The research and community services have been carried out
by the academic staff of the 9 colleges/schools of the university. Researchers and those who
rendered community services are expected to write a report on the activities performed.
Accordingly, numerous reports were written by researchers and those who rendered community
services. Besides, conferences, forums, field day and trainings on research and community
services were written. The reports were compiled together and published by the office of
RPDDD in "Research and Community Services Annual Report of 2007 Fiscal Year”. The
report presents the summary of the research projects undertaken and community services
rendered in the 2007 fiscal year. The objectives of the annual report are (1) to locally avail
researches undertaken and community services rendered in year basis and (2) to avoid
redundancy in the efforts of making research demand driven and community services need
based. In addition to avoiding repetition, the publication of the RCS project report will help us to
communicate what the offices are doing to the university staff, nearby community and to other
concerned bodies. Furthermore, the reports can be used as an input by researchers to conduct
further studies. With this regard, this report will be helpful to researchers, students and other
interested individuals.
B. Publication of the 4th annual national research workshop proceeding
WSU has hosted its Fourth Annual National Research Workshop in Sodo town at Gutara Hall
from May 8-9, 2015 with a theme “Development Oriented Research and Community
Services for Ethiopia’s Renaissance”. The purpose of the workshop was to create a forum for
discussion on the core outputs of RCS findings. In the two days conference numerous research
papers and some community service projects were presented by researchers of the country. The
papers presented on the 4th WSU annual national research workshop were published in the 4th
proceeding. The proceeding is intended to disseminate the knowledge generated and experiences
shared in the workshop. In addition, the reports can be used as an input by researchers to conduct
further studies. Moreover, dissemination of the RCS outputs will make the communities in
catchment areas of WSU to become the beneficiaries from the outputs of projects. It is with this
in mind that the office of RPDDD published the proceeding of the 4th Annual National Research
Workshop.
17
C. Publication of book of abstract for the 5th annual national research workshop
WSU hosted its 5th Annual National Research Workshop in Sodo town at Gutara Hall from May
8 – 9, 2016 under a theme “Supporting National Development through Research”. More than
270 articles were submitted for the national workshop. However, with rigorous scientific review
and evaluation process, 40 abstracts under 9 subthemes were selected and presented in the
workshop. Finally, the selected abstracts were complied together and published in the book of
abstracts.
D. Publication of WSU affiliated journal articles

Around 200 articles were published by WSU academic staff. Table 1 shows summary of the
number of published articles based by collage/school.
Table 1: Summary of published articles by collage/school
College/School Total Number

Agriculture 55
Educational and Behavioral Sciences 14
Engineering 2
Business and Economics 12
Health and Medical Science 18
Law 4
Natural and Computational Sciences 52
Social Sciences and Humanities 26
Veterinary Medicine 15
Total 198
E. Validation of academic staff activities for promotion

RCS activities of WSU academic staff were validated for promotion upon the request of Senate
Standing Committee for Scholarship, Promotion and Staff Recruitment. In the 2008 E.C eighteen
different requests were sent from Senate Standing Committee for Scholarship, Promotion and
Staff Recruitment to validate research and community services for promotion purposes. Among
these, one RCS activities validation request was validated for the promotion to associate
professorship and seventeen RCS activities were validated for promotion to assistant
professorship. The validation was made by the committee chaired by RPDDD.
F. Preparation of proposal to establish peer reviewed reputable journal

Concerning the publications of RCS outputs, the academic staff of the university is showing
remarkable progress. With this regard, around 200 articles were published by WSU academic
staff in various international and national reputable journals. This shows that the academic staff
of WSU got ample experiences to publish articles on proceedings and journals. Thus, it is time to
establish a peer reviewed journal where our academic staff publishes the outputs of their RCS
works. Accordingly, the office of RPDDD prepared a project proposal to establish a reputable
18
journal at WSU and to disseminate the RCS outputs through publication. Then, the project
proposal was sent to VPRCS office for comments and approval as well as for the financial and
administrative issues necessary to implement the project.
G. Prepation of template for VPRCS
The template contains the vision, mission and goal and major responsibilities of VPRCS and its
directorates. Besides, it depicts the addresses of the VP and its directorate. The template is
intended to facilitate the RCS activities at WSU. Then, the template was distributed to WSU
academic staff.
H. Dissemination of RCS outputs
With regard to the disseminations of RCS outputs, the following key activities were performed
A. 5th annual national research workshop

WSU hosted its 5th Annual National Research Review Workshop in Sodo town at Gutara Hall
from May 8–9, 2016 on a theme “Supporting National Development through Research.” The
main objective of the workshop is to help researchers to share and disseminate findings of their
research and outputs of the community services performed to concerned bodies. It is also
intended to create an opportunity of discussion for researchers and other stakeholders on the core
outputs of research and community services. In the workshop 40 research papers and 7
community service projects findings were presented by researchers of the country. Besides, more
than 300 individuals attended the RCS National workshop. In the workshop RCS outputs were
disseminated to the stakeholders and other concerned bodies.
B. 200 copies of RCS annual report of 2007 were disseminated to stakeholders. Specifically,
the report was disseminated to all department heads, directors, coordinators and the management
of WSU (at Gandaba, Ottona and Tarcha campuses of WSU). Besides, the report was
disseminated to all sector offices in Wolaita and Dawuro Zones. The report was also given to
Wolaita FM 99.9.
C. 400 copies of the 4th annual national workshops proceeding

Specifically, the proceeding was disseminated to all department heads, directors, coordinators
and the management of WSU (at Gandaba, Ottona and Tarcha campuses of WSU) (150 copies),
all sector offices in Wolaita and Dawuro zones (48 copies), 35 Ethiopian Public universities (2
copies each, 70 copies), paper presenters, invited guest and other concerned bodies who attended
the 5th Annual National Research Workshop participants (80 copies).
D. Research and Community Services Annual Report of 2007 Fiscal Year and the Proceeding of
the 4th Annual RCS National Workshops were disseminated to the international academic
community via different websites such as Research Gate and Academia.com.
E. Stakeholders mobilization forum

In the two day workshop, success stories of 2007 E C and RCS projects granted by WSU in 2008
were presented and shared to the stakeholders.
19
F. 400 copies of book of abstract of 5th annual national research workshop was published
and disseminated to the guests, paper and poster presenters and participants of the 5th Annual
National Research Workshop. The remaining copies were distributed to WSU libraries and other
concerned bodies of the university.
G. RCS activities that have been performed by WSU were reported and broadcasted by various
National and Regional TVs, Radios, and Press Agencies (Table 2).
Table 2: National and Regional Reports on RCS Activities of WSU
No Theme of the Report Broadcasted or Date of Broadcasting
Reported By or Report
1 Establishment of Dairy Farm in WSU EBC(National TV)
2 The community Service delivered in Humbo Larena South TV(Regional)
on “Irrigation Based Integrated Livelihood
Activities on Household Asset Accumulation in
Humbo Larena, Wolaita Zone”
3 የወላይታ ሶዶ ዩኒቨርሲቲ የህብረተሰቡን የጤና አገልግሎትን South TV(Regional) 13/08/08
ለማስፋት እየሠራ እንደሚገኝ አስታወቀ፡፡
4 የወላይታ ሶዶ ዩኒቨርሲቲ በአይጦች ምክንያት የሚደርሰውን South TV(Regional)
የሰብል ውድመትና በሰዎች ጤና ላይ የሚደርሰውን ችግር ለመቀነስ 19/06/2008 ዓ.ም
የሚያስችል ምርምር ውጤት ይፋ አደረገ፡፡
5 በጥናትና ምርምር በመታገዝ የማህበረሰቡን ችግር በዘላቂነት 6/5/2008 ዓ/ም
ከመፍታት አኳያ የወላይታ ሶዶ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ያከናወናቸዉ ተግባራት South TV(Regional)
አበረታች ናቸው˝ ሲሉ ባለድርሻ አካላት ተናገሩ፡፡
6 University[WSU] Applying Research Outputs To The Ethiopian Herald 07 April 2016)
Community Services (National News paper
7 WSU engaged in Participatory, Need Based The Ethiopian Herald April 2016
Community Services (National News paper
8 University Research Assist in Technology Transfer The Ethiopian Herald 17 May 2016
and Community service (National News paper
9 University Spotlights Contribution of Ethical The Ethiopian Herald 17 May 2016
Researches National Development (National News paper
H. Proposal submission
The general objectives of the radio project are to broadcast the major research and community
activities performed by WSU and help the communities in catchment areas of WSU to benefit
from the outputs of research and community services. Regarding the scope of the project, the
radio program will be broadcasted twice per week and each program will be allotted 30 minutes.
That is, one hour per week and four hours per month will be allotted to the radio program.
Generally, the radio program will stay for two and half months. Hence, a total of 10 hours will be
allotted to the program. After the administrative and financial issues are settled, the program is
planned to function in the 2009 fiscal year.
Capacity training
20
To build the capacity of the researchers and to improve the culture of RCS at WSU, four major
activities were accomplished in the 2008 AY.
A. Identification of problematic areas
As part of the research and community services activities, academic staffs of WSU have been
writing RCS proposals and reports. Based on the assignments given by the VPRCS, an attempt
was made to identify the problems faced by WSU academic staff while writing RCS proposals
and reports. This will help to improve the quality of research and community services conducted
at WSU and to build and improve human resources. Consequently, critical observations were
made while the academic staffs of various colleges/schools present the RCS proposals of the
2008 fiscal year. During the presentations, it was noted that the main problematic areas of
writing RCS proposals. Besides, the RCS annual reports were written by WSU academic staffs in
August 2008. The reports were written reviewed and edited. While editing and reviewing the
reports, it was observed that the instructors have problems in writing RCS reports effectively.
With this regard, the office of RPDDD observed different problems. Accordingly, 10 key
problematic areas were identified by observation made on proposal defenses and report writing.
B. Suggestions for improvement
As stated above, several problems were observed while the academic staff of WSU wrote and
presented RCS proposals and reports. From the observation made, the office of RPDDD
suggested the key areas on which training should be given to WSU academic staff and reported
to the office of VPRCS. It is assumed that the identified problems can be solved or at least can be
minimized by providing intensive training to the academic staff. Accordingly, training was given
on the areas where gaps were noted. This, in turn, build and improve the human resources of
while conducting and reporting RCS projects.
C. Preparation of research and community services policy document

To undertake quality RCS projects, there should be clear guideline and policy. Accordingly, the
office of VPRCS assigned its four directorates to prepare RCS policy document. The RCS policy
document is a framework that guides the overall processes of conducting research and delivery
community services, transferring improved technological packages and reporting, publishing and
disseminating project outputs. The policy will help to spearhead research and community
services and improve the overall research, community services and technology activities of the
university. In particular, the policy is intended to motivate staff, sustain and improve their
competitiveness at national and international levels. The policy will also help to establish and
improve publication culture at the university by specifying the necessary payment for publication
and dissemination. Accordingly, the assigned directorates prepared RCS policy document. The
draft document was sent to each college/school RCS coordinators, deans, department heads, and
quality coordinators and related directors for comments and feedback. Department heads also
shared the draft document to their respective staff members. Then, important comments and
insights were collected from offices and individuals. Next, discussion was held by the committee
on the received comments. Finally, the comments found to be logical and convincing were
incorporated in the document. Currently, the RCS policy of WSU is being finalized. The policy
document will be approved and published soon.
21
D. Citizens’ work standard of RPDDD office was prepared
To offer fast and reliable services in the publication, dissemination and documentation of RCS
outputs, the office of RPDDD prepared Citizens' Work Standard. The standard divulges the main
activities performed by the office of RPDDD and the maximum time required to accomplish the
stated activities
Documentations of research and community services outputs

In terms of documenting the RCS outputs the following activities were accomplished in the year
2008. These include all published and unpublished RCS activities are well documented in both
hard and softcopy, RCS projects granted by WSU in 2007 and 2008 were documented,
disseminated RCS outputs are compiled together and documented, news broadcasted and news
published regarding RCS activities are documented well, RCS activities undertaken were
validated and documented, short template of VPRCS and its directorates was prepared and
documented and Journals and articles published by academic staff affiliated to WSU were
compiled together as a part of documenting publications.
Wondimu Tegegne (PhD)

Research Publication, Dissemination and Documentation Directorate Director
Email: wsupublication@gmail.com
Phone: +251-0979863047
Fax: +251 -465 51511
22
3.6. Dairy farm coordination office
WSU is among the second generation universities, located in Southern Ethiopia, established on
March 27, 2007 with the mission of providing quality education, conducting problem solving
research and rendering community services. Accomplishment of this mission cannot be certain
without establishing different demonstration sites, laboratories, farms, workshops and research
centers.
Targeting this mission, VPRCS requested Animal and Range Sciences Department to
prepare/write dairy farm establishment proposal. As per the request, the proposal was developed
by dairy professionalists and submitted to the office. Considering its urgency, the office accepted
and approved the proposal immediately and even acted up on its implementation soon.
As a result, different essential steps in starting dairy farm were gone; incorporating milking,
pregnant and dry cows and heifers, a total of 23, 18 cows (from which 3 with calves) and 5
heifers were selected, purchased and the farm was established in 2015 fiscal year with the
objectives of providing practical oriented quality education, rendering need based community
services and conducting demand driven and problem solving researches.
After the entry of cows and/or heifers on June 19, 2015, dairy farm was functional and lactating
cows provided thirty six (36) liters of milk per day and serving the community of the university
was started at that time. From time to time the amount of milk produced was increased
tremendously due to new births. The overall milk yield of the farm is indicated below in Table 3.
As it is can be seen from Table 3, there is variation in amount of milk produced from time to
time because there were new births and drying off of other lactating cows. The milk offered for
calves twice a day immediately after milking based on their age, distributed to the university
community, provided to staff lounge, given to top management offices for tea, supplied to heavy
duty photocopy machine workers and students with health problem was part of the total yield.
Table 3: Overall milk yield of dairy farm
S.N Months Duration Average yield Remark

1 June 16-30/2007 EC 36
2 July 1-30/2007 EC 43
3 August 1-30/2007 EC 54
4 Pagume 1-6/2007EC 56
5 September 1-30/2008 EC 60
6 October 1-30/2008 EC 106
7 November 1-30/2008 EC 140
8 December 1-30/2008 EC 177
9 January 1-30/2008 EC 192
10 February 1-30/2008 EC 203
11 March 1-30/2008 EC 189
12 April 1-30/2008 EC 171
13 May 1-30/2008 EC 184
23
Milk production is largely affected by a combination of factors namely; genetic make-up, a
favorable nutritional environment and improved managerial practices. In order to have an animal
which is more productive, more efficient resource utilization, decreased susceptibility to disease
and an increased need for external inputs and specialized animal housing are key issues to be
addressed.
Regarding the managerial practices, dairy farm is intensively followed by (1) an experienced
veterinary doctor, who is enthusiastic and even interested to work. Important medicines were
purchased and available for time of any outbreak, different vaccines were given such as blackleg,
lumpy skin disease, anthrax and foot and mouth disease. Checks for mastitis and other
pathogenic diseases were done and will continue as necessary.
(2)usually about 50% of the expense of farm is allocated for feed in any dairy farm, it is better to
give great attention for feeds so that our animals are persistently obtaining green grasses which
are even good for facilitating digestion of formulated feeds constantly purchased. In addition to
this, we are producing improved forages like elephant grass, desho, desmodium, etc again
supplemented with milling by products of the university.
(3)At the time of cows' entry, there was a loose type house for the time being. By realizing the
necessity of conformist house which is relatively equipped with some facilities, the university
has constructed conventional type house however, for both the cows and calves and they have
been transferred to there.
(4)Since cross breeding makes the combination of several breeds' advantages possible and faster
advance of genetic progress, artificial reproduction techniques have replaced natural mating. In
dairy farm, artificial insemination (AI) is the only means of breeding cows with proven semen
from Holstein Frisian and Jersey bulls. For this purpose, the university has fulfilled all the
requests and AI kits were made ready for utilization.
In order to avoid the problem of repeated estrus that occurs when a cow regularly shows heat but
despite several inseminations does not become pregnant which might be because of either too
early or too late detection of heat, there is an experienced AI technician made standby for heat
detection, insemination, pregnancy diagnosis test and assistance of parturation. Because there is
a recommended time for insemination or mating, i.e. different in local and exotic cows ranges
from 8-24 hours after the onset of heat.
(5)Having good replacement stock for the cows that leave the milking herd each year is a key to
maintaining and increasing herd production since it is one of the decisions facing dairy producers
whether to raise or purchase replacement heifers though it requires the use of equity for
additional facilities, feed, and labor.
Fortunately in dairy farm, there are about seventeen (17) calves born within one year age of the
farm (Table 4), from which even (11) were males going to either distributed to the
farmers/community of the area or transferred to fattening farm of the university and six (6) were
females, an important replacement stock. Among them about 10 calves were already weaned and
7 were offered milk through bucket feeding after colostrum provision.
Table 4: Number of Calves Produced within one Year Age
24
S.N Date of birth Dams' I.D. number Calf I.D. number Remark
1 29/11/2007 HF10 HC04
2 18/12/2007 HF20 BC05
3 21/01/2008 HF13 BC06
4 24/01/2008 HF18 BC07
5 29/01/2008 HF12 BC08
6 18/02/2008 HF04 BC09
7 28/02/2008 HF05 BC10
8 17/03/2008 HF11 HC11
9 18/03/2008 HF16 BC12
10 20/03/2008 HF14 HC13
11 06/05/2008 HF23 HC14
12 23/05/2008 HF22 HC15
13 05/06/2008 HF09 BC16
14 08/07/2008 HF21 HC17
15 04/09/2008 HF07 BC18
16 08/09/2008 HF01 BC19
In general, even thought the university dairy farm is at its infant stage (about 1 year), it is playing
significant roles towards to the attainment of the mission of the university. It provides assured
provision of practical oriented quality education for the Animal and Range Science and
veterinary medicine students and reduced the chance of long trips for practical session, enabled
the university to serve its community through provision of milk with cheap cost so that the
university society got some relief, added sources of income generation in addition to continuous
education program, built reliable research ground for interested/appropriate academic staff,
serves as an important mean for replacement stock and created job opportunity for the outside
community.
Mr. Asrat Ayza

Dairy Farm Coordinartor
Phone 0913292891
25
3.7. Kechi research and community
ommunity services center
Like Wolaita zone, Dawuro zone is the area in which WSU SU is mandated to conduct various
research and community service activities. With this responsibility the university has received a
total of 160 hectares of land from Dawuro zone at Tocha woreda particularly in Kechi kebele. As
indicated on the upcoming parts pa in 2008 fiscal year different introductory activities were
implemented in the center.
Before selecting the site, the project document was produced, submitted and discussed in detail.
It was believed that the project needs three agro
agro-ecological
ecological sites to carry out researchesof which
the high land and mid-altitude
altitude were selected at Kechi in Tocha Woreda of the Dawuro zone. The
research site with 160 ha has been selected, the GPS data have ha been taken, the map has been
produced, demarcated and the site with 6 page document was given to WSU from Tocha
District/Woreda administrators
dministrators in Dawuro zone. The process requested various steps from
discussion with zonal level to local inhabitant
inhabitants for resettlement, giving new site to compensate
the site, transferring their assets
ssets to newly given site and etc.
etc
Fig 1: Location of Kechi research

esearch and community services center
Activities performed
A. Resource assessment
The sites for implementation of apiary, animal science (variety selection, fattening and dairy
farming), animal forage, agro-forestry
agro forestry and forest resource conservation has been selected. In
addition to this, some of forest resources and ethno
ethno-botanical
botanical information were gathered.
Being part of main project to be implemented in Kechi research and community services center, c
this first phase implementation were aimed at making a survey of major natural resources:
identifying tree and shrub species, medicinal plants, coffee and spices, wildlife resources, climate
26
change and carbon stock potential, socio-economic aspects of the community, agroforestry
options, forest users and use information, land use type and planning assessment, delineating the
watershed area, and fuel-wood demand assessment. Secondly, nursery site establishment was the
second priority task. Concerning nursery sites establishment, the following activities were done:
site selection, site clearing, site ploughing, fencing (local), selecting sites for water supply
options to the nursery site, discussions were made with local people on the overall objective of
the project, sites selected for nursery establishment was fenced, cleared and ploughed, potential
of the forest resources were identified– some resources need to be characterized and further
study is required and some materials were purchased and taken to the site but became late due to
long process of recruitment.
Pic 1. The WSU managers and expertise discussing with community Pic. 2. The team
in site selection
Pic 3: Partial view of forest coverage in the center
27
Table 5: Some of plant biodiversity in the natural forest and their uses
building/
SN Plant’s local
name
Apiary-hunging hive
Mofer/ Gafa -ginda

House construction
Cuttle stand/Gopha
Roof /Wogagiriya
Hive construction
Beret/ Magaduwa
Pole /tusa-tukiya
Toilet hole
HH furniture
Soil fertility
Fish traping
Wild edible
Bee forage
Life fence
Firewood
Pole-disk
Cleaning
Charcoal
Masesha
Gongiya
Timber
Rebrab
Gebete
Mortar
Pistile
Stool
Shad
MP
1 Zagiya x X X x X x
2 Olonchuwa x X x X X x x
3 Shohuwa X x X X x X x x X
4 Soyd’uwa x X x X X x X x x X x
5 Kalsha x X x x x x
6 Darguwa/getem x X x x x
7 Ocha x x x X
8 Bortuwa x X X x x x x X
9 Anka x x X X x x x
10 Walasoniya x x x X
11 Gegec’uwa x x x x X x x
12 Garaa x x X x
13 Ontsa x x x X x x X X x
14 C’ata/Zama x x X x x
15 Bo’iya x x X X x X x x x x x x X x
16 Mok’otsa X x X x x X x
17 Doguwa x x X x
18 Botiya x X X X x x
19 Bondrboyiya x x X X x
20 Sesiya x X x X x
21 Yegiya x x X
22 Marik’ya X x
23 She’a x x
24 C’awula x x x
25 Morimok’iya x x
26 Sholaa x x X x
28
Report of biodiversity assessment…contd
building/
SN Plant’s local
name
Apiary-hunging hive
Mofer/ Gafa -ginda

House construction
Cuttle stand/Gopha
Roof /Wogagiriya
Hive construction
Beret/ Magaduwa
Pole /tusa-tukiya
Toilet hole
HH furniture
Soil fertility
Fish traping
Wild edible
Bee forage
Life fence
Firewood
Pole-disk
Cleaning
Charcoal
Masesha
Gongiya
Timber
Rebrab
Gebete
Mortar
Pistile
Stool
Shad
MP
27 Kanfara x x X x x x
28 Gawa x X x x x x
29 Loluwa x X x x x
30 Gasa x X x x
31 Maruwa x x x x x x
32 Diibaa x x X x x x
33 Shinkuwa x X x
34 Wolaa x X x x X x x x
35 Gelc’ec’a x x X
36 Elala x x x
37 Shushaliya x X x
38 Ziga x X x x x
39 K’araa x x X
40 Tsamuwa x x
41 C’ank’uwa x
42 Ambiya x x X
43 Silpuwa x x x
44 Lokuwa x X x
b. Coffe, Ginger, Timiz, Korerima are the main resources accessed from natural forest for income generating , home consumption and medicinal
value and for other purposes
c. The natural forest was accessed for climbers/fibers, construction materials, animal forage, beehive hunging, house hold furniture, farming tools
d. Animals like monkeys, baboon, leopard, pig, porcupine, and others become declined due to conflict with human being of the area/hunting
e. Illegal timber production diminished the forest resources
f. Training and awareness creation activities should be implemented in the project area
29
B. Apiary production activities
The following activities were performed regarding apiary production: appropriate apiary site was
selected, selected site was cleared out from different bushes, stones, debries and the like, apiary
farm lay out and shed construction design were put on the ground, area around the shed was
ploughed for bee flora cultivation, holes were dug for pole installation for shed construction
training material purchase done, request for purchase of bee keeping equipment, purchase of
corrugated iron sheet and nails, providing practical training, bee shed construction.
C. Animal forage
In order to establish the animal forage production site at the Kechi research and community
services center, an animal nutrition professional went to the site. The activities performed at
center regarding animal forage production are site selection for forage production has been done,
clearing of the area for plowing, site has been ploughed three wise, prepared for plantation, seed
and material purchasing as well as training local people with remained due to long process of
recruitment.
Some of the problems include road accessibility to nursery site – the nursery site is located at the
right bottom of the forest where road is a challenge, demand of permanent water supply which
needs relatively high cost – wells will be dug and’/or water pumps should be available, personnel
(both person in charge of the site and daily labors) should be recruited, lack of buildings for
office work, store, training room, resting place for researchers and guests, etc, materials and
equipments should be fulfilled; tractor (s), Vehicle and motor cycles are required, light sources-
Generator and solar are required, live service of veterinary of the community found in the center
should be shifted to another place-needs compensation work.
Mr. Matewos Agize

Kechi Research center coordinator
Phone: 0917832475
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4. College of agriculture
4.1 Research and community services coordination office

RCS coordinator of each collage/ school is responsible to coordinate research and community
services at college/school level and follow ups research and community services activities at
college/school level. Besides, RCS coordination office facilitates proposal review process at
college/school level and monitors and evaluates research and community services.
College of agriculture as a component of the university strongly involved in agricultural research
and community services taking a national mandate of addressing the needs of the community in
Wolaita and Dawuro zones. The thematic area of the college is to increase production and
productivity of crop and livestock farming and conserve and rehabilitate natural resources for
sustainable development to enhance food security and socio-economic development of the
society. This includes attaining food self-sufficiency, increasing potential export, economic
efficiency and equity.
Major activities performed

RCS coordination office of agricultural college has performed numerous activities in the 2008
fiscal year. Some of them are listed below:
2008 research and community services
In the year 2008 (2015/16 fiscal year) total of 54 proposals (28 research and 20 community
services) were submitted by academic staffs. From the total submitted proposals after screening
and evaluation processes, 14 research and 5 community services projects with a total of 19
projects were approved. Currently, 16 projects are working properly.
Ongoing research and community services

There were ongoing projects continuing from the previous years. From these research and
community services, 3 researches and 6 community services a total of 9 ongoing projects were
approved for this year. Generally, 17 research and 11 community services i.e a total of 28
projects have been running under the college.
Training
Academic staff capacity building training was held. The training focused on proposal writing,
manuscript writing and data analysis by using analytical softwares. This training helps the
researchers to update their knowledge of software application and help them how to interpret the
research result and to add knowledge on proposal and manuscript writing.
Field visit
Field visit is one of way to evaluate the progress of research and community service activities.
To achieve this, a field visit was held by dean and coordination offices. The visit focused on the
ongoing research and community services projects and helped evaluation committee to know the
status of the projects and for approval of the ongoing projects too.
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Collaboration activities
Wolaita zone environmental protection and forest office organized a workshop National
Environmental day on Ginbot 27/2008E.C. In this workshop one scientific paper was presented
by academic staff. The paper is entitled "Water-shade based participatory plantation project in
Buge Wanche Kebele, Sodo zuria Woreda, Wolaita zone".
The Wolaita development association organized a 2008E.C. National Soil day on the theme
"Healthy Soils for a Healthy Life". On this forum, two research papers by academic staffs were
presented. The papers are entitled "Participatory Evaluation of Locally available Organic
materials for Wheat Productivity at Kokate-Marachere Kebele, Wolaita." and "The effect of
liming and phosphorus levels on yield and yield components of haricoat bean (Phasouls
vulgaries L.) varieties on nitisole at Wolaita zone, Ethiopia".
Academic staff's general discussion

A general discussion was held with academic staffs, VPRCS and the directorates under the
office. This discussion focused on research and community services activities and their
problems. This discussion helped academic staffs to discus freely on RCS issues and also helped
to have a common understanding on the overall RCS related activities.
2009 fiscal year research and community services

For the year 2009 research and community services proposals were submitted by Tarcha, Otona
and Gandaba campuse researchers. Currently, the proposal screening process is completed and
the evaluation process is in progress.
Some problems encountered include shortage of vehicle to go for research and/ or community
service sites. It causes problem on data collection and visit the project sites frequently by
researchers, further more it causes the researchers to run out of time, delayed purchase of inputs.
Currently, due to the slow purchasing process some of the projects not started yet, seasonal
operations – the projects in our college are very seasonal by their nature. Thus, our researchers
spent some months without work and it causes the extension of the project works to the next
academic year.
4.2 Researches undertaken

4.2.1. Title: Evaluation of quality and handling pattern of raw milk sold in and around Wolaita
Sodo Town
Principal Investigator: Asrat Ayza Team Member: Amistu Kuma
Background
Due to its high perishable nature and conducive media for growth of microorganisms, most of
dairy products are exposed to microbial contamination during transportation and storage which
results in loss of products, economic loss to the producer and food-borne illness. If there are no
32
systematic study and control measures to manage potential microbiological hazards, raw milk
and products made from raw milk can present a high level of risk to public health and safety.
However, there is still scanty information on the microbial properties of raw milk in Ethiopia.
Such reports coupled with notion of problems related to supply chain and handling,
transportation and storage of milk and lack of quality control system of milk in and around Sodo
town to milk retail calls for systematic study and research project of remedy for the malady.
Objectives
General objective
• To evaluate the level of microbiological contamination and handling of raw milk samples
at different critical points of milk marketing chain in Sodo town and surrounding areas,
Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia
Specific objectives
• To evaluate microbial and chemical quality of raw milk sold in and around Sodo town
• To assess milk handling pattern in the study area
Research methodology
The study is intended to evaluate the quality raw milk sold and assess handling pattern in and
around Wolaita Sodo town by selecting 3 Kebeles from Sodo town and the rest from its
surrounding. For microbial analysis such as TBC, CFC, E-coli and staphylococcus species, raw
milk samples at different critical points of milk marketing chain will be taken. About 150Hhs,
25 from each Kebele were selected for interview for handling part. 60 milk samples will be taken
for bacterial counts of milk samples and converted into logarithm of number of colony forming
units per ml (log CFU/ml) for statistical analysis. Means will be compared by employing
analysis of variance (ANOVA, SPSS version 20.0) followed by t-test to determine difference
among means at 95% confidence level (significance level at P ≤ 0.05).
Major achievements/progress
As indicated in the above table about 20% of the work is started like site selection and
questionnaire preparation and pre-testing is completed. Other is waiting for purchase of milk
sample collecting and transporting equipments and will go in depth immediately after the entry
of that material.
Table 1: Details of activities accomplished
Activities Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug
Preliminary site selection and
XX XX XX
questionnaire preparation
Questionnaire pre-test, data upervision
XX
and mgt
Data collection XX XX
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Some of the problems encountered are dalliance in purchase of equipments necessary for sample
collection, transportation and analysis, though; questionnaire preparation for interview part is
already completed, shortage of car, unnecessary turn over for finishing and implementation of
any issues need for the work to finance and purchase and procurement office, the
ways/condition/time in which necessary issues/materials are fulfilled determines the
accomplishment of the study since there are thing beyond the capacity of the researchers.
Table 2: Future work plan
Activities Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug
Data collection XX XX XX
Sample analysis XX XX
Data entry and analysis XX XX XX XX XX
Report writing XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX
Final submission XX
4.2.2. Title: Soil fertility gradient as influenced by land use system: the case of humbo
Woreda, Wolaita zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia
Principal Investigator: G/slassie Welu Team Members: Nebiyou Masebo, Belete Limani and
Yalew Bizu
Background
Successful agriculture requires the sustainable use of soil resource, because soils can easily lose
their quality and quantity within a short period of time for many reasons. Agricultural practice
therefore requires basic knowledge of sustainable use of the land. A success in soil management
to maintain the soil quality depends on the understanding of how the soil responds to agricultural
practices over time. Recent interest in evaluating the quality of our soil resource has therefore
been simulated by increasing awareness that soil is critically important component of the earth's
biosphere, functioning not only in the production of food and fiber, but also in the maintenance
of local, regional, and worldwide environmental quality. It is widely known that land use types
influence soil properties differently. However, the extent to which land use types influence soil
properties need to be studied to greater details. This is because soil varies with land uses from
location to location.
The spatial variation in soil properties with land use types could not be over emphasized since it
is an important aspect in soil fertility decline studies. Moreover most of research works didn’t
address spatial soil properties on different types of farming system. This is also necessary
because spatial variation in soil properties has not received the same amount of research attention
as soil erosion, possibly because soil fertility decline is less visible, less spectacular, and more
difficult to assess. There is therefore need to know the extent to which soil properties vary under
different land uses, so as to provide better understanding for effective soil fertility management
and contribute significantly to the careful choice of appropriate land use. This is the premise
34
upon which this study is based with the aim of assessing the differences in soil properties
resulting from the different agricultural land use types.
Objectives
General objective
• The general objective of this study is to investigate the influences of different land use
systems on soil fertility gradient.
Specific objectives
• To examine soil physical properties on different land uses

• To examine soil chemical properties on different land uses
• To identify common land use system in the study area
Significances
The result of this study will be contributed for other researchers with scientific data which shall
be again used as secondary information. Moreover, the result of this study will help professionals
in the area of land use planning to decide and adopt alternative land use type as long as soil
fertility status is concerned.
A preliminary soil survey, and appropriate sampling and planning to accommodate spatial
variation at a plot or compartment level, are important considerations when attempting to
measure changes in surface soil chemical and physical properties. At the beginning, a general
visual field survey of the area was carried out to have a general view of the variations in the
study area. Representative soil sampling sites has been then selected based on vegetation and
cultivation history.
Four distinct land use types namely Homestead (HM), Forest (FT), Grazing (GR) and
Cultivation (CU) were selected for the study which acts as treatments with three replication, one
depth layers and three slope position has used, a total of 36 sample units of the proposed
parameters (4 treatments*3 replications* 1 depth layers*3 slope ranges) are used. Within each
land area, soil samples were randomly augured by grid survey at 5m equidistance points (Collins,
2014). The aim is to assess variability in soil properties as influenced by different land use
types. The study consists of both field and laboratory studies.
Soil particle size distribution was determined by the Boycouos hydrometric method (Bouyoucos,
1962; Van Reeuwijk, 1992) after destroying OM using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and
dispersing the soils with sodium hexameta phosphate (NaPO3). Soil bulk density was determined
by the undisturbed core sampling method after drying the soil samples in an oven at 105 oC to
constant weights, while particle density is measured by the pycnometer method (Black, 1965).
Percentage pore space is computed from the values of bulk density (BD) and particle density
(PD) (Brady and Weil, 2002) as: Total pore space (%) = (1-BD/PD) x 100. The pH of the soils is
measured in water and potassium chloride (1M KCl) suspension in a 1:2.5 (soil: liquid ratio)
35
potentiometrically using a glass-calomel combination electrode (Van Reeuwijk, 1992). The
electrical conductivity (EC) of soils was measured from a soil water ratio of 1:2.5 socked for one
hour by electrical conductivity method as described by Sahlemdhin and Taye (2000).
The Walkley and Black (1934) wet digestion method was used to determine soil carbon content
and percent soil OM can be obtained by multiplying percent soil OC by a factor of 1.724
following the assumptions that OM is composed of 58% carbon. Total N was analyzed using the
Kjeldahl digestion, distillation and titration method as described by Black (1965) by oxidizing
the OM in concentrated sulfuric acid solution (0.1N H2SO4). Since the Olsen method is the most
widely used for P extraction under wide range of pH both in Ethiopia and elsewhere in the world
(Landon, 1991; Tekalign and Haque, 1991), available soil P was analyzed according to the
standard procedure of Olsen et al. (1954) extraction method? Cation exchange capacity (CEC)
and exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg, K and Na) were determined after extracting the soil samples by
ammonium acetate (1N NH4OAc) at pH 7.0.
Exchangeable Ca and Mg in the extracts was analyzed using atomic absorption
spectrophotometer, while Na and K were analyzed by flame photometer (Chapman, 1965;
Rowell, 1994). Cation exchange capacity was thereafter estimated titrimetrically by distillation
of ammonium that can be displaced by sodium from NaCl solution (Chapman, 1965). Percentage
base saturation (PBS) was calculated by dividing the sum of the charge equivalents of the base-
forming cations (Ca, Mg, Na and K) by the CEC of the soil and multiplying by 100.
Exchangeable acidity was determined by saturating the soil samples with potassium chloride
solution and titrated with sodium hydroxide as described by Mclean (1965). Available
micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) were extracted by DTPA as described by Sahlemedhin and
Taye (2000) and all these micronutrients were measured by atomic absorption
spectrophotometer.
Global Positioning System (GPS) and clinometers were also used to identify the geographical
locations and slopes of the sampling sites, respectively. Data analysis will be done using SPSS
version 16 softwares. The data will be subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means
will be separated using least significant difference (LSD). Co-efficient of variation (CV %) will
be used for grouping of soil properties.
Major findings if any

The collected data is in laboratory and hence waiting for the result.
Current status
Field work has been completed (primary data being collected) and the data has been submitted
for laboratory analysis in Sodo Soil lab analysis and hence laboratory result will be obtained very
soon.
36
The research has identified that transportation facility and tiresome budget request procedure and
of course inconvenient financial system (finance by itself is a research work) were the major
problems.
Future plan
The research project has only remained with collecting laboratory result for further interpretation
and compiling the final report.
4.2.3. Title: Assessment of gross nutrient composition and heavy metal concentration in animal
feed and human diet: In the case of Abaya water shade communities of Humbo district in
Wolaita zone Southern Ethiopia.
Principal Investigator: Amistu Kuma Team Members: Netsanet Beyero, Abebe Endale,
Endale Amare and Ermias Mekonnen
Background
Plant foods can contribute significantly to human nutrition and health, because they contain
almost all essential human nutrients. However, nutrient composition varies among different plant
foods. Improvement of nutritional quality of our food supply, especially with respect to essential
nutrient minerals, such as magnesium, iron and Zinc could be important goal of vegetable crops
(Arzani et al., 2007).
Human beings are encouraged to consume more vegetables and fruits, which are a good source
of vitamins, minerals, fiber and are beneficial for health. However, these plants contain both
essential and toxic metals over a wide range of concentrations. It is well known that plants take
up metals by absorbing them from contaminated soil as well as from deposits on parts of the
plants exposed to the air from polluted environments (Khairiah et al, 2004 and Chojnacka et al,
2005).
Inadequate intake of minerals in the diet is often associated with an increased susceptibility to
infectious diseases due to the weakening of the immune system. Plants, animal foods and
drinking water are an important source of essential elements.The consumption of dietary trace-
elements will help to prevent free radical damage (Chaturvedi et al., 2004).
The trace metal like Fe, Cu, and Mn are considered as essential elements for normal life
processes, whereas the function of Zn in the human body is well known. Trace element is any
substance that when present at low concentration compared to those of an oxidisable substrate
significantly delays or prevents oxidation of that substrate (Thompson, 2009). These trace metals
are responsible for many pernicious effect on human health as immuno-depression and skin
diseases (zinc and copper contamination), neurological disorders (manganese), or blood
disorders (iron) have been experienced (Konuspayeva et al., 2009).
In mammalian cells in vitro, fluoride causes genetic damage through chromosomal aberrations at
cytotoxic concentrations only (≥10 mg/lt), the mechanism for which is suggested to be an
indirect effect on the synthesis of proteins involved in DNA synthesis (IPCS, 2002). This genetic
effect is probably of limited relevance for practical human exposures (Janssen et al., 1988).
37
Studies have indicated that in several species, including humans, a daily fluoride (F) intake of 0.1
mg/kg body weight during the period of enamel calcification is sufficient to cause mild dental
fluorosis (Forsman 1977). Exposure of plants to airborne fluorides leads to deposition on the
outer surface and uptake into plant tissues. Fluoride in vegetation contributes to human and
animal dietary fluoride. Long term exposure to concentrations of more than 0.2 µg/m3 may cause
injury to plants (WHO, 1984).
Heavy metals are a general collective term which applies to the group of metals and metalloids
with an atomic density greater than 4 g/cm³. Although it is a loosely defined term (Duffus, 2002),
it is widely recognized and usually applies to the widespread contaminants of terrestrial and
freshwater ecosystems. Heavy metals have the tendency to accumulate in various organs of
marine organisms, especially fish, which in turn may enter into the human metabolism through
consumption causing serious health hazards (Raja et al, 2009).
The occurrence of toxic metals in pond, stream and river water affects the lives of humans and
animals that depend upon these water sources for their daily life (Rai et al., 2002). The
consumption of aquatic resources containing toxic metals may cause serious health hazards
through food chain magnification (Khan et al., 2000). Heavy metal intake by fish in polluted
aquatic environments vary and depend on ecological requirements, metabolism and other factors
such as salinity, water pollution level, food and sediment. Fish are known for their ability to
concentrate heavy metals in their muscles and since they play an important role in human
nutrition, they need to be carefully screened to ensure that high levels of toxic trace metals are
not being transferred to humans through consumption (Adeniyi and Yusuf, 2007).
Exposure of pregnant animals to arsenic, combined with another stressor, has resulted in an
increased incidence of teratogenic effects in their offspring as compared to arsenic exposure
alone. For example, prenatal arsenate exposure of hamsters (via continuous maternal injection by
an osmotic pump) combined with heat-induced stress, resulted in an increased incidence of fetal
malformations as compared to fetuses exposed to arsenic alone(Hanlon and Ferm,1986).
Metals are redistributed in the air, water, soil and food through geological, biological and
anthropogenic pathways (Beigjer et al., 1986). On the basis of body requirements the two
categories of minerals in our diets are the major minerals (>100mg/day) and the trace minerals
(<100mg/day). Amount of major minerals present in the human body is greater than 5g; in
contrast, trace minerals exist in the human body is less than 5g. Major minerals include Ca, P,
Na, K, Cl- Mg while trace minerals include Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, F-, Cr, Mo, Se and I (Thompson,
2009). These trace metals are responsible for many pernicious effect on human health as
immuno-depression and skin diseases (zinc and copper contamination), neurological disorders
(manganese), or blood disorders (iron) have been experienced (Konuspayeva et al., 2009).
Consequently, the significance of environmental factors in the health and well-being of human
populations is increasingly apparent, and there is therefore a need for immediate attention.
Personal observation of water, foods and animal feed with high salinity route from production,
handling and feeding pattern puts at the height of the concern that the consumers are having and
thus calling for scientific investigation together with location of site at rift valley which is crucial
for heavy metal concentration. Possible questions raised at this junction may include: Is the feed,
foods and water available for community in the area is really sub standard? If then, what factors
38
negatively affected the standard which could have been met by the feed, water and foods? Can
these factors conned to alleviate the problem so that the feed, water and foods will meet the
standard? Obviously, the research questions to be answered will enable producers to add value.
Likewise, consumers will get confidence of not to be impaired with their health. Moreover,
possibility of feed, food and water contamination will be minimized which consequently reduce
quantitative loss and enhance better nutrient status and way of consumption. Nutrient density of
human and livestock diet and food security as a subject of contamination and reduction of loss
will be addressed.
Nevertheless, awareness and knowledge of available standards for heavy metal concentration and
gross nutrient composition of food, feed and water samples in the area is not well ahead. No
published information is available if any systematic study has been conducted to address the
heavy metal concentration and gross nutrient composition quality issue which could have
consequently enabled value addition for the producers. Furthermore, the issue of public health is
major concern as an effect of consuming unsafe human diet and provision of livestock feed.
Especially in irrigated areas of Abaya water shade vegetables and fish together with maize are
the major diet in the area.
Meager report related to heavy metal and gross nutrient composition of food, feed and water
samples for human beings and livestock in southern Ethiopia particularly in Wolaita zone
specifically seasonal over-flooded and irrigated areas of Abaya water shade community of
Humbo is the focus area for the study.
Objective
General objective
• To evaluate the heavy metal and essential mineral concentration and gross nutrient
composition in food, water and animal feed in Abaya water shade communities of
Humbo district.
Specific objectives
• To quantify the amount of heavy metals and essential mineral elements in water and soil
in the study area
• To quantify the amount of heavy metals in commonly consumed food items and animal
feeds of the study area
• To assess gross nutrient composition of commonly consumed diet and animal feed of the
study area
Irrigation based kebeles in the district were identified and selected by using multi-stage
purposive sampling methods. Then, from each kebele households who participate in irrigation
based agriculture were identified and a representative household were selected. From each
households data’s; on food, animal feed, soil, irrigation and drinking water related and other
demographic and socio-demographic data were selected and for the study a total of 162
39
households were selected purposively based on use of irrigation water and own farmland and
different livestock species.
Current status
Apart from the survey data
Soil samples from particular study area was collected both from irrigated and non-irrigated areas
for comparisons of level of gross nutrient and heavy metal concentration .Task Accomplished-
31%
Future plan
Accomplishing the remaining tasks such as laboratory analysis of all samples- soil, water, and
animal feed and human food sample. The remaining task will be accomplished until March
2017/2009E.C
Transportation was a critical problem even now we are suffering how we can take different
sample from Abaya and mechanism of drawing budget. How we can revolve funded i.e once we
draw the budget.
4.2.4. Title: Participatory evaluation and selection of maize (Zea mys L.) varieties for moisture
stress areas at Humbo and Kindo Koysha woreda Wolaita zone, SNNPRS Ethiopia
Principal Investigator: Abebe Endale Team Members: Gobeze Loha, Rahel Tigabu and
Sintaayehu Melesse
Background
Rainfed agriculture is confronted with unreliable or erratic rainfall and recurrent drought with
subsequent production failures. On the other hand, exponential population growth and a
diminishing resource base is the greatest global challenge for food security. The water
requirements associated with producing food for the future world population are huge and almost
certain to increase. Drought is one of the most important stresses threatening maize production,
food security and economic growth in the Ethiopia.
Maize is priority crop to farmers because it is a stable food in many rural communities of
southern region. It is widely grown in the various parts of southern region from lowland to mid-
highlands. Moisture stress is one the most critical production constraints of maize in low to
intermediate agro-ecology. However, the extent of yield reduction due to moisture stress varies
with genotypes. Developing maize varieties tolerant to moisture is of paramount important in
order to sustain maize production in moisture areas. The treatments will consist ofTreatments:
(11 maize varieties) 1 BH546. 2 .BH 547 3 Gibe-II 4 MH 130 5. Melasa-IV 6. MH140 7.
Melkasa-II. 8. Melkasa-6Q 9 local red. 10. Local mixed 11 local pure white. .The experiment
will carried out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications.
Objective
40
• To select adaptable maize varieties for moisture stress with reasonable grain yield at
Humbo and Kindo, koysha woreda and more over for wolayta zone.
Work plan
Table 1: Work plan for current project activities
No. Activity Remark
1 Preliminary sites selection Done
2 Planting maize varaties at Humbo and Kindo, koysha woredas Done
3 Various agronomic practices & planned Expermental data Done
collection in both Woredas except yield data have taken
4 yield data Will be done
5 Interpreting data Will be done
6 Writing paper Will be done
As indicated in the above table about 80% of the work of first year (field work) is finalized.
Only Yield data will be taken by next week/by next few weeks.
The major problems in the research work are transportation. We haven't used transport from the
University in collecting two districts (Kindo koyha and Humbo woredas) due to limitation of
permission as there is lack of enough cars for service in the our campus. So we are still using
from our pocket to pay on public transport and motor bicle to the site from woreda districts.
Work plan
Table2: Work plan for the next phase of project activities
No. Activity Time Remark

1 Data collection In recent time, it is completed (2016) done
2 Entering and clerk Data, It is started and probably it will be completed on On going
interpretation August month(2016)
3 Interpreting data May be done from September to october(2016) Will be done
4 Writing paper From December,2016 to Jenewary,2017 Will
be done
5 Submission paper On March, 2017 Will be done
6 Presentation (defense) On April,2017 Will be done
4.2.5 Title: Effect of row spacing and number of transplants per hill on yield and yield
components of teff (Eragrostis tef)
Principal Invesatigator: Gobeze Loha Team member (s): Rahel Tigabu and Abebe Endale
41
Background
A. Contextual Background
Teff is the most important staple cereal crop with the largest value in terms of both production
and consumption in Ethiopia. The value of the commercial surplus of teff is second only to
coffee. However, despite its importance in Ethiopia, teff yields are low. This low teff yield is
seemingly explained by the limited knowledge about possible avenues for improving teff
productivity, combined with problems inherent to teff botany. Teff research has received limited
national and international attention, the latter presumably because of its localized importance in
Ethiopia. Moreover, teff yields are low due to agronomic constraints that include lodging, low
modern input use, and high post-harvest losses.
B. Rationale
Recently it has been argued that the traditional sowing technology is a major constraint to
increased teff productivity. Farmers typically plant teff by broadcasting, scattering teff seed by
hand at a high seed rate. Alternative planting methods such as row planting of seeds and
transplanting seedlings in which the seed rate is reduced and more space between plants is given
are seen as being superior to traditional broadcasting. Experiments on these alternative planting
methods in controlled settings have shown large and positive impacts on teff yields. On other
hand, the scarcity of suitable arable land and rapidly growing population possibly necessitates
Ethiopia will need to scale up the adoption of yield increasing technical innovations in order to
ensure continued agricultural growth and to safeguard national food security.
Objectives
• To determine optimum spacing or number of transplants for highest amount of yield of

teff for specific sites.
• To adopt farmers tef row planting and transplanting technologies.
Materials and methods

Treatments consisted in four row spacing (15, 20, 25 and 30 cm) number of transplants per hill
(one, two, three and four)
Current Status: Site selection and land preparations were carried out. Planting will be done in
the first week of August
Future Plan: After planting supervision, crop management and data collection will continue
4.2.6. Title: Evaluating impact of community based participatory watershed management on
some selected soil physico-chemical properties and crop productivity: the case of mount
Damota, Wolaita zone, Southern Ethiopia
Principal Investigator: Belete Limani Team Members: G/lassie Welu, Ermias Mekonen,
Nebiyou Maseb and Yalew Bizu
Background
42
Watershed management is cropping and accepted as a promising approach for conserving water,
land, biodiversity and enhancing livelihoods of upland and downstream inhabitants. For instance,
at pilot level, it is proved for improving biophysical and socio-economic aspects of the local
people in many developing countries like, Ethiopia. Currently, the Ethiopian agricultural
transformation agency has launched community based participatory watershed management as
main working instrument to use existing natural resources and untapped potentials in both
degraded and the remaining potential area. Thus, following the government policy, community
based participatory watershed management has been implemented by concerned NGOs to
address the problem of pervasive food insecurity and degraded livelihood in rural communities
of the country in comprehensive manner. Likewise, to counter such alarming situations,
community based participatorywatershed management has been implemented around Mount
Damota in Wolaita zone, Southern Ethiopia.Even though decision makers, experts and the
community assumethat community based participatory watershed management is the right
techniques to improve the biophysical and socio-economic situations, it lacks convincing proof
of research based outcome.Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the impacts of community
based participatory watershed management on some selected soil physico-chemical properties
and crop productivity in the case of Mount Damota Development area.
Objectives
General objective
• The general aim of this study is to evaluate the impacts of watershed management on soil
physico-chemical and crop productivity in the case of Mount Damota
Specific objectives
• The specific objectives of the study are:

• To assess the effects of watershed management activities on some selected soil physico-
chemical parameters of the intervention site
• To assess the impact of watershed management intervention on crop productivity
• To evaluate the compliance of SWC measures implanted to the recommended
specification
Significance
Theoutcome of study is expected toprovide timely and relevant knowledge through analysis of
the local experience of the existing watershed management system and its implication as well as
how the local people are interacting in the processes of implementing different technologies in
the study area. It will also help to know how the implemented watershed management activities
are in line to the theoretical principles and recommended specification of technologies.
Research methodology (materials and methods)

As the research is being made on biophysical and socio-economic issues of the in relation to
watershed management in the study area, both qualitative and quantitative data collection
methods from primary and secondary sources are being employed. The primary data are being
collected through:
43
Field observation:which wass focused
f on observation of biophysical characcteristics of Watershed
like land degradation ,crop
rop ppatterns, distribution of settlements, individual
vidual activities in the
farming plots, farmers’ landd management
man practices, water resources,
s, bush and grazing lands, and
other relevant aspects in the catchment
ca as shown in figure1 a
Individual and group discussions:
discussions individual and group discussions were made with model
famers, Development agents, local leaders and elders in study area (figure 1 b). During the
discussions, focus was geared toward the impact of watershed management on their biophysical
and socio-economic
economic aspects in general and on crop specifically. In particular, the discussants
were asked how the crop productivity of their farm plots before and after the commencement of
the watershed management project.
Household Questionnaire Survey
Survey:: It was focused on individual household’s characteristics on
watershed management and to get information on farmer’s field practices of land resource
management. The household survey the main tool used to collect data on the impact of watershed
management crop productivity.
Figure 1: showing field observation and the discussion made

44
Soil sample:ToTo measure some selected parameters of soils (i.e soil bulk density, soil texture,
cation exchange capacity, soil PH, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphors and
potassium), the entire area of purposively selected watersheds were divided as upper, middle and
lower catchment slope. Thus, after classifying the selected sample spot into three following the
slope, three samples were taken at the lower, middle and upper parts of the structure as shown
below
Figure 2: Soil sample collection in the study area
Current status
Currently, the socio-economic
economic data is being summarized in excel and under fed in SPSS soft for
further analysis and interpretation. Moreover, to measure selected parameters of soils, the
collected soil sample is taken to laboratory and waiting for analysis.
analysis
During data collection the main problems encountered are related to transportation and finance.
To address such problems that could have hindered the research progress, other alternatives like
using motor cycle and monthly salary, were taken as measure.
Future plan
The key activities to be performed
ormed to finalize the paper are analyzing
analyzing the socio-economic
socio data
and the laboratory result of the soil samples,
samples Interpretation of the final results and stat to write
draft of the final paper,, and finally,
f the paper will be submitted to office
o of research and
community services directorate
irectorate.
4.2.7. Title: Beef cattle
attle value chain analysis: the case
ase of Essara and Maraka
districts in Dawuro zone,
one, SNNPR, Ethiopia
Principal Investigator;; Harko Halala Team Members; Tsegay Lijalem Leulseged Lemma
Description
45
It is known that we, the above mentioned team of the project are doing a project entitled “Beef
Cattle Value Chain Analysis: The Case of Essara and Maraka Districts in Dawuro Zone,
SNNPR, Ethiopia” project; which is approved and funded by WSU. The project work covered
one zone with two districts (Essara and Maraka) and we used random sampling method to collect
data from sample respondents. Thus it needs much time to accomplish the project. It is about 3
months since we actually started the project on the ground of the field due to research area
modification on the proposal after defense that had been finally recommended by research and
community service directorate and coordinator office of CoA. From the starting date onwards,
we perform the following activities: first we visited the study areas and gave training to data
collectors and then the data has been collected. Currently, we are on the way to complete data
collection and now on time of data entry to computer.
Objectives
• To assess beef cattle production practices, marketing and its products management
• To identify beef cattle value chain actors and mapping their role in the chain
• To identify the benefit share of each actor in the beef cattle value chain
• To analyze the determinants of beef cattle production in the study areas
Work plan for the current reporting period

No. Activity Remark
1 Preliminary for study districts Done
2 Training for laborers' about data collection Done
3 Data collection in Essara Woreda Done
4 Data collection in Maraka Woreda Done
5 Data collection from additional important sources On going
6 Data entering and clerk On going
7 Interpreting data Will be done
8 Writing paper Will be done
Achievements/progress
Potential districts (kebeles) of beef cattle production have been selected from the already
selected woredas. Training for data collectors was given and an agreement has been made with
data collectors and the payment for them has been performed. The data collected from the
selected kebeles have already started to enter to computer.
The major problems in the research work are being dalliance and frustrating conditions to get
transportation facilities. This may be due to car shortage in the campus and we considered it as
normal condition and finally it had been solved. So we are still using from our pocket to pay on
public transport. Moreover, we face problem in finance because we have a budget only for data
46
collectors but coordinator of the woreda office, leader of each kebeles and even farmers need
money it was a big challenges for us. So we forced to give money from our pocket for them
otherwise the work would be fail. The other problem we face was geographical location of
selected kebeles in the zone where there are so many up and down we must to ravel and even we
never use motor finally we went on foot for around 3 hours it was too difficult.
Work plan
1 Data collection In recent time, it is completed (2008) done
2 Entering and clerk Data, It is started and probably it will be On going
interpretation completed on August month(2008 E.C)
3 Interpreting data May be done from September to Will be done
December(2009 E.C)
4 Writing paper From December,2009 to March,2009 E.C Will be done
5 Submission paper On April, 2009 E.C Will be done
6 Presentation (defense) On May,2009 E.C Will be done
4.2.8. Title: Performance evaluation of released coffee Arabica cultivars in selected Wolaita
zone Woredas
Principal Investigator; Abdirshikur Reshid Team Member; Ashenafi W/silasse
Background
Contextual Background
As indicated in previous progress reports, seeds of four recently released Coffee Arabica
cultivars were purchased from Awada Agricultural Research Center and sown at Wolaita Sodo
University nursery site during 2011 cropping season. Transplanting site and farmer selection
were under take with the collaboration of zone, woreda and kebele agricultural expertise with
researchers. Pitting was undertaken before two months of transplanting. Seedlings of four coffee
cultivars and one local cultivar were transplanted during 2012/13 cropping season on six selected
farmer's field from three woreda's. Management activities are undertaking and important data’s
are collecting.
Rationale
In order to improve the yield as well as quality of South Ethiopian coffee, collection of
germplasm accessions from the representative areas were undertaken. Consequently,
characterization and evaluation of the germplasm accessions for economically important
characters was commenced. As a result four varieties were released; one (1377) in 2006 and
three (971, 85257 and 974) in 2009 cropping years. These varieties were released based on
evaluations made only in two locations i.e. Gedeo (Yirgachefe district) and Sidama (Dale
district) zones due to resource limitations. However, it is a well known fact that a cultivar
47
performs differently under different growing conditions and different cultivars grown in the same
environment often yield different responses. Hence, in order to distribute seeds of these
improved cultivars to other major coffee growing zones of the region, testing of the genotypes
across the different environments is mandatory. Therefore, evaluating of the newly released
cultivars across different agro-ecologies locations within Wolaita zones is initiated.
Objectives
• To select cultivar(s) with superior performance either in all locations or in one specific
environment and recommend it to growers.
• To identify the most genetically stable cultivar(s) so as to use it as source of seed to
growers and input for future breeding programs.
• To use the experimental plots as practical teaching aid for students of both plant science
and horticulture departments.
Significances or expected outcomes

At the end of this project coffee plant with superior performance both in quality and yield as well
as disease resistance will be selected and will be used as a source of seed to distribute for farmers
to increase their productivity.
This experiment is conducting in Wolaita Zone woredas (Sodo Zuria, Bolososore, and
Damotigale), where no coffee variety improvement activities were ever conducted before. The
cultivars we are testing are: 1377 (Angefa), 971 (Fayate), 974 (Chomaneho), 85257 (Odicha),
and one local variety as check. Seeds of the cultivars were obtained from Awada Agricultural
Research Center and sown on polyethylene bags arranged on raised beds in the nursery.
Seedlings were transplanted when they develop 4-6 pairs of true leaves using RCBD in 4
replications. All the standard management practices adopted by Jimma Agricultural Research
center were uniformly applied to all plots at all sites throughout the trial period and will be
continued. Spacing between plants is 2m x 2m at all sites and 2m spacing maintained between
plots and 3m between blocks. Starting from last year the cultivars are evaluating for the growth
parameters such as plant height, stem girth, canopy diameter, number of nodes on the main stem,
internodes length of the main stem, length of the longest primary branch, number of primary
branches, number of secondary branches, fresh cherry yield, incidence and severity of major
diseases of Arabica coffee (CBD, CLR and CWD), insect pests of Arabica coffee (antestia bug
and coffee berry borer) and quality parameters. Combined analysis of variance will be computed
for the growth characters, cherry yield and disease infestation levels. Duncan’s multiple range
tests will also be computed to separate the means. Moreover, soil physical (soil texture and bulk
density) and chemical properties (soil PH, organic matter content, Electric Conductivity ,
exchangeable cathions, base saturation, total nitrogen, available phosphorus) will be analyzed for
each specific location.
Major findings
48
The project is long run project and not yet ended. When the project finalized, the finding will be
well known.
Current status
Currently plants are yield harvesting stage in all sites. All necessary agronomic practices are
undertaking and necessary dates were undertaking.
Survival rate on one site from Boloso sore and one site from Damote gale is below 50% and it is
difficult to obtain data from these fields. So, we are not using these fields for data collection.
Future plan
No. Activity Date Remark
1 Follow- up of research plots Always up to the end of project Ongoing
2 Yield data collection At the time of fruit setting Ongoing
3 Agronomic data’s and CBD Starting from this time and at the Ongoing
severity and incidence record time of disease occurrence
4 Other disease severity and At the time of disease occurrence Ongoing
incidence record
5 Data analysis At the end of the project Next year
6 Report writing At the end of the project Next year
4.2.9. Title: Assessment of diseases, production potentials and problems of mango

(Mangiferaindica) in Wolaita zone, southern Ethiopia
Principla Investigator: Tadele Jabamo Team members Abdirshikur Reshid and AShenafi
W/silassies
Background
In the fields, mango can be attacked by diseases like powdery mildew; anthracnose, bacterial leaf
blight, sooty mould, floral malformation and die back are possibly associated with mango.
In addition to direct yield loss in the fields due to pre harvest diseases, post-harvest diseases of
mango results in loss of fruits in terms of quantity and quality, market value and rejection of
fruits at markets as well as economic loss and the problem is highly associated with lack of
training, knowledge and idea about post-harvest disease of mango, attention to product quality,
as well as lack of storage and packaging facilities. The post-harvest diseases reported to infect
mango include anthracnose, stem end rot, alternaria rot and aspergilus rots whereas the former
two are most common both pre and post -harvest and the latter two are usually appear during
post-harvest, either in storage or selling points of the markets.
In order to get full information about mango production system, type of insect pests and diseases
affecting the crop at field and diseases in storage or while the fruits are sold on markets, it is
49
necessary to conduct different assessments in different mango growing agro- ecologies and
localities of the country.
Therefore, better understanding of the mango production status , constraints of mango production
and post-harvest problems in the study area has paramount importance to design programs on
establishment and provision of improved and high yielding mango varieties, to develop
appropriate strategies on agronomic, pest management and post harvest handling practices and
train mango growers on such practices to develop their skills as well as mango sellers in the
markets/shops how to handle mango fruits and minimize quantitative and qualitative post harvest
loss.
The survey was conducted in Boloso Bombe, Boloso Sore, KindoKoisha and Humbo districts
and their respective big local markets Bombe, Areka, Bale, and Humbo respectively and zonal
town market (wolaitasodo town market) of Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopiaduring mango
fruiting season.
To assess disease incidence, severity and prevalence in the fields; four districts and 2 kebeles per
district and three fields per kebele wereselected purposively based on their mango production
potential. Then, 10 matured fruits were randomly collected (picked) from each tree for the
assessment of disease. For the post-harvest disease incidence, severity and prevalence were
assessed on four big local markets from each of selected districts and one big zonal town market;
randomly by taking five fruits from each selected 3 traders and replicated three times.
To assess status and constraints of mango production;10 mango grower households per each
kebele will be randomly selected and a total of 80 respondents will be interviewed through semi
structured questionnaires by posing direct and information seeking open ended questions.
Project duration: for one year only, 2016
Reporting period (quarterly/annually): As per the request of VPRCS office
Objectives
• To assess the incidence and severity of diseases of mango both in the farmer’s fields and
markets of wolaita area
• To identify the isolated pathogen
• To assess the status and constraints of mango production in wolaita area

No Activity Time Remark
1 Selection of study districts, kebeles and markets January 2016
2 Selection of farmers for interviewing and February 2016
interviewed
3 Field data collection on mango fruit disease March –April 2016
incidence and severity
50
4 Market data collection on mango fruit disease April –June 2016
incidence and severity
5 Isolation and identification of pathogen in lab- in July 2016
partial for field
6 Isolation and identification of pathogen in lab for September
market
7 Interpreting data Onwards of
September 2016
8 Writing paper //
Achievements/progress
Survey on mango fruit disease incidence and severity both in the fields and markets were
completed.
-Shortage of car service at desired time as a result we got car service only 1 time and the rest
times we went by our own transportation
-Shortage and /lack of laboratory and enough materials (e.g petri-dishes, autoclaves etc) to
isolate and identify disease pathogens in the laboratory. Due to problem of autoclave, isolation
and identification activity was still delayed and looking for opportunities
Work plan
1 Pathogen isolation and identification in Aug-September 2016
laboratory
2 Data entry in Excel and analysis work September onwards
3 Writing paper //
4 Final Submission of paper March 2016
4.3. Community services rendered

4.3.1. Title: Community based vegetable seed supply improvement project in Wolaita zone,
Ethiopia
Principal Coordinator: Daliyo Bati Team Members: Ashenafi W/Silasie, Tadele Jabamo and
Mesfin Tebeje
Background
A) Contextual Background
51
Ethiopia has a diverse agro-ecology and many areas are suitable for vegetable production. Not
only this, but also Ethiopia was endowed three with major natural resource: flat land, huge
natural water resource and labor force. Similarly place of present community service project is
one of the main suitable part of Ethiopia especially for three high value vegetable production.
Hence many rural small scale farmer of present project place grow those three high value
vegetable crops for the same purpose i.e. onion, capsicum and tomato crop respectively.
However starting from one year ago some beneficiary small scale farmer of present project
report that their major growing vegetable crop bulb and fruit yield were characterized with very
low output production and productivity mainly due to very high scarcity of adequate and quality
seed supply of those three high value vegetable crops.
B) Rationale
There are very limited governmental and private sector that legal certificated and get approval in
the place of present project by supplying adequate and quality seed of those three high value
vegetable crop ( i.e. seed of onion, capsicum and tomato crop) for many small scale farmer.
Seed production of those three high value vegetable crops by farmers itself need well seed
production experience, knowledge, and skill of those three high value vegetable crop. However
many rural small scale farmer of present community service project place do not have well seed
production experience, knowledge, skill, ability and capacity of those three high value vegetable
crop. This is might be due to more complicated seed production science of those three high
value vegetable crops than seed production science of many other cereal crops. Thus all might
force and make many small scale farmer to be completely depend for seed supply of those
vegetable crop on various vegetable seed supplier trader and merchant for seed supply of those
vegetable crop.
Many rural small scale farmer of present project place purchase seed of those vegetable from
various seed market, vegetable seed trader and vegetable seed merchant who live in outside of
project zone but sale those vegetable crop seed in every –where part of Ethiopia through
expensive price. Not only but also some time the germination percentages of those vegetable
crop seed are poor. That mean vegetable seed that are farmer purchased through expensive price
from vegetable seed trader are sometime not germinating all in all but only few seed germinate
i.e. less than 50% percentage. This might make many small scale farmer of present project place
to be receiving very low production and productivity return of those vegetable crops for long
period. Also With increasing demand for farm-fresh produce and new alternative specialty crops,
vegetables also play a major role in improving the annual income of many small scale farmers.
Thus all encourage and initiated proposal development of present community service project in
order to increase and keep sustainability of those three vegetable production and productivity.
Many rural small scale farmer who grow those vegetable crop equipped with poor those
vegetable seed production knowledge, skill, ability and capacity respectively. On other hand
involvement of many rural model small scale farmer on seed production of vegetable crop is
believed to be profitable and helpful as well as they reduce load from the government and save
the scarce resource of Ethiopia. In view of this, there is a need to equip many rural small scale
farmers who grow those three high value vegetable crops with those seed production through
52
build-up their knowledge, skill, ability and capacity to meet easily long and short period project
target Goals and objectives.
Objectives
General objective
• To address the major global development challenges such as: to reduce effect of poverty
on beneficiary small scale farmer, to ensure food security for beneficiary small scale
farmer of project and to improve human nutrition and human health of project beneficiary
small scale farmer.
Specific objectives
• To increase seed production knowledge, ability, skill and capacity of beneficiary small
scale farmers
• To increase seed yield that have ideal seed germination rate and percentage of those
vegetable crop for beneficiary small scale farmer
• To reduce high seed purchase cost of those vegetable crop for beneficiary small scale
farmer
• To certify and give approval for at least about 5-20 project beneficiaries small scale
farmer on each seed production of those three high values vegetable who score best seed
production zone.
• To scale up and share best agronomic practice experience of seed production and seed
yield production and productivity result and experience of those vegetable crop that will
be recorded through beneficiary small scale farmer of project yearly.
Significances
Present project will:
Acquire adequate seed production knowledge, skill, ability and capacity of those three high value
vegetable crop and able to produce those crop seed by themselves.
Motivate beneficiary and non-beneficiary small scale farmer of project to organize themselves as
a group for sustainable vegetable seed production
Help beneficiaries form vegetable seed cooperative group and grow seed of those vegetable crop
as their main income generation, business and economic activities.
Within five year duration total it’s expected that about 40.46 ha of land will be covered with seed
production of those three vegetable crops through beneficiary small scale farmer of present
project.
beneficiary farmer of present project will obtain or receive only about 17.92 and 267.9 ton gross
bulb and fruit yield returns out of total expected bulb and fruit yield with loss of about 26.88 ton
and 401.856 ton gross bulb and fruit yield return for beneficiary small scale farmer from each
53
hectare and total 40.46ha of land due to use of poor quality planting material (seed) for
production of those three vegetable crop.
beneficiary small scale farmer of present project might gain only about 1, 79,200 birr/ha and
total 2,679000 birr gross income cash while total about 2, 68,800 birr and 4,018,560 birr gross
income cash lost from each hectare and total land when farmer sale each kilo gram of those three
vegetable product with cheap price that is with ten (10) Ethiopian birr.
present project will cause benefit of total about 210.6 qt, 6,445,337 birr,1, 41,900 birr and total 4,
25,600 birr seed yield quantity, seed yield cash income, bulb and fruit yield cash income returns
for beneficiary small scale farmer of project with only estimated and calculated 5% loss of seed
yield, bulb, fruit yield and cash income return from each and 40.46ha of land covered with seed
production of those three vegetable crops throughout five year duration of project.
Present community service project will be conducted in three selected district and six kebele of
three wolaita zone districts for five (5) year duration of project starting from Tir, 2008E.C up to
tahasas, 2013 E.C. This community service project was select randomly three districts and six
kebele of three districts namely: Humbo, boloso sore and damote gale district together with zonal
level focal stakeholder of project based on their vegetable production potential and agro-climatic
condition suitability for three high value vegetable seed production such as tomato, capsicum and
onion crop open cross-pollination, seed set and development. From each selected kebele and
district about 1-2 kebele level plant science development agent and 1-4 district level including
district agriculture and natural resource head and office subject matter concern expert as the
recent project focal stakeholder were selected based on their importance for successful
accomplishment of present project activities. Then final from each selected district present
project were select about two kebele together with kebele and district level project focal stake
holder based on their project targeted crop potentiality and specialization. Then under each
selected kebele present project was target to grow seed of single vegetable crop on 0.125 ha of
land using principle of one commodity for one village.
Whereas during year one of project for seed production of those three high value vegetable crop
and to be used for many other project beneficiary small scale farmer on job or on farm teaching
or training, on farm seed extraction demonstration, field day preparation and etc purpose total
about six (6) model small scale farmer were selected and registered from each project target
district and kebele together with project target kebele and district level project focal stakeholder
based on their previous good activities, best achievement, good history, good behavior and
voluntariness, needs to grow seed of those vegetable crop on their own small farm plot and to be
beneficiary of present project to meet easily and smoothly accomplishment for scheduled
activities of recent project.
Major finding: Present project is on progress and not yet any finding was obtained.
Current status: operation of scheduled activities of recent project was start three month ago. In
addition to this until present time each activities of project are running according to sated action
schedule of project. So that in percentage until present duration about 22%age of activities was
54
covered while others are ongoing. This indicates that each scheduled activities of project
accomplishing based on their schedule.
Problem encountered: For implementation of scheduled and proposed activities of project on
time budget run them was not read before requested week and date of activities. Similarly to
travel field according to request date was not possible is still a great challenge. Therefore thus all
needs attention.
Future plan: Implementing each remains activities of project based on their sated time
framework or action plan in near future.
Pictures taken while training
4.3.2. Title: Promoting smallholder poultry production through sand incubation technique and
training of cooperatives and smallholder farmers
Principal Coordinator: Netsanet Beyero Team Members: Feleke Assefa, Eyob Eshetu and
Sintayehu Shibru
Background
Poultry production and management practice as most of Ethiopian poultry keepers, the Wolaita
zone poultry producers can be classified as small-scale extensive type poultry production and the
production and productivity of village chicken is low due to flock mortality by disease, predator,
poor nutrition and poor management practice. In Wolaita zone; the poultry population
approximately is 744,825 local and 263,842 improved a total of 1,008,667 (Wolaita Zone
Agriculture and Rural Development Office). Even if the population is high, the farmers are not
benefited from the sector, because of traditional production system.
55
One way of improving the productivity of indigenous chickens for egg production is through
crossbreeding with exotic chickens that are known for higher egg production. Such
crossbreeding has widely been used as method to combine the high egg production of exotic
breeds with the adaptability of indigenous breeds. The much known techniques to hatch
improved chicken breed eggs is using modern electric incubator. This technology is not easily
afforded by the rural community and small-scale operation. But the farmers do not have any kind
of mini hatchery that could be hatch a number of chicks other than use the local chicken to hatch
the improved breed egg, because the improved chicken do not incubate and hatch their egg due
to low maternity instinct and broodiness.
Rationale
In Ethiopia improved chicken breed which have been distributed through packages to farmers for
the purpose of improving the production status of local chicken and also to generate income by
selling their products but the farmers do not have any kind of mini hatchery that could hatch a
number of chicks other than using the local chicken to hatch the improved breed egg, because the
improved chicken do not incubate and hatch their egg due to low maternity instinct and
broodiness. Despite increasing demand for large number chicks, the mini-hatchery operation in
our country is not well known and organized. Therefore, it has become necessary to find a
method of egg incubation that is less risky, less expensive, affordable and adopted equally by all
sections of urban and rural people through better utilization of existing resources in the country.
A research has been done to evaluate the hatchability of sand incubation techniques and
suitability of mini-hatchery to the Ethiopian local condition. This new technology is not
transferred to the users. So, this project is designed to retest the technology, make a comparison
with natural hatching and artificial incubator and transfer a sand incubation mini- hatchery
technology to the local farmers.
Objectives
General objective
• To evaluate a sand mini-hatchery technology and to disseminate a mini-hatchery

technology to farmers
Specific objectives
• To compare the hatchability traits between modern, sand and natural incubation methods
• To compare survival rate of hatched eggs from the three incubation techniques
• To estimate the cost and return of the three incubation techniques
• To transfer a mini-hatchery technology to farmers
• To establish market chain between the cooperatives and farmers
Significances
The farmer’s knowledge about a mini-hatchery sand incubation technique and the overall poultry
production management will be improved. The production of day-old chick, the survival rate of
56
the chicken and then the number of the egg and meat production from poultry farms will be
increased. As a final goal, the smallholder farmer’s income will be improved.
Research methodology (Materials and Methods)
Phase I: Experiment
The experiment will be carried out with collected eggs from the parent flock of White leghorn,
and set in three incubation methods: sand incubation, commercial incubator and broody hen
incubation techniques.
Phase II: Training
To train farmers how to operate a mini-hatchery sand incubation
To improve farmers day-old chick production
Phase III
Distribution of materials to each of the cooperatives: for each of the cooperatives one mini-
hatchery sand incubator with full accessories and one Hay box Brooder will be supplied.
The overall hatchery management technique and records of all expenses and returns will be kept.
Current status
The purchasing process is ongoing. Due to the delay in purchasing process, the activity is not
started yet.
Problems encountered. Delay in inputs purchase. Currently, due to the slow purchasing
process our project work is not started yet.
4.3.3. Title: Growth performance and adaptation evaluation of dorper sheep breed crosses in
Damot Gale Woreda Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia
Principal Coordinator: Ermias Belete Team Members: Asrat Worku, Almaz Balta and
Alemayehu Asale
Background and Rationale

Within the aim of improving indigenous sheep productivity, in Ethiopia crossbreeding has been
undertaken employing several exotic breed. However, efforts made so far did not bring
significant change in developing countries in the tropics mainly because of sustainability
problems (poor performance of imported breeds from the temperate developed world into
tropical countries has created a negative image for genetic improvement. So on-farm monitoring
involves monitoring the productive and reproductive performance of a breed on selected
representative households based on improved exotic sheep breeds.
57
B. Rationale
The intervention of supporting rural women through income enhancing technology is a targeted
intervention in rural areas in Ethiopia. Accordingly, this intervention of delivering Dorper sheep,
improved breed was intended to enhance rural farmers’ income.However, lack of recorded data
on the performance of sheep breed and all aspects of management, lack of regular sheep health
program and market information makes it difficult to assess the importance and contribution of
the past attempts to improve the sector. As a result, there is a need to assess management
practices and define the present performance of Dorper sheep breed; has until now not been
evaluated under farmer condition in Damot Gale district. Thus, studying the performance of
Dorper sheep will generate baseline information to development agents, researchers, policy
makers and other stakeholders so that intervention can be made available to improve
performance of sheep under Ethiopia production systems
Objectives
General objective
• To evaluate the reproductive and productive performance of Dorper sheep crosses under
farmers management conditions and
Specific objectives
• To determine current sheep production systems in the area

• To make awareness about the breed

Targeted farmers, researchers and WolaitaSodo University

Sampling frame was established in a purposive sampling procedure wasapplied.A structured
questionnaire, group discussion, field monitoring and secondary sources used. All animals were
identified and numbered. To grasp adequate information on the parameters like age at first
lambing, lambing interval, lamb mortality, litter size, case histories of breeding females were
taken.
Data collected through questionnaire (survey) will be entered into Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS, 2011 ver. 20). Reproductive and growth data will be subjected to GLM
procedure of Statistical Analysis System (SAS). Fixed effects fitted in the model included the
effects of blood level (2); sex (2); birth type (Single, twin and multiple) and season of birth (dry,
small and big rainy season).
The statistical fixed model is explained as follows:
Yinlmjyo=µ +Li +Xj + Bm +Sn+eijlmnyo,
Where;
58
Yinlmjo =Weights and weaning of the nthlamb
µ =the overall mean
Li = the fixed effect of the ithblood level
Xj= the fixed effect of jthsex
Bm = the fixed effect of mthtype of birth
S n= the fixed effect of nthseason
einlmjo= the random error

The project is ongoing and will be ended at September 2016
Current status
Good but some problems are encountered
Lack of awareness of farmers on the project: We planned considering the project, newly borne
stock will be transferred to neighboring community and parent stock remained for targeted
farmers after three years. But perception of farmers is all stocks will belong to us. So we faced
with problems.
Transportation problems: All times we planned and arranged the conditions, at the last no car at
all.
Future plan
This is final and phase three, after completing this phase reporting and submitting final paper
regarding to performance evaluation about the breed will be taken.
4.3.4. Title: Promotion of community-based briquette production and utilization from urban
organic waste in Wolaita Zosodo; Southern Ethiopia
Principal Coordinator: Asrat Tekle Team Members: Aychew Seboka, Abebaw Abiyu, Fitsum
Meseret, Ashebir Mekonen and Abdulfetah Mohamed

Energy supply is one of the major constraints for accelerated socio-economic development in
many developing countries. Like most developing countries Ethiopia is mainly dependent on the
use of traditional biomass as a source of energy. This reliance on the use of natural resources for
energy production in a traditional way has contributed to significant environmental and socio-
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economic problems associated with the use of traditional biomass burning as a source of energy.
The destruction of the natural environment in search for fuel wood slows down its development
through limiting the availability of raw materials. This increases the vulnerability of poor
communities to the impacts of climate change through increasing their socio-economic and
environmental sensitivity and reducing their adaptive capacity. Therefore, there is a need to
develop and promote alternative bio-energy technologies which can help to improve sustainable
energy production and consumption.
Rationale
Bio-energy technologies such as briquettes are among the evolving technologies that enable to
generate clean energy from biomasses. Briquettes can contribute towards solving the
environmental, social and economic problems associated with the use of biomass/fuel wood
charcoal in a traditional way. Since it is produced from organic waste materials, it reduces
deforestation for fuel wood and charcoal, contributes towards environmental sanitation,
protection and climate change mitigation. Moreover, briquettes have indispensable socio-
economic role due to its ability to be used for a longer time (saves money), low cost than fuel
wood, saves the cost of time and money of women and children in search for fuel wood and
creates employment opportunity in the production and marketing of briquettes. Considering the
wider and diversified environmental, social and economic benefits of briquettes this community
service project is being implemented since January 2016.
Objectives
General objevtive
• To promote sustainable production and utilization of upgraded biomass fuels (briquettes)

from solid organic wastes and wood residues as alternative bio-energy technology:
Specific objectives
• To install briquette production plant so as to produce and distribute briquettes from

organic solid wastes to local communities
• To introduce the briquetting technology to the communities (both rural and urban) and
institutions as a low cost, clean burning fuels
• To enhance and/or improve the livelihood of local communities, through providing
employment opportunities and income generation mechanisms from the process of
production and marketing of briquettes.
• To contribute towards municipal sanitation through collecting and densification of urban
solid organic wastes

Implementation of this project will play an important role in solving the environmental, social
and economic problems associated with the use of biomass/fuel wood charcoal in a traditional
way. Specifically the expected outcomes of the project are
• Installed and full operation of pilot briquette production demonstration plant

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• Improved capacity and demand of local communities and institutions for utilization of
briquette
• Improved public knowledge and stakeholder capacities for briquetting and replication to
create local supply of and demand for the upgraded briquette fuels
• Reduced rate of deforestation/tree cutting for fuel wood &charcoal
• The briquette production would contribute towards
• Improved municipal sanitation and Waste management system through collection and
briquetting organic wastes
Implementation approach and methods

The main approaches and methods of project are described below.
• Facilitating partnership and collaboration with different government and private

organizations
• Organization of workshops for different stakeholders
• Public education, trainings and workshops to build the capacity, knowledge and
awareness of local communities and stakholders
• Giving training to selected and/or interested local community members on the operation
of the briquette equipment
• The briquetting process will involve collection of solid biodegradable wastes,
carbonization, binder preparations and mixing, briquetting, drying, storage and
packaging.
• Researches and surveys which will be partly laboratory research and partly community
based activity.
• Determination of the impact of the project on the livelihood of the local communities will
be made at the end of the project.
• Finally, the project will focus on the extension and promotion of the technology to the
communities so as to promote mass production and utilization of briquettes based on
local supply and demand.
Current status: Since the beginning of the project the main project activities accomplished are:
Experience sharing
Experience sharing was made with different private and government institutions to learn from
their experiences in production and promotion of briquettes. During the experience sharing all
the necessary materials and machines were identified and short trainings and demonstration was
prepared by experts from the institutions.
Desk study and cost benefit analysis of the production technologies and techniques
Review and desk study of the briquette equipments was made to determine the specific design
and engineering plans for the pilot briquetting plant. This included analysis and evaluation of
different alternative methods of production, technologies and designs of equipments on the basis
of efficiency, durability, briquette product quality, cost effectiveness, affordability and other
technical, economic and social considerations.
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Preparation of detailed technical designs/specifications and engineering plans of the pilot
briquetting plant
Based on the inputs from the aforementioned activities, decision was made on the method of
production and type equipments and detailed technical designs specifications and engineering
plans of briquetting equipments was prepared. Fabrication of the equipments is on the way in
cooperation with Wolaita sodo poly Technique College. Another major accomplishment is
identification of operational materials and safety equipments to be purchased for the
implementation of the project and purchase of the materials is requested and being processed.
Moreover, request of space/land for plant building, store house and for briquette production is
requested and being processed.
The main problems and constraints encountered which remains unsolved are related to
administration and bureaucratic procedures with respect to purchase of equipments and most
importantly the tedious budget request and financial procedures which are hindering the
implementation of the project as per our plan.
Future Plan
As per the project plan, the main project activities to be performed with in the 1st project
implementation year are fabrication, commissioning and installation of the equipments,
construction of plant and store house, trial briquette production, workshop organization,
demonstration training, and public education survey on the level of municipal and household
solid waste disposal system.
4.3.5. Title: Alternative income generation activities at Chebera-Churchura national park
(CCNP) for sustainable wildlife management and food security of local community
Project Coordinator: Tsegay Lijalem Team Members: Yigrem Kebed, Amare Migibe and
Abebaw Abeyu
Background
It is known that we, the above mentioned team of the project are doing a project entitled
“Alternative Income Generation Activities at Chebera-Churchura National Park (CCNP) for
Sustainable Wildlife Management and Food Security of Local Community; this project is
currently, on the last phase; which has approved and funded by WSU. Since starting of the
project we have been performing the following activities:
For the project work, in the first step to start the project it was introducing to the federal, regional
and local stakeholders. At that time, out of twenty-one kebeles, which surrounded the national
park, two kebeles (Seri and Chebera) were selected purposefully with reasons of both kebeles are
located adjacent to elephant’s habitat and the project is targeted with honeybee farming; the
community of the two kebeles have better traditional experience on beekeeping. Accordingly, 98
individuals (68 from Seri and 30 from Chebera) were participated in the training at the end of the
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training; apiary site selection was performed by project members in collaboration with park
warden, woreda agriculture office expert and the kebele leader.
Pic1: During training and establishing apiary site

In the second step (2008 E.C), practical training was given for about 25 farmers at Seri kebeles
for two days. After that both transitional and modern hives honeybee colony was established at
selected apiary in seri kebele. All the procedures starting from wax comb preparation to colony
transferring were trained the farmers, and finally they have practiced by themselves.
Pic2: wax framing apiary establishment colony transferring

In the second trip of the second step, apiary establishment was completed moreover, training
was given for the member of association(cooperative) regarding on management of bee colony
like protection from pests, enemies, insecticides and other chemicals, making safe from
distributing humans and animals irregularly, providing water and forage(sugar, honey).
Pic
3; Training on management apiary site
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Moreover, on may trip training was given on general operations beekeeping like beehives
inspection (internal and external inspection), opening and closing hive, internal and external
method of colony feed d supplementation and apiary management. Finally, all bee colonies were
inspected practically by each trainer.
Pic 4: Inspections for honey

oney ripen and health of bee colony
Project duration
Till, 2008 E.C (terminate
terminate in this year)
Reporting period (quarterly/Annually)
(quarterly/Annually
From June 2007 to May 2008 E.C
Objectives
To create awareness for local community on economical importance of conserving Chebera-
Chebera
Churchura National Park
To introducing modern technology (apiculture)
( as mean of alternative income for buffer zone
community to enhance their food security

Table 1: Work Plan for Current Project Activities
Activity Status Remark
1 Purchasing modern hive and other equipments Done
2 Transporting modern hive and other equipments Done
3 Selecting districts Done
4 Visiting and making aware regarding the project Done
5 Giving train for farmers Done
6 Apiary selection Done
7 Modern hive establishment ( in Seri kebele) Done
8 Practical training for farmer on modern hive establishment( Done
in Seri kebele)
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9 Training on management of modern hive(how protect from done
diseases, enemies and supplementing
10 Repetition training on colony transferring, wax printing and done
combing to frame( in seri kebele)
11 Monitoring and guidance the bee farm(once every month done
12 Internal and external inspection of hives done
13 Honey harvesting and extraction Will be
done soon
14 Wax comb reused after harvesting Will be
done soon
15 Supering of queen excluders over Germany hives Will be
done soon
16 Honey marketing linkage and opportunities Will be
done soon
Major Achievements/progress
More farmers have been aware about the uses of park conservation and its applications for them
and advantage of modern and transition hives of bees. Moreover, some (around 25) farmers have
experienced and equitable in activities of modern hive production as a result by themselves; they
have able to wax combing(printing), molding, colony transfer and establishing of apiary. Hence,
the technology has adopted and scaling up by some farmer for themselves at individually; they
become fully understand the economic and ecological importance of park management for
themselves and other communities as well as. Moreover, some hives have reached for harvesting
of honey from apiary establish one thus the acceptance the newly technology would be increased
from this on wards. Therefore, project has achieved some of its mission on transferring newly
innovate technology to local community at large.
The major problems we encountered during working of the project are the followings:
• Delaying purchasing materials, which is inconvenient to the time frame work, because
the work is seasonal. Some materials are still purchasing from our pocket and borrowing
from others such as jock, Bresdiste, Chlfa, Omo, Alcohol, plastic, shara, Jerikan, Long
plastic(water containe), tip for daily labours, queen excluders, etc.
• We had also problem of transportation starting from Wolaita Sodo University and the
project site, which is too far and inconvenient for transportation.
• The other major problems are finance bureaucracy and the given budget was not enough
for the project.
• Moreover, we had constraints of bee colonies finding, lack of coordinations with experts
of fishery and animal production, Amaya Agriculture office, due to inconvenient of
network and lack of money for experts’ perdium as it makes motivation of their
professional activities for the project particularly.
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Pic 5. Absconding and Dearth of Bee Colony Due To Pests and Predators
Work plan
No next phase, it is the last phase (it will be completed in this year (2008E.C)
4.3.6. Title: Irrigation based integrated livelihood activities on household asset accumulation in
Humbo Larena, Wolaita Zone
Principal Coordinator: Deneke Dana Team Members: Ermias Belete, Ashebir Mekonnin,
Brihanu Lencha and Milkias Kurka

In Wolaita Zone, shortage of land coupled with low soil fertility, dependency on rain fed
Agriculture; severe watershed degradation and outbreak of crop diseases immensely reduce the
volume of crop production and productivity. This condition, by exacerbating income poverty, is
about to make the already bad situation of food insecurity and poverty worse. The project site is
one of facing chronic food insecurity in the Zone (Deneke, 2007; CER, 2007).
Moreover, smallholder farmers are more vulnerable to shocks and seasonal trends in this woreda
as their livelihood asset formation capacity found to be minimal and none at all, which holds
them in a poverty trap. Hence, livelihood diversification both horizontal and vertical integration,
processing of products into different forms can help farmers out from this vicious cycle of
poverty and food insecurity (Alemu, 2012). The fact that smallholder farmers are entirely
dependent on rain fed agriculture and lack more remunerative and strategic livelihood activities,
in this woreda, derived as to introduce irrigation based integrated livelihood activities that could
remarkably increase the amount of income from off season activities and hence the proportion
goes to saving to accumulate asset.
B. Rationale
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Smallholders’ food security problems in Wolaita zone are multi faceted and intertwined. Lack of
sound and diversified livelihood options and complete dependency on rain fed agriculture are
keeping the farmers to be easily vulnerable to food insecurity; especially, smallholders with low
and no asset accumulation are prone to face more problem than the better of households.
Objectives
A. General objective
• The general objectives of the project was integrating, both horizontally and vertically,
irrigation based diverse livelihood activities and enhance rural households’ asset
accumulation and there by decrease vulnerability to shock.
B. Specific objectives
Based on the above stated general objectives the following specific objectives are drawn. These
are:
• To introduce irrigation based integrated livelihood activities into the local livelihood
strategies;
• To increase the proportion of income that goes to saving as the base for asset
accumulation.
• To introduce animal fattening as one of income generating activity for beneficiaries.

From state’s point of view, the effect of the project lies in identifying and highlighting the
problem of rural household income diversification for rural development. In fact its aims towards
finding answers to economic performance of the new technology adopted production system:
profit, capital assets, return upon capital, increase in income at household level and the
proportion of income that goes to saving which will, in turn, improve the beneficiaries’
household asset accumulation and food security status. As far as the sustainability is concerned,
the target groups Omo microfinance linkage will be strengthened to save the income obtained
from the farm. Since, this can serve as collateral to access credit so that beneficiaries’ can easily
commercialize and move to the large scale entrepreneur.
Thus, the outcome of this community service project is adoption and technology transfer to the
beneficiaries’.

A. Research design
The researchers were used both quantitative and qualitative method to conduct this community
service project at the beginning because the investigation is mainly concerned on the
identification of the socio-economic factors which affects livelihood of the smallholder
beneficiaries on the project site. Beside to this during the close up of the project the data was
obtained from two sources like primary and secondary sources.
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B. Sources of data
Both primary and secondary data sources are served as sources for this project at last. Primary
data includes questioner for the small holder beneficiaries, officials of project site peasant
administrators and observation of the life change of beneficiaries, and interview will be used.
Secondary data’s will be obtained from different written manuscripts like reports, books,
magazine, and internet sources.
C. Methods of data analysis

The data collected by questionnaire will be analyzed through descriptive statistical techniques
such as percentiles, averages, and ratios. Graphical and tabular analysis will be used to examine
the socio-economic conditions of the beneficiaries’.
The data gathered by interview and observation will be analyzed by qualitative approach.
Collecting and analyzing data for this community service was aimed on to measure the
effectiveness and livelihood changing capacity of the project.
Majorfindings if any
Some of the major activities, which had been accomplished, were identification and wealth
ranking, with the help of Development Agents, of target group who are willing to pool together
the resources they have. In addition, get in to contractual agreement with the target groups.
Moreover, training and capacity building purchase of different farm inputs: chemicals, seed,
materials and equipment, construction of beekeeping shades and purchase of bee colony, land
preparation for vegetable crop production and installation of irrigation facilities, preparation for
bull fattening had been accomplished. Finally, data collection on the level of income that goes to
saving as a base for livelihood accumulation and report writing with major findings and the
future prospect of the project has been started.
Current Status
Table 1. Project Output and Outcome Summary
Output Activities Measureable indicators
/target
Output outcome Achievements to date
Objective 1: to introduce irrigation based livelihood activities in the local livelihood strategies
1.1 Irrigation based Sales of onions, 15000.00Birr
Horticultural crop tomatoes, cabbage and
production potatoes produced
1.2 Irrigation based cereal Sales of teff and maize 17600.00Birr
crop production
1.3 Irrigation based fruit Sale of banana 1000Birr
crop production
1.4 Apiary Colonies adapted to More than 3000.00 birr
the local area
1.5 Bull fattening Sale of fatten bulls to The beneficiaries have got
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local market about 8000.00 birr profits
Objective 2: To increase the proportion of income that goes to saving as the base for asset
accumulation
2.1 Linking with Omo Regular saving Owned saving account
microfinance habit and started saving
2.2 Follow up to make them save The amount 24000.00 Birr
some of their income saved
2.3 To make the target group Vertical and Diversified their activities
business minded horizontal and leased- in the farm
increase land
NB: at this level, it is impossible to talk about the outcomes!
Pic 1. Maize at project site, dec. 2008E.C
Picture 2: Banana at project site dec.2008E.C Pic 3: Chickpea at project site January, 2008
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Some problems encountered the researchers during the community service project work are lack
of vehicle to visit the project site frequently by researchers to help and monitor the beneficiaries’
and activities found on the ground delayed purchase of inputs and the bureaucratic research fund
dispersal and close up system of finance office of the University. Beside to this particularly in
this year (2008E.C budget year) the newly adopted and implemented research and communities
service finance release system to researchers affected the progress of the project
Future plan
The two year project and one year extension was ended in last year but the project is extended
for this year: 2008E.C only. A new part of the project which is added to this year was the
introduction of modern bull fattening work was started in this year. Regular project support to
the beneficiaries will be continued on until Sept. 2009E.C. The last months of 2008E.C will be
the overall the impact evaluation and reporting period of the four year project. If the research and
Community service Vice president Office and Directorate for community service voluntary to
extend the project the research team is ready for continuation of the project.
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5. College of Business and Economics

Research and community services are one of the essential components of the university
functions. Hence, all academic staffs of our university are expected to devote 25% of their
regular work time to research/community service activities. Accordingly, College of Business
and Economics have been participating in research activities since 2004 E.C. As evidence about
21 projects were conducted under this college since 2004 E.C. In 2008 E.C two research projects
are under conduct and the progress report of these projects was prepared. From the granted
projects under our college, the completed project work of about 19 researches were collected and
submitted to the concerned body in this year. Out of these about 12 research outputs were
presented at different national and regional research workshops and conferences at different
years. In addition, about 14 research outputs were published in international journals by our
college’s staff affiliating Wolaita Sodo University.
5.2. Researches undertaken
5.2.1. Title: The Effect of financial practice on capital growth of savings and credit co-operative
Societies in Ethiopia: the case of Wolaita zone
Principal investigator: Tariku Kolcha Team Members: Geremew Kefyalew and Solomon
Kebede

Savings and Credit Co-operative Societies (henceforth, SACCOs) are started locally. SACCOs
have solid bases of small saving accounts constituting a stable and relatively low-cost source of
funding and low administrative costs. More so, SACCOs are able to advance loans at interest
rates lower than those charged by other financial providers. In addition, SACCOs have the
ability and opportunity to reach clients in areas that are unattractive to banks such as rural or
poor areas (Branch, 2005).This has made SACCOs more attractive to customers thus deeply
entrenching themselves in the financial sectors of many countries (Munyiri, 2006).
The SACCOs in Ethiopia have recent origins. The oldest ones were established in the late 1960s,
and they grew very slowly until 1978. SACCOs have been growing fast since 1978. Nowadays
several numbers of SACCOs are operating from smaller scale to larger investments areas
(Federal co-operative agency).Savings mobilization should be backed by adequate institutional
capital which ensures permanency, provide cushion to absorb losses and impairment of
members’ savings (Evans, 2001).
The institutional capital which comprises the core capital and less share capital is mainly
accumulated from appropriation of the surpluses. Therefore, SACCOs should strive to maximize
on the earnings to build the institutional capital. This institutional capital ensures the permanence
and growth of the SACCOs even in turbulent economic times (Evans, 2001).Such growth is
enhanced by effective financial practices.
Imperatively, each SACCO needs to generate income which is adequate to cover all its
operational costs, enhance the institutional capital, dividends and rebates. In this regard,
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financial practice is based on sound financial stewardship, solid capital structure, and prudent
funds allocation strategy (Maina, 2007). The SACCOs, as potential sources of savings in the
country, need serious study. The existing literature highly limited to only few studies on farmers
unions and other agricultural related unions.
Objectives
The major objective of this study is to assess the effect of financial practice on the growth of
SACCOs in Ethiopia. Specifically, the study is intended:
• To assess whether financial stewardship determines the growth of savings and credit co-
operatives.
• To determine whether the growth of savings and credit co-operatives is affected by
capital structure.
• To examine whether the funds allocation strategy affects the growth of savings and credit
co-operatives.
Significances
SACCOs will be benefited to apply the recommendations related with investments portfolios and
risk diversification strategies. The study may open opportunities for further research in the area
of co-operative movement in Ethiopia and especially in SACCOs.
This section should provide brief description of the research methodology employed in the study.
Hence, brief descriptions of Research Design, Research Setting, Sources of Data or Participants
of the Study, sampling Technique, Instruments of Data Collection andMethods of Data Analysis
should be included in this section.
Data types: Primary data was used. Primary data is to achieve the specified objectives of the
study.
Data sources: Members of SACCOs of the Wolaita zone under the researchers sample.
Sampling techniques: The target population wasall SACCOs and members in the twelve
woredasin the zone.In order to achieve the desired objective and based on the number of
SACCOs they have, 160 SACCOs Members in total and All SACCOs in the Woredas were
selected as sample size.
Method of data collection

Questionnaires were used. Questionnaireswere distributed for sampled respondents by the
assistance of 10 enumerators.
Method of data analyzing and interpretation

The data collected will be analysed, with respect to the study objectives, using descriptive and
statistical analysis. Univariate analysis which is the distributional properties of a variable will be
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carried out first for each variable to describe that variable and as a preparation for multivariate
analysis.
Model specification
GSACs= f (LE, LD, LR, LP, DR, SA, INN) for Financial stewardship.
GSACs= f (SC, SV, IC, DC) for Capital Structure.
GSACs= f (LO, LI, II, NA) for funds allocation strategy.
Where GSACs is Growth of SACCOs, LE is Loan Evaluation, LD is Loan Disbursement, LR is
Loan Recovery, LP is Loan Protection, DR is Default Risk, SA is Staff Competence, INN is
Innovativeness. SC is Share Capital, SV is Savings, IC is Institutional Capital, DC is Debt
Capital, LO is Loans, LI is Liquid Investments, II is Illiquid Investments and NA is Non-earning
Fixed Assets
Current status
The researchers have collected all the necessary data and currently started to analyze the
collected data. Thus, rather than the collected raw data, until now no scientific result is known or
obtained.
The first and foremost problem that the researchers encountered is lack of enough or regular time
to enter the collected data and start analyzing on time. The burden of the course we are loaded on
each semester did not enable us to think about our research.
The second problem was additional responsibility assignment of the principal investigator. The
principal investigator assigned as department head with semester course overload at the mid of
the semester and this created delay in the data collection process.
We solved these problems by contacting our college research and community service
coordinator and by managing our time effectively, and now we are in good progress.
Future plan
In the near future, the researchers strives to finalize the whole progress (data analysis and
presentation of the final paper) of the research and report to the respective body either in
presentation form or publicize on a reputable journal.Description of the key activities to be
performed shown below:
Key activities June 2016 July 2016

Data analysis X
Revisiting and writing finalization X
Final draft presentation X
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5.2. 2. Title: Determinants of savings of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in Wolaita zone
Principal Investigator: Solomon Kebede Team Members: TesfahunTegeg and Saket Ranjan
Praveer
Background
The official definition of Micro and Small enterprises (MSEs) adopted in Ethiopia by the
Ministry of Trade and Industry is as follows:
Microenterprises are business enterprises found in all sectors of the Ethiopian economy with a
paid-up capital (fixed assets) of not more than Birr 20,000, but excluding high-tech consultancy
firms and other high-tech establishments.
Small Enterprises are business enterprises with a paid-up capital of more than Birr 20,000
($2,500) but not more than Birr 500,000 ($62,500) but excluding high-tech consultancy firms
and other high-tech establishments.
The Central Statistical Authority (CSA), for the purposes of its survey on "Urban Informal
Sector Activity Operators and Small-scale Manufacturing Industries", attached various
definitions to enterprises in different sectors, viz: the informal sector, cottage or handicrafts,
small-scale manufacturing industries and medium- and large-scale manufacturing industries
(FeMSEDA, 2012). The CSA based its definitions on the size of employment and extent of
automation for small, medium and large-scale enterprises and used a combination of criteria for
defining informal sector operators.
In most developing countries, MSEs constitute the vast majority of firms, generating a
substantial share of both overall employment and output. Given their significant economic role,
one might expect MSE growth to drive overall increases in output and income levels. In many
cases, however, their largest economic contribution appears to be one of maintaining—rather
than generating new— employment and income for the poor.
Most of the researches, to the knowledge of the researchers, focused only on the household level
saving factors in the study area. Besides, based on indications from various sources, the saving
level of MSEs, as just like that of household saving, is low. Therefore, identifying factors which
affect and determine the saving level of MSEs will enable the concerned body for the proper
management of saving of the enterprises, which are believed to be the back bone of the
development endeavours. Factors affecting saving are both macroeconomic as well as firm
specific. Firm specific factors are manageable factors by the MSEs. Hence, indicating the
significant firm specific factors can help the enterprises to manage those factors properly. In
general, the existence of the indication of low saving condition of MSEs and also the presence of
the knowledge gap, with the regard to MSEs’ saving condition, in the study area prompted this
research work.
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Rationale
Low domestic saving is a major challenge faced by most of the developing world and in some
cases in pockets of developed countries too. This calls for strategies and development programs
which may alleviate poverty through inducing saving and promote self-reliance. To achieve this
objective, the emergence of MSEs has been widely accepted as a viable policy option for poverty
reduction by expanding services and introducing the habit of saving in the poor households.
Although it is not the only remedy for this problem and related development challenges, it has
and continues to play an important role in reducing poverty through the creation of job
opportunities for the poor which leads to increase in incomes, allowing the poor to build assets,
increasing the saving capacity, reduce their vulnerability, and improve education levels, among
others, for those who participate in micro-finance programs.
It is therefore, important to analyze how MSEs plays as an effective strategy to increase national
saving through introducing saving habits. The finding will help the donor agencies, host regional
and local governments to perceive better the role of such development programs to alleviate
target group poverty and to mobilize domestic resources. In addition, it provides them to
identify the main constraints of saving culture of MSE, in particular and households in general. It
may also encourage other researchers to conduct studies in depth that could cover the broader
aspect of the program and to alleviating the problem of low domestic saving in the country level
through recommended viable policy options.
Objective
The general objective of the study is to identify the determinants of savings towards micro and
small enterprises in Wolaita Zone. The specific objectives were:
• To identify the significant determinants of savings of MSEs;

• To measure the impact of identified variables on savings of MSEs; and
• To develop a strategy for better savings for MSEs.
Hypothesis
The following hypotheses were formulated:
Income level of MSEs has positive impact on saving level of MSEs in Wolaita Zone;
Wealth of MSEs has negative impact on the saving level of MSEs in Wolaita Zone;
Age of the enterprises has positive impact on saving level in Wolaita Zone;
Tax level has negative impact on the saving level of MSEs in Wolaita Zone;
Loan level has negative impact on the saving level in Wolaita Zone;
The level of operating expenses has negative impact on the level of savingin Wolaita Zone;
Awareness of owners has positive impact on the saving level of MSEs in Wolaita Zone.
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Methodology
Data source and method of data collection
The study will use quantitative methods approach which is based on the post positivist world
view to meet its objective and to test hypotheses under it. The purpose of using quantitative
methods approach is to examine whether the existing theories are combined with reality by
making comparisons to these existing theories. According to Creswell (2009) this approach
enables the researcher to test objective theories in the real world by constructing the cause and
effect relationship between variables. In this study, this approach will enable to see the
relationship between the saving level of MSEs and the major firm specific factors affecting
saving level. From the different strategies of inquiry under the quantitative approach, cross
sectional survey will be adopted to collect the necessary data during the year 2008EC.
Accordingly, both primary and secondary sources will be used to collect the necessary data. The
secondary data will be collected from different sources such as each MSEs, the Zonal taxing
authority, and the different Micro Financing Institutions. Primary data will be collected from the
owners of the MSEs via structured questionnaire. The study population will be all MSEs in
Wolaita Zone during the fiscal year 2008EC.
Sampling design
The study will use stratified random sampling method to select units included in the sample.
Since the population or MSEs are heterogeneous in terms of their sector of operation, stratified
random sampling is preferable to get representative sample.There will be five strata such as
construction, manufacturing, urban agriculture, trade and service sector. The rationale for
stratifying the population is to include MSEs’ from each sector to make the sample unbiased.
Sampling frame
The frame for drawing sample units will include those MSEs’ registered by the Zonal MSE’s
coordinating office having at least a one year age from their establishment period. According to
the office there are five sectors for MSEs’ such as construction, manufacturing, urban
agriculture, trade and service. The registered MSEs’ in each sector on the year 2004 were 337
(23%), 303 (20%), 59 (4%), 534 (36%) and 250 (17%) respectively. Hence, the total size of the
sampling frame will be 1,488MSEs’. The unregistered MSEs’ are excluded from the frame
because getting data for them is hard.
Sample size
The population is finite so sample size can be determined by the following construct:
2
Z . p .q . N
n = (Source: Kothari, 2004, 189)
e 2
( N − 1) + Z 2
. p .q
Where
n = sample size required
76
N = total population size
e = precision level
p = desired probability
q= Undesired probabililty
Z = number of standard deviation units of the sampling distribution corresponding to
the desired confidence interval.
If desired and complimentary (undesired) are considered on maximum level of probability i. e.p
= 0.50 and q = 0.50
Then total probability outcome p.q = 0.50 x 0.50= 0.25
The total sampling frame of the study (N) will have 1488 MSEs, and the study will use the 95%
confidence interval or 5% precision level (e = 0.05, Z = 1.96).
( 1 . 96 ) 2 × 1488 × 0 . 25
n =
( 0 . 05 ) 2 ( 1488 − 1 ) + ( 1 . 96 ) 2 × 0 . 25
n = 305.495=306
The response rate is expected to be 80%. Hence, the total sample size that can accommodate the
response rate will be: 306/ 0.80 = 383.
Therefore, the size of the sample to be selected from each stratum is:
Stratum Sample size computation Sample size
Construction 23% of 383 88
Manufacturing sector 20% 0f 383 77
Urban agricultural sector 4% of 383 15
Trade sector 36% of 383 138
Service sector 17% of 383 65
Total 100% of 240 383
Research design
The study is conducted through a causal research design because the impact of independent
variables is to be measured on the dependent variable.
Method of data analysis

To accomplish the objectives set, the study uses both descriptive and econometric tools.
Descriptive statistics of the variables and the different percentiles of the dependent variable
(saving level) will be calculated over the sample units. This is in line with Malhotra (1997),
which states using descriptive statistics methods helps the researcher in picturing the existing
77
situation and allows relevant information. Then, data of variables will be analyzed through
multivariate analysis by using STATA 11 software package.
To analyse the determinants of savings of MSEs the researchers intend to employ Tobit model.
The Tobit model was originally developed by James Tobin, the Nobel laureate economist, in
1958. This model is chosen because saving tends to be censored at lower limit of zero
(Wooldridge 2000, Madalla 1992 and Greene 2003).in order to explain this model, we continue
with our saving behavior of MSEs. In the Tobit model our interest is in finding out the amount
of money an enterprise keeps on saving in relation to different factors like socioeconomic
variables. Now we face a dilemma here: If an enterprise does not save, obviously we have no
data on saving for such enterprise; we have such data only on enterprise that actually save part of
their disposable income.
Thus enterprises are divided into two groups, one consisting of, say, enterprises about whom we
have information on the regressors as well asthe regressand and other consistingof enterprises
about whom we have information only on the regressors but not on the regressand. A sample in
which information on the regressand is available only for some observations is known as a
censored sample. Therefore, the Tobit model is also known as a censored regression model
(Gujarati, 2004).
Statistically, we can express the Tobit model as
‫઺ = ܑ܇‬૙ + ઺ܑ ‫ ܑ ܆‬+ ૄܑ
Where,‫ ܑ܇‬−Observed Savings of MSEs, which takes zero and any positive value. If the
enterprise is not saving or dissaving, ܻ௜ takes zero value (i.e saving censored from below), and if
the enterprise is saving considerable share of their disposable income ܻ௜ takes continuous
positive values.
઺૙ −The intercept term
઺ܑ −Are partial slope coefficients of the explanatory variables, i=1, 2, 3…., K
ࢄ࢏ -the explanatory variables that determines saving culture of SMEs, i=1, 2, 3…., K
ૄܑ −The error (disturbance) term
Current status
Currently the researchers gave training for 15 data collectors on how to collect reliable data from
five sectors of micro and small scale enterprises in different districts of Wolaita Zone. The
enumerators are started collecting data and they will finalize on ግንቦት 25, 2008EC.
78
6. School of Education and Behavioural Science

This is to inform you that the Annual report on 2008 E.C research and community service project
works done in SEBS.
In 2008 E.C. only 1(one) research work entitled ''Early Childhood Education in Wolaita Sodo
City: Disregards and Best Practices'' has been carried out in School of Education and Behavioral
Sciences.
5(five) professionals from EdPM department delivered community service training for three
hundred twenty(320) participants from Wolaita Zone (supervisors, directors, Woreda education
office and Zone education desk experts) on the specific areas of 1) Quality education 2) School
leadership 3) Continuous assessment 4) Continuous Professional Development(CPD) 5) School
Improvement Program(SIP) on January 2016.
Professionals from the School of Education and Behavioral Sciences delivered training to
Wolaita Zone Education experts of 350 participants on their 4th Annual Workshop which was
held from 29-30/08/08 E.C. on the topics entitled science, technology and innovation. Based on
the thematic area, the following topics were presented in the Annual Work Shop.
1. Ato Demissie Dallelo was presented his own research which was done earlier in Wolaita
Zone Education Sector. The title of the paper “Leadership Challenges on General
Education Quality Improvement Program in Wolaita Zone".
2. Ato Teweldebrhan Abraha was presented the topic entitled '' Science, Technology and
Innovation in Education.
As per the new legislation, approved by the senate of our University, the school established and
assigned appropriate Academic Staffs who can assist and recommend to the Academic Council
on matters related to teaching, research and community services. The committees are Research
and Development Committee, Academic Staff Affairs Committee and Ad hock Committee on
Community Services.
In order to initiate and equip instructors with the necessary knowledge in research undertakings
most instructors were given training by senior and experienced staff members on proposal
writing, quantitative analysis, proposal writing, qualitative analysis, publication and article
writing from July 18-21/07/2016.
For the year 2009 E.C. four (4) research works and one (1) community service project were
defended and the budget allotted to the activities under each title in the school. These can be seen
in the following table.
No. Research andCommunity Services for 2009 E.C. Remark
1. The Impact of HDP Training on Teachers teaching Practice: the Case of Wolaita Sodo Research
University
2. The Practices and Challenges of the Implementation of Action Research in Research
Secondary Schools of Wolaita Zone
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3. A Comparative Study on the Achievement of Quality Education with Reference to Research
Integrated and Add-on : The case of Wolaita and Dawro Zones
4. Effect of Selected Motivational Factors on Teachers' Work Performance : The Case Research
of Secondary Teachers in Dawro Zone
1. A Community Service on Rehabilitating Prisoners in Wolaita Sodo Prison Com.Ser.
Administration and Correctional Center

6.2.1. Title: Early Childhood Education in Wolaita Sodo Town: Disregards and Best Practices
Principal Investigator: Dinka Yadeta Team Members: Zeru Seyoum and Yohannes Bisa

The achievement of early childhood care and education is linked to the attainment of UNESCO
Education for All (EFA) Goal 1 set in 2000. As the year 2015, in which each government the
world over, that endorsed EFA is expected to show evidence of achievement is closing in,
supported six African countries (Burkina Faso, Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Nigeria
and South Africa) to basically assess the performance of sub-Saharan African countries in the
provision of early childhood care and education (ECCE), especially as it relates to teacher issues.
ECCE is the support for children’s survival, growth, development and learning from birth to the
time of entry into the primary school in formal, informal and non-formal settings. Many of the
facilities providing these services are referred to in this study as “Day Care Centres”,
“Kindergarten Schools” and “Nursery Schools” are names referring to different forms of pre-
school services provided in the selected African countries.
“For a more rapid improvement of the ECCE goal, therefore, policy recommendations emanating
from the studies include the need for countries to: design teacher policies to include ECCE
teachers and caregivers; provide designated budget in sufficient amount that reflect
governments’ commitments to the subsector; expand pre-service institutional training and
organize workshops and seminars for instructors, designate some existing higher educational
institutions and teacher training colleges to run specialized courses in ECCE; target prospective
teachers and care givers in the rural areas where the challenge for qualified personnel is highest;
and empower young parents; especially working mothers and helpers who need professional
guidance and support, on childcare and development issues.(UNESCO, 2002)”
This early education is circled by various challenges which rose due to numerous economic,
attitudinal, quality, policies and other related factor. As well this emerging education stage has
some positive side to appreciate and empowered. Thus, this research will try to find out those
deficits and opportunities of early childhood education in Wolaita Sodo City which is not
research earlier as per the issue concerns.
Objectives
General objective
• To assess disregards and best practices of Child Education in Wolaita Sodo Town
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Specific objectives
• To figure out disregards in early childhood education in Wolaita Sodo Town

• To identify best practices in early childhood education in Wolaita Sodo Town

Supply information for stakeholders about what prominent problems pre-schools and the
opportunities they get either.
It serves as a stepping stone of implementing quality education starting from preschool level.
It helps other scholars to explore further on the area and serves as a reference materials for the
development of educational policy concerning childhood education.
Descriptive survey method was employed to undertake this study. The target populations of this
study are selected KG’s both government/public and private found in Wolaita Sodo city.
Accordingly, five six (6) preschools found in Wolaita Sodo Town, 2 zone education officers, 2
woreda education officers, 30 teachers/care givers form those schools and 60 pre-schooler where
the target population of the study. Totally, 94 participants were engaged in the research process.
Data collected through interview and questionnaire will be analyzed through both quantitative
and quantitative analysis.
Current status
Training of Data Collector was given
Pilot testing was completed and data collection on progress
Time limitation
Finding participants at study site (i.e. officers of zone and woreda)
Future plan: Completion of data collection
Data coding
Data analysis
Producing final report
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7. College of Engineering
7.1. Research and community services coordination office

Timely called for proposal writing and paper presentation. Hence 11 proposals were presented on
defense. Moreover, for 2009E.C. fiscal budget year eleven proposals were presented and three
researches and one community services were granted budget.
The college RCSC Office organized mini workshop for the presentation of project entitled
Mobile based birth rate registration Software development.
The college RCSC Office, in collaboration with other schools/college coordinators, plan and
prepare budget requirement for research and community service project undertaking of the
university.
The college RCSC Office organizes and manages a total of one research and one software design
project; among which the project was completed.
Ensure the researchers submit progress and terminal reports in due time to the concerned office;
and monitoring and compiling reports to VPRCS.
Timely presents the research and community services process of the college to VPRCS Office
The office actively initiates and inculcates team spirit among the college staff members to
conduct need based researches and rendering community services improving the problems of the
community in sustainable manner.

7.2.1. Title: The impact of climate variability on storm water runoff generation in WSU
Principal Investigator: Getaneh Belete Team Members: Abiy Belayneh and Muse G/selassie

The existence of climate change and its impacts on the natural ecosystem of the earth is the most
controversial issue among scientists and researchers of different disciplines. However, many
have agreed that there is climate change and express this in different consensus implying it as the
greatest threat to the planet earth. Literally speaking, climate change is a change in weather
situations with a long term temporal scale (Kathleen & David, 2006). This change can be
identified through long term trend analysis of different indicators like precipitation, temperature,
winds, clouds, and so on. The changes can be measured both as average and extreme values and
can be resulted from natural and human activities with a greater contribution from the later one
having over 95% probability (IAH, 2012).
The Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) expressed climate change as "a
change in the state of climate that can be identified (e.g. using statistical tests) by changes in the
82
mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically
decades or longer. It refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability
or as a result of human activity." (IPCC, 2001)
Urban drainage systems capture and treat storm water runoff and prevent urban flooding. During
storm events, the volume of runoff flowing into drainage systems and the ability of these systems
to manage runoff depend on a variety of site-specific factors, such as the imperviousness of the
land area in the drainage basin. Changes in precipitation intensity associated with climate
change, as mentioned above, have the potential to overburden drainage systems, which may lead
to flood damage, disruptions to local transportation systems, discharges of untreated sewage to
waterways, and increased human health risks. In areas where precipitation intensity increases
significantly, adaptation investments may be necessary to prevent runoff volumes from
exceeding system capacity (Berggren, 2007) (Paul Kirshen et.al, 2014) (K. Arnbjerg-Nielsen
et.al, 2013).
Rationale
The major difficulties most Sub-Sahara African roads, houses and other land use patterns facing
is their poor stormwater management systems plus their less understanding about climate
variability . Because of urban explosion over a short period of time, unplanned urban patterns,
severe poverty and accumulation of problems managing the stormwater is complicated. In the
cities of these countries flood and flood-prone areas, both legally and illegally, are occupied as a
settlement for human and business activities.
One of the rainiest parts, Wolaita Sodo, is facing challenges with the poor drainage systems.
Previously, it was tried to indicate that most of the housings and over half of the roads in the city
have no stormwater drainage system.
Studies conducted by GTZ-IS in 2006 show that inadequate urban stormwater facility problems
are raising complaints amongst the communities living in different parts of the country (GTZ-IS
2006). The problem is aggravated with the high urbanization cycle the town is undergoing. The
aforementioned urbanization progress in the town is increasing the density of the infrastructures
which in turn is resulting desertification, and impermeable surfaces, grossly contributing and
aggravating the climate variability too. Consequently, increased the stormwater acceleration and
concentrated it leading to flooding hazards/risks together with the geographical location of the
town (at the base of Damota mountain) (Belete 2011). Precarious housing and river bank
occupation are aggravating factors. Supporting the hazards, historical data show that in the last
two decades flooding caused harms the inhabitants.
In addition what is we are having on the Damota mountain contributes to high flood to the town.
This is because of the type of the plant covering the mountain. The mountain is densely covered
by eucalyptus trees, which do not allow shrubs, bushes and grasses to grow. As a result erosion
and flooding are pronounced. Additionally, the ups and downs nature of topographical set up in
the town is expected to aggravate the runoff generation process in the town.
Therefore, this all raise an interest to evaluate the existing runoff in relation to climate variability
to improve the living safety of the inhabitants and recommend for the future.
83
Objectives
General objective
• The main objective of this study is just to assess the effects of climate change on the
meteorological and drainage setup trend of Wolaita Sodo Town.
Specific objectives
The specific objectives of this study are:
• To analyze the trend of climate and runoff in the catchment.

• To downscale the outputs of GCMs to regional scale.
• To correct the biases produced in the downscaled GCMs outputs.
• To quantify runoff in the town for the future time frame using the future scenarios in bias
corrected GCMs outputs.
Aggregately to quantify the effects of climate variability/change on the meteorological and
hydrological setup of the town and to see how the drainage of the town is changing
After completion of this research work, it can be used as an input especially for those
governmental offices in the town to take action on what has to be improved in the drainage
systems of the town in the coming future to protect the life of the society from the possibility of
flooding. In general, this research work aims at increasing the safety measures to be taken in the
future climate change impacts for the purpose of facilitating good living environment for our
community. It can be also seen as an input to adaptations to be made against the changing
climate concerning flooding.
Quantitative data are going to be collected during the survey from secondary sources. The
quantitative data going to be collected are such as present day stormwater management
infrastructures, houses with proper stormwater management system, the issue of climate change
in the town, master plan of the town, historical rainfall and temperature data and climate change
data from GCMs. The source of data will be secondary data sources. For the study, the necessary
data will be gathered from Wolaita Sodo town municipality, Wolaita Sodo town Road and
Transport Authority, and Ethiopian meteorological agency. Additionally, Secondary data will be
collected from reports, books and from different internet sources especially Climate Change data
will be collected from internet source.
The method of data analysis going to be used in this study will be a combination of the
methodologies employed by the different authors. The data analysis part will start by analyzing
the climate (temperature, rainfall and evapotranspiration) and runoff (urban drainage) trend in
the town using RClimtool. This is to see the historical nature of the town’s climate and runoff
nature and compare it with the future nature. The next step will be downscaling of the different
GCMs outputs to a local scale (Delta Method will be used). Since downscaling may result biased
84
outputs, bias correction will be done. Finally, using the biased corrected climate change outputs
we will estimate the future runoff magnitude in Sodo town and we will compare it with the
historical one. Here Rational Formula will be employed in SWMM model. Additionally, we will
also evaluate the capacity of the present drainage infrastructures to accommodate the future
runoff trend and see what will be the risk in the future. The details are discussed below.
Estimation of runoff
Both for the present and future climate variability/change scenarios the runoff will be estimated
using the so called rational formula employed in SWMM 5.0 (stormwater management model
version 5.0).
The rational formula going to be used is;
‫ܣ݅ܥ‬
ܳ=
360
Climate change outputs management
This will be done for the purpose of down scaling the coarse gridded outputs of future climates
from GCMs to finer resolutions.
The GCMs output chosen for this particular study will be the outputs from Hadley Centre Couple
Model Version 3 (HadCM3) and the Canadian Global Climate Model (CGCM), because of their
popularity in different studies. Additionally, from the different emission scenarios developed by
the IPCC 5th Assessment Report on Coupled Inter-Comparison Climate Models Program (CIMP
5), two scenarios will be used for this study and they are; R4.5 and R8.5 scenarios since most of
the GCMs outputs are based on them.
For this particular study work the statistical downscaling technique called DELTA method will
be employed. This method will be used in downscaling of the baseline period and future
emissions scenarios chosen. The method is selected since it is easy to use and read data directly
from HadCM3.
The one which will give the highest correlation will be used for calibrating the downscaling
method for the baseline period of 1961-1990 and will be validated using the available data from
weather station. The goodness of calibration will be measured by the values of percentage of
explained variance (R2) and standard error (SE).

Not yet because we are finished collecting data and we are on the verge of starting data analysis.
Current status
Only left with data analysis and discussion part
Difficulty to collect data on time because of our work load
85
Future plan
Now onwards we will perform the data analysis part only. We will downscale the GCM output
and compare with the collected meteorological data and with this we will correct the biases.
After doing so, we will estimate the runoff generation rate at different parts of the town using the
master plan of the town. Here we will manage to identify the points where there is high runoff
generation and the points need to be given attention in the future as a flood prone area.
7.2.2. Title: Assessment of potential site selection on micro-hydropower development in Wolaita
zone
Introduction
The long-term goal of the five year development strategy, PASDEP (Plan for Accelerated and
Sustained Development to End Poverty), is for Ethiopia to become a middle incomecountry in
20-30 years. Since Ethiopia is not an oil producing country, it should achieve thistarget by strong
industrial development.
A stable supply of enough energy is a must for industrialization. However, the access toenergy in
Ethiopia is relatively low, as little as 16 % (2005), while the average access rate ofSub-Sahara
Africa is 26 %. The access to energy is gradually improving to reach20% in 2007 by the efforts
of the EEPCo (Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation) and theGoE (Government of Ethiopia)
constructing new power plants and expanding the nationalgrid, although it is still lower than the
Sub-Sahara African average. In addition, some saythat this figure is not reflecting the number of
the population who are actually usingelectricity. The official number, 16%, is calculated by the
population living in the electrifiedarea (which means the area the national grid reaches) but many
of the poor do not havemoney to pay the cost for distribution lines from the national grid to their
houses and theyare left without electricity. The real access rate of the population that is actually
usingelectricity is said to be much lower, about 6 %.
For remote areas that the national grid does not reach. It connects small scalepower plants
(hydropower, solar energy, and wind energy plants) to the surroundinghouseholds’ off-grid.
Energy supply very unstable.Needless to say, the instability of theenergy supply brings about
negativeimpacts on industry and the economy.The EEPCo also recognizes theimportance of the
diversification ofenergy resources to ensure stableenergy supply and is trying todevelop various
kinds of powerplants.
One of the available options to cope up with the energy demandespecially in rural part of
Ethiopia is using alternative energy sources. Micro-hydropower system as an alternative energy
source can solve the power demand of the poor and the peoples living in rural parts of Ethiopia,
in general.
Wolaita Zone is one of the parts of Ethiopia facing energy shortage especially in the rural areas
where they are densely populated. As part of decreasing the energy deficit in rural areas of
Wolaita Zone it is very necessary to use the rivers available in the zone to create an option for
developing energy in the parts of the Zone which are away from the main grid lines of the
86
country. Solving shortage of energy in the rural areas means solving the majorities demand since
most of the peoples live in the rural parts. It is also possible to see this as an option to create jobs
even in the rural parts of the zone in such a way that the youngsters may get an opportunity to
create a job which can depend on the energy to be supplied. Cumulatively, with developing
energy options in the rural parts mean that we can improve the life standard of the rural parts of
the Zone.
Putting these all in mind we have selected around 7 rivers which flow in different rural Kebeles
of the Zone to develop Micro-hydropower system. But before we go for the development, it is
very necessary to study (research) the conditions in each Kebeles. So for the purpose of
researching the conditions in each river we have estimated the necessary costs as shown below.
The summary of the rivers selected are shown in the table below and you can also see the river in
the map shown below.
No Zone Woreda Kebele Catchment Flow Name of
Area (ha) (cumecs) River
1 Wolaita Sodo Zuria Gilo Bisare 29.5 1.09 Likmse
2 Wolaita Offa Okoto Sere 4 1.905 Maneesa
3 Wolaita Offa Ome Bolola 3.5 3.5 Heramo
4 Wolaita Humbo Ambeshoya 720 6.06 Lintala
5 Wolaita Humbo F/Gelichacha 60 2.12 Loke
6 Wolaita Duguna Fango Edo Boloso 3.036 0.6 Chareqe
7 Wolaita Boloso Sore Chama Mumbecha 0.4 0.63 Shopa
Results
Part A: Environmental and Technical Assessment
Name of Woreda: Boloso Bombe

Kebele: Ajora
Altitude: 1176
Highest point: 1548 m Lowest point: 804 m
Powerhouse location (in degrees): Easting = 37.602676 Northing = 7.175174_
Topography (taking into account features such as valley type, slope, etc.):
In the Kebele there is undulating topography. There are ups and downs. There is very steep slope
topography that contributes runoff to the river.
Seasonal discharge (m3/s), (Except Jan & Feb, mentionothers only if data available)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Discharge
Annual Average Discharge: _______4.4____________
Data source (attach document if possible): __Wolaita Zone, Water, Energy and Mining Bureau.
Hydrology (Describe general hydrology)
What is the prevailing stream pattern?
The river is meandering.
2. Does meandering occur or is the river rather straight?
Meandering occurs.
87
3. Is the stream perennial (constant flow), intermittent (may dry up)or ephemeral (Temporary,
flow only during or shortly after a rainfall event)?
The stream is perennial
Precipitation (in mm), (Except Jan &Feb, mention others only if data available)
Precipitation
Catchment Size (in hector): ___4________________
Current population of the catchment area: ___8700_____________
Density (population/catchment area in km²): _____3166.751______
Historic changes in land use?
Forests have been changed to farm land especially around the river
Future water & land use, any planned changes/developments (For example, water harvesting,
upstream irrigation)?
There are on-going irrigation intakes upstream
15. Hydrology, flow measurement
Name of river / stream: _____Ajancho________
Flow measurement method applied: _____Floating____________
Type Measurement
16.
1 2 3
Date measurement taken 4440 (similar)
Weather condition (Dry, rainy…) Rainy Rainy Rainy
How long since last rained?
Measured (l/s)
Average design flow (l/s) 4440
Head measurement
Head measurement method applied: _Total Station and GPS
Measured design head: _________21______m
17. Potential of water usage upstream
Type of Water usage YES NO Time of usage
Irrigation yes during the dry months
18. Water level above normal level during (if known)

Annual flood: ____________m
Biggest flood: ____________m
19. Principal technical features
1. Design discharge: ______4.4_______m3/s
2. Design head: _______21_______m
3. Expected annual energy demand: 7940449.44 kWh / annum (906.44KW)
4. Expected annual energy output: 15880898.88 kWh / annum
20. Transmission line system
88
1. Distance from the main grid: __around 15_km
2. Length from power house to community (estimated): Different Kebeles exist with in a radius
of 15 km
Part B: Socio-economic assessment
Name of Kebele officials Position / Function Phone No
Zerfu Gaula Ajora Kebele Head 0927021994
Total Population (people in nearby village): around 6000
Population distribution (dense, clustered, dispersed?) Clustered
Household Information
2.1 Number of households in the Kebele: 1447
2.2 Average No of people per household: 6
Livelihood
Estimated average annual income (ETB): _______3000-4000 ETB_______
Infrastructure and social services
5.1Access to transportation
Distance from village to next market place 5 km
Type of road (gravel,dirt...) dry weather
Accessible by trucks? yes
Is regular passenger transport available? Type :no
Time :no
5.2 Water supply (Tap, spring or Run-off?

Public taps exists not working frequently. They usually use spring water.
5.3 Health Service
Health post(s) (number) 2
Clinic(s) (number) -
5.4 School(s) (type and number)

Primary schools (number) 4
Secondary schools (number) -
Energy context of the village
6.1 Type of energy for lighting (if available through interview)
Items Expenditure Unit
Kerosene 32 ETB/M/HH
Candle ETB/M/HH
Wood KG/week
Others (solar) ETB/M/HH
NB: The solar panel has investment cost only.
Now electricity has been provided.
6.2 Estimated total average expenditure for energy: _________32_____ETB/HH/M
Productive use (Existing and new opportunities), please list
Existing include maize, teff, Bean and Potential include fruits and maize
Human resource capacity
89
Present availability of skilled labour in the targeted community (Already trained technicians, in
the village, woreda, etc.)
NO skilled manpower on the issue on focus (hydropower). But there are;
Agriculture Extension Professionals
Health Extension Professional
Tax Personnel’s
Given all environmental, technical and social factors, how suitable you think this site is for MHP
development?
Please rate from 1 (no suitable) to 10 (highly suitable): 6
Comments: the topography is somehow good for micro-hydropower development but electricity
already existsnearyby town 5km away.
10. Contact details of the locals interviewed
Name Address Phone no
DestaKumalo Ajora Kebele 0935940150
Tibebu Debisa 0916733251
Other personal observations during survey (if any)
There is high Irrigation potential not yet explored.
Name of Woreda: Ofa
Kebele: Mancha
Altitude: 1610.00 m
Powerhouse location (in degrees): __Easting = 37.69797 Northing = 6.767819___
topography that contributes runoff to the river.
Seasonal Discharge (m3/s), (Except Jan & Feb, mentionothers only if data available)
Discharge
Annual Average Discharge: _______1.12____________

Meandering occurs.
The stream isPerennial
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct N D
o e
v c
Precipitation

90
Density (population/catchment area in km²): ___43.44______________
Forests have been changed to farm land especially around the river. Now a days private farms
are inaugurating in mass.
There are on-going irrigation intakes upstream and downstream parts.
Name of river / stream: _____Manesa________
Type Measurement
16.
1 2 3
Date measurement taken
How long since last rained? 3 hours 10 hours a day
Measured (l/s) 1840 1357.4 1843.3
Average design flow (l/s) 1680.23
Head measurement
Measured design head: ________15___________ m

1. Design discharge: ______1680.23_m3/s
2. Design head: _______15 ___m
3. Expected annual energy demand: _2165577.12_kWh/annum (247.212 KW)
4. Expected annual energy output: ____1082788.56______kWh/annum
1. Distance from the main grid: ___around 15_km
2. Length from power house to community (estimated): different Kebeles found within 2KM
radius
Eyasu Wana Kebele Agriculture officer 0911349789
RobelGuja Plant science expert 0943549727
Total Population (people in nearby village): 4130

91
Livelihood
Estimated average annual income (ETB): _______0ver5000 ETB_______
Distance from village to next market place 18-20 km
Type of road (gravel, dirt...) dry weather
Is regular passenger transport available? Type : Medium Bus
Time : Monday (market day)

Hand pump and spring water.
5.3 Health Service

5.5 Primary schools (number) 1

Other social facilities/institutions
Churches 4
Candle ETB/M/HH
Wood 20 KG/week
6.2Estimated total average expenditure for energy: _________32_____ETB/HH/M
Existing include Maize, Teff, Bean and potential include fruits and maize
NO skilled manpower on the issue on focus (hydropower). But there are;
Tax Personnel’s
92
development?
Comments: the topography is not good for micro-hydropower development but electricity is
already exists in the Kebele.
Teshome Elias Ofa Woreda Agriculture Bureau 0910021863
There is high Irrigation potential not yet explored. The land is very suitable for irrigation.
Name of Woreda : Dugna Fango
Kebele: Dimtu
Altitude:1470.58 m
Powerhouse location (in degrees): Easting = 38.120569 Northing = 6.874370_
topography that contributes runoff to the river. The steep slope part is bare land (there are no
trees on it).
Seasonal Discharge (m3/s), (Except Jan & Feb, mentionothers only if data available)
Discharge
Annual Average Discharge: _______5.33 MCs____________
Data source (attach document if possible): __Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy__
The river is intermittent river. Especially in some years it gets dry at month of May.
Meandering occurs, but at long distances.
3. Is the stream perennial (constant flow), intermittent (may dry up) or ephemeral (Temporary,
The stream is intermittent (dry usually in the driest month)
Precipitation (in mm), (Except Jan & Feb, mentionothers only if data available)
Precipitation
Catchment Size (in hector): ___23.4________________

Current population of the catchment area: ___27,624_(including nearby Kebeles)_
Density (population/catchment area in km²): ______Not well done (since it is not done for a
specific Kebele)
Forests has been changed to farm land in mass
There are on-going irrigation intakes. There is a plan to extend the irrigation scheme.
93
Name of river / stream: _____BIlate_____________
Type Measurement
16.
1 2 3
Measured (l/s)
Average design flow (l/s)
Head measurement
Head measurement method applied: ___Total Station and GPS___
Measured design head: __11_ m
Irrigation yes during dry season

1. Design discharge: ________5.33________m3/s
2. Design head: ________11________m
3. Expected annual energy demand: 5038404.228kWh / annum (573.1603 KW)
4. Expected annual energy output: 2519202.114 kWh / annum
1. Distance from the main grid: _______35____km2.
2. Length from power house to community (estimated): more number of Kebeles within 10 Km
radius
Daniel Degefu Chair Person 0921003730
Elsae Eliyas Agriculture Extension
Total Population (people in nearby village):

Population distribution (dense, clustered, dispersed?) Dense
2.1 Number of households in the Kebele:
2.2 Average No of people per household:
Livelihood
Estimated average annual income (ETB): _______3000 – 4000___________
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Type of road (gravel, dirt...) Gravel Road (asphalt on
construction)
Accessible by trucks? Yes
Is regular passenger transport available? Type :Medium Buses
Time :everyday
Since the water there is rich in Fluoride, the peoples usually bring water from Sidama zone
Kebeles nearby.
5.3 Health Service
Clinic(s) (number) 3
Secondary schools (number) 1
5.5 Other social facilities/institutions
Churches 7
Candle ETB/M/HH
Wood 20 KG/week
Others ETB/M/HH
6.2Estimated total average expenditure for energy:__32____ETB/HH/M

Existing include maize, pepper, tomato, tobacco and potential include maize, tobacco and tomato
NO skilled manpower on the issue on focus.
Given all environmental, technical and social factors, how suitable you think this site is for
MHP development?
Comments: Nearby the river the topography is very flat making it not suitable for hydropower
development.
MesayBekele Dimtu 0919734520
Nebyu Yohannes Dimtu 0916105423
Still in the area there is high potential of irrigation. Flooding every rainy season makes the life of
the people difficult by washing away their farm and also properties.
Name of Woreda: Ofa
95
Kebele: Wosowocha Dakeya
Altitude: 1570.01 m
Powerhouse location (in degrees):_
trees on it).
Seasonal Discharge (m3/s), (Except Jan & Feb, mention others only if data available)
Discharge
Annual Average Discharge: _______2.87 MCS_____

Meandering occurs, but at long distances.
The stream isintermittent
Precipitation (in mm), (Except Jan &Feb, mentionothers only if data available)
Precipitation

Current population of the catchment area: ___3680______________
Density (population/catchment area in km²): ___________________
Forests have been changed to farm land especially around the river.
Name of river / stream: _____Manessa________
Type Measurement
1 2 3
Measured (l/s)
96
Average design flow (l/s) 2870
16. Head
measurement
Measured design head: ___________________ m

1. Design discharge: ______2.87______m3/s
2. Design head: _____________m
3. Expected annual energy demand: / annum
4. Expected annual energy output: ________________kWh / annum
1. Distance from the main grid: ________________km
2. Length from power house to community (estimated): ________________km
Tibebu Ayza Administrator 0916571159
Alemayehu Anja Agriculture Extension 0916677430
Elsae Eliyas Agriculture Extension 0928762657
Livelihood
Estimated average annual income (ETB): _______2000 – 3000 ETB_______
Type of road (gravel,dirt...) dry weather

They use spring water.
5.3 Health Service
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Churches 4
Mill house (uses water) 1
Cooperative Institution 1
Candle ETB/M/HH
Wood (they collect by themselves) KG/week
6.2 Estimated total average expenditure for energy: _________32 ETB/HH/M
Existing include different fruits and potential are maize, bean and teff
Tax Personnel’s
MHP development?
Comments: the topography is somewhat don’t allow hydropower development.
Teshome Elias Woreda Agriculture and Rural Development Office 0910021863
Name of Woreda: Ofa
Kebele: Galda (Gugara River)
Altitude: 1196.25
Powerhouse location (in degrees): ____________________________
trees on it).
98
Discharge
Annual Average Discharge: _______2.87 MCM____________

Meandering occurs.
3. Is the stream perennial (constant flow), intermittent (may dry up) or ephemeral (Temporary,
The stream isintermittent.
Precipitation (in mm), (Except Jan and Feb, mentionothers only if data available)
Precipitation

Forests have been changed to farm land especially around the river.
Name of river / stream: _____Manisa________
Type Measurement
16.
1 2 3
Measured (l/s)
Head measurement
99
1. Design discharge: ________________m3/s
2. Design head: ________________m
3. Expected annual energy demand: ________________kWh / annum
1. Distance from the main grid: ________________km
Tibebu Ayza Administrator 0916571159
Alemayehu Anja Agriculture Extension 0916677430
Elsae Eliyas Agriculture Extension 0928762657

Population distribution (dense, clustered, dispersed?) Dense
Livelihood
Estimated average annual income (ETB): _______2000 – 3000 ETB_______
Type of road (gravel, dirt...) dry weather

They use spring water.
5.3 Health Service
Churches 4
Mill house (uses water) 1
Cooperative Institution 1
100
Kerosene 11.55 ETB/M/HH
Candle ETB/M/HH
Wood (they collect by themselves) KG/week
6.2Estimated total average expenditure for energy:_________11.55_____ETB/HH/M
Existing different fruits and potentials are maize, bean and teff
Tax Personnel’s
MHP development?
Comments: the topography is somewhat flat making difficult for hydropower development.
Teshome Elias Woreda Agriculture and Rural Development Office 0910021863
Name of Woreda: Boloso Sore
Kebele: Areka Zuria
Altitude: 1757 m
Powerhouse location (in degrees):__Not Suitable for Micro_Hydropower Development
The topography is somehow relatively flat.
Discharge
Annual Average Discharge: _______5_MCM________

The river is straight.
Meanderingdon’t occurs (the river is rather classified as straight river).
101
The stream is perennial.
Precipitation
Annual Average precipitation: ___________________

Data source (attach document if possible): ___________________
Catchment Size (in hector): ___________________
Current population of the catchment area: ________________
Green area have been changed to farm land especially around the river
NO irrigation
Name of river / stream: _____Woybo________
Type Measurement
16.
1 2 3
Measured (l/s)
Head measurement
Head measurement method applied: Not measured since it is close to the town and also the
topography nearby is flat making it difficult for micro-hydropower generation.
1. Design discharge: ________________m3/s
2. Design head: ________________m
3. Expected annual energy demand: ________________kWh / annum
1. Distance from the main grid: _________around 5_km
Total Population (people in nearby village): around 6000
102
2.1 Number of households in the Kebele:
2.2 Average No of people per household:
Livelihood
Estimated average annual income (ETB): _______
There is municipal water supply system (Tap system)
5.3 Health Service
Health post(s) (number)
Primary schools (number)

Kerosene ETB/M/HH
Candle ETB/M/HH
Wood KG/week
Estimated total average expenditure for energy:______________ETB/HH/M
Existing
Potential
development?
Comments: the topography is not good for micro-hydropower development. The river is almost
in Areka town so that the nearby areas already have electricity power supply.
There are some sites that are in accessible during our field visit and for those we haven’t
prepared any report.
S.No Woreda Kebele River Name Remark
1 Damot Gale Chocha Cheraqe Inaccessible and intermittent
2 Humbo Ambeshoya Lintala Inaccessible and intermittent
3 Duguna Fango Cheraqe Inaccessible by car and
Fango Kindo intermittent
103
4 Boloso Sore _ Manisa Inaccessible and intermittent
5 Ofa Yakima Lintala Inaccessible and intermittent
6 Ofa Ome Bolola Heramo Very seasonal and
inaccessible and also
intermittent
Sites not suitable for Micro-hydropower development

S.No Woreda Kebele River Name Remark
1 Ofa Okoto Sere Gagura The topography is very flat plus the river is
intermittent making difficult to get power
during dry season.
2 Galda Mancha Lintala The river is intermittent making difficult to
get power during dry season.
3 Boloso Areka Woybo The river is very straight. The area nearby
Sore the river is flat and also the river is very
close to Areka town so no need of
developing hydropower.
8. College of Health Sciences and Medicine

Capacitating building activities
Capacity building, in service training has given for five academic staffs on Scientific writing and
effective research communication, implementation research and grant writing offsite and more
than 35 staffs had received on job training on Qualitative research method and different software.
In collaboration with CBE, the office has received 80,024 Birr from partner for fulfillment of
office furniture which will enable to further strengthen the RCSC officeand the procurement the
goods is on progress and mobilized an estimated 350,000 birr.
Three research related committees have been established at college of health Sciences level.
Initiative has started with the college CBE office to standardize and integrate community based
education training program with the research and community service activities.
Proposal call, screening and evaluation
The research and community service proposal call for 2008 and 2009 academic year had
announced timely
Twenty-Seven proposals (Twenty-Five research and Two community service) and 22 research
and 2 community service has been received, for 2008 and 2009 AY respectively preliminary
screening has performed and submitted for senior reviewers. There are ten ongoing projects as
result of 2008 endeavors.
104
Every senior academic staff is assigned to evaluate two or three proposal using evaluation format
developed at the University level.
Presentation and proposal defense schedule is being communicated with senior staffs; and
Announced to be held on July 22, 2016 and evaluation result will be compiled following the
evaluation.
Community services
Community service has been provided for the community on areas of prioritized health and
health related problems of the community, by graduating class student and teachers.
Their activities have got local and regional media coverage.
329 health care provider from health care facility of south Ethiopia, were received a different
short term training in selected areas
There is one ongoing Community Service projects that aimed to improve the malaria treatment
practice of health extension workers in Damot gale District, which is extended from previous
year.
One Mega project, titled as “A community based interventional study to reduce the burden of
Pedoconiasis, micronutrient (iodine) deficiency disorder and chronic non communicable disease
in Wolaita and Dawuro zones” a five year follow-up project is being developed.
8.2.1. Title: The association of community based health insurance and utilization of health care
services in Wolaita zone, South Ethiopia: a community based comparative study
Principal Investigator: Sorsa Abebe Team Member; Tezera Moshago

Accessibility and price have been among the most important factors affecting utilization of
health facilities in Ethiopia.With the overall objective of achieving universal access the
government of Ethiopia is currently piloted community based health insurance scheme in thirteen
districts for the last four years. However, the effect of the scheme on the utilization of health care
services has not been studied well.
Rationale
To assess the effect of community based health insurance on utilization of health care services
and associated factors among enrollees and non-enrollee
Objectives
General objective
105
To determine the effect of community based health insurance on utilization of health care
services, in Wolaita zone
Specific objectives
To determine the level of healthcare service utilization among enrollee and non-enrollee of
community based health insurance inWolaita zone, South Ethiopia.
To compare the level of utilization of health care among enrollee and non-enrollee of community
based health insurance in Wolaita zone, South Ethiopia.
To identify factors associated with utilization of healthcare services among enrollee and non-
enrollee of community based health insurance inWolaita zone, South Ethiopia.

Assessing the effect of the insurance scheme on the utilization of health care services and
associated factors related to the implementation of CBHI aims to address the probable issues
that should be focused during scaling up of the project existing gap.

A community based comparative cross sectional study design will be employed using both
quantitative and qualitative methods. A two stage sampling procedure will be used in which
1166 households; 583from each of enrollee and non-enrollee will be selected randomly from the
members’ registration roster. Data will be collected using structured questionnaire. Systematic
sampling technique will be used to select 1166 with proportional allocation of the total sample to
the selected kebeles. Minimum of four focus group discussions will be conducted. The data will
be cleaned, coded and entered into computer and analyzed using SPSS for windows version 20.0.
Descriptive statistics, bivariate, and multiple logistic regression analyses will be performed.
Means and proportions will be compared by community based health insurance enrolment status
using independent sample t-test and Chi-square tests, respectively.Multivariable logistic
regression analysis will be used to see the effect of community based health insurance enrolment
status on utilization of health care service controlling for other potential confounding variable. P-
values less than 0.05 and 95% confidence intervals will be used to determine an association
between independent and dependent variables.
Major Findings if any

Current Status
On analysis, building model is on progress
Lack of household registration system, dropout of trained data collector, transportation problem,
absence of person in-charge
Future Plan: Analysis and comparison of findings with the existing evidence will be done.
106
8.2.2. Title: Sero-prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and human
immunodeficiency virus infection among pregnant women in Wolaita Sodo Town, South
Ethiopia
Principal Investigator; Fiseha Wadilo Team Member; Fithamlak Solomon

All HBV, HCV and HIV share common modes of transmission and have serious effects on both
pregnant women and infants. Viral hepatitis during pregnancy is associated with high risk of
maternal complications. There is a high rate of vertical transmission causing fetal and neonatal
hepatitis which can have serious effects on the neonate. In wolaita sodo town, there is a scarcity
of information on sero-prevalence of HIV and HBV infection among pregnant women.
Objectives
General objective
• To assess the sero-prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV infect ion among pregnant women
and to identify the associated risk factors with infection in wolaita sodo city
Specific objectives
• To determine the prevalence of HBV among pregnant women

• To determine the prevalence of HCV among pregnant women
• To assess the co-infection of HBV, HCV and HIV among pregnant women
• To assess the risk factors associated with HBV, HCV and HIV infection
• To identify newborns who will require protection against perinatal HBV, HCV and HIV
infection

The main objective of this study is to assess sero-prevalence and risk factors of HBV, HCV and
HIV infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care in wolaita sodo town.
A cross-sectional study will be conducted from October 2015 to December 2015. Socio-
demographic and explanatory variables will be collected using a structured questionnaire by face
to face interview. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HCV will be detected using
immunochromatographic methods and ELISA. HIV infection will also detected using the
national HIV test algorithms. The results will be analyzed with descriptive statistics and binary
logistic regression. The odds ratio and 95% Confidence intervals will be calculated.
Current status
Analysis is in progress
107
Since this project is laboratory based and all the necessary laboratory equipment’s were
mandatory to conduct this project. However it took much of the time to purchase those material
thorough Performa process and most of material were unavailable in this process. At the end we
purchased those materials by a direct order from vice president of research and community
service which is very enervating system and time consuming.
Future plan: Analysis and comparison of findings with the existing evidence will be done.
8.2.3. Title: Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of MDR tuberculosis and associated
factors at Wolaita Sodo University teaching referral hospital
Principal Investigator; Fithamlak Solomom Team Members; Fiseha Wadilo and Temesgen
Nane

MDR tuberculosis is a current worrisome issue in the clinical setups and n the community so the
current study uses phenotypic microscopic and genotypic assays to determine the prevalence and
strains of mdr tuberculosis with associated factors which aggravates the incidence. Rampicin
resistance will be detected by gene-xpert and isoniazed resistance will be detected by MTBDR
plus assay
Objectives
General objective
• To determine the mdr tuberculosis among tb suspects
Specific objectives
• To determine the prevalence of tb

• To determine magnitude of rifampicin resistance
• To determine magnitude of mdr tb
• To determine factors associated with mdr tb

The rapid detection of M. tuberculosis in infected patients is essential for disease management,
because the high risk of transmission from person to person and emergence of MDR-TB and
extensively drug resistant tuberculosis and detection of rifampicin resistance is also important
because it is an important indicator for detection of drug resistant tuberculosis including MDR-
TB patients. Therefore, to evaluate the current prevalence of anti-TB drug resistance, espechailly
of rifampcin which is surrogate marker for MDR tb and associated risk factors by considering
appropriate representation of TB patient population in the study area.

Cross sectional study will be conducted from September1-March 30, 2008 E.C from 345 selected
tuberculosis suspected cases in otona teaching referral hospital. Risk factors associated with
108
MDR TB will be assessed by questionnaire and sputum microscopy, gene-xpert and line probe
assays will be used for laboratory investigation of MDR TB. Spot-morning-spot sample will be
collected and investigated for sputum microscopy and both smear positive and negative cases
will be checked for genetic identification. Data will be analyzed in SPSS computer version 19
and Bi-variate and Multi-variate analysis with odds ratio will be applied.
Lack of deep freezers
Patients don’t bring the morning sputum sample as per they were told
Some suspected and positive samples were transported and the actual participant didn’t make it
8.2.4. Title: Factors associated with anemia among children aged 6-23 months residing in rural
districts of Wolaita zone, a community based study
Principal Investigator; Mihiretu Alemayehu Team Members; Mengistu Meskele and Wolde
Facha

Currently, micronutrient deficiencies are coming to be the most prevalent nutritional deficiencies
causing serious developmental problems in the world. Anemia is one of micronutrient
deficiencies which have serious public health significance in the world. It is second leading
nutritional cause of disability. It is an important outcome indicator of poor nutrition and health
with its major consequences on socioeconomic development of a population. Anemia can occur
at any time and at all stages of the life cycle but young children and pregnant women are the
most at risk segment of the community. Factors associated with anemia among children are
complex and multidimensional. Therefore, since no published community based study was
conducted in Wolaita Zone with regard to factors which predispose children to be anemic,
understanding these factors in a given population is important for evidence based interventions
and policies.
Objectives
General objective
• To assess prevalence of anemia and associated factors among children aged 6-23 months
residing in rural districts of Wolaita Zone
Specific objectives
• To determine prevalence of anemia among children aged 6-23 months

• To identify factors associated with anemia among the study participants
109
A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopia
from May 9 – June 8, 2016. Interviewer administered structured questionnaire was used to
collect data from a sample of 752children aged 6 – 23 months, who are selected by multi-stage
sampling technique from the 12 districts of the zone. Laboratory investigation (haemoglobin
concentration) was used to determine anemia by taking finger-prick blood sample and analyzed
by HemoCue Hb 301 UK analyzer. Values were adjusted for altitude using the Centre for
Disease Control (CDC) Atlanta method. Epi-data manager and client entry version 1.4.4.0 was
used for data entry

The activities are not yet completed.
Current status
Data analysis and write up mof the activities are left.
Delayed purchase of laboratory equipments, which further delayed the pre-stated schedule of
research progress.Shortage of transportation service from the university, which compromised the
research activity to a large extent and resulted in longer data collection duration than pre-
determined time period
8.2.5. Title: Community based survey on prevalence of hypertension and contributing factors
among adults in Sodo Town, Southern Ethiopia
Principal Investigator; Tamene Naba Team Member; Niguse Obse

A. Contextual background
The data collection were conducted in Sodo town from 25/08/08 to 29/09 /08 to G.C.Multistage
Sampling Techniques using a stratified sampling method, (All 3 kifle ketema as strata with
households in the town) were included proportionally. Within each kifleketema, households were
identified systematically. A probabilistic sample of 664 adults in the age group 25–64 years were
selected to participate in the study and will be examined for hypertension and some other risk
factors that could possibly associate to hyper tension
B. Rationale
Give baseline information for policy makers and the public at large, Show about the magnitude
of high blood pressure and related risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, Contribute to the
design and implementation of appropriate interventions. Inform/recognize peoples about their
condition/health status (silent killer hypertension) at that time (on the spot) which they did not
know before. Give information for local health planners, local health department and those
organizations working on health related areas to consider during their planning. Be as corner
stone for further research activities.
110
Objectives
General objective
• To assess the prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors, among adult
population aged 25 to 64 years of Sodo Town
• To determine the prevalence of hypertension of adults aged 25 to 64 in Sodo Town.

• To assess the behavioral associated factors of hypertension among adults aged 25 to 64
in Sodo Town.
• To assess the socio-demographic associated factors of hypertension among adults aged
25 to 64 in Sodo Town.

Methods: a community based cross-sectional study design will be employed in sampled adults
(25-64 years) of Sodo town from sep. to Jan. 2016. Data will be collected by trained nurses. The
data will be edited, coded screened and analyzed using SPSS for window 16.0 version. The result
of the study will be presented in tables, graphs and in themes.
Not yet
Current status
Data analysis is on progress and write up will be done.
Resistance to respond questioners
Future plan: Project plan development for community service and writing manuscript for
journal
8.2. 6.Title: Predictors of antiretroviral treatment outcomes in patients living with HIV/AIDS
after initiation of the treatment in Wolaita and Dawuro zones, South Ethiopia: a general cohort
study
Principal Ivestigator; Tezera Moshago Team Members; Tadele Dana, Bedilu Girma

HIV is a chronic lifelong infection, with no known cure, and therefore, people living with HIV
(PLHIV) have to be followed medically for the rest of their lives. Long-term regular follow-up of
ART is an important component of HIV care. As the HIV epidemic matured in Ethiopia and the
national treatment program reached about ten years since inception. However, there is a paucity
111
of evidence about the effectiveness of the program in the country. Therefore, there is a need to
use longitudinal data to evaluate treatment outcomes of the ART program in large scale.
Objectives
General objective
• To determine the outcome of ART and associated factors in PLWHA at ART clinic of
Wolaita and Dawuro zone, South Ethiopia
• To assess the incidence of LTFU among ART client in Wolaita and Dawuro zone,
Southern nations and nationalities people region
• To assess the incidence of mortality among ART client inWolaita and Dawuro zone,
Southern nations and nationalities people region
• To assess the magnitude of treatment failure among ART client in Wolaita and Dawuro
zone, Southern nations and nationalities people region
• To identify potential predictors of adverse treatment outcome in ART client in Wolaita
and Dawuro zone, Southern nations and nationalities people region

A retrospective cohort study design will be conducted, in the minimum sample of 5000 people
living with HIV/AIDS and attending an ART clinic in 24 health care facilities of Wolaita and
Dawuro zone, Southern nations and nationalities people region between 2005 and 2015. The
primary outcome (failure) variables will be death, LTFU, treatment failure while on ART follow-
up care. The Kaplan-Meier technique will be used to estimate time to the outcome; the log-rank
test will be used to test the significance of observed differences between groups. Trend analysis
will be employed to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment initiation protocol revision and
compare the incidence of adverse treatment outcome between the different protocols. Cox
proportional hazards regression model will be used to identify potential predictors of the
treatment outcome.

Not determined yet
Current status
Data analysis being done
Failure of computer in some areas, transportation problem, absence of person in-charge
Future plan: Workshop for feedback and dissemination of result, writing manuscript for journal,
developing project plan based on the finding
112
8.2.7. Title: Couples opinions and women’s utilization of postnatal care service in Wolaita zone,
Southern Ethiopia: A Community Based Study”
Principal Investigator; Wolde Facha Team Members Mengistu Meskele and Mihretu
Alemayehu

Contextual background
Postnatal period is the most neglected period though it is a critical phase in the lives of mothers
and newborn babies. Between 50% and 71% of maternal deaths happen during postpartum
period, particularly in the first few hours. Understanding the factors that determine postnatal care
utilization is crucial for countries like Ethiopia with alarmingly high maternal mortality.
Rationale
Understanding the factors related PNC utilization is critical for countries like Ethiopia with
alarmingly high maternal mortality.
Objectives
General objective
• To assess couples opinions and women’s utilization of postnatal care service in Wolaita
zone, Southern Ethiopia in 2015
• To identify prevalence of postnatal care service utilization in Wolaita zone

• To identify factors associated with women’s utilization of postnatal care service in
Wolaita zone.
• To explore couples opinion, belief and attitude towards women’s utilization of postnatal
care service in Wolaita zone.

A community based cross sectional study will be employed using both quantitative and
qualitative methods of data collection. Study subjects will be women aged between 15-49 years
old who delivered within the past six months in selected districts of Wolaita zone. Multistage
sampling technique will be used to select study subjects for quantitative study and purposive
sampling will be used to select participants for qualitative study.

Not yet
Current status
Data analysis and write up on progress
113
Budget not released on time
Future plan: Manuscript writing for journal will be done.
8.2.8. Title: Effect of moringa oleifera leaf powder fortification on nutritional content and
sensory property of maize bread
Principal Investigator; Yoseph Halala Team members; Tesfahun Molla, Aklilu Dolla and
Habtamu Azene

A. Contextual background
Moringa belongs to the Moringaceae a single genus family with 14 known species. Moringa
oleifera is the most common known and utilized species in the world. In Sothern Ethiopia
Moringa leaf is used as kale or cabbage for human consumption and animal feed. In some parts
of Wolaita (Diguna fango and humbo woreda), Gamo Gofa and Derashe special woreda, the
leaves of Moringa is part of the staple diet of population. Moringa olifera leaf is very rich in
protein (28.2-36.2%) and contains considerable amounts of essential amino acids. Similarly it is
rich in most micronutrients such as Fe, Ca, Vitamin A, Zn etc. The leafy part of Moringa could
thus be used as a protein and Fe supplement for other food products. All products of maize have
low protein content, low vitamis and minerals which results in protein and micronutrient
malnutrition. Protein malnutrition results in kwashiorkor in the country especially in maize
product consuming regions. Heavy dependence on these poor nutrition crops may have serious
problem on the physical and mental health of the maize consuming and growing people.
B. Rationale
Fortification of maize product with moringa olifera leafe powder results in the improvement of
its nutritional quality with high quality protein and micronutrients. This may be major duties in
the region to avoid diseases caused by protein and micronutrient malnutrition. Thus, this research
will try to achieve the improvement of nutritional value of maize product by fortifying it with
moringa olifera leaf powder.
Objectives
General objective
• To investigate the effect of Moringa oleifera Leaf Powder fortification on nutritional

content and sensory property of maize bread
• To study the effect of maize-moringa olifera blending ratios on nutritional quality of

maize bread.
• To study the amount of anti-nutritional factors of maize-moringa olifera products.
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• To study the effect of maize-moringa olifera blending ratios on taste of maize bread.

Sample preparation will be conducted in Wolaita zone, southern Ethiopia. Laboratory analysis of
the samples will be conducted at Ethiopian public health institution in Food Science and
Nutrition Laboratory.
Biochemical Quality Analysis
The sample will be subjected to chemical quality assessment. Moisture will be determined by
oven-drying method, Ash will be determined by incineration method, Fat will be determined by
soxhlet appratus method, Protein by Kjeldahl method and Crude fiber by AOAC (2005) method
and carbohydrate by difference method.
Sensory Evaluation- Sensory evaluation will be performed after baking to evaluate crust colour,
crumb colour, crumb texture, flavour and overall acceptability of the bread samples.
Statistical Analyses- Data will be generated in triplicate and subjected to analysis of variance by
using Statistical Analysis Systems package (SAS) (version 9.2 o). Means will be tested for
significant differences and significance will be accepted at p < 0.05.

Not determined yet
Current status
Data and laboratory analysis being done
Transportation problem, absence of person in-charge
Future plan
Workshop for feedback and dissemination of result, writing manuscript for journal, developing
project plan based on the finding
8.2.9. Title Evaluation of drug use by prescribers in private clinics in Sodo Town principal
researcher;
Principal Investigator: Zewdie Z Team member; Degefaw D

Contextual background
Drug use evaluation is a method of obtaining information to identify problems related to drug
use and if properly developed, it also provides a means of correcting the problem and thereby
contributes to rational drug therapy. The aim of this study is to evaluate drug use in private
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clinics in Woliata Sodo town, Southern Ethiopia, between September 1, 2015 and December
30, 2015.
Rationale
Give baseline information for policy makers and the public at large,
Give information for local health planners, local health department and those organizations
working on health related areas to consider during their planning.
Be as corner stone for further research activities.
Objectives
General objective
• To evaluate drug use in private clinics in Wolaita Sodo town, Southern Ethiopia, between
September 1, 2015 and December 30, 2015
Specific objectives
• To evaluate prescribing patterns using the WHO prescribing indicators;

• To evaluate indications of prescribed drugs;
• To evaluate use of high-cost medicines;
• To assess potential drug-drug interactions among prescribed drugs;
• To estimate the most prevalent diseases and the most frequently prescribed medications

A cross sectional study will be carried out retrospectively in the private clinics for the drug use
evaluation from Sep. 1 – Dec. 30, 2015. Patients’ medical records from September 1, 2014 to
August 30, 2015, will be reviewed. According to WHO International Network of Rational Use of
Drug (INRUD) recommendation, a total of at least 600 patient records are required for reliable
drug prescribing indicators assessment among health facilities. With 20% allowance for unclean
data total of 720 patient medical records will be reviewed. Taking patient load in each health
facility as a basis of clustering, the data will be collected by systematic random sampling
method.The data collected from patient record will be entered into a computer using Statistical
Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version-20.0 software to be edited, cleaned and analysed

Not yet
Current status
Data analysis on progress
Resistance to clinics to participate
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Future plan: Project plan development for community services and writing manuscript for
journal
8. 3. Community services rendered
8.3.1. Report of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training
Training title, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training (CPR)
Date, Venue and Conducted on the date of: June 15-21/2016 at CHSM in-service training center
Duration and Sodo Christian hospital.
Duration: _6_ days
Session: 3
Organizer Wolaita Sodo University RCSC
Goal The goals of this training was to provide the participants with essential
knowledge and skills of early recognition of critically ill patient, basic life
support, post resuscitation care and work as resuscitation team.
The trainee will be able to identify critically ill patient using early warning score
Objective card.
Apply safety measures to prevent harm to the team and patient according to
the checklist.
Check for sign of life on anatomical model with look, listen and feel approach
according to the checklist.
Diagnose the presence of complete and partial airway obstruction according to
the checklist
Demonstrate the ability to manage airway obstruction using basic airway
maneuvers.
Manage breathing problem using ventilation management modalities
according to guideline
Perform chest compression appropriately according to the algorithm
Demonstrate the ability to perform 5 cycles of chest compression and
ventilation with in 2 minute
Identify reversible causes of cardiac arrest according to ERC 2015 resuscitation
guideline
Idminister appropriate drug on appropriate time to a patient in cardiac arrest
according to ERC 2015 algorithm
Decide when to abandon cardiopulmonary resuscitation considering ethical
principles
Identify major post resuscitation concerns according to ERC 2015 guideline
Demonstrate team work while managing critically ill patients according to good
characteristics of resuscitation team
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Main course The training gave emphasis on:
content Introduction for CPR
Early recognition of cardia and respiratory arrest
The chain of survival
Basic life support
Reversible causes of cardiac arrest
Demonstration
Case presentation
Post resuscitation concerns
Training Materials ERC guideline 2015
AHA Guideline 2015
Video and CDs
Cases
PowerPoint
Demonstration Equipment
Mankins
Methodology Training/Learning Methods
Group discussion with case scenario
Role play
Demonstration
Studying learning materials {charts & manuals}
Case study
Videotaped demonstration followed by live demonstration
Working in pairs with feedback to each other
Introductory interactive lecture
Trainees A total of 15/Fifteens (Each session) a total of 45 (Forty-five 31 Males and 14
Females) participants were attended the training.
Monitoring and Participant’s expectations summarized:
Evaluation of the To understand CPR
training To understand the management of cardiac arrest victims
To be familiar with chest compression
To refresh the knowledge about resuscitation
To acquire the skills to perform full CPR
To become update
Major discussion points/ Major achievement

Registration, welcome and introduction of the participant and expectation of
the participant were taken.
Course overview (goal), objectives of the training explained, schedule summary
undertaken, group norm sited and course materials reviewed.
Conducted interactive presentations & group discussions on the introduction
of CPR.
Trainees were given exercise to discuss on and present the summary of their
group discussion result on the theory of chest compression.
Interactive lecture and demonstration on safety measures taken when we face
the cardiac or respiratory arrest victims.
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Pair discussion and demonstration on Essential adult care and immediate
resuscitation
Interactive presentation and discussion was done on Early recognition of
cardiac arrest victims.
Interactive presentation and video demonstration was undertaken on new
AHA guideline of 2015
Trainees went to demonstration practice sites and demonstrate on Mankins.
Trainees presented cases they saw on demonstration site on the fourth day
Overall workshop and course evaluation and closing was done
Resources for reference were given to trainees in soft and hard copies
Pre-test:Post Test:
Evaluation of Min score 10% Min score 80%
participants Max score 86% Max score 100%
Average 48% Average 90%
Facilitators Consultant:
Bedilu Girma (WSU Lecturer Trainer and course director)
ShimelashBitew (WSU Lecturer coordinator)
Tezera Moshago (WSU Lecturer, coordinator)
Bereket G/Meskel(WSU Lecturer and Trainer)
KidestGetu (Wolaita Sodo University Lecturer and Facilitator)
Bilen Kasahun (Wolaita Sodo University Lecturer and Trainer)
Summery course The participants were asked to indicate on scale of 1 to 5 what degree they
evaluation by agree with the following statements being 1=Strongly disagree, 2=Somewhat
participants disagree, 3=Neither agree nor disagree, 4=Somewhat agree and 5=Strongly
agree
I feel that:
The objectives of the module were clearly defined
Almost all were strongly agreed to this sentence
The materials were presented clearly and in an organized fashion
All were strongly agreed to this sentence
The pre-and post-tests were accurately assessed me in-course learning
The competency-based performance checklist was useful
Technical information
I learned new information in this course
I will now be able to manage:
Cardiac arrest victims
To all these scenarios, the participant strongly agreed
Training methodology
The trainers’ presentations were clear and organized
Class discussion contributed to my learning
I learned practical skill in the demonstration and case studies
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The trainers encouraged my questions and input
Overall The following aspects of the training worked well:
Observations by Training was conducted very well (tried to integrate theory with practice)
facilitators Majority of the participants were active participants.
Group discussions were coached very well.
Re-demonstration on skill lab was interesting
Trainers managed their time very well.
Aspects of the training did not work so well or challenging:
The perdiem was very low.
Suggestions for improvements to the training design and implementation
Training manual, PowerPoint and demonstration equipment should be
prepared by the training organizer ahead before
Trainers should be informed at least two weeks ahead and as well the training
organizer.
General recommendations including next steps to support transfer of learning
Such training should be given to all health professionals working in all health
center and hospitals even to all community if possible.
Acknowledgements of collaborations and sponsors
We would like to thank CHSM, WSUTR hospital and Sodo Christian Hospital for
provision of the training center and training materials and Wolaita Sodo
University sponsoring this project. And also the trainers providing this training
with such limited budget.
Challenges Perdiem was not satisfactory
Areas to be What was the most useful part of the training? Was the question asked to the
improved and participants at the end of the training?
Recommendation Some of them said all are best and admired the trainer
What was the least useful part of this training?
Nothing
What suggestions do you have to improve the module? Please feel free to
reference any of the topics above.
Keep it up!!
Attachments List of participants
Training Schedule
Photos
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9. School of Law
9. 1. Community services rendered

Title: Legal literacy campaign
Name of the Training Providers: Bogale Anja, Teketel Labena, Marishet Mohomed, Awol
Alemayehu and Yared Kefiyalew
Name of the Training Facilitators: Kidus Meskele, Tesfaye Dareilo and Beregen Moliso
Background and justification

International treaties, conventions and constitution of Ethiopia sets out the right every human
being is entitled to. Accordingly, the FDRE Constitution envisages that every person has equal
access to justice, regardless of his or her age, sex, nationality, economic status, or other
background. But often people who are poor and illiterate do not have access to information or
legal advice they need.
Laws in a rule of law system should be public knowledge, clear in meaning and applicable to
everyone. If the populace has knowledge about the law they can be at a better position to defend
their rights at the earliest possible stage and may also protect the rights of other also.
1
See The Civil Code of the Empire of Ethiopia, Proclamation No. 165 of 1960, Article 2035 (2)
and The Criminal Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Proclamation No.
414/2004, Article 80. On the other hand, subsidiary laws provide that “ignorance of the law is no
excuse or has no defense”.1 This rule presumes that the public has required information about
activities and behaviors which constitute unlawful conducts. The right to access to the law can
only be fulfilled if and only if the government and interested nongovernmental institutions take
actions towards the creation of awareness among the public about the governing laws. Street
Law is a time tested model to enhance the societal awareness about the law. Though the law
expects that an average individual has basic knowledge about the operating civil and criminal
laws, what is on the ground is completely different from this. That is why the principle of law
which provides that ignorance of law has no excuse or defense is incorporated under civil and
criminal laws of Ethiopia.
The right awareness problem among urban dwellers on issues like family relations and
succession, criminal law and procedure, human rights of women, children and persons with
disabilities, is a serious problem in our system of law. This fact is true for Wolaita Zone and
towns in the Zone including the capital Sodo Town. Rural dwellers are also subjected to the
same problems. Peasants’ right awareness about land and land related rights, judicial structures
and the human rights of vulnerable groups is at its meager stage. If peasants know their rights
and duties, this may have a positive effect on limiting conflicts and disputes with the other
holders of plots adjacent to the others. One writer asserted that “informed peasantry is an
empowered peasantry” well describes this situation. Dessalegn puts that “rights awareness is an
1
Dessalegn Rahmato, The Peasant and the State: Studies in Agrarian Change in Ethiopia 1950s-2000s (Addis
Ababa, Addis Ababa University Press, 2009) P. 211
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important element which will configure to the robustness of the security of tenure and is the basis
for the empowerment of the poor.”2
Objectives
The main objectives of this training are:
• Promoting basic legal knowledge of the public, especially of children, women and
vulnerable groups, through “Street Law” model;
• Raise public awareness about legal issues by promoting legal literacy;
• Promote the rule of law and human rights through training, discussions and seminars;
Methods used
The implementation of the project follows a well known “Street Law” model program. The main
purpose of this program is to equip the public with the basic rights, duties, rules and principles of
law which has to be at the tip of each and every individual finger at anywhere and at anytime.
Participants of the training

Place of the workshop/training: Humbo Woreda, Damot Sore Woreda, Ofa Woreda and
Damot Pulassa Woreda
Duration of the workshop/training: 01/09/08 E.C-14/10/08 E.C
Activities Woreda No. of participants Total
Female Male
Promoting basic legal Humbo Woreda 7 63 70
knowledge of the public, Damote Sore woreda 13 71 84
especially of children, women Ofa woreda 9 68 75
and vulnerable groups, through Damote Pulassa woreda 6 54 60
“Street Law” model
Main content of the training

Human rights law with an emphasis on child trafficking, human trafficking, and child labour
exploitation and women rights and FDRE criminal law.
Major achievements of the training

The training has raised awareness on human rights law with an emphasis on child trafficking,
human trafficking, child labour exploitation and women rights. It has provided public with
pertinent information about law-enforcing government bodies and courts of law on human rights,
and has promoted basic legal knowledge of the public, especially of children, women and
vulnerable groups, through “street law” model.
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Some of the challenges encpuntered include short of budget, inaccessibility of data,
inaccessibility of transportation and lack of time management.
General questions/ Comments/suggestions forwarded by participants during discussions

The following are the areas in which participants forwarded comments/suggestion and raised
questions for firther clarification. These are human rights issues, why human rights are
classified? who are most vulnerable for human rights violation within the community?, what
measure has been taken to tackle any human rights violations?, what role should the stakeholder
play in order to realize human rights violations?, FDRE criminal law, how do you play your role
to prevent crime commission?, what do you think the main reason for crime commission?, do
you think that all the stakeholders such as police, court, and justice department properly fulfilled
their responsibility for prevention of crime commission?
Summary and recommendation

Overall, the progress of this project is very successful. Grant release by WSU in time has helped
us to complete phase of planned time limit. The cooperative team spirit and commitment
apparently shown by the project teams capitalized for efficient utilization of recourses and
opportunities.
We found this project and timely in which various concerned bodies demonstrated their interest
to be involved in. Hence, this gave the team members courage to devote their utmost potential
for the successful achievement of the stated objectives. We hope all the concerned bodies would
extend their unreserved support in various forms until the project done. We would request the
research and community service V/president to keep on supporting us through timely release of
budget needed for the remaining task and other technical assistance.
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10. College of Natural and Computational Science

In the present year, the office has engaged several staff in RCS activities. The engagement of
members began with the submission of proposals. In the fiscal year, from totally submitted 31
project proposals (20 researches and 11 community services), the Research, Community Service
and Publication Committee (RCSPC) of the college screened 22 project proposals (18 research
and 4 community service) for defense. Among the 22 screened proposals, 20 (16 research and 4
community service) were presented at college for further evaluation. The presentation was made
for evaluators/ RCSPC, concerned directors and invited college community to substantiate the
importance of each RCS project and to win the competition for grant. The relevant project
proposals were ranked based on their average scores after evaluation by RCSPC committee.
Passing the rigorous competitive steps at college and VPRCS, 7 research and 1 community
service projects were approved to get grant from the university. The community service project
actually is student focused service, got special consideration for its affirmative approach.
The progress of all projects was checked by the RCS office by receiving written reports at every
step. Although the majority of projects were not completed in the fiscal year due to various
reasons, they have consumed much of their grants.
Table 1. Report on the submitted proposals
Category Number of submitted Presented and Approved to
proposals defended receive grant
Research proposals 20 16 7
Community service proposals 11 5 1
Total 31 21 8
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10.2.1. Title: Epidemiological study on Schistosoma Mansoni infection in Wolaita zone,
Southern Ethiopia
Principal Investigator: Bereket Alemayehu Team members; Zewdneh Tomass, Fiseha Wadilo,
Dawit Leja and Berhanue Erko
Schistosomiasis (also called bilharziasis) is one of the neglected tropical diseases caused by
blood flukes which belong to the genus Schistosoma. In Ethiopia, parasitic infections are of
serious public health concern (Mengistu et al., 2007). According to a report by the Ministry of
Health, helminthiasis is the third leading cause of outpatient visits in health institutions in 2005–
2006 (Ministry of Health, 2006). The range of infection prevalence, though wide, still illustrates
a high prevalence of these infections in country. Since intestinal parasitic infections are
associated with poor socioeconomic class and unsanitary conditions, people living in such
settings in rural Ethiopia are at substantially increased risk for developing parasitic infections
and suffering its diverse sequlae. Although several studies have been conducted on the
distribution and prevalence of parasitic infections including schistosomiasis in different parts of
Ethiopia, there is only one research done recently to establish prevalence and associated risk
factors of Schistosoma mansoni infection among primary schoolchildren near the villages of the
present project area. Based on findings of the mentioned study, this project was aimed to conduct
an epidemiological study on S. mansoni infection in a wider scope in the study areas.
B. Rationale
A study done by Bereket Alemayehu and Zewdneh Tomass (2015) revealed the high prevalence
and intensity of infection by S. mansoni in a primary school in Demba Girara kebele of Damot
Woide Wored, Wolaita Zone. The study highlighted by speculating the existence of the same
infection along "Bisare" Stream in particular and in other parts of Wolaita zone in general. Based
on the speculation, the current study was designed by widening the scope of investigation around
"Bisare" Stream in Damot Woide and Sodo Zuria Woredas and one prioritized Kebele, Ajora, in
Boloso Bombe Woreda. It was determined by the previous study that inhabitants of the study
area did not know about the existence of schistosomiasis in their area. Along the course of
"Bisare", it was observed that several households depended on this stream for both indoor and
outdoor water consumption due to the scarcity of safe water. In such setting, the prevalence of
water related parasitic infections including S. mansoni tend to be high. From the very nature, this
infection occurs in environments where fresh water bodies, Biomphalaria snail intermediate host
and open air defecation from schistosomiasis infected individuals exist together. The community
dependency on cercaria infested open water source is the main reason for increased infection by
schistosoma parasite.
Objectives
General objective
125
• To conduct an epidemiological study on Schistosoma mansoni infection rural villages of
Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia
Specific objectives
• To determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of schistosomiasis in the study
areas.
• To determine the endemicity of schistosomiasis by studying intermediate snail hosts and
their ecology.
Significances
This study was aimed to reveal the extent and intensity of S. mansoni infection among
schoolchildren of the study areas. It was also aimed to assess the ecology of intermediate snail
hosts and their importance in the disease transmission dynamics. From the result of the present
study, the main sector institution, the Zonal Health Bureau, will take it into account and design
disease control and prevention strategies in collaboration with the University.
A cross-sectional study was carried out between February, 2015 to May, 2015 to determine the
prevalence of S. mansoni infection and associated risk factors among schoolchildren in selected
primary schools of Damot Woide, Sodo Zuria and Boloso Bombe woredas of Wolaita Zone.
Schools were purposefully selected based on schistosomiasis infection-information obtained
from the areas' health centres during pre-study survey. The study subjects were selected by
systematic random sampling using their enrolment list as a sampling frame. 503 schoolchildren
were included in the study. For this study, about 4 g of fresh faecal samples were collected from
schoolchildren and placed in stool cups. Kato Katz and formalin ether concentration stool
techniques were performed in the field and in the laboratory respectively. Microscopic technique
was conducted at Biomedical Laboratory in WSU Biology Department to identify intestinal
parasites. The malacological study was also conducted and snail intermediate hosts were
collected from the human-water contact points along streams, rivers and irrigation canals. Snail
identification to species level and maintaining life cycle of the parasite using mice infection
model were done at Malacology Laboratory, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis
Ababa University.
Major Findings if any

Table 1. Age and Sex Cross Tabulation of the School children
Age Range (Years) Total
Sex 5-9 10-14 15-19
Male 39 (13.6%) 221 (77.0%) 27 (9.4%) 287 (56.9%)
Female 50 (23.0%) 149 (69.1%) 17 (7.8%) 216 (43.1%)
Total 89 (17.7%) 370 (73.6%) 44 (8.7%) 503 (100.0%)
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A total of 503 schoolchildren among which 287 (56.9%) males and 216 (43.1%) females were
involved in the study from five primary schools namely, Ajora, Gilo Bisare, Bisare, Motala and
Ello. The prevalence of S. mansoni infection was observed to be the leading infection (58.6%)
followed by Hookworm (27.6%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (8.9%). The overall prevalence of
intestinal helminths was determined to be 72.2%. When the individual school-based prevalence
of intestinal helminthiasis was observed, Gilo Bisare (83.3%), Motala (77.1%) and Ajora
(74.5%) were seen to have more infections than Bisare (46.9%) and Ello (44.1%) (P < 0.005).
Although there was no absolute dependency on a single water source for drinking and household
consumption, pipe water pumped from the underground was the most (51.7%) utilized followed
by the spring water (30%) and surface water (21.7%). 41.4% of children had either sometimes or
never been informed about hygiene practices at home by their parents.
Streams (Bisare and Kote-Zeeruwa), rivers (Woibo and Adacha) and Himbecho irrigation canal
were surveyed for S. mansoni intermediate hosts and a total of 111 Biomphalari pfeifferi were
collected.
Current status
The project is recently accomplished and both parasitological and malacological data were
gathered to determine the endemicity of S. mansoni infection in the study area.
• Delayed fund release pushed the overall project activities out of the intended project
plans. To solve this challenge, some activities were merged.
• Shortage of vehicles is the major problem which affected the project schedules. Public
transportation was used sometime to solve the challenge.
• Unexpected raining during the project period. Some of the project components were
transferred to next year to solve the challenge.
Future plan
The project is finalized and forwards the planning of wide intervention methods to control the
transmission of S. mansoni infection in the study arera.
10.2.2. Title: Spatial Modelling of Malaria Risk in Bayesian Setting: the case of Wolaita and
Dawuro zones, SNNPR, Ethiopia
Principal Investigator: Desalegn Dargaso Team Member; Bereket Tessema
Background and the Rationale

Malaria is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases. It is caused by four Plasmodium
parasites. These are Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and
Plasmodium malariae. A human becomes a candidate of malaria infection when an infected
female mosquito takes blood meal from human, passing sporozoites in to human's bloodstream.
127
Malaria is a location specific dynamic infectious disease transmitted by infected Anopheles
mosquitoes to humans.
B. Rationale
Malaria is one of the leading location specific, dynamic infectious diseases transmitted by
mosquitoes. It is one of the most dominant geo-spatially varying infectious diseases. Infective
mosquitoes transmit malaria to humans. Transmission of malaria is influenced by climatic,
environmental, vector, parasite and host factors. Especially, the dominant factors are
temperature, rainfall, altitude; land use land cover, cold cloud duration, length of malaria season;
distance to water bodies and the like play fundamental roles on the spread of malaria disease.
Moreover, economic and housing conditions have their own impact on the breeding of
mosquitoes either by fostering or holding back the breeding of mosquitoes. Climatic and
environmental factors are location specific. The variation influences malaria transmission.
Environmental and climatic factors play a main role both in providing and hindering fertile
condition for the breeding of mosquitoes.
Objectives
General objective
• To develop and apply Bayesian spatial model for malaria risk in Wolaita Sodo district of
SNNP Regional State, Ethiopia
Specific objectives
• To apply spatial methods for malaria prevalence study

• To determine the environmental and climatic factors for malaria prevalence
• To identify significant environmental and climatic predictors of malaria risk
• To provide model-based malaria risk prediction
• To validate spatial model for malaria risk
• To develop predicted malaria risk map of the study area
Significances
Statistical model provide the relationship between malaria prevalence and environmental and
climatic variables. The consequence of climatic and environmental changes on malaria
prevalence can be obtained from the statistical model. Besides, reliable map of malaria
prevalence which demonstrates malaria prevalence level from low to high areas can guide the
concerned body to intervene the disease and to optimize the use of limited human and financial
resources to areas of most need. Moreover, early warning systems can be made based on climatic
and environmental changes of the area. The study can also serve as a baseline for further studies
on malaria prevalence.
Data and methodology

Data
128
To carry out this research work, secondary data were obtained from some of selected health
centers of Wolaita and Dawuro Zones.
Dependent variable
The response variable in this study was malaria positive counts of individuals at those selected
Health centers of two zones (Wolaita and Dawuro) household locations during the malaria
season at the study area.
Independent variables
The main concern of spatial analysis of malaria risk was to assess climatic and environmental
factors that determine the spatial distribution and abundance of infectious mosquitoes. The
selections of independent variables were based on literature reviews (Gosoniu et al., 2006, Reid
et al., 2010, Amek et al., 2011. The independent variables: Minimum Temperature (MIT),
Maximum Temperature (MAT), Rainfall (RF), Distance to nearest Water Body (DWB),
Economic Status (Poor or Medium Status): Categorical variable that is used as a grouping factor,
Elevation (ELN) and Relative humidity (RH)
Statistical methods
Generalized Linear Mixed Model
Environmental and climatic variables with malaria prevalence relation can be provided by
statistical model. Malaria positive counts of individuals at closer geographical locations are
under similar climatic and environmental conditions.
Based on the existing geographical information, spatial model incorporate spatial correlation.
Spatial correlation is commonly taken as a function of the distance between locations for geo-
statistical data (Gosoniu et al., 2006). At each spatial household location‫ݏ‬௜ ; i = 1; 2; 3; :::; n,
malaria test of individuals may result either malaria positive or negative individuals in their
blood samples. Among Ni number of individuals in a household located at‫ݏ‬௜ , if ܻ௜ (‫ݏ‬௜ ) is the
number of malaria positive household members among Ni, then ܻ௜ (‫ݏ‬௜ ) can be assumed to be
independently and identically Binomial distributed random variable for all i and‫ݏ‬௜ .
Thus,ܻ௜ (‫ݏ‬௜ )௜௜ௗ
~ ‫ܰ( ݊݅ܤ‬௜ , ܲ௜ ), where ܲ௜ measures malaria risk at location ‫ݏ‬௜ .
‫ܻ(ܧ‬௜ (‫ݏ‬௜ )) = ܰ௜ ܲ௜ , ݃(ܲ௜ ) = ܺ௜ ߚ),where ݃ (. ) represents a link function which is given to be a

logit function in malaria risk study, ܺ௜ = ൫1, ܺ௜ଵ , ܺ௜ଶ , … . ܺ௜௤ ൯ is a vector of q associated
௧
environmental predictors observed at location ‫ݏ‬௜ and ߚ = ൫ߚ଴ , ߚଵ , … , ߚ௤ ൯ is a vector of
regression coefficients.
Current status
According to our proposal schedule we have given training to those data collectors and collectors
have collected data from selected Health Centers of Dawuro and Wolaita zones, but one of the
Dawuro zone data collectors has not subimmited collected data to us due to varioues reasons.
Now, we have appointment to recieve collected data on comming week. Currently, we have
129
coded data in our hand and after recieving data in other person hand, immidiatly our task is
analyzing collected data using statistical software and writing report.
While undertaking this project a number of problems encountered. Some of these are, when we
are going to Dawuro zone in order to give training to data collecters and for supervison to
different Health Centers of Dawuro Zone, concerned bodies were not available due to their
official case and to overcome these problem we have colleted cell-phone numbers of Health
Centers Head to check weather they are present in their office or not for other days. In addition
to these, some of them are not voluntary to provide required information.
Future plan
Almost, we have collected data starting from comming week we will start encoding data and
analysis part.
After analyzing, automatically we will start interpretation of descriptive and inferntial part of
statitistical software output.
Next to these by writing report and finalizing our work, we will inform (subimmit) it to Research
and Community service coordination office of our Collage.
10.2.3. Title: Determination of Quality of Honey Product at Dawuro zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia
Principal Investigator: Destaw Engidaw Takele Team Members; Ketema Alemayehu and Seid
Mustefa

The presence of different food ingredients in honey made human beings to use it as food
sweetening and other human health care (F. Buba et al., 2013 and R. Mahmoudi et al., 2012). As
a result, human beings remove and collect it from the honey comb and use for different
applications, even without further purification or processing, i.e. the quality of honey is
unknown. Peoples have found many ways to define quality and it is the degree to which a
product meets the requirements of the customer at the start of its life (M. Olaru et al., 2011 and
E. Tsegaye, 2004). Hence, honey quality test is an important task to be done in order to measure
and evaluate the product manufactured locally as well as commercially. The properties and
composition of honey are known to vary widely to depending on the region, season, variety of
bee, plant source of nectar, period for which it is stored in the honeycomb, mode of harvesting
and post harvest storage. Therefore, in this study we seek to examine the quality parameters of
honey product obtained in different apiculture areas of Dawuro zone.
B. Rationale
In Dawuro zone there are different apiculture areas and high potential of honey production, but
there is no documented data concerning quality of honey which benefits the community to be
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known in international market. The absence of standard/certification of honey quality would
make this zone impossible to be competent in honey commercial market. Therefore, studying
and forwarding honey quality is an important task to be done which is necessary for the
consumer.
Objectives
General objective
• Is to determine different quality parameters of honey and generate quality information

that can be use as a base line data to create international market linkage.
Specific objectives
• To analyze the physicochemical parameters of honey samples

• To investigate the effects of seasonal variation on the quality parameters
• To correlate the physicochemical properties of honey in different study areas and
standards given by different unions
• To investigate harvesting and storage procedure in the study area
Significances
Addressing sites available for honey and its quality is important for wholesaler, for honey
producers, quality concerns for wholesale exporters on Ethiopian supply and creates formalized
trade linkage.
Therefore, the main expected outcomes of this study is introducing the quality of Dawuro zone
honey and creating international joint that help local honey producers to conform international
standard concerning quality.
In our first season honey sample collection, we collected samples from four different woredas in
Dawuro zone and the samples were transported by using plastic bags to our university.
Unwanted materials from our samples such as wax, sticks, dead bees and particles of combs
were separated by straining the samples using clean cloths. The different physicochemical
properties such as, average moisture content, total ash content, electrical conductivity, pH and
total acidity, minerals and HMF content and content of apparent sugars of the samples were
analysed currently.
The first season honey samples are now almost analyzed and we have some results.
Current status
Currently, the samples collected in the first season are in the ways of analysis and the second and
third seasons are not yet done due to shortage of time and in this weekend we will collect the
second phase of samples and if it is possible we will analyze the samples before the end of June.
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The main problem during the first season was analysis of the samples collected in the first season
because the analysis have to be done in other universities or organizations due to the absence of
instruments in our university and finally the analysis is now almost complete informally.
Future plan
In the future we will collect the second and third season honey samples in June and August 2016
as it is possible to finalize our project and it will be better if the Office of Research and
Community Services postponed it by observing the shortage of time.
10.2.4. Title: Assessment of Downstream Pollution Profiles of Sodo Town along Kalte Stream
using Physicochemical, Macroinvertebrate and aquatic Flora Indicators, Wolaita Sodo, SNNP,
Ethiopia.
Principal Investigator: Hussen Yasin Team Members: Biniam Asfaw and Eyasu Chama
Background
One of the common resources for all life forms on the planet is water. Water is critical for
sustainable livelihoods and it is impossible for a single life to live without water. Furthermore,
there is a pressure to use these resources with maximum effort to feed the fast growing
population and to improve the standard of living of citizens.
Urban stormwater runoff is recognized as a potential pollution source for downstream waterways
and aquatic ecosystems. Increasing urbanization and industrialization generates different non-
point sources of contamination, causing impairment of water quality (Cesar et al., 2012). High
levels of nutrients in the form of nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilisers and wastewater can
activate excessive algal growth (algal blooms). The death and decay of these algae can produce
toxins and stagnant conditions. Toxic materials can enter waterbodies from industrial and
agricultural wastewater and can include such substances as pesticides and heavy metals (WRC,
2001).
Major pollutants in urban runoff include suspended solids (sediment and organic particles) and
nutrients (ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, organic nitrogen, orthophosphate, organic phosphorus, and
organic carbon). These can impact aquatic ecosystem health (Greenway, 2010). Contamination
due to different types of pollutants such as fertilizers, sewage, heavy metals or pesticides, is a
serious problem worldwide.
Statement the problem
It is well known that Ethiopia is endowed with large water resources potential. There are 12
major river basins with large number of medium and smaller river sub-basins contributing to the
major rivers. The annual surface run-off from the 12 major river basins amounts to 123 billion
cubic meters (EWNRA, 2007). Therefore, in order to use this huge water resource for the benefit
of the citizen in sustainable manner, developing easily applicable biological monitoring system
for assessment of aquatic ecosystems is very crucial. Thus this study is a multi-disciplinary
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project whose main goal is to collect baseline data on aquatic biodiversity and their relationship
with hydrological drivers and water quality. Moreover, Macroinvertebrate diversity in Ethiopia
in general and Soddo in particular is known little.
Objectives
General objective
• To assess abundance and composition of macroinvertebrate communities and lower

flora as indicators of habitat integrity.
Specific objectives
• To identify the diversity and abundance of aquatic macroinvertebrate fauna and
flora;
• To assesses the influence of water quality on the diversity and distribution of
macroinvertebrates and lower flora;
• To characterize the status of water quality along sodo town;
Significance of the study

Some of the gaps that the project would like to address are
• Assesses the ecosystem management approaches with respect to water quality issues
• Establish relationships between the freshwater biodiversity and water quality
• Improve an understanding of biodiversity and ecological processes;
Research design
A total of 4 sites have been selected and the 1st sampling site has been as a reference site outside
urban influence, along woodland. 2 nd other 4th sites have been selected where urban impact
seen( like car wash, household cloth washes , the 3rd site has been assigned where there is high
influent from butcher of the town directly release its waste to the water body.
Monthly collection of macroinvertebrates and concurrent measurement of the some physical and
chemical parameters or Field properties (specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, pH, and water
temperature, electrical conductivity and salinity) measurement with biological data at each study
site will be taken.
Macro-invertebrate data collection

A mesh size of 0.5mm net has been used to sample the habitats using a sweep net method, for
approximately 10 minutes. Bounce the net backwards over the bottom to stir up the sediment,
and then scoop it forward. Repeat swirling the debris back into the net. Scrape the net up against
emergent vegetation and submerged rocks and logs. The net is then removed from the water and
organisms are placed in a white tray for a quick assessment. The sample is sieved and kept in a
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sample container. The sample then preserved in ethanol 97%. The specimen has been identified
to the family level using the key identification guides (Bouchard, 2004)
C. Data analysis and interpretation
Using a statistical method for making simultaneous comparisons between two or more means
like ANOVA, computerized numbers per family per habitat and site sampled will be analyzed
for presence, absence, abundance and composition of macro-invertebrates data.
The sample almost full of individuals of one family, it is a family of order Diptera under Class
insecta, which is called Family chironomidae. This family is known by highly pollution tolerant
and found in low oxygen level. According to Bouchard, (2004) diptera inhabit a wide range of
habitats and some taxa are extremely tolerant and occur in heavily pollutant water bodies.
Current status
From the expected 4-5 rounds of sampling we took only one sample in month of April, 2008.
Hence, almost above 75% samples of the project have been untouched.
Due to heavy rainfall, there was high water runoff which highly disturbs the habitat where the
macro-invertebrate live in. It was very difficult to collect representative sample. So it enforced
us to arrange other favorable time to take sample.
Future plan
We will take consecutive monthly sample starting from September, 2009 until last December,
2009 E.C.
10.2.5. Title: Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Crude Extracts from the
Leaves of Ruta Chalepensis (Tena Adam)
Principal Investigator: Ketema Alemayehu Team Members: Destaw Engdaw, Gedif Meseret
and Seid Mustofa
Background
Medicinal plants were traditionally used for health care and serve as the bases for the emergence
of modern medicine. About 6,000 medicinal plants are believed to be used in traditional
medicine globally (Dawit Abebe et al., 2003). Phytochemicals are compounds that have
protective or disease preventive properties naturally produced by plants. They are usually called
plant secondary metabolites and are classified into major groups such as alkaloids,
anthraquinones, coumarins, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenes etc.
The concentration and type of phytochemicals present vary in different parts of a plant. The
leaves and young stems of Ruta chalpensis have been reported to contain alkaloids, flavonoids,
phenols, aminoacids, furanocoumarins and saponins
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Statement of the problem
Now a day's multiple drug resistance has developed due to the indiscriminate use of commercial
antimicrobial drugs commonly used in the treatment of infectious disease. In addition to this
problem, antibiotics are sometimes associated with adverse effect on the host including
hypersensitive, immune-suppression and allergic reactions. Therefore, there is a need to develop
alternative antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of infectious disease from medicinal plants. The
plant, is an aromatic medicinal plant, is selected regarding to their traditional medicinal uses. In
Ethiopia traditionally fresh leaves of the plant are used for the treatment of different diseases. To
preserve the indigenous knowledge of this useful plant in general and the medicinal plant itself in
particular, the phytochemical screening and preparing conditions for further drug manufacturing
is very crucial. Thus, the present study is developed to contribute to the documentation of the
pharmacological and biological activity testing of most popularly used traditional medicinal
plant that given prior place in the community health life.
Objectives
General objective
• Is phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of plant leaves.
Specific objectives
• To extract the leaf parts of the plant with different solvents

• To evaluate its Efficacy and Antibacterial activity
• To introduce use of medicinal plants in scientific way
• To perform phytochemical screening tests
• To determine the appropriate solvent for extraction of the ingredients
Significance
It is a common practice in most parts of our country, Ethiopia, to use plants as a medicinal by
consulting traditional drug healers. The traditional drug healers have no knowledge on the
chemical constitutions of the plant. By nature, medicinal plants might have toxicity that can
cause even death. On the other hand, these traditional drug healers have no knowledge on how
much doss the potential should take. The people around wolaita zone and dawro zone, SNNPR,
Ethiopia, traditionally use the plant stem and/ or leaves part of Ruta chalpensis mixed with
coffee, tea, or taking orally for the treatment of analgesic and anti-pyretic and for the treatment
of mental disorders for human. In addition fresh leaves of Ruta chalpensis are squeezed and
sniffed to treat colds and coughs. Following this, this study has a great significance for those
communities who use the plant.

Identification of sample sites
The sample sites were selected depending on the areas where the plant is highly cultivated. In
Wolaita Zone two different woredas (Boloso Sore, Sodo Zuria,) were selected. Preliminary
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information was collected from the local community on how the people used this traditional
medicinal plant for the treatment of different diseases and from Zones commercialization and
union work directive administration.
Plant material collection and identification

Fresh leaves of the plant were collected from the vicinity of Wolaita zone (Boloso sore and Sodo
zurya woreda). Botanical identification of the plant was carried out using flora of Ethiopia at the
herbarium of Ethiopia at Addis Ababa University.
Preparation of plant extracts
The leaves of the plant will be chopped into small pieces; air dried at room temperature (25°C)
under shade and pulverized using a laboratory mill yielding 300–500g. The fine powders were
separately soaked in different solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, acetone and pentane) for 4 days
at room temperature to produce extracts. The solvents are chosen depending on their polarity
deference. The filtrate is then were dried by using rotary evaporator at temperature of about 40-
450C. The dried extracts were put in deep freezer until needed for the experiment.
Phytochemical Screening Procedures

Solvents extract of the leaves of Ruta chalpensis were chemically tests using standard techniques
for the detection of sterols, saponins, phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids,
antraquinone, and cardiac glycosides.
Statistical analysis
All the experiments were carried out in triplicate and results expressed as mean ± SD (n=3)
Current Status: - on going (half way)
Problems encountered. Shortage of time
Future Plan: - Efficacy and Antibacterial activity will be evaluated.
10.2.6. Title: Determination of Fluoride in Cassava, Enset and Sweet Potato Cultivated in
Wolaita Zone
Principal Investigator: Seid Mustofa Team Members: Destaw Engdaw and Ketema Alemaye

Food is a fundamental part of our lives. A staple food is defined as a food that is consumed
regularly and supplies a major proportion of energy and nutrient needs. Staple foods vary by
location but include grains, tubers, legumes or seeds. Plants accumulate fluoride in different
extents, depending on the type of the plant and of the soil where they grow. The major factor
which determines the extent of adverse effect depends on the fluoride content of natural
drinking-water, the total amount ingested daily, the duration of ingestion and the efficiencies of
intestinal absorption and renal excretion. Type of staple food differs from location to location. In
southern part of Ethiopia, Kocho is a major of food. Toxic substance can reach to human body
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by different routes, such as through food consumption. Through consumption of food, fluoride
from plant can reach to entry to human body. Main food ingredient grown in the Wolaita Zone:
Enset products (Kocho, Bulla) , Cassava, sweet potato, maize, beans, Haricot bean, tef, sorghum,
Broad bean, Peas, Kidney bean. Part of the Wolaita zone is located Rift areas. Cassava, Enset
and sweet potatoes are mainly grown Wolaita zone.
Objectives
General objective
• to determine the level of fluoride in Cassava, Enset and Sweat Potato cultivated in
the area of Wolaita
Specific objectives
• To determine levels of fluoride in Cassava, Enset and Sweat Potato

• To compare level of fluoride between Cassava, Enset and Sweat Potato
• To compare level of fluoride among sampling site (Bolosso Soro, Damot Gale,
Duguna Fango and Humbo) where Cassava, Enset and Sweat Potato are collected.
Significances
This study will enable in identifying the effect of fluoride contribution from food ingredients
(cassava, Enset product and sweet potato). The results of this study will also be as base-line
information for further studies, show the direction in setting guideline values for health related
chemicals in consumption of Cassava, Enset product and Sweet potato based type of food.
Cassava root, Enset plant and Sweet potato samples will be collected from local village of
sampling areas. Each types of sample will be collected from Bolosso Soro, Damot Gale, Duguna
Fango and Humbo. Enset plant, Cassava root and Sweat Potato from each sampling site will be
dried, grinded and powdered with mortar and pestle. 0.5 g of each sample will be weighted in to
nickel crucible. The nickel crucible will be put on a hot plate for evaporation to dryness before
they are covered with NaOH and put in muffle Furness for combustion. The temperature
program for the muffle- Furness will set at 200 oC for approximately 16 h 2 after which the
temperature will be increased to 525 oC and kept for 3 h. The crucible will be cooled and 10- 15
mL distilled water will be added. After dissolution will be completed, the sample solutions will
be then neutralized using concentrated and diluted hydrochloric acid. The solutions will be
filtered with filter paper and the pH will be adjusted by using TISAB to 5.2-5.4. Finally, the
fluoride concentration will be measured by A pH/ISE meter equipped with combination fluoride
selective electrode (Orion Model 96-09, USA) in the samples and standard solutions. The pH
will be measured with pH/ION meter using pH glass electrode. All activities, from Sample
preparation up to fluoride determination will be in the Laboratory of Addis Ababa University.

Table1: The major activities performed
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No Activities Starting Returning Place name Km Purpose
date (EC) date (EC)
1 Identification of 16/04/2008 17/04/2008 Bolos Sore 29 Identify Kebeles
sampling Kebeles 18/04/2008 19/04/2008 Damot Gale 18 Identify Kebeles
and collection of 20/04/2008 21/04/2008 Humbo 19 Identify Kebeles
sample in four 22/04/2008 23/04/2008 Duguna Fango 45 Identify Kebeles
Woredas
2 Collection of 15/05/2008 18/05/2008 Bolos Sore 29 sample collection
sample in four 19/05/2008 21/05/2008 Damot Gale 18 sample collection
Woredas 22/05/2008 25/05/2008 Humbo 19 sample collection
26/05/2008 27/05/2008 Duguna Fango 45 sample collection
3 Sample 10/07/2008 25/07/2008 Addis Ababa 332 Sample
preparation in preparation
the laboratory of
Addis Ababa
University (AAU)
4 Laboratory 13/09/2008 25/09/2008 Addis Ababa 332 Sample analysis
analysis (AAU)
Based on the above schedule, we have entered into the project since 16-23/05/08. The first phase
(16-23/05/08) was devoted to identify potential sampling kebeles, from four Woredas (Bolosso
Sore, Damot Gale, Humbo and Duguna Fango). The second phase of the project was between
(12/07/-23/0708) was to collect sample three type of samples (Cassava root, Enset plant and
Sweet potato) from four Woredas. Both identifying sampling site and collection of the samples
have accomplished according to schedule provided on the above table. The 3rd and 4th phase of
the project (sample preparation and analysis, respectively) have not still been accomplished
according to schedule (10/07 -25/09/2008) due to laboratory facility problems in different types
of universities we consulted.
As have been informed, Office of Research and Community service of WSU needs ‘cost break’
for laboratory analysis from organizations (for our case from universities we are to to our
project). However, even though we ask them to write for WSU a letter that describes ‘cost break
down’ for each laboratory activity, the universities are not ready to do that. To get organization
that is ready to write a letter describing ‘cost break down’, we assessed different types of
universities for laboratory facilities. Time schedule for both sample preparation and laboratory
have not been accomplished till the date this progress report. From this, we understand that their
financial working system do not match with our university financial system. Due to this problem
our project is not still finalized.
Future plan
To analyze our sample and to finalize the project, we still need additional time.
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10.2.7. Title: Charcoal Production and its Implication on Livelihoods of the Community and
Environment
Principal Investigator: Dalga Yaya Team Members: Samuel Tessema and Abraham Loha

Wood charcoal has been serving as a primary fuel for cooking food in Ethiopia. It is used as the
main source of fuel because charcoal is relatively the cheapest and easily available. Although
wood charcoal is very important source of fuel, its use is not completely free from the negative
health effects. According to the study carried out by Bogale (2009) the pollution that comes out
of wood charcoal smoke causes damage to the health of people. Charcoal is produced intensively
in some areas of the wolaita zone. People involve in charcoal production mainly as off-season
activity to support their lives. In this research, we interested to aware people who involve in the
activity and alert the stakeholders Charcoal production related benefits and drawbacks.
Therefore, charcoal production can be practiced as an activity that improve people’s livelihoods
and environmentally sound approach.
B. Rationale
According to Msuya et al., 2011, charcoal production caused the destruction of forest. As Msuya
estimated the amount of forest destroyed by the charcoal production is 150,433 ha per year. In
addition to the forest destruction, the study stressed some air pollution concerned gases like CO2,
SO2, NOx, and CH4 emitted from the activity leading into environmental burden (air pollution).
As Msuya; if this scenario continues by 2030, it was estimated that 49, 1, 9 and 12 million tones
equivalent of CO2, SO2, NOx, and CH4 would be emitted to the atmosphere. As revealed by the
research, intense charcoal production also leads to biodiversity loss, soil erosion, disruption of
rainfall pattern and less agricultural production.
According to Pennisie et al. (2001), the drawback of charcoal production is that the traditional
method applied (kilns used) to produce charcoal is less efficient. The amount of energy
converted from wood carbon to charcoal carbon is 37 to 69 % showing the vast amount of
energy wastage. Therefore, this study suggests that charcoal production should be applied by
selecting the best method that exploits economically charcoal from wood carbon.
Fuel demand is increasing due to population growth accounting 1.4% energy demand per year in
developing countries. There are different energy conversion approaches, however; all available
energy conversion methods are with the drawbacks. Therefore, conducting the research on
available energy conversion practices and informing its limitation would help avoiding related
negative consequences.
Objectives
General objective
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• is to evaluate the existing condition of charcoal production and its implication on the
livelihoods of the community and environment in the Wolaita Zone
Specific objectives
• To explore the existing condition of charcoal productions

• To find out the challenges that the charcoal producers are expose
• To assess the available charcoal production methods
• To explore the available feed stocks for charcoal production

We believe this research will improve charcoal production approach. This research will help to
estimate and predict the CO2 equivalent that potentially goes to the atmosphere from the
charcoal production. The study also suggests alternative mechanism of reducing emissions
through creating awareness in society and charcoal producers about the potential effects charcoal
production. It will also indicate the approach that should be followed by the charcoal producers
(stakeholders) and will propose selective and sustainable charcoal production.
The research method used for this study is Interview, FGD and observation. Interview is selected
because it is a suitable method to collect the data for this research. Interview is followed by
preparing questions to distribute for the research participant. FGD was also appropriate since the
stakeholders of the project communicated and important information collected therefore, the
final outcome of the research will help the energy sector to improve the charcoal production
approach. Field observation is considered useful because the method employed can be observed
and drawback identified.
For this research both primary and secondary data will be used. Primary data was collected from
participants of the research via interview, FGD and observation. Secondary source of data will be
collected from relevant written reports, books, published sources (journals) and internet sources.
Purposive sampling technique was used to determine the total number of research participant. It
is a suitable method to determine the study units because the participants of research reasonably
could be determined. Moreover; we considered all charcoal producers for this research therefore
purposively all charcoal producers were involved.
Following purposive sampling technique; from twelve Woredas and two cities administration of
wolaita zone, three woredas (Sodo zuria, Offa and Humbo) were selected considering intense
charcoal production. In the same procedure, two kebeles from each woreda with thirty
households of charcoal producers were selected.
We didn’t start analysis therefore we don’t have results
Current status
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Discussions were made with the energy officers of the selected woredas in order to make
common understanding about the research we are conducting. Then with the energy officers, the
site of charcoal production was visited several times to get the detail information about the
approach they use to produce the charcoal. Collecting the information from energy officers and
charcoal production sites, selection of data collectors were made. Afterwards, to make the data
collectors well equipped training was provided on questionnaire prepared to research participant.
Finally, with thorough supervision data was collected by data collectors.
Basically, the challenges we faced during the research were unavailability of energy officials and
unwillingness of charcoal producers to show the site of charcoal production. The challenge, we
faced with the energy officials were managed by fixing the date by which the officials were in
the office, and giving a call to inform them before we travel to the site. The challenges related to
charcoal producers were managed by giving the detail information about the research we were
conducting and convincing them that the research we are conducting never harms their activity.
Future plan
The remaining activity of the project is summarizing, organizing, and analyzing the data to give
inferences about the data and also FGD is remaining we will travel one more time to make
discussions with. After coding and editing, data will be entered to the software to be analyzed.
Basically, we will use SPSS soft ware to analyze the data in addition to excel sheet to compare
the results.
10.2.8. Title: The Effect of Increasing Temperature on Anopheles Arabiensis Due to the Climate
Change and Its Response on Malaria Transmission Potential at Selected Weredas of Wolaita
zone.
Principal Investigator: Abraham Loha Team Members: Samuel Tessema and Dalga Yaya
The spatial limits of the distribution and seasonal activity of malaria transmission is sensitive to
climate factors, as well as the local capacity to control the disease. In endemic areas where
transmission occurs in regular long seasons, fatality rates are highest. Climate plays an important
role in the spatial and temporal distribution of malaria; that are carried and transmitted through
vector anopheles arabiensis.
Temperature affects how long mosquitoes live, how quickly they mature to adulthood, how often
they bite, and ultimately how many mosquitoes are around. It also affects how quickly the
malaria parasite inside of a mosquito becomes mature enough to infect humans.
Rainfall creates pools of water which are essential to mosquito breeding as mosquito eggs must
be laid in water and mosquito larva mature in water. In places where the burden of malaria is the
greatest, the season following rainy season is also known as the malaria season. Humidity, which
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is related to rainfall, increases the lifespan of mosquitoes, giving them more opportunities to
carry malaria infections from one person to another.
B. Rationale
The transmission of malaria influenced by climatic parameters (Bonora S et al), the suitability
condition for malaria transmission varies from place to place as the climatic variable varies from
place to place .According to Samuel T, 2012(unpublished thesis of Addis Ababa University)
both minimum and maximum temperature at some selected station of Wolatia zone were
increasing. Therefore, the assessment of the potential change in malaria transmission dynamics
caused by climate change and change in the Geographic distribution patterns is an important
topic for the zone which is composed of heterogeneous climate setting.
Objectives
General objective
• The general objective of this research is to assess the impact of climate change on malaria
transmission potential in Wolaita Zone
Specific objectives
• To project the potential effect of climate change on malaria transmission potential.

• To find out the empirical relationship of anopheles anabasis mortality and survival
conditions with temperature.
• To determine the attack rate (transmission potential) influenced by the change of climatic
parameters.
Significances
The study will help as local early warning tool for malaria transmission dynamics based on
climate projections
The study will help planners to incorporate the effect of climate change on malaria transmission
dynamics.
The study will help as the policy effectiveness analysis tool for malarial prevention.
Research setting: the research is conducted in for Sodo zuriya, Damot Woyde, Boloso Sore and
Offa weredas.
Research design: Experimental
This lab will be set with collaboration of Entomological lab of Ethiopian Public Health Institute
(EPHI). The experiment contains the following 4 main activities.
A. Lab Environmental parameters were adjusted
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Relative humidity of 60-80 %
The temperature varies according to the experiment
The age of mosquito is 4 days
Laboratory rabbit blood feeding and 10 % sugar solution to maintain constant blood feeding rate
B. Under the optimal controlled range of humidity and precipitation which is best for mosquito
breeding and feeding is maintained.
C. N-number of sample of mosquitoes depending on culture rate and size; will be held under (1)
for constant time (t) for all temperatures ܶ௜ values
D. The temperature values range from ܶ௜ = 10,12, … … . .40 in degrees for a constant time will be
calibrated.
E. The percentage of mortality at different scales of temperatures was computed
Tools for data collection: Experiment and meteorological data
Method of data analysis

The thermal response of mosquito will be modeled and empirical relation will be obtained. The
response will be fitted to the polynomial of degree 4.The daily average temperature will be
modeled with the hybrid equations with linear forcing part and Fast Fourier transform oscillating
section. The linear part of the model considers either increasing or decreasing section of
temperature due to the climate change as linear forcing and the periodic section of the
temperature is modeled by sinusoidal function with constant forced amplitudes and different
phase angles depending on the time.We may couple a detailed mechanistic Hazard Model and
entomology model with climate projections from general circulation models (GCMs) to predict
changes in vectorial capacity for Anopheles arabiensis.The data and the models will be analyzed
using Matlab 2013aR matrix laboratories and Maple programming languages.
Current status
All major data collection was made. The meteorological data collected from NME had missing
values for some stations. Therefore we are clearing the data for further application. Interpolation
and smoothening of the data will be employed. Thermal responses data was also collected; the
remaining work for the research is data modeling and analysis. Quantitatively speaking around
68% task was completed.
As customarily saying we faced very critical transport logistics problems due to the over
programming by transport and logistics department. Due to this inconvenience we were exposed
to distressed journey and unplanned transport and logistics cost.
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We were working on the environmental variables, therefore the La Nina effect has confronted by
swiftly changing the environmental variables so that we faced sober challenges to retain the lab
under steady temperature.
Future plan
Modeling thermal response of the mosquito, smoothening climate data, compute the vectorial
capacity of the mosquito and map the transmission intensity with climate projection are tasks to
be accplished in the remaining months.
10.3.1. Title: Integrated Control Intervention against Schistosoma mansoni Infection at Demba
Girara Kebele, Damot Woide District, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia
Principal Coordinator: Dawit Leja Team Members: Bereket Alemayehu, Zewdineh Tomass,
Fiseha Wadilo and Zewde Zema
Background
Schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma mansoni infection is one of the neglected tropical diseases
causing huge morbidity particularly in school aged children. The disease is expanding to
previously non endemic areas due to human movement and poorly managed irrigation activities.
This community service project was initiated based on our research finding in the 2006 E.C.
fiscal year. In the year 2006 E.C. team of researchers from the Department of Biology, Wolaita
Sodo University examined stool samples of 384 randomly selected children (aged 5-15 years)
from Demba Girara primary school in the framework a small scale research project,
“Epidemiology of Intestinal Helminthaisis with particular Emphasis on Schistosomiasis mansoni
in Wolaita and Dawro Zones”.
Rationale
Recently in 2015, the prevalence of S. mansoni infection was reported from Demba Girara
Kebele in Damot Woide Woreda, Wolaita Zone. Out of 384 school children examined for
intestinal helminths, 312 (81.3%) were positive for S. mansoni infection. Among other effects,
the parasite causes growth retardation, school absenteeism and poor cognitive development in
children. Hence, it is paramount importance to implement integrated control interventions after
identifying new transmission foci through epidemiologic studies. The ethics in biomedical
science also enforces treatment of positive cases implementation of integrated control
intervention by mobilizing communities and the health sector.
Objectives
• To create awareness about schistosomiasis and its effects on public health among
community leaders and health experts from Damot Woide and Sodo Zuriya distrcts
• To provide practical training on laboratory diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni for medical
laboratory technicians from Damot Woide and Sodo Zuriya Districts
• To implement mass treatment of children of the Demba Girara primarily school with anti-
schistosomal drug, praziquentel.
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• To monitor and evaluate implementation of integrated control intervention against
schistosomiasis mansoni in the project area

This community service project is expected to create awareness about the high prevalence and
associated effects of schistomiasis among community leaders and health professionals from
Damot Woide and Sodo Zuriya Districts of Wolaita Zone. The project also tried to provide
practical training on diagnosis of intestinal schistosomasis for clinical laboratory technicians
from the aforementioned districts. Mass treatment of children of the Demba Girara primary
school with anti-schistosomal drug, prazequentel, is also among the empirical expected
achievements of the project. The project also tries to assure implementation of the basic options
for integrated control interventions against schistosomiasis in the area through its monitoring and
evaluation scheme.

A. Awareness creation about the disease
Training on intestinal schistosomiasis was organized for community leaders (kebelle
administrators and school principals) and health professionals (health extension workers,
environmental health experts and public health officers) for 4 days at Wolaita Sodo University
main campus. During the training session trainees were informed about the life cycle of the
parasite, its mode transmission, its pathogenesis and possible methods of control and prevention.
The training encompassed practical demonstration about diagnosis of the parasite from stool
specimens for clinical laboratory technicians. Banners were posted on the main gate of the
University and several areas inside the campus publicizing occurrence of new transmission foci
for the disease in Wolaita Zone. Moreover, the project team members passed messages about the
disease and its control and prevention strategies on the FM radio. Training manuals were
prepared and submitted to the office of the vice president for research and community services.
B. Mass treatment of school children with anti-schistosomal drug
Mass treatment with praziquantel was conducted for 1500 school children at Demba Girara
primary school in collaboration with Demba Girara Helath Centre by using standard dose.
C. Monitoring and evaluation

The monitory and evaluation phase of the project was accomplished recently in 2016. It was
observed that awareness on the infection was created among most of the inhabitants who depend
on Bisare stream water for drinking and other indoor consumption. But there were still some
community members who were not aware on the disease. This project therefore recommended
that intervention efforts done by the community and health professionals should be very much
integrated to curb the disease.
Major accomplishments
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• A total of 21 stakeholders have participated in the training about shistosomiasis and its
integrated control strategies
• Four clinical laboratory technicians received practical training on diagnostic methods
(Keto-Katiz and Formalin-ether concentration techniques) in the Biomedical Science
laboratory of Biology Department, Wolaita Sodo University
• A total of 1500 children of the Demba Girara Primary school were mass treated with
praziquantel
• Monitory and evaluation were done
Current Status
All the project activities were implemented as per the action plan
Problems encountered and solutions taken

Shortage of field vehicle was a serious problem for commencement of the project. Hence, motor
bicycles were used as alternative to visit the project area. Late procurement of the drug and other
supplies by the purchase department of the University has affected timely accomplishment of the
project.
Future plan
The project was accomplished.
10.3.2. Title: Empowering Female Students of Wolaita Sodo University through ICT
Name of the Training Providers: Alemnat Derso and Medhanit Getachew, Letebrhan
Alemayeh, Nuniyat Kifle, Sara Abite Name of the training facilitator: Letebrhan Alemayehu
Before starting the project, it was announced and posted for students starting from Feb. 21, 2008
E.C up to Feb. 25, 2008 E.C. It was basccially anticipated and planned to register and give
training for 800 female students. However only six hundred sixty (600) female students, all
batches, were registered and the project teams were started giving the training for these amounts
of students in three rounds.
Place of the workshop/training: Wolaita Sodo University
Duration of the workshop/training (Date/Month/Year): Three Months
From the Oxford American Dictionary Empowerment can be defined as "to make (someone)
stronger and more confident”. Higher Education is the aggregate of systematized knowledge and
practical skills that allow theoretical and practical problems to be solved by a given type of
training, utilizing and creatively developing the modern achievements of science, technology,
and culture. Empowering female students of Wolaita Sodo through ICT is to empower female
students by giving training on computer operating, Microsoft access, Internet access and
installing and using anti-virus software. Generally, ICTs provide knowledge and resources that
hold potential for female students’ empowerment.
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Objectives of the training
General objective:
• To empower female students of Wolaita Sodo University through ICT.

Specific objectives
• To enable female students accessing internet and its application.

• To make female students Microsoft office usage like preparing documents, slides, Excel
• To enable female students getting access to information and resources through ICT.
• To make female students capable in protecting their computers/files by installing and
using anti-viruses.
• To have females detail knowledge in basic computer skills.
• To develop slide navigator android application this will be developed using android
mobile/Smartphone.
Methods used to accomplish the training plan

A. Announcing or advertising about the training
• Firstly, we have written letter of collaboration to department heads of the university

• We have contacted the focal persons or gender representatives in each college
• Posting the Good news around dorms, cafeteria Department and places where female
students frequently visit and use.
• Posting on notice boards and around class rooms.
• Announcing for focal persons working together with Gender office and female student
representatives.
Figure1: posting announcement for registration
B. The next phase was registration
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• The registration was taken for five days
• We have registered 660 female students.
• Organizing student names with their class where they attend their trainings every
weekend!
• These registered students were:
o 316 female students from natural and computational college
o 171 female students from FBE
o 42 Female students from engineering
o 87 Female students from Agriculture
o 44 Female students from other social science
C. Filtering registered female students

o We have divided this registered student into three rounds and in each round 220 female
students were assigned
o There were five laboratories and in each laboratory 40 female students was assigned
o We have contacted department heads in order to motivate their registered students.
o We have posted notices and list of students in each round for the training.
Table 1: Female students in Economics lab
Table 2: female students Statistics lab
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Participants of the workshop/
workshop/training: 455 Female students
The main contents of the workshop: As soon we finish posting their lists we started the
training according to the schedule.
Our training contents were about

The content of the training include Microsoft office word, Microsoft office excel,
excel Microsoft
office PowerPoint, and some
ome features about Internet.
Internet
Major achievements
eneral 455 female students attended training and 313 female students were certificed by
In general
fulfilling all the criteria. But we supposed 800 female students.
The first challenge we faced were lately aware to start the project, wee had no orientation how to
process everything, during
uring registration the day was on the final exam schedule so most of
students were
ere not active to be registered, some
some students were coming after the deadline,
deadline after
registration there was shortage of materials during posting notices such as UHU, colored papers
and projectors, some
ome students were not coming for the training,
training most
ost computers in the laboratory
had no internet connection, most
ost of the university communities were not willing
willin to cooperate and
work with us and wee did not get smartphone mobile; we could not develop the slide navigator
mobile application.
Summary
In general
eneral we have trained 455 female students and among those we certified 313 female
students by giving tutors on basic computer skills like operating a computer, accessing Microsoft
office, accessing Internet and about making security a computer. Empowering female student is
empowering the society/community.
society/community
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Recommendations for further improvement
To be effective, the project needs full computer laboratory, adequate power supply and full
internet access.
Picture2: Training being delivered
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11. Social Sciences and Humanities

The main priority areas of research and community service coordination office in the year 2008
E.C were engaging the academic staff in research and community service activities, offering
training in the areas of research writing and publication and monitoring and evaluation of the
ongoing projects.
Engaging the academic staff in research and community services

With regard to engaging the academic staff in various research and community services, more
than twenty five research and community service projects were submitted. The number of
instructors engaged in these projects was thirty-three. Out of the twenty five projects, two
projects which are one research and one community service have become operational.
Offering training for academic staff

In a bid to enhance the capacity of the academic staff members of the College in areas of
research and community service writing and publication, a weeklong training was offered. The
focuses of the training were: proposal development, reviewing the literature, data analysis and
interpretation, techniques of publishing in internationally reputable journals, grant writing and
SPSS. The training is the first of its kind in the College in that it focuses specifically on
Research Methods in Social Sciences. According to the opinion from the participants, it is a
successful training that added new knowledge in the areas of research and publication. Hence,
they said, it should continue in a more strengthened manner.
Monitoring and evaluation

Monitoring and Evaluation has taken place with regard to the two RCS projects that have been
operational in the current academic year. Hence, the two projects have successfully been
completed based on the terms of reference set in their contract.
Finally, it can be said that the major objectives of the RCS coordination, in CSSH in the 2008
E.C budget year have successfully been achieved.
11.2. Researches rendered

11.2.1. Title: Challenges and Effects of Decentralization on Urban Planning and Environmental
Protection at Wolaita Sodo Town
Pricipal Investigator; Yalemsew Genetu and Kasahun Desyalew

Urban centers in Ethiopian are apparent places for socio-economic, administrative and religious
practices. These areas play significant socio-economic and political roles. Ethiopia has been
recorded for least urbanized country with fast urbanization rate. Such fast urbanization rate
causes various social problems: environmental deterioration, poor urban service, slum areas,
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poverty, shortage of housing, unemployment, corruption, crime and the shocking growth of
natural population. By considering these problems, the current government (EPRDF) has
structured urban centers in decentralization principle.
The research focuses on the state of urban service delivery in the face of growing Urbanization
as well as the devolution of responsibility to the local government. By taking into account
governance value of decentralization, the study makes an effort to assess whether
decentralization brings improvement in urban planning and environmental protection service
delivery. It makes a brief conceptual and theoretical analysis on the link between the process of
urbanization, decentralization program and service delivery. In the study the concept of
decentralization will be considered as a mechanism or as an instrument to implement urban
developmental goal particularly in urban planning and environmental protection service.
B. Rationale
The local governments become prime responsible entities to plan and manage urban growth as
well as provide basic social services through decentralization program. Decentralization at
district level enables local governments to transfer resources and power to lower units to
implement urban development policy (i.e. provision of quality services to urban residents)
through community participation, empowerment and social inclusion. Nevertheless of these
interventions and efforts, high population growth and poor governance put pressure on provision
of quality and efficient services to local community. The local community has not been trouble-
free access to receive such basic social services.
In wolaita sodo town the provision of basic services (i.e. urban planning and environmental
protection ) have intricate with social (governance) problems: inadequate and poor quality of
services, less accountability and transparency, insignificant number of professionals, low
institutional capacity and minimum public participation in planning, monitoring and decision
making process. These conditions negatively affect the performance of local public providers
and the live of urban residents (as service beneficiaries).
Since the performance of public service providers of wolaita sodo town (i.e. urban planning and
environmental protection Service centers) have not been assessed or studied (i.e. academically),
the change brought by decentralization couldn’t be identified, determined, evaluated and
recognized. Furthermore the impact of decentralization on service delivery mainly had been
studied in line to quality and efficiency parameters. This research, however, has assessed the
local service providers’ performance not only in line to quality indicators but also the governance
values: accountability, transparency and community involvement in the improvement and
provision of services. To this effect, the current performances of the local centers need to be
assessed so as to address the hindrance to implement decentralization effectively. To make the
assessment more reliable and valid the research will employ both qualitative and quantitative
data. The study will use indicators such as: national quality (i.e. policy) parameter and degree of
decentralization as a reference points for the assessment. It, thus, bridges the existing information
gap in attaining governance values on urban planning and environmental protection service
delivery by implementing effective decentralization.
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Objectives
General objective
• To investigate the challenges and relevance of decentralization on urban service delivery

in urban planning and environmental protection of wolaita sodo town
Specific objectives
• To assess the extent to which the Local governments devolve significant power (i.e.
degree of autonomy) to lower service centers
• To assess community and other stakeholders involvement in service (i.e. urban planning
and environmental protection service) improvement and provision.
• To identify major problems that hinder effective urban planning and environmental
protection service delivery.
• To forward or recommend possible policy implication in implementation of
decentralization for the improvement and development of urban planning and
environmental protection service delivery
Significances or expected Outcomes

The research contributes academically different glance on the issues of decentralization by
assessing the performance of lower government units (i.e. service providers) in improving and
delivering quality urban planning and environmental protection service in terms of governance
values: accountability, transparency and community participation.

Cross sectional study design with mixed research approach
Current status
All the necessary data for the study was collected with successful employment of household
survey.
Some problems were faced during the data collecting in connection with delay of data collectors
to complete as many questionnaires as they can. But we have tries to compromise the problem by
providing extra questionnaire for those who were found to be committed to use their time
properly.
Future plan
The collected data will be properly filled in to SPSS software, analyzed and reported.

11.3.1. Title: Mentoring Program for Grade 12 Female Students
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Principal Coordinator: Mary Thuo Team Members: Medhanit Edda, Letebrehan Alemayehu,
Sara Abite, Alemnat Derso, Medhanit Getachew and Nuniyat Kifle
Background of the Project
In Ethiopia, gender issues have received high priority in education policy (Melese & Fenta,
2009). The focus is evident from the Education and Training strategy and the Women policy.
The Education Policy and Data Center (2016) showed that the transition to lower secondary
school for female in Ethiopia has reached 92% while almost half of students at the preparatory
level are female (Melesa & Fenta, 2009).
Literature indicate that a considerable percentage of female students get enrolled in tertiary
institutions in Ethiopia. However, Harris (2016) pointed out that the first year experience as a
transitional marker is critical to students’ success; meaning, this is a stage when academic skills
and social foundations are laid. Studies conducted in Ethiopia indicted that female students face
“institutional culture that has not been transformed and that remains hostile to their gender
needs” (Melesa & Fenta, 2009, p.2). According to Briggs, Clark and Hall (2012) the initial
encounters at the university may cause difficulties in adapting to campus life; consequently, such
incidences may lead to drop-out or potential withdrawal from the university.
Transitions to university life can be challenging especially for female students. Transition in this
case refers to a process, involving “a period of significant adjustment, development and change
which requires significant adaptation on the part of the student” (Shea, 2008, p.15). According to
Huon and Sankey (2002), often changes are expected on students’ physical, psychological and
social environments. Besides, for most students there is significant social displacement when
they leave for the university which may be intensified by factors, such as, being the first in their
family to attend university or they may come from an ethnic group that is under-represented in
the university population (Briggs, Clark, & Hall, 2012).
In general, transition involves students’ reflection on the total experience of university which
includes incidences in the class-room and outside of it, the course structure, and academic
interaction with other students and staff (Shea, 2008). For example, the obstacles that students
encounter even before entry into the campus, and difficulties with the enrolment systems may
contribute to the cumulative effect on their engagement with the institution. Based on Shea,
though institution cannot control every facet of this experience, there is need to clarify both
what students can expect and what is provided by the university so as to remove unrealistic
expectations from both parties.
In recent years, the power of mentoring has been recognized in institutions of high learning
(Manza & Wiley, 2005). Mentoring plays an important role in aiding the transition process for
female students to successfully navigate the transition from high school to the university which
could be achieved through interactions between mentors and mentees at the university level.
Harris (2016, p.1) for example argued that students need to feel that “their university supports
them, not only academically but also socially and personally.”
Problem statement
154
Studies on students’ expectations and aspirations indicate that before the transition students have
trouble envisaging university life and accurately predicting their experiences during this period.
In most cases, there is a mismatch between the students’ expectations and aspirations with the
reality of their first year at university. Based on Urquhart and Pooley (2007) the following
factors have been shown to affect students successful transition to university life: 1) Challenges
in adjusting to a new learning environment where students experience difficulties in taking
responsibility for their own education; 2) Adjusting to academic workload where students feel
overwhelmed by the volume of work; 3) Financial adjustment especially lack of money or
budgeting skills; 4) Time management where students experience difficulties in trying to allocate
sufficient time to all the live demands, (e.g., peers, boyfriends, religion, and study); And 5)
dealing with emotions like excitements as a result of starting a new chapter in their lives, and
being nervous since they know no-one and have concerns about how they would integrate into
the social environment
Shea (2008) noted another issue which relates with the silent departure of other students from
lectures which may create an impact on students’ own sense of resolution. Shea argued that
witnessing others students leave or drop-out from the university may initiate a sense of
uneasiness or “… even a ‘me next’ syndrome” (2008, p.177) for those left behind. Shea pointed
out that lack of provision of space to negotiate with others may lead to “lack of a knowledgeable
other … that travels with the student as they journey through their university project” (2008,
p.179).
The issues highlighted by researchers are not isolated cases, but, they are common globally
among university students. Female students unlike the male are the most affected when it comes
to these challenges. In Ethiopia for example, gains have been documented on the female student
enrollment in lower levels. For example, a spot check with the Wolaita zone education bureau
indicated that the number of female students that completed grade 12 in 2015 was far higher
than that of male counterparts (i.e., female = 3,816 and male = 3,400) of which about 90%
passed the exam. The zone also documented the best female overall in the national exam;
meaning female students are aggressively focusing and competing with the male students in the
zone (Zonal Education head personal communication, August 28th 2015). Despite these gains,
trends within the university indicate that the number of female students enrolling and graduating
at the university level is a big concern (personal conversation, Wolaita Sodo University [WSU]
gender office). Factors attributed with this trend are related and not limited to; pregnancies,
socialization problems, language, lack of finances and budgeting skills, and anxiety.
Female students experience challenges which become part of even bigger issues as they go
through the transition. Information from the Sodo town women league office head (personal
conversation, 27th August 2015) indicated that grade 12 female students deal with challenges,
such as; peer pressure, lack of focus on their educational goal (i.e., they take education as a
benefit for the parents), lack of creativity or competiveness (i.e., they basically imitate others),
lack ideas on how to share experience and they rarely discuss freely with their parents. For
example, female students from urban areas like Sodo who have close proximity to the university
try to imitate university female students in terms of dressing and behavior. As such, they have
been observed to carry extra clothing without their parents’ knowledge, change and end up in un-
appropriate places.
155
The WSU grade 12 mentoring project was initiated based on the notion that majority of female
students entering the university as freshmen are still young (teenagers per se), they have all along
been under parental care, and they lack information on the real university life. Besides, academic
expectations, and changes in their own bodies make campus life challenging. Hence, helping
female students find the right balance between studying and everything else is critical during the
transition.
Objective of the Study
• Was to develop a Mentoring Project for grade 12 female students who are aspiring to join
higher institutions of learning from Wolaita Zone.
Specific objectives
• To recruit and train mentors in campus and at the high school level
• To initiate ‘transitional talks’ with prospective university female students
• To obtain views from university first year female students regarding their experiences
during the transition
Methodology
Project design: The project was implemented as an intervention program to provide grade 12
female students with information by engaging them in transition conversations regarding campus
life. The mentoring project had two clientele groups; 1) the mentees (best grade 12 female
students), and 2) WSU second year female students and high school gender representatives who
served as mentors for this project.
Site Selection: The project was piloted in four high schools namely; Boditi, Sodo town, Areka,
and Humbo-Tebela preparatory schools in Wolaita zone, focusing on grade 12 female students.
Beneficiaries: 50 mentees were purposefully selected based on their grade performance with the
help of the gender representative in each school. In total, 200 mentees took part in the mentoring
project.
Selection of mentors: with the help of the WSU gender office, a total of 10 mentors were
recruited to serve as mentors for this project. WSU female students were selected as mentors
based on the basis of the length of the study. Assumption made, the longer the period of stay the
more the mentors would stay with the project if funds were available. Besides, six gender
representatives were included as part of the mentoring team in their respective schools. A two
day training was organized for mentors, high school gender persons and project team members to
prepare them for the mentoring.
Data sources: high school female students, mentors, university students (first, second, and third
years) and gender representatives served as data sources for this project. A need assessment
survey was carried out the high school with female students before the project was initiated. In
the cause of the project data were simultaneously collected from first, second and third year
female students.
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Data collection tools: The questionnaire was the main tool used to collect data. However, data
were collected
ted during the mentoring sessions. Interviews were also used to gather data from
gender representatives.
Three questionnaires were designed, including; 1) high school female students, 2) first year
female students and 3) second and third year female stude
students.
nts. Apart from the demographic data,
the rest of the questionnaire comprised questions that were basically open-
open-ended. The aim was to
gather as much data that would give a deeper understanding of expectations (high school
students), experiences (first fem
female
ale students years), and the transition coping strategies (second
and third years).
Data analysis method: Data analysis was analyzed using descriptive statistics especially for
demographic data, while themes were used to group, categorize and summarize the findings.
Results and discussion

Objective #1: the first agenda for the intervention was to select and train female students and
gender representatives to serve as mentors for the
mentoring project. The mentoring training was
conducted for two days at WSU on the 26th and
27th day of March, 2016. A total to of 23
participants (10 female students, six gender
representatives and seven team members) took
part during the training.
The training focused on four areas:
Life skills:: training offered by Ato Yohannes

Bisa (Psychology department). The aim waswa to
provide participants with information regarding
core life skills that mentors should strive to
have while guiding and counseling others.
Based on Yohannes, life skills can lead to an
overall sustained life-long
long behavior change; in-
in
turn, this change make ake us to confidently
manage our lives in a positive manner while
serving as valuable resources to our friends, families and community.
HIV/AIDs prevention and control,
ontrol, and other
health related issues were covered by Ms.
Lula Amza (HIV/AIDS and SRH Directorate).
Direct
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Study skills training was given by Miss Medhanit Edda. Just attending classes and reading the
prescribed textbooks is not enough. Studying smarter not harder requires a number of things
including’ overall time usage and distributing among different activities or setting priorities.
Discussion on emerging issues during the training

The following are some of the observations about campus life and its impact on ffemale students.
o From the campus, female students are taken to town by brokers/agents to rich people for
sex, but, the university takes attendance each night at 9:00 pm which is not enough to
solve the problem,
o In the campus there are male students who enter
enter into the library purposefully to interrupt
female students and provoke them for sex.
o Most of the times the problem is caused by male students-
students for example around the drug
house around the university; why doesn’t the university arrange regular discussions
discussion with
students in order to create awareness to both male and female students?
o Cliques of male and female sell drugs and create businesses out of uninformed female
students and they should be deterred.
o Students in schools are also watching sex movies which finally lead them to engage in
sexual practices.
o These issues according to the mentors are of concern and frequent discussions among the
university community need to be set in place for people to air their views.
Objective # 2: to inititae transition conversations with the mentees
Data collected from 166 high school female students were analyzed and issues related with the
expectations on university life were discussed during the transition talks. Data
D from the survey
data were organized in to themes and discussed during school visits. The following key themes
were discussed during such visits in each school.
Parent expectations– data indicated that students’ parents were positive about female students’
studen
university education. They had high
expectation on their daughters to be role
models in their communities and as well
they expect them to be successful, to hold
good positions and to support them.
University choices–– majority of students
wish to attend universities that are near,
mainly due to; fear of being alone, and
taking into consideration that
relatives/friends are in these universities;
besides, financial constraints was an issue
or most of the students. However, a considerable percent of student
studentss want freedom, they expect
to experience good life and they want to be in big cities for various reasons. Student university
choices were also related with university programs; like medical and computer related programs,
programs
libraries,, and good instructors.
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Students’ expectations– majority of the students were not sure of what to expect about campus
life. However, data were summarized based on three areas: Economics, social life and study.
Economics: most of the students were not sure about what to expect in relation to economic
issues, but, they indicated managing finances is a problem. Some thought their family will
adequately support them financially, while some are looking forward to managing their own
bank accounts. However, a small percent think of making
making cash at the university.
Social life: most of the students were not sure about what to expect regarding social life, but,
they expect new experiences and new environment. However, they expect cultural diversity,
good exciting life, and to meet new friends.
friends. But, sexual harassment by seniors was highlighted as
an issue. Besides, communication due to language barrier, conflict among students and peer
pressure were also issues which students feel they have to deal with.
Study: On issue related with study, mos
mostt students believe university learning is hard, and they
expect a different education system. However, communication with instructors, sexual
harassment for grades, and language considering most cannot speak English are but issues that
came up based on the data.
Society views: Based on the data, students receive advice from those close to them. For example,
they were told; 1) university life is hard and they should stay focused and be responsible, 2) to
expect cultural diversity and to be tolerant, to res
respect
pect others and to work on behavioral change,
3) to have un-conditional
conditional relationship or maintain normal relationships, 4) to quickly adapt to
new the environment and gain knowledge, and 5) they should avoid cheating in exams, and 6)
sexual harassment from male students and teachers could also happen.
Group discussions
Students were placed in groups of five in each school to discuss issues that related with their
expectation. Most of the questions that came up focused on socialization and relationships,
harassment both by male students and instructors, where to get help if needed, exam and money
issues and continuity of the mentoring program. Some of the questions included the following:
Socialization issues
Who welcomes the students when they arrive at
the campus?
How can they communicate or socialize with
others in the dorms?
What is “Beg Tera” or place where male and
female students meet and socialize?
Flattering and dating with male students – how
does one deal with it?
Harassment
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Where do they report
port sexually harassment from male students or instructors?
Fear of using the library because of harassment from seniors
Study issues
Getting tutorial in relation to studies
Cheating on exams
Personal issues
Theft of personal items in dorms and exchange of materials
How to deal with home sickness
Objective #3: planning a campus tour at WSU for prospective university female students
The project team arranged a campus tour where
a total of 156 female students from the four
high schools (Humbo-Tebera,
Tebera, Sodo Town,
Boditi and Areka preparatory schools)
participated in this activity. The tour was
expected to initiate talks regarding
discrepancies
ancies from what they expected and the
reality based on their observation and
conversations made during the tour.
Discussion sessions were organized after the
tour to collect feedback based on the views of
the mentees regarding what they saw and how the
visit impacted their thoughts regarding their
expectations on university life. The students
expressed their appreciation regarding the
mentoring program. One of the mentees for fo
example said that “I have seen so many interesting
things. We are so thankful because no one has got
this chance before us. I really have no words … we
have the power to do anything and we are so
hopeful … thank you for showing this for us.”
Another student had this to say, “… the university is very
interesting. The environment is smart and green … can
refresh the minds of the students … the library is the most
interesting and inspiring place that I visited.”
The mentees also noticed a number of issues
issue regarding
the university, specifically, room sharing, sanitation and
issues of water. Observation made by the students was an
160
eye opener that things might not turn-up the way they expect and in some situations they may
need to adjust or adapt to the environment they find themselves in.
Student mentors on their part gave the following feedback regarding the project:
The mentoring program is a pillar of life for female students. If the program continues, the
female life can gradually change. It can change students’ believes, thinking, and their attitude
and it should be scaled up.
The mentors felt that female students who attended the mentoring program might be better off
than those who did not attend when it comes to adjusting to university life, but, beyond that those
who attended might be able to help others by sharing what the leant. A mentor had this to say
regarding the mentees, “… they won’t get confused and worried about the campus life, and it
also has a great impact on their choice or field of study.”
Objective #3: To obtain views from university first year female students regarding their
experiences during the transition
Data were collected from 86 first year female students who were randomly selected from eight
departments at Wolaita Sodo University. Some of the questions posed to students focused on;
their feeling and experiences during their first days of campus, sources of support, the advise
they would offer to a student joining the university, what they would do different if given a
chance, and finally, what their fears are regarding campus life. The following are a summary of
the findings:
First day of campus: Roughly 42% were excited and happy they were joining a university.
However, about 31.8% had fear, afraid, and frightened that they were being separated with their
family. About 13.7% were confused or had lost sense of direction while the rest were dealing
with changes of weather or other issues. A student mentioned that “I felt lonely, and there was no
one I knew not even a student from my home town. I was crying all day and night.”
New experiences at campus: roughly 39.7% stated that they felt disoriented particularly with
the new environment, getting lost in the dorms, cafeteria, and could not locate the classroom. A
student stated that “I was tensioned in the first semester … I could not study as wanted.”
Roughly 30.8% stated that they had new experiences on their social life in terms of culture,
religion, languages, and with time they gained confidence, and learnt how to manage themselves.
Another student said this, “… learnt about the ‘Beg tera’, communicating with speakers of other
language and living with different people from other nationalities.” However, about 29.5%
could not express their new experiences.
Supports: regarding support during the transition period about 59.1% stated that family
members (father, mother, brothers, sisters and other relatives) have been their source of support
during the transition. Roughly 27.3% mentioned family and friends while only 2.2% mentioned
senior students and teachers as sources of help. The rest 11.4% were not sure about the issue.
Based on the data none of the students mentioned gender office or any support provided by the
university during the transition.
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Advice to others: If given a chance female first year university students forwarded the following
regarding what they would say to high school female students aspiring to join university in the
future: 39.5% stated that studying hard, attending class regularly and staying focused as the main
thing citing first semester as very crucial to lay a good foundation on their university life. About
11.3% mentioned following rules and regulations, 9.0% talked about being cautious of bad-
information and making use of the freedom which come with university life. However, 12.5%
stated that university life is not complicated but being confident and taking responsibility as
critical for smooth integration into the university culture. But, rough 25% were not sure of what
they could say.
Reflection on other options: first female students reflected their first year semester experience
and what they would do different, that is: 40.3% stated that they would study hard and use time
properly to improve their grades and try to understand instructors. About 15.2% would try to
understand others’ culture and religion; meaning, they would try to tolerate or respect others,
improve how they communicate with others, seek help from others, and as well, try to gain self-
confidence and self-awareness. Roughly 44.5% felt that nothing would change in terms of what
they are doing currently.
Students’ fear: when were asked about their fears, about 18.2% stated that they fear failure or
getting lower grades. About 5.7% had fear related with instructors and how to communicate,
while roughly 27% had fear related with peer pressure, sexual harassment and pregnancy,
relationships with male students, unhealthy practices like drug addiction, and having too much
freedom. For example, on pregnancy a student noted that female students lack information
related with pregnancies, she said that “when students go through unwanted pregnancy they try
to kill themselves … create awareness among newly fresh students before they get themselves
into mess.” About 15.9% had fear related with isolation, money issues or food, and lack of
support from family members. But, 33.2% were not sure in relation to this issue.
Current Status
So far the project intended to share the project’s success in a number of ways:
Preparing brochures about the program activities. So far two brochures have been completed and
Pdf copies have been shared through email. However, hardcopies are yet to be printed
The project team intended to prepare a newsletter regarding gender issues and mentoring in
campus and outside campus. The activity is on-going
The project team collected data from high school students, as well as first, second and third years
female students at the university. Data coding and analysis is on progress and results will be
shared thereafter.
The project team further intends to hold a one day workshop in during summer. The aim is to
share lessons learned in relation with the mentoring project and to get ideas from others on how
female instructors can collaborate and assist female students as well as instructors in and outside
the campus
162
A number of limitations were previously mentioned (see first report). However, during the last
two months some of the issues were also observed:
Timing: Students national exam continued to interfere with the activities we planned. The
planned tour for all the four schools was done in two days; meaning, the picking and dropping
back the mentees was a crash program. The time to visit all the schools and get feedback was
also very limited due to mentees’ schedule sand also mentors’ and the instructors’ schedule.
However, the team members managed to bring to the campus two schools per day although it
was overwhelming for both mentors and team members.
Project implementation period: time to implement the project was very short considering
students had to sit for the exams immediately after the trip. Follow-ups were therefore reduced
and follow-up was only done with the gender representatives at the school.
Future plan
The project team collected data from high school students, as well as first, second and third years
female students at the university. Data coding and analysis is on progress and results will be
shared thereafter.
The project team further intends to hold a one day workshop in during summer. The aim is to
share lessons learned in relation with the mentoring project and to get ideas from others on how
female instructors can collaborate and assist female students as well as instructors in and outside
the campus.
12. School of Veterinary Medicine

The Research and Community Service Coordination Office (RCSCO) for School of Veterinary
Medicine is established in 2004E.C. as to be accountable to the School of Veterinary medicine
Dean and Research and Community Service Directorate. The office is entrusted with the major
duties and responsibilities of organizing and manages research and community service activities;
plan and prepare budget requirements for research and community services undertakings of the
School; administer financial matters of research and community service projects funded and
executed by the school. Moreover, the school organize annual workshop, seminars, conferences
and symposiums related to research process; to ensure the university is more research focused
with thematic areas emanated from the development goals of the country and teaching and
community activity is benefited from the research outcomes; and to ensure collective integrity,
responsibility and accountability for every research and community service activity of the
school; and recognition of creative performance and outcome by the university
Major accomplishements
The officer timely presented the research and community services process of the school to
VPRCS office.
163
The school RCSC Office, in collaboration with other schools/college coordinators, plan and
prepare budget requirement for research and community service project undertaking of the
university.
The office timely called for proposal writing and paper presentation. Accordingly, two original
research work and two community services projects were presented on the 5th Annual National
Research Workshop organized by WSU. Moreover, for 2009E.C. fiscal budget year four research
and two community services were granted.
The school RCSC Office organizes and manages a total of 4 researches and 3 community
services; among which two research and one community projects were completed.
The school RCS coordination office organized one seminar symposium at school level.
The office provides technical support and provides information and awareness as all staffs were
actively engaged on publishing their original work and performing review on important issues.
Consequently, the staffs were published a total of 7 original and review articles on
internationally recognized and reputable journals.
The school RCSC Office clearly identify in what areas of research the staffs would like to have
additional training by using systematic method of specific inquiries.
The school RCSC Office established partnership with various universities which have veterinary
medicine program; and research institutes and governmental offices concerned with animal
health and production as well as associations and private farms in the catchment areas of the
university. With this partnership, our 6th year veterinary medicine students were conducted their
externship experience in the above mentioned organizations.
The school has facilitated the technical and ideal support provided by all academic staffs of the
school and clinical year veterinary medicine students at Sodo Zuria and Areka Veterinary clinic.
The school/office provide technical support of health and hygiene maintenance for the teaching
dairy and bull fattening farm at WSU main campus
Ensure the researchers submit progress and terminal reports in due time to the concerned office;
and monitoring and compiling reports to VPRCS and School Dean office.
The school RCSC Office done highly to ensure as the university is more research focused with
thematic areas emanated from the development goals of the country and teaching and community
activity is benefited from the research outcomes.
The office actively initiates and inculcates team spirit among the school staff members to
conduct need based researches and rendering community services improving the problems of the
community in sustainable manner.
The office ensures collective integrity, responsibility and accountability for every research and
community service activity of the school; and recognition of creative performance and outcome
by the university.
164
Keeping records of all value adding research and community service activities
12.2.1. Title: The Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminths in Equines and Rational Control
Treatment in Wolayta and Dawuro Zones, Ethiopia
Principal Investigator: Addisu Awukew, Team Member: Assefa Asmare and Ashenafi Kiross.
Equines are important draught animals for both the developed and developing countries of the
world. Ethiopia is placed 8th in the world, and first in Africa, with its 1,655,385 horses and 5.42
million donkey populations. The total population of equines in the country is seven million
(ILRI, 2000). Equines are efficient users of low quality, high fiber food and can tolerate up to
30% dehydration (Yousef, 1999). Compared to other production animals, they require lesser
quantity of food and have the ability to conserve more energy. They drink infrequently and
irregularly. This makes equines suitable adaptable animals for harsh environments and difficult
working conditions (Swai and Bwanga, 2008).
Equines provide a life line for rural and urban poor communities in Ethiopia. The report by the
Brooke (Admasu and Shiferaw, 2011), an international charity, which works to improve the
welfare of working equines around the world, indicated that equines are crucial to Ethiopian
communities in rural and urban settings. They can reduce the burden for women while at the
same time offering house holds an opportunity to generate income and improve food security by
helping to reduce poverty (PACE‒Ethiopia, 2003).
Despite their important socio-economic contributions, equines are often neglected. They suffer
from poor health among other conditions and are affected by many diseases caused by bacteria,
viruses, fungi, and parasites. Equines serve as a host to a number of parasites. There are more
than 150 species of helminthe parasites that can infect equines. The most common and
troublesome are: large strongyles, small strongyles, roundworms, tapeworms, lungworm,
pinworms, threadworms and bots (Radostits, et al., 2007).
A few studies were conducted on equine GIT helminthes in the country (Biniam and Abdisa,
2015; Zerihun et al., 2011; Husen, 2011; Ayele and Dinka, 2010; Ayele et al., 2006; Fikru et al.,
2005). Most of the studies were carried out on donkeys and focused only on prevalence of
strongylosis. No attempt was done to determine efficacy of anthelmenthic drugs in equines and
to develop treatment control of GIT helminthes of equines in any part of the country. In addition,
to the knowledge of the authors, no study on GIT helminthiaisis of equines was conducted in the
study areas to date.
General objective
To determine prevalence of GIT helminthes in equine and develop control treatment
strategy of these helminthes
Specific objectives
To determine prevalence of GIT helminthes in equine of the study areas
To determine anthelmintics resistance in equines of the study area
165
To develop rational treatment control strategy of GIT helminth
Material and methods

The study areas
The experiment will be conducted In Wolayta and Dawuro Zones. The Wolayta Zone of
the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region is located 330 kg Southeast of Addis
Ababa, the capital city. It has a latitude and longitude of 6°54′N 37°45′E with an elevation
between 1600 and 2100 meters above sea level. Rainfall is bimodal, with an average amount of
about 1000 mm. Mean monthly temperature vary from 260C in January to 110C in August. Soils
are mainly vertisols and nitosols.
Study design
The study will be conducted in two phases. In the first phase a cross-sectional study will be
carried out to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes of equines in the study
areas. In the second phase, however, a longitudinal study will be performed to determine both the
efficacy of the available anthelmintic drugs and treatment control strategy of equine
gastrointestinal helminthes in the study areas.
Sampling method and sample size

By using simple random sampling methods and 95 % confidence interval, the sample size will be
calculated using the formula of Thursfield (2005). Since there is no information about the
prevalence of equine GIT helminthes in the study area, 50 % of expected prevalence will be used
to determine the minimum sample size. Accordingly, a total of 384 animals will be used for the
study (for both Wolaita and Dawuro zones). The study includes donkeys, horses, and mules.
Sample collection and laboratory examination

Fecal sample collection
Fecal samples will be collected directly from the recta of study equines with surgical gloves and
will be placed in clean dry screw-cup universal bottles. Each specimen will be labeled with sex,
age, date of collection, owner’s name, and place of collection with permanent marker.
Information about the body condition score of the animal will be recorded.
PHASE-I
Coprological examination
The observation of helminth parasites eggs in the faeces of the equines will be evaluated by
using the coprological flotation and sedimentation techniques (MAFF, 1979). The faecal samples
will be subjected to saturated sodium chloride floatation technique to isolate the eggs of various
helminths and examined under microscope (Zajac and Conboy, 2006). Saturated sodium chloride
solution with specific gravity of 1.20 will be used as flotation solution.
Fecal egg count
166
Floatation is frequently combined with faecal egg count techniques to allow quantifiable analysis
of parasitic burdens. Positive samples will be examined by Modified McMaster egg counting
technique to determine the shedding of eggs per gram of faeces by infected horses (Zajac and
Conboy, 2006). The technique involves mixing a measured amount of faeces with a known
volume of floatation solution before filtering the mixture to remove debris. The ratio of faeces to
flotation solution will be between 1:10 and 1:30 (Vadlejch et al., 2011). Equines with fecal egg
counts <200 EPG will be classified as low contaminators. Those with egg counts of 200–500
EPGs will be considered moderate contaminators, and high contaminators will be those with
fecal egg counts >500 EPG (Eysker et al., 2008).
PHASE-II
Fecal egg count reduction test: Those animals that had not been treated with an anthelmintic
for at least 10 weeks prior to the study will be selected (Varady et al., 2004). Then the fecal egg
count reduction (FECR) will be calculated using the formula:
FECR (percent) = (Pretreatment FEC-Post treatment FEC) X 100
Pretreatment FEC
Data will be collected and entered into personal computer (PC) for storage and analysis.
Categorical data will be subjected to Chi square or test to see the affect of age, sex and season.
Data analysis and statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05) was accomplished by the SPSS, a computer
based statistical program.
Major Achievements/progress
As indicated in Table 1 about 20% of the work has started. Some of activities like sample site
selection, purchasing of certain materials, chemicals and equipments were completed. In addition
to this, the researchers have been communicating some offices related to our work in order to
facilitate the task. The research activity will be continuing all remaining materials, chemicals
and equipments are purchased.
Activities Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug
Sample site selection XX XX
Laboratory preparation XX XX XX
Some material purchasing XX XX XX XX
Selection of Sample collectors XX XX
Dalliance in purchase of equipments, chemical and materials which are necessary for
research activities.
Shortage of transportation system like car.
Unnecessary turn over for finishing and implementation of any issues need for the work
to finance and purchase and procurement office.
The ways/condition/time in which necessary issues/materials are fulfilled determines the
accomplishment of the study since there are thing beyond the capacity of the researc
167
Activities
May
May
Mar
Mar
Aug
Aug
Nov
Nov
Apr
Apr
Feb
Jun
Feb
Jun
Dec
Dec
Jan
Jan
Sep
Sep
Oct
Oct
Jul
Jul
Writing draft X
proposal
Submission X
proposal
Purchasing X X
equipment and
chemicals
Phase-I: X
Selection of study
animals
Fecal samp. X
collection
Lab. examination X
Fecal egg count X X
Identifying L3 X X
larvae
Phase-II: Fecal X
egg reduction test
Selection of X
experimental
animals
Deworming X
treatment group of
equines
1st fecal sample X
collection;examin
ation
2nd fecal sample X
collection;
examination
3rd fecal sample X
collection;
examination
4th fecal sample X
collection;
examination
5th fecal sample X
collection;
examination
6th fecal sample X
collection;
examination
7th fecal sample X
collection;
examination
8th fecal sample X
collection;
examination
9th fecal sample X
collection;
examination
10th fecal sample X
collection;
examination
11th fecal sample X
collection;
examination
Data processing X
Write up report X
Submission report X
168
12.2.2 Title: Study of Gastro-Intestinal Helminths of Scavenging Chickens in Three Districts of
Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia
Principal Investigator: Eyob Eshetu, Team Member: Wale Tesfaye and Bulako Chebo
Background
Poultry sector is a fastest growing among the animal production activities (Safari et al., 2004)
offers an opportunity to feed the fastest growing human population and provide income
resources for poor farmers (CSA, 2009). Moreover, poultry, in many parts of the modern world
is considered as the chief source of not only cheaper protein of animal origin but also of high
quality human food (Jordan et al., 2002). The dominant poultry production system in Ethiopia is
an extensive/traditional type of production. The majorities of these chickens are local breed and
are kept mainly in free-range scavenging system where the chickens scavenge around the house
during day time. Sometimes, they are supplemented with home grown grains and household food
leftovers (Moges et al., 2010). Animal production in general and chickens in particular play
important socioeconomic roles in developing countries (Alders, 2004).
The purposes of chicken production are for income, egg hatching for replacement,
consumption, for cultural and/or religious ceremonies and egg production (Moges et al., 2010).
The Southern Nation Nationalities People Region (SNNPR) of Ethiopia possess about 8.11
million chicken populations of which 97.9% and 2.1% are in rural and urban areas respectively
CSA, 2013). Poultry productivity is enhanced by application of sound principles of health
protection and management (Shane, 2005). The economic contribution of the sector is not still
proportional to the large chicken numbers, attributed to the presence of many productions,
reproduction and infrastructural constraints (Melesse, 2000). Hence, in Ethiopia poor
management, nutritional deficiency and poultry diseases are the most important factor in
reducing both the chickens’ population and their productivity (Yami, 1995).
Among poultry diseases helminthosis was considered to be the most important problem of local
chickens and major causes of ill-health and loss of productivity in different parts of Ethiopia
(Ymer et al., 2001). The domestic chicken feeds on a wide range of food substances. This ranged
from grains, fruits to insects which may harbour infective stages of parasites thereby
predisposing them to parasites infection particularly gastro-intestinal parasites (Oniye, et al.,
2001; Frantovo, 2000).
Helminths are considered to be an important cause of ill health and loss in productivity, in
addition to the losses due to mortality. Poultry production plays a significant role in poverty
alleviation and requires less land and financial investment, thus there is need to accomplish a
research that will focus on the best way to prop up local poultry production. It is therefore
necessary to identify species of intestinal parasites commonly occurring in local chicken.
Therefore, the objectives of this project are
To provide base line information on the prevalence and distribution of GIT helminths of
scavenging chickens rearing under tradtional system in three districts of Wolaita Zone.
To identify the most common species types of helminths in chickens of study area.
169
To see the possible association between host age, sex and districts with the distribution of
helminths species.

Study area
Sodo Zuria districts are a parts of Wolaita zone in South Nation, Nationalities and peoples
Region (SNNPR) -Ethiopia. The zone is located between 6⁰ 37N’ to 7⁰ 18’N latitude and 37⁰
12’E to 38⁰ 24’ E longitude. The zone capital, Wolaita Sodo town, lies about 383 km south of
Addis Ababa. Altitude in zone varies between 1650 to 2500 meters above sea level. The mean
annual rain fall and temperature vary between 800 to1400 mm and 15 to 25⁰c respectively
(WZAD, 2011).
Study population
A total of 264 local chickens, apparently healthy including both sexes of different age groups
were bought from local open-air markets in the respective study areas. The poultry management
pattern involving local chickens in the study sites were entirely free - ranging system.
Sample size
The sample size required for the study was calculated according to Thrusfield (2005). From the
previous study done by Berhanu et al. (2014) found 77.8% prevalence with comparable agro
ecology and this will be taken as expected prevalence with a desired absolute precision of 5%
and 95% level of confidence interval are used to calculate the sample size using the following
formula. Therefore, a total of 264 chickens will be sampled for the study.
Study design
A cross-sectional type of study design will be used for the study and chickens of both sex and
different age groups will be purchased. The age, sex and geographical location of chickens will
be recorded as test variables during data collection of target chickens. Four visits were made to
Areka, Boditi and Wolaita Sodo town and 22 chickens will be bought during each visit. All visits
to the indicated sites will be made during the local market days. A total of 264 chickens will be
bought from the three districts. Chickens will be transported to Wolaita Sodo University, School
of Veterinary Medicine, and parasitology and pathology laboratory for gross pathology and post-
mortem examinations of parasites.
Sample collection
Thorough clinical examination of each chicken will be performed. The chickens will be killed by
cervical dislocation and evisceration will be undertaken. The alimentary canal from the
oesophagus down to rectum will be separated from the other organs and removed from the body
cavity. The alimentary canal from each chicken will be then opened, from the oesophagus to the
rectum, and including both caecal tubes. The different parts of intestine: duodenum, jejunum,
ileum and ceca will be searched carefully for parasites by the method of Dharejo (2006).
Intestines will be incised for the searching of parasites. All worms visible to the naked eye will
170
be removed using thumb forceps. All the adult worms will be identified directly under the
stereomicroscope using the characteristics described by Soulsby (1982) and Ashenafi and Eshetu
(2004). For the analysis of associations between prevalence of each parasite species and host sex,
age or the three different villages Chi-square (Fisher’s exact) test will be used. All collected data
will be analyzed using SPSS software version 20.0 statistical package. Tests will be considered
significant at p≤0.05.
As indicated in table 1 about 25% of the work has started. Some of activities like sample site
selection, purchasing of certain materials, chemicals and equipments were completed. In addition
to this, the researchers have been communicating some offices related to our work in order to
facilitate the task. The research activity will be continuing all remaining materials, chemicals
and equipments are purchased.
Activities Dec Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug
Sample site selection XX XX
Laboratory preparation XX XX XX
Material purchasing XX XX XX
Selection of Sample collectors XX XX
Dalliance in purchase of equipments, chemical and materials which are necessary for
research activities.
Activities Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug
Purchasing of the XX
remaining equipments,
materials and
chemicals
Sample collection and XX XX
lab work
Lab work XX XX XX XX XX
Data summerizing XX XX XX XX XX
Report writing XX XX XX XX XX XX XX
Final submission XX
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12.3.1. Title: Dairy Cows Husbandry: Feeding, Health Care and Improved Breeding
Performance in Selected Woredas of Wolaita and Dawuro Zones, Southern Ethiopia
Principal Coordinator: Azeb G/tensay; Team Member: Asefa Asmare, Tsehaye Hadush
Background
Agriculture is the main stay of Ethiopian economics. In agriculture, livestock sector has been
playing a significant role in enhancing the economics of the country. Ethiopia has the largest
livestock population in Africa and ninth in the world with an estimated population of 49.2
million cattle, 46.8 million sheep and goats, and 9 million pack animals (CSA, 2008). The
livestock sector contributes about 12‒16 % of national GDP, 30‒35 % of Agricultural GDP, 15
% of export earnings and 30 % of agricultural employment (SNV, 2008).
Milk and milk products contribute 63 % to gross value of ruminant livestock. However, the
contribution of milk and milk products to the agriculture gross domestic product of the country
has been under estimated. As the result, Ethiopia has a low level production and consumption of
milk compared to other countries. It produces approximately 3.2 billion liters of milk per year
from 10 million milking cows, an average of 1.54 liters per cow per day (CSA, 2008). Ethiopia
consumes approximately 17 liters of milk per annum per capita (GOE, LMP, 2007). The
recommended amount is 200 liters per annum per capita (FAO, 2003).
The dairy sub-sector is dominated by smallholder producers who represent about 85% of the
population and produce up to 98 % of the total milk produced in Ethiopia (YONAD, 2009). Most
of the smallholder dairy farmers are found in rural areas rearing local zebu breed cattle. Those
smallholder dairy farmers that reside in urban and peri-urban areas mostly rear cross and exotic
breed dairy cows, which are supposed to produce more milk. However, there is an immediate
and growing shortage of milk and milk products in cities of Ethiopia. To bridge this gap of
demand and supply, during the last decade the dependency of Ethiopia on imports of milk and
milk products has increased. A closer look at small holder dairy farming reveals that, this huge
resource do not make a substantial contribution to the income of dairy farmers due to various
constraints such as poor dairy husbandry, lack of feed, poor animal health, and poor breeding.
Shortage of feed is the major constraint for improvement of the dairy sub-sector.
Because of scarcity of land, dairy cows in urban and most peri-urban areas are maintained under
confined systems where feed is provided directly to them. There are 15 commercial livestock
feed manufacturers in Ethiopia. However, ten of these manufacturers produce feed primarily for
their own use and may sell to farmers when there is excess production. The five commercial
manufacturers supply feed directly to livestock and poultry farms or groups of farmers including
cooperatives. Thus, there is little chance of smallholder farmers get formulated feed in the
market. When it is available in the market, the cost of the concentrate feed is exaggerated and
dairy farmers cannot afford to purchase and feed their cows to the level required. Insufficient (in
quantity and quality) feeding of dairy cows has been attributed to 40 % of low productivity
(Land O’Lakes, 2010). Therefore, dairy farmers require skill and knowledge to conserve green
172
fodder during the rainy seasons when they are relatively abundant, to treat crop residues in order
to improve their nutrient value and digestibility and formulate concentrate feed from the locally
available cheaper grains.
Another important constraint of smallholder dairy farming is dairy cows’ health. Dairy farmer’s
production system must be able to combine profitability with the responsibility of protecting
human and animal health. It should ensure that milk is produced by healthy animals. Also,
increased production of milk and growth of dairy farms in herd size highly depend on the health
of dairy replacement calves and cows. Therefore, dairy farmers should be trained to acquire skill
and knowledge to prevent and control animal diseases and harvest, handle and distribute milk
hygienically.
Because of lack of land, dairy cows in smallholder dairy farms are kept in backyards fully
housed under zero-grazing system. Therefore, animal sheds should be designed and constructed
to be convenient for residing animals. The building should avoid overcrowding of animals.
Animals should have adequate resting areas that will allow standing, lying, turning, and
scratching. The animal house should allow removal of urine separated from feces to minimize
slurry gas and bad odor formation. Further, animal housing should be adequately ventilated
allowing sufficient supply of fresh air to remove humidity, allow heat dissipation and prevent
build-up of gases like carbon dioxide, ammonia or slurry gases. Floors should be gently sloping
concrete constructed to minimize slipping and bruising due to rough uneven floor. Thus,
similarly dairy farmers require knowledge of appropriate design and construction of dairy
houses. Knowledge and skill of improved dairy husbandry and breeding are also essential for
growth of dairy herd number and increased milk production.
The livestock population of Wolaita zone is 1,868,977 of which 247,697 are different breeds of
cows and 169,010 are heifers (Wolaita zone BOA) whereas the livestock population of Dawuro
zone is 1,061,948 (Dawuro zone BOA). Among the cow population in Sodo town and its suburb,
1,435 are Holstein Friesian, 1,730 Jersey and 239 Borena breeds (Wolaita zone BOA). This
training of trainers for smallholder dairy farmers in Wolaita and Dawuro zones is prepared based
on the training needs assessment made amongst smallholder dairy farmers following the training
of trainers on “Neonatal care of dairy calves and milking hygiene”. Therefore,
General objective
• To arm smallholder dairy farmers with knowledge and skills of dairy husbandry, feeding,
and health care
Specific objectives
- To provide dairy farmers with knowledge of design and construction of dairy house
- To enhance the knowledge and skill of dairy farmers to purchase the best dairy cows
- To enable dairy farmers conserve green feed, to enable dairy farmers detect heat of cows
- To give dairy farmers knowledge and skills of treating crop residues to increase their
nutrient value and digestibility
- To enable dairy farmers to store hay by making bail using wooden baler
- To provide dairy farmers with knowledge and skill of making their own concentrate mix
from locally available ingredients
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-
To enable dairy farmers produce urea molasses mineral blocks
-
To enhance the knowledge and skills of feeding calves, heifers, and milking and dry cows
-
To give dairy farmers knowledge and skill to implement effective herd health
management
Material and methods
Description of the areas

This community service will be implemented in Wolaita and Dawuro Zones. The Wolaita
zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region is located 330 kg southeast of
Addis Ababa, the capital city. It has a latitude and longitude of 6°54′N 37°45′E with an elevation
between 1600 and 2100 meters above sea level. Rainfall is bimodal, with an average amount of
about 1000 mm. Mean monthly temperature vary from 260C in January to 110C in August. Soils
are mainly vertisols and nitosols.
Training period
The training will be offered in Sodo town and its suburbs (15 dairy farmers plus five
professionals), at Bodity town (15 dairy farmers plus five professionals), at Areka town (15 dairy
farmers plus five professionals) of Wolaita zone and at Tercha town (15 dairy farmers plus five
professionals) of Dawuro zone. The training will be given for five consecutive days. The trainees
after completing the TOT will train smallholder dairy farmers in their surroundings under the
auspice of the zonal and district agricultural and rural development offices.
Methods of training
Lectures will be offered using LCD and flipcharts. Pictures and videos will be used as teaching
aids. Discussion will be encouraged in the training and special attention will be given to
indigenous knowledge on dairy husbandry, feeding, health care and breeding. The afternoon
session will be practical training on farms of the trainees as the case may be.
Training condition
- Classes will be held at agriculture and rural development offices’ hall of each site
- Dairy farms of the trainees will be used for practical training
- Training material (module) will be prepared
- Copies of power points will be delivered to the trainees
- Full attendance is required
- We reserve the right to make modification on the training content
Training completion
Each participant will take practical examination, which will be graded. On completion of the
course and scoring passing grade on the practical examination, participants will receive
certificates.
Training of trainer module contents and activities
174
Dairy husbandry: This part of the training consists of the following contents; Dairy cows’
shelter, dung disposal, purchasing dairy cows and handling animals.
Feeding and watering: Under this portion, the training deals with the following points; Types of
animal feeds available (Forage, fodder, horticulture wastes, agro-industry byproducts), feed
requirements (maintenance, growth and production), Stages of maturity of grasses and legumes
at which they should be harvested to produce highly digestible feed for the dairy animals,
Conservation of surplus forages (Hay making: Leaf drying, Making silage, Urea treatment of
crop residues, Concentrate mixture for smallholder dairy farmers, Standards for the daily feed
requirement for a dairy cow, Checklist to judge the feeding situation in a farm).
Animal health care and improved breeding performance
Training contents are as follow: Animal health (Prevention and control of animal disease,
Identifying sick animals, Manage zoonotic diseases, Keep written records, Improved breeding
performance, Factors affecting rate of conception, Indicators of infertility, Breeding methods,
Keep written records of breeding/reproduction).
Monitoring and evaluation
Practical examination to the participants can be used as means of evaluating the success of the
training. At the end of the training, training evaluation formats will be distributed to the trainees
and their comments on the training will be analyzed. A month after the training, sample farms
will be visited and the implementation of the training practically will be evaluated. Then the
number of dairy farmers and animal health workers trained by the trainees is another means of
control and evaluation of the TOT program.
Training beneficiaries
1. Seventy five union and private smallholder dairy farmers in Wolaita and Dawuro zones
2. Twenty five animal health workers in Wolaita and Dawuro zones.
3. Other smallholder dairy farmers in the two zones will also be trained by trainees after
completing the training of trainers (TOT).
4. The community particularly children and nursing mothers through increased sale volume
of highly nutritious milk and milk products.
Expected general outcome of training
Smallholder dairy farmers are equipped with attitudes, knowledge and skills on dairy farming as
the result they improve dairy husbandry, quality and quantity of feed, dairy animal health care
and breeding performance. Accordingly, dairy herd size increases and milk production is
boosted. The six technologies;
1. Silage making,
2. Treatment of crop residues to improve their nutrient value and digestibility,
3. Making hay and drying leaves,
175
4. Baling hay and other crop residues for appropriate storing,
5. Mixing own dairy cow ration from locally available concentrates, and
6. Making urea-molasses mineral blocks
Those are transferred to the smallholder dairy farmers increase the quantity and quality of dairy
animal feed making the feed available year-round and enabling to relatively meet dairy cows’
feed requirement. In addition, they make dairy herd number increases and their breed improved.
This sustainably maximizes milk yield, making dairy farming a major contributor to household
economies as well as providing milk saturated with essential nutrients, like protein and minerals,
which are essentially required in the diet of, elder people, children, pregnant and nursing mothers
at affordable price. Therefore, more jobs are generated related to animal feed production, dairy
farm work, milk transporting, milk processing, marketing, animal health care, and breeding.
As indicated in table below about 15% of the work has started. Some of activities like training
site selection, ways of trainer nomination, manual preparation and purchasing of certain
materials, chemicals and equipments were completed. In addition to this, the researchers have
been communicating some offices related to the training in order to facilitate the task. The
provision of the training will be continuing as soon as the release the budget and purchasing of
all the remaining materials, chemicals and equipments.

Activities accomplished Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr. May June July Aug
Developing ways of selecting trainers XX XX XX XX

Training site selection XX XX
Training manual preparation XX XX XX XX XX XX XX
Some material purchasing XX XX XX XX
Communication with district offices XX XX
Dalliance in purchase of equipments, chemical and materials which are necessary for the
activities.
accomplishment of the study since there are thing beyond the capacity of the researcher.
176
Activities to be performed in 2009E.C Se Oct No De Ja Fe Ma A May June July Au
p v c n b r p g
Purchasing remained materials for the X X
training
Preparing training materials and X X X X
brochures
Refreshment training for animal health X
workers and dairy farmers in Sodo

Refreshment training of animal health X
workers and dairy farmers in Areka

workers and dairy farmers in Boditi

workers and dairy farmers in Dawuro

(Tercha)
Evaluation and monitoring of farmers X
Write up report and submission X X
12.3.2. Title: Community Refreshment Training on Common Surgical Problems for Animal
Health Professionals in and Around Wolaita Sodo
Principal Coordinator: Wale Tesfaye, Team Member: Naod Thomas and Tilaye Shibbiru
Background
Animal production has been considered as the main component of agricultural development in
most parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Like in many developing countries, domestic animals play a
crucial role in Ethiopia, they constitute as source for traction power, income, in provision of
meat, milk, honey, eggs, cheese, and butter supply provide mainly the needed animal protein that
contributes to the improvement of the nutritional status of the peoples (Mekonnen et al.,
1989). Ethiopia is known for its high livestock population, being the first in Africa and tenth in
the world. The recent livestock population estimate that the country has about 44.3 million cattle,
46.9 million sheep and goats, more than 1.0 million camels, 4.5 millions equine, and 40.0 million
chickens (CSA, 2004).
Despite the large number of livestock in Ethiopia the sector is characterized by low productivity
and income derived from this sector of agricultures couldn't impart significant role in the
development of the country's economy (Mukasa-Mugerwa, 1998). The low productivity is
attributed to the low genetic potential of indigenous cattle, poor nutrition and reproductive
performance, inadequate management, high disease incidence and lack of surgical knowledge
and skill for diagnosis and treatment of diseased animals (Assegid, 2000). Animal diseases
particularly those caused by surgical problems/diseases are the major constraints to livestock
production in the most parts of the country (Palling and Dwinger, 1993; Bennett and Ijpelar,
2005). (Allen et al., 1992; Slatter, 2003).
177
There are several governmental and private veterinary clinics and animal health centers are
established from districts up to kebelle in all regions of the country. Surgical operation can't be
performed in these clinics and health centers. These problems occurred due to several factors like
lack of sufficient veterinary surgeons in the clinics, lack of refresher training for animal health
professionals, inadequate surgical instruments in the clinic, lack of knowledge and skill in
anesthetic techniques, lack of anesthesia in the clinics, and most of animal health workers are
diploma holders. Therefore, refreshment training on minor and major veterinary surgery is
important bridge to improve the knowledge and skill gap on animal health sector with reference
to certain districts (Bodity, Areka, Sodo and Humbo) of Wolaita zone.
General objective
o To deliver quality and recent educational training on different types of veterinary surgery,
surgical techniques, anesthetic techniques pre and post operative care to meet the
pressing gaps animal health sectors in Sodo zuria districts.
Specific objectives
To improve the knowledge and skill of Animal Health professional on common and
minor veterinary surgery.
To update Animal Health professionals skills on premedication, anesthesia and anesthetic
techniques.
To provide refreshment training for Animal Health professionals on suture materials and
suture techniques.
To highlight Animal Health professionals about the names and functions of common
surgical instruments.
Area of description
Sodo Zuria districts are a parts of Wolaita zone in South Nation, Nationalities and peoples
Region (SNNPR) -Ethiopia. The zone is located between 6⁰ 37N’ to 7⁰ 18’N latitude and 37⁰
12’E to 38⁰ 24’ E longitude. The zone capital, Wolaita Sodo town, lies about 383 km south of
Addis Ababa. Altitude in zone varies b/n 1650 to 2500 m above sea level. The mean annual rain
fall and temperature vary between 800 to1400 mm and 15 to 25⁰c respectively (WZAD, 2011).
Course organization and management

The researchers will be offers an opportunity to animal health professionals to update their
knowledge and skill on common and minor veterinary surgery. Considering the fact that surgical
problems are the most dominant problems in all veterinary clinics of Sodo Zuria districts, course
organization and management was done.
Table 1: Course description and time allocation

Days Subtopics Hours
Total
Theory Practical
Day 1 Common surgical instruments 1 2
Suturing techniques 2 3 8 hrs
178
Day 2 Anesthetics technique 3 5 8 hrs
Day 3 Wound management and postoperative complication 1 3
Haemorrhages and haemostatics 1 3 8 hrs
Day 4 Lameness in dairy cow and equines 1 2
Surgical problems of teat in cow 2 3 8 hrs
Day 5 Hoof trimming 1 2
Dehorning in cattle 2 3 8 hrs
Day 6 Ruminotomy in sheep 3 5 8 hrs
Day 7 Tail amputation in cattle 1 3
Open castration 1 3 8 hrs
Day 8 Cesarean section in sheep 2 6 8 hrs
Grand Total 21 43 64
Practical course description

Introduction to common surgical instruments, positioning, operation theatre routines, preparation
of surgical patients and sterilization were done. Familiarization with various suture techniques,
anesthetic technique, wound management, haemostatic techniques, laminitis and teat surgery
were alos activities performed. Demonstration of surgical operation on live animals like
ruminotomy, tail amputation in cattle, open castration, hoof trimming and cesarean section in
sheep.
As indicated in table 1 about 30% of the work has started. Training site selection, purchasing of
surgical materials, training manual preparation and selection of trainers were completed. In
addition to this, the principal investigator has been communicated and provided the proposal to
each districts of veterinary offices in the study area in order to facilitate the task. Now a day, all
surgical materials are purchased except laboratory animals. Therefore, the work will be
continuing from this time when the budget is allowed.
Activities Dec Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July August
Training site selection XX XX XX
Manual preparation XX XX XX
Material purchasing XX XX XX
Selection of trainers XX XX
Dalliance in purchase of equipments, chemical and surgical materials which are
necessary for training program.
179
Activities Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug.
Trainee selection XX
Training XX XX
Post-operative XX
XX XX XX XX
follow up
Project Evaluation XX XX XX XX XX
Report writing XX XX XX XX XX XX XX
Final submission XX
13. Conferences, forums and trainings
13.1. Stakeholders mobilization

At first the meeting was organized so as to briefly inform the status of research and community
service activities of WSU since 2007 E.C. Based on this prime objective research and
community service accomplished in 2007 E.C and planned for the 2008 E.C were communicated
to the stakeholders. Bearing this in mind, the stakeholders, in their part, have raised several
issues that could strengthen the already planned activities and that could be additional
assignment for the university. Generally the meeting made with the concerned stakeholders has
brought tremendous importance with regards to the greatest works done so far and to be executed
in the future. Letting alone the activities strongly performed, the critical observations and
suggestions forwarded by the stakeholders in relation to the activities expected from the WSU
particularly from the office of VPRCS are summarized in the following part.
B. General comments
180
The targets in terms of research and community service should not only be made on increasing
the number of researches and publications. Apart from this, questions like "what does the
previous research findings brought to the community?"; "Do the previous research findings
effectively and efficiently transferred and communicated to the community?" must be answered.
As to the participant from Wolaita Development Association (WODA) "we were admired at the
beginning when the department in Wolaita Language is opened and anticipated that our
language, culture, values, customs and every of our dignities will be researched more and more
but in this regard the progress so far is not adequate.
Always the research and community service agendas of the university shall be based on the
assessed and prioritized of needs of the community.
Farmers are suffering from the extinction of ginger seeds, diseases on animals and plants like
አቮካዶ፣ ማንጎ፣ድንች ፣ እንሰት፣ ባቄላ etc.
The university shall build up its Motto that realistically expresses the benefits of the community
The university should own and establish its reputable journal
The university shall create links with national and international universities and funding agencies
As to the participants from Wolaita zone "we are in need of knowing the prevalence, causes and
possible solutions of students drop out, "Reproductive health: its rate, problems etc"," and
awareness creation for youths in relation to entrepreneurship..."
Most of the planned research and community service projects are skewed to Wolaita zone and it
is better to give the necessary concern also to the Dawuro zone and to remote woredas.
This kind of meeting has to be made consistently even in the future
Since animal production has a great importance for Wolaita and Dawuro zones, if researches are
conducted on this issue.
Awareness creation training on tax knowledge and tax compliance, female genital mutilation
(society is wrongly perceiving that those females who have not gone through this are infected
with disease) shall be given for the concerned bodies in the two zones.
In relation to law: there shall be researches and community services on divorce and its effect,
property management, divorce and child rights, land management and administration etc
In relation to technology innovation, transfer and adoption on bee keeping, animal forage,
characterization of cattle genetic resources (especially on small ruminant) etc
181
13.2. Trainings for staff
In the stated academic year capacity building trainings were given for the needy communities
within and out of the university. Within the university it was given for the academic staffs under
the college of business and economics. Besides training, by the college of natural and
computational science, for female students selected from all batches was also given. Out of the
university project based trainings, under the college of social science and humanities, on
mentoring program for grade 12 female students and on legal issues for judge and other
concerned bodies in humbo woreda were also given. Details of the training reports are stated as
follow:
13.2.1. College of agriculture

A. Title: Practical training on proposal writing, manuscript writing and data analysis
Background
The mission of VPRCS is to bring tangible economic, social, intellectual, and cultural
developments by conducting academically rigorous and socially meaningful research, and by
disseminating knowledge and technologies through rigorous community services. It can address
the economic, social and cultural demands of the surrounding community and the country as a
whole.
In order to achieve this mission college of agriculture is working hard to meet the University’s
mission. The college of agriculture believes to improve the knowledge of its academic staffs on
research writing and analysis methods. The knowledge of research method is the foundation of a
researcher's work and the starting point of any project. The choice of the most appropriate
methodology to use is crucial to a project's success and requires the researcher to have a sound
grasp of the alternative available approaches. However, knowledge and use of research method is
something that can develop throughout a researcher's career.
182
A need assessment is done to collect the information on the previous experience and
participation of staffs on research and community services engagement. Moreover, the
information in what areas of research that staffs would like to share their knowledge and
experiences with all our academic staffs to strength research culture also collected. Through this
process we can clearly identified in what areas of research our staffs would like to have
additional training as they provide their specific inquiries.
As a result, this particular training intends to enhance the capacity of academic staffs to conduct
quality research and provide sustainable and meaningful community services that enhances the
community wellbeing. The college intends to improve the capacity of its Colleges academic
staffs by arranging training in a prioritized rating of collage research agendas. To meet the
overall college's objective, the individual researcher's capacity building training is one of the
priority improvement needed areas.
Objectives
The main objectives
• To build the capacity of college staffs on proposal and /or scientific paper writing and
data analysis
• To support the college staffs to conduct quality research and community services
• To make the college staff's papers competent in international and national workshops
and/ or in publications
• To increase the college staffs engagement on research and community service activities
Methods used to accomplish the training
Lecture, discussions, and laboratory practical exercises
Participants of the training (Male= 47 Female =6_ Total = 53_).
Place of the training: Agriculture. Room 1.6 and Stat. laboratory.
Duration of the training: From July 4-8, 2016.
The main contents of the training

Research proposal writing, manuscript writing and data analysis by using softewares
Major achievements
The strength of the training
The training is supported by practical application, it helped the trainees to update their
knowledge, it was interactive (it was two way), the trainers were very willing to explain
whatever the trainees ask.
What the trainees gain from the training
183
It made idea sharing among trainees, it helped the trainees on practical knowledge of SPSS
application, it helped the trainees to add knowledge on scientific proposal and manuscript
writing, it helped the researchers to know ethics of research and to identify problems of research
paper writing, it helped how to construct suitable statistical models, it helped the trainees to gain
knowledge on how to interpret the research result.
The weakness of the training
o The timing of the training (i.e. due to summer vacation, most of the academic staffs are
out of campus)
o Time shortage (the training was given with in short period of time)
o The software training seems not considered the beginners/ individual difference
o Time management (the trainees not attend regularly and they were not come on time)
General comments/suggestions raised by trainees

o The timing of the training (i.e. due to summer vacation, most of the academic staffs are
out of campus)
o Time shortage (the training was given with in short period of time)
o The software training seems not considered the beginners/ individual difference
o Why only SPSS software?
o It is very good continue training in the future regularly
o It will be better to come up with other statistical software
Summary
The college staff capacity building training was held on July 4-8, 2016 with the objective to
support the staffs to conduct quality research and community services through capacity building
training on proposal and /or scientific paper writing and data analysis.
The major activities performed during the training were training on research proposal writing,
manuscript writing and data analysis by using SPSS statistical software; it is supported by
practical application of the software.
NB: All training topics were supported by open discussion.
The major outcomes of the training were it helped researchers to update their knowledge of
software handling, it helped to the trainees to add knowledge on proposal and manuscript
writing, it helped the researchers to know ethics of research and identify problems of research
paper writing, it helped the trainees to add practical knowledge on SPSS statistical software
application and help them how to interpret the research result, and it helped the researchers to
made idea sharing among them.

This type of training is very important and mandatory to refresh the knowledge of academic
staffs.
184
It is very good trained to be continued in the future regularly
It will be better to come up with other issues of training and also with other statistical software
too.
Plate 1: Participants at training
B. Title: Training for Kebele Administrators, Agriculture Experts and Farmers at Kechi research
and community Service Center
Training on integrated natural resource management

The training has been given from 23-26/04/08E.C for 92 participants on Integrated Forest
Resources Conservation and Management focusing on Cause & impact of degradation of NRs,
Participatory forest management, Biodiversity conservation & management, Forest role on
global hydrologic cycle and climate change, and Alternative energy sources, fuel saving
technology.
The main objective of the training was

- To create awareness on integrated natural resource management with special focus on the
selected farmers from Tocha woreda
Participants: 92 trainees/participants among these 17 are woreda and/or kebele admin and
agriculture experts and 75 are farmers. Generally seven female farmers; one female agricultural
expert; 16 male experts and woreda and/or kebele administrators; 68 male farmers were attended
the training.
As a method of training
o Key were presented for the trainees using power point slide
o Group discussion
o Question and answering were used
Major achievements
185
o Farmers were recognized the natural resource potential they have
o All participants possess technical skills on how to conserve and manage natural resource
o All participants pin pointed their own problems in relation to natural resource
conservation and management
Challenges
o Shortage of training resource
o Participants late coming
o Unsuitability of training hall
Pictures taken while farmers are discussing and giving their opinion
Summary
Since the basic essence for its establishment is to provide various problem solving services for
the surrounding community, the office of community engagement and service has accomplished
various activities in the 2008 academic year. As stated in the above parts of the report, in2008
E.C there are totally 16 new projects approved for implementation. Though few of them have not
been started yet due to the stated reason, most of them were started and various issues related
with these projects were being facilitated by the office. Apart from the projects accepted, the
office has facilitated capacity building trainings given by the college of natural and
computational science and business and economics. Moreover research and community service
site visits with media spokes persons and supervision team from ministry of education,
interviews with outside researchers, meetings with local and national stakeholders were made.
13.2.2. College of Business and Economics

Title: Practical training on advanced data analysis techniques
Name of the training providers: Saket Ranjan Praveer Name of the training facilitators:
Tefahun Tegegn and Abdi Badilu
Background
186
As it is known research and community is an essential component of the university functions.
This is clearly stated in the WSU Senate Legislation. In the legislation teaching faculties should
be engaged in research for the purpose of offering education and training in various disciplines
that are relevant to the development needs of the country, promotion of scholarships,
advancement of the frontiers of knowledge and carrying out research which shall contribute to
capacity building and continued growth of the university. Indeed, the main benefits of
conducting research and delivering community service goes to the researcher (academic staffs)
him/herself and to the broaden community in the WSU research and community service
catchment areas. Hence, all academic staffs are expected to devote 25% of their regular work
time to research/community service activities. Accordingly, many CBE academic staffs have
participated and have been participating in research activities since 2004 E.C (See the following
table). However, when we compare the number of researches with increment in the number of
academic staffs as well as with increment in academic level in the college each year, it shows a
significant decrement. We observed that there is a knowledge gap in writing up proposals. This
training aims to fill this gap.
Objectives
• To equip staffs on fundamentals of scientific proposal writing

• To recall basics of research methods
• To review data analysis techniques – manually as well as using Software applications
Methods used
Hands on training and practices using actual data
Participants of the workshop/training (Male: 36 Female: 4 Total: 40)
Place of the training; WSU
Duration of the training (Date/Month/Year)-April 12/2016 to April 18/2016
The main contents of the training

Univariate and Bivariate Analysis, Parametric Tests, Compatibility, Z Test: One Sample, Two
Samples, One Tailed, Two Tailed with and without replacement; Student t Test: One Tailed,
Two Tailed, One Sample, Two Samples Independent and Dependent Samples; ANOVA One
Way and Two Way; Karl Pearson's Method of Correlation Coefficient, Significance and Degree
of Freedom; Simple Regression, β Coefficient, Random Error, Coefficient of Determination;
Non-Parametric Tests
Test of Randomness–Runs Test; McNemar’s Test for Categorical Dichotomy, Chi Square Test–
Simple and Independent Attributes,Strength of Significance; Sign Test: One Sample, Paired
Samples; Wilcoxon Test: One Sample Signed Rank T Test, Paired Samples; Mann Whitney Test:
Independent Samples; Kruskal–Wallis Test: Multiple Independent Samples; Spearman’s Rank
Correlation Method; Significance and Degree of Freedom; Logistics Regression with Single
Explanatory Variable, βCoefficient, Random Error, Coefficient of Determination.
187
Multivariate Analysis
Factor Analysis
Compatibility, Concept of Manifest and Latent Variable, Principal Component Analysis:
Measure of Sampling, Adequacy, Eigen values, Communality, Factor Loading, and Total
Variance Explained, Rotation, Dimension Reduction, Reliability and Validity.
Multiple Regression Analysis

Model Summary, Significance and Coefficient of Determination; Dummy Variables, Logit
Model and Probit Model; Multicollinearity, Heteroskedasticity and Autocorrelation; VIF,
Tolerance and Durbin-Watson Statistics; Role of Stochastic Variables
Discriminant Analysis
Model Development, Role of Wilk’s Lambda, and Significance
Cluster Analysis
Designing Initial, Hierarchal Cluster and Final Clusters, and Coding and Grouping.
Major achievements
o Many academic staffs responded that they added some knowledge on fundamentals of
scientific proposal writing.
o Trained staffs also raised that they recalled some new and basics of research methods in
their fields.
o They also responded that they practiced how to make data analysis using different
techniques.
The time was short and work loads
General questions/Comments/suggestions
Let the program continue and other contents of research should be included
Summary
Such training is very useful for academic staffs.

It is better to continue such motives, let the remaining major components
Picture taken during the training
188
13.2.3. College of Natural and Computational Science
Title: Training on SPSS Software, proposal writing and article writing for publication

The college of natural and computational science has organized training on three packages such
as statistical data analysis using SPSS software, proposal writing and article writing for
publication. The training on data analysis was delivered by experts from Department of Statistics
which pioneered the SPSS software training in the university as well. In addition, the experts
offered an overview of statistical methodology for different disciplines regarding how to use and
apply different statistical tools related to each discipline in practical as well as hypothetical data.
The training gave a fundamental knowledge and skill to the trainees of the college to overtake
the challenges in using SPSS software. The training further established the interdependency of
science fields and the departments to take part in researches. It was also believed that such
training enables to meet the increasing demand for high level professional user of SPSS software
in universities, research institutes, government ministries and agencies, financial institutions and
industries.
The second component of the training was writing a scientific proposal. Organizing training on
proposal writing was thought to be very important as proposal writing is always the first step to
get involved in research and community service (RCS) activities. Writing clear, thorough and
targeted project proposals is therefore essential to take part in all types of RCS activities of the
university. Mastering the art of proposal writing requires a unified approach to project
management. The training was therefore intended to deliver a basis for scientific proposal
writing.
As a third component, the college organized training on scientific article writing for publication.
The college believes that all scientific research accomplishments done under the college should
be published in reputable journals in the form of scientific article. The demand for this training
was also high among the college academic staff.
Objective
o to enhance the knowledge and skill of academic staff in data analysis, proposal writing
and scientific article writing for publication.
189
Table 1.1 Descriptive statistics on the training feedbacks and expected outcomes
No Variables Categories Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
1 Relevance of Excellent 36 66.7 66.7 66.7
Training Very Good 18 33.3 33.3 100.0
Total 54 100 100
2 Practical Skills Well organized 54 100.0 100.0 100.0
3 Relevance of Excellent 42 77.8 77.8 77.8
topics selected Very Good 9 16.7 16.7 94.4
application Good 3 5.6 5.6 100.0
Total 54 100.0 100.0
4 Application of skill High 51 94.4 94.4 94.4
you gained Medium 3 5.6 5.6 100.0
Total 54 100.0 100.0
5 Satisfaction in High 51 94.4 94.4 94.4
training Medium 3 5.6 5.6 100.0
Total 54 100.0 100.0
6 Knowledge of Excellent 48 88.9 88.9 88.9
trainer Very Good 6 11.1 11.1 100.0
Total 54 100.0 100.0
7 Skill of trainer Excellent 48 88.9 88.9 88.9
Very Good 6 11.1 11.1 100.0
Total 54 100.0 100.0
8 Provision of Excellent 48 88.9 88.9 88.9
training material Very Good 6 11.1 11.1 100.0
Total 54 100.0 100.0
9 Training in the Twice a Year
54 100.0 100.0 100.0
future
10 Future need of Other
such training Advanced 54 100.0 100.0 100.0
software
11 Recommendation Should
54 100.0 100.0 100.0
s continue
12 Evaluation of Excellent
54 100.0 100.0 100.0
trainers
Regarding relevance of the training for future carrier in research data analysis the train responded
as excellent accounting 36(66.7%) and 18(33.3%) responded very good, respectively. Based on
this result, we may suggest that relevance of training seems to be very important. Based on the
practical activities of training were well organized with computer facilities since for practical
activities computer laboratory must and almost all the trainee responded well organized for
practical skills.
190
Regarding the relevance of topics selected for application for future research undertakings the
SPSS training motivated the trainees which is evidenced from the above table responded as
excellent accounting 42(77.8%), very good 9(16.7%). Hence, the training relevance of topics
selected application was best for undertaking for future research work which is considered as
expected outcome for future. Regarding application of skill gained from the training for future
academic and research activities seems to be high accounting 51(94.4%) of the total share. In
line with this, the trainer tried to apply different practical examples in order to elaborate the
application of skill in large for trainee. Based on table 5 level of satisfaction in the training was
high which is evidenced from the table. This result may suggest the college of natural and
computational science as well as department of statics motivated to deliver other statistical
packages since the level of satisfaction show more interesting result. As far as possible the
trainers tried to explore their knowledge during the training this result also evidenced from the
trainee which is excellent response sharing 48(88.9%). Based on the result most trainees agreed
that skill of trainer was excellent accounting 48(88.9%). Before delivering the training the
provision of training materials were well prepared and distributed to the trainees evidenced from
the above result which is responded as excellent response sharing 88.9%. Regarding the
frequency of such training in the future must be appreciated and continued in the future which is
supported from the above result as twice a year. For conducting different research activities
different statistical software skills as well as knowledge are must. Based on the feedbacks given
by trainee almost all trainees interested to take other advanced statistical software for future
carrier. Regarding the recommendation in organizing such training was excellent and such
training continue for future incorporating other advanced statistical softwares by considering all
feedbacks in pervious training. Trainers dedicated to deliver their knowledge and skill in training
session in theoretical as well as practical in particular training package were fantastic which is
evidenced from the above result. Therefore, trainers motivated to share their knowledge and skill
at large for future carrier.
Picture 1; during the opening of training
13.2.4. College of Social Sciences and Humanities

Place of the workshop/training: ELIC room and English Lab
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Duration of the workshop/training (Date/Month/Year) 20-24/10/2008 E.C
Name of the workshop/training providers፡ Dr. Sacket, Dr. Wondimu Tegegne, Abraham Kebede
(Asst. Prof.), Akalework Mengesha (Asst. Prof.), Meshesha Make (Asst. Prof.)
Name of the workshop/training facilitator: Abesha Shirko and Abraham Kebede
B. Project Summary
Title: Capacity building training project proposal on research writing
The training was offered to the Academic Staff members in the College of Social Sciences and
Humanities
Project Owner: Research and Community Service Coordination Office
Venue: English Language Laboratory and ELIC Training Room
Trainers: Four Senior Researchers from the college and an Invited Guest from other College in
SPSS
Selection of the Trainers: on Competitive Basis (Based on the criteria set by the research review
committee of the College)
Fund Source: VPRCS, WSU
Project Duration: One Week
OutCome: It will equip the Trainees to have Good Knowledge in Research Writing and
Publication
Attendance: Male 60, Female 10 with a total of 70 staff
Background
Conducting research is one of the core objectives of the Ethiopian higher education institutions.
The others are teaching and community services. The higher education institutions are mainly
encouraged to conduct research for the reasons that higher education institutions are meant to
solve socio-economic and political problems of the society through well thought scientific
research. As the experience of the developed world shows that nations advanced in economy,
politics and technology are because of by giving high emphasis to research and development
activities. So, by drawing experience, developing countries like Ethiopia has given high
emphasis to research and development activities through higher education institutions and
research institutes founded in various parts of the country. This is because; Bryman (2001) stated
that research is a base through which nations develop their scientific and technological
capabilities in order to change their socio-economic status.
As it is clearly indicated in world research and publication index, Ethiopia is found as one of the
least in the world and Africa. Cognizant of this fact, Ethiopia has allocated sizable budget
through its higher education institutions in a bid to increase its scientific research and
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publications practices in the country. There have also been various efforts in Ethiopian higher
education to conduct research and publish its output in the last fifteen years including the newly
established Universities. However, as Bridgeman and Co (2009) indicated that there are only few
research and publication practices by the staff of Ethiopian higher education institutions in order
to achieve the objectives of the nations in this regard. This had its own impact for the
development of the scientific community of the nation. As Brumfit (2004) stated that nations has
less education and research practice are likely to lag behind from the nations which have good
research and development practices.
Wolaita Sodo University is among the thirty-three Universities founded during the last two
decades. The University is striving to achieve the government’s goal for higher education
institutions in teaching, research and community service activities. To this end, the government
has been allocating budget in order to engage the teaching staff in research and community
service activities in every fiscal year. However, the motivation and participation of the academic
staff to conduct research is very low as compared with the number of academic staff. As the
statistics shows that less than 10 % of staff members of the College in the University are engaged
in research activity. This figure is in any standard one of the lowest in the Universities found in
the world in general and in Ethiopia in particular.
Therefore, as part of contributing to enhance research practices, this project focuses on enabling
the academic staff of the College to be good research writers. The main assumption of this
project is among other things based on the potential factors for the low participation of the
academic staff in the research activity. One of this is lack of research writing proficiency of the
academic staff. As Brumfit (2004) explained, the key factor for success in research and
publication is largely based on the writing competence of the researchers. Therefore, this project
tries to capacitate the academic staff of the College through training on various areas of research
writing namely academic writing, analytic software and communicating research projects
through presenting in workshops and publication.
Rational of the project

One of the major reasons to carry out the project is the observation of the low participation of the
academic staff on research and community service activities in WSU. Besides, the low level of
composition in some of the proposals presented for research and community service coordination
office for grant had resulted in rejection. These reasons coupled with the complex nature of
writing skill have instigated the coordinating office to carry out a capacity building for
researchers in research writing. Therefore, this project will focus on the three major areas of
training which the capacity gap has been observed. These are training in proposal writing,
publication techniques and statistical soft ware analysis.
Objectives
The training had the following general and specific objectives.
General objective
• The training aims to build the capacity of researchers in writing effective research
projects.
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Specific objectives
• This training had the following specific objectives, it was able to:
• offer training on academic writing
• offer training on analytical software particularly on SPSS
• offer training on research publication and presentation
• Equip the trainees in effective project writing
Outcomes
This project will have the following outcomes:
It helps to enhance the capacity of the academic staff to conduct effective research
It equipped the trainees with the necessary technical skill to be able to publish and disseminate
their research out puts in internationally reputable journals.
It served as the stepping stone for further continuous training in order to continually update the
knowledge of academic researchers in research writing.
Challenges of faced
Misunderstanding of some instructors regarding the benefit and objectives of the training
Shortage of time to plan and implement the training
Lack of well resourced stat lab to effectively offer training on statistical software analysis
Opinions forwarded
The training is very helpful in building their capacity regarding the overall research writing
techniques and procedures
It helped in understanding the basics of statistical software analysis
It helped the languages used for in research writing
It expanded our knowledge frontier regarding publication and grant writing
We have got good knowledge and skills regarding the computer based referencing style
The time chosen for training is suitable as most of the trainers finished their courses before
commencement of the training.
Recommendations
The training must be continual (sustainable)
The training should be notified before months of its implementation
High emphasis should be given to statistical soft ware analysis
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Attention should be given in training to plagiarism issues in research writing
Attention should be given to publication and grant writing technique
13.3. Fifth annual national research workshop

The research and community services projects sponsored by Wolaita Sodo University (WSU) are
intended bring development of the nearby community in particular and the nation in general.
Hence, the outputs of the research and community services projects should be organized,
published and disseminated to the nearby communities, academic community and other
concerned bodies. With this regard, researchers and those who rendered community services are
expected to share and disseminate their findings and the activities they performed to the
concerned bodies using different ways. One of the ways to disseminate the project findings is
via seminars, workshops, conferences, etc. Consequently, to facilitate the disseminations of
project outputs, WSU has hosted four consecutive annual national research workshops since
2012. Similar, WSU hosted its 5th Annual National Research Review Workshop in Sodo town at
Gutara Hall from May 8 – 9, 2015. Below is brief description of the overall process of the
workshop.
Theme and subthemes of the workshop
The theme of the 5th Annual National Research Workshop was “Supporting National
Development through Research.” Under the main theme, the subthemes of the workshop were;
Sub Theme 1: Agriculture, Animal Health and Production
Sub Theme 2: Uncover Social, Language, Ethical, Cultural, Heritage and Environment realities
Sub Theme 3: Law, Regulations and Public Policy
Sub Theme 4: Financial Institutions, Change tools, Enterprises and Economic Development
Sub Theme 5: ICT and Technology (Manufacturing, Water Resources, Material Sciences)
Sub Theme 6: Quality and Innovation in Education and Natural Sciences
Sub Theme 7: Governance, Administration and Conflict Management
Sub Theme 8: Emerging and Cross-cutting Issues: Gender, HIV/AIDS and Disabilities
Sub Theme 9: Reproductive Health, Nutrition, and Quality Health Services and Non-
communicable Diseases
Objectives of the workshop

o To help researchers to share and disseminate findings of their researcher and the outputs
of the community services activities they performed to the concerned bodies. It is also
intended to create a opportunity of discussion for researchers and other stakeholders on
the core outputs of research and community services.
Abstract review and selection processes
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To achieve the objectives of the workshop first call for abstract was prepared by specifying
thematic and sub thematic areas of the workshop. Second, the call for abstract was disseminated
to all universities, research centers, technical and vocational colleges and concerned institutions
through various means. Until the abstracts are submitted, the review and publication committee
prepared and approved criteria to review, evaluate and select abstracts (See Table 1 for the
details).
Table 1: Criteria for abstracts review and evaluation

No Criteria to Evaluate Abstracts Assigned Scored
Value Value
1 Relevance and Relatedness
The abstract is relevant and related to the theme/sub theme of the 15
workshop
2. Comprehensiveness Or Inclusiveness
The abstract contains the main points that should be included in
abstract, such as title, rationale, objectives/ research questions (20), 50
research methodology (design, participants (samples), methods of
data collection and analysis) (20), findings/conclusions and
recommendation (10)
3 Coherence and Cohesiveness: Flow of ideas
All elements in a abstract are related to one another or there is 10
flow of ideas in the abstract
4 Clarity of the ideas presented in the abstract 15
The ideas presented in the abstract including vocabulary and
grammar are clear and understandable
5 Standard style of Writing Abstracts 10
Font size, Spacing, Style and Word/Page limit
A total of 44 institutions participated in sending abstracts to the 5th Annual National Research
workshop of WSU (See Table 2 for the details). The highest share (24.4%) of abstracts was
received from WSU which is followed by Haramaya University (9%). More than 270 abstracts
were received and coded by removing authors name, address and affiliation for blind review.
This is believed to avoid unfairness and biasness in the process of abstract evaluation. Then, the
coded abstracts were categorized and sent to respective college/school abstract review and
evaluation committee. At each college/school level an abstract was given to three reviewers to
assign marks basing on the criteria stipulated in Table 1. The average was calculated by adding
the result of the three reviewers together and dividing by three.
Table 2: Abstracts submitted by institutional affiliation

No Affiliated institutions Frequency Percent
1 Wolaita Sodo University 66 24.8
2 Haramaya University 24 9.0
3 Debremarkos University 15 5.6
4 Hawassa University 15 5.6
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5 Arba Minch University 14 5.3
6 Madawalabu University 13 4.9
7 Ambo University 10 3.8
8 Gambella University 8 3.0
9 Jigjiga University 8 3.0
10 Assosa University 7 2.6
11 DebreBerhan University 7 2.6
12 Defence University 8 3.0
13 Jimma University 7 2.6
14 MizanTepi University 7 2.6
15 Dire Dawa University 6 2.3
16 Addis Ababa University 4 1.5
17 Adama Science and Technology University 4 1.5
18 Bule Hora University 4 1.5
19 Samara University 4 1.5
20 Adigrat University 3 1.1
21 Arsi University 2 0.8
22 Dilla University 2 0.8
23 Hawassa Agricultural Research Center 2 0.8
24 Holeta Agricultura Research Center 2 0.8
25 Mekelle University 2 0.8
26 Tepeza Ethiopia 2 0.8
27 Wollega University 2 0.8
28 Wollo University 2 0.8
29 A150 1 0.4
30 Aksum University 1 0.4
31 Arba Minch College of Health Sciences 1 0.4
32 Arba Minch Teacher Training College 1 0.4
33 Areka Agricultural Research Center 1 0.4
34 Addis Ababa Science and Technology
1 0.4
University
35 Bahir Dar University 1 0.4
36 Bonga Agricultural Research Center 1 0.4
37 Dawro Zone 1 0.4
38 Ghent University 1 0.4
39 Jinka Agricultural Research Center 1 0.4
40 Southern Agricultural Research Institute 1 0.4
41 Terepeza Development Association 1 0.4
42 UNISA 1 0.4
43 University of Gonder 1 0.4
44 Woldia University 1 0.4
Total 266 100.0
In addition to categorizing the abstracts to the institutions affiliated, the submitted and selected
abstracts were categorized based on the subthemes of the workshop. A total of 92 abstracts
related to agriculture subtheme were submitted out of which 12 abstracts were selected. The least
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number of abstracts were submitted and selected related to law and legal issues (Table 3). In
each subtheme, the abstracts with top average result were selected based on their proportion to
the total abstracts submitted.
Table 3. Submitted and selected abstracts by college/school

No College/School Submitted abstracts Selected abstracts
1 Agriculture 92 12
2 Educational and Behavioral Sciences 18 3
3 Engineering 10 3
4 Business and Economics 18 3
5 Health and Medical Science 44 6
6 Law 7 2
7 Natural and Computational Sciences 25 4
8 Social Sciences and Humanities 30 4
9 Veterinary Medicine 15 3
Total 259 40
After the selection of the abstracts, the authors were communicated via different ways such as
email and phone and were informed to send the full paper of their abstracts. Then, each full
paper was reviewed by three reviewers based on the prepared criteria. Next, the researchers were
informed areas they should improve. The improved papers were finally submitted for the
workshop and the researchers presented the improved papers on the workshop.
Actual workshop days (May 12-13, 2016)

Several stakeholders from WSU catchment Area (Wolaita and Dawuro Zones), and federal
institutions were invited and attended the workshop. In addition, the academic and administrative
staff of WSU attended the workshop. Accordingly, more than 300 individuals were registered
and attended the 5th Research National Annual Workshop. After the registration of the workshop
participants, the workshop started with general session at Firew Hall (Gutara Hall, Wolaita Sodo
town). Until the tea break of the first day of the workshop (May 12, 2016), the following specific
activities were accomplished.
Activities Presenter
Welcome address Berhanu Kuma(PhD),VPRCS,WSU
Opening Speech Senbetie Toma,WSU President
Keynote speech on Research Ethics Prof. Zinabu Gebremariam, Hawassa University.
After the keynote speech by Prof. Zinabu Gebremariam of Hawassa University, the papers were
divided into five session and the workshop participants were attended the presentation in each
session based on their own interest and field of specialization. The five sessions continued until
lunch break of the second day (May 13, 2016). After each presentation, the participants
forwarded their own comments and asked different questions. The paper presenters responded to
the questions and accepted the comments rose as input for improvement of their work.
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Besides, seven community service projects sponsored by WSU and accomplished by WSU
academic staff were prepared in poster format and posted outsides of the workshop halls. During
tea and lunch breaks of the two days (May 12-13, 2016), the principal coordinators of the
projects provided detailed explanation to the participants. In the workshop 40 research papers
and 7 community service projects findings were presented by researchers of WSU and other
universities of the country. Hence, in the 5th Annual National Research Review Workshop of
WSU both papers and posters were presented. The poster presentation makes the workshop
unique from the previous workshops hosted by WSU.
After lunch break of the second day (May 13, 2016), general discussion was held with the
participants of the workshops to discuss on overall activities annual research workshop (Detail
about the general discussion is presented in the next subsection.). After the end of the general
discussion, the participants visited dairy Farm, one of the community service activities in WSU.
Participants’ feedback
A format was prepared and distributed to get feedback from the participants about the overall
activities of the 5th annual national research workshop. The comments and feedback of the
participants are essential to identify the gaps observed in the workshop and to make necessary
improvements in the future. Accordingly, the participants of the workshop rated the various
aspects of the workshop by ticking the column that is appropriate to them. The next table
presents the summary of participants comment.
Table 5: Participants’ feedback
Excellent V. Good Good Satisfactory Poor Not
Items Applicabl
No e
no % no % no % no % no % no %
1 The scientific processes
and communication
37 24.5 65 43.0 24 15.9 11 7.3 2 1.3 12 7.9
during abstract and full
paper submission
2 The provision of the
necessary information 50 33.1 58 38.4 23 15.2 12 7.9 2 1.3 6 4.0
about the workshop
3 The reception and
registration for the 55 36.4 45 29.8 31 20.5 8 5.3 5 3.3 7 4.6
workshop
4 The provisions of
materials on the
workshop(Notebook, 65 43.0 33 21.9 27 17.9 18 11.9 7 4.6 1 .7
pen, proceeding,
abstractbook etc)
5 The schedule and time
management of the 36 23.8 64 42.4 36 23.8 10 6.6 3 2.0 2 1.3
presentations.
6 The papers presented in
30 19.9 58 38.4 46 30.5 11 7.3 3 2.0 3 2.0
the workshop are to the
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standard and are within
the thematic area of the
conference
7 The
comments/suggestions
41 27.2 73 48.3 23 15.2 8 5.3 5 3.3 1 .7
forwarded by the
participants
8 The organization of
accommodations during
52 34.4 62 41.1 24 15.9 9 6.0 4 2.6 0 0
tea break (Tea,
coffee,etc )
9 The accommodations
during lunch time( food, 57 37.7 51 33.8 26 17.2 8 5.3 6 4.0 3 2.0
softdrink, etc)
10 The communication and
hospitalities of the 50 33.1 67 44.4 24 15.9 5 3.3 3 2.0 1 .7
organizing committee
11 How do you rate the
overall preparation and
34 22.5 74 49.0 29 19.2 11 7.3 3 2.0 0 0
implementation of the
workshop program
To get feedback from the participants about the overall activities of the 5th National research
workshop, 170 forms were distributed to the participants and 162 were returned. The returned
forms were checked for completeness and 11 forms were incomplete. After checking the
completeness of forms, the completed 151 forms were taken for the analysis. The incomplete
forms (11) were excluded from the analysis. The completed forms were coded and filled into
Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS) (Version 16.0). After inserting the data into
SPSS, different descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentage were applied to the
responses. Below is the analysis of the responses. For clarity, the responses were grouped and
analyzed into six categories.
A. Participants responses
The participants of the workshop were asked to rate the scientific processes and communication
before and during workshop. As can be seen from Table 5 item 1, 37(24.5%) of the participants
responded that the scientific processes and communication during abstract and full paper
submission is excellent. In addition, 65(43%) and 24(15.9%) of the respondents replied the
communication is very good and good respectively. In general, 126(83.4%) of the workshop
participants stated that the scientific processes and communication during abstract and full paper
submission is excellent, very good and good. In item 2(See Table 5), 50(33.1) respondents
reported that the provision of the necessary information about the workshop is excellent.
Besides, 58(38.4%) and 23(15.2%) of the workshop participants rated the provision of the
information is very good and good respectively. Hence, 131(86.7%) participants replied that the
provision of the necessary information about the workshop is excellent, very good and good. The
aggregate data reveals that about 129(85.1%) of the respondents felt that the scientific processes
and communication before and during workshop is excellent, very good and good. These data
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divulged that the participants are satisfied with the scientific communication process of the
workshop.
Reception, registration and materials provisions
Item 3 table 5 depicted that 55(36.4%) and 45(29.8%) of the conference participants said that the
reception and registration for the workshop is excellent and very good respectively. Besides,
31(20.5 %) of them stated that the reception and registration is good. In addition, the participants
reported that the provisions of materials on the workshop (Notebook, pen, proceeding, abstract
book etc) is excellent (65or 43%), very good (33 or 29.1%) and good (27 or 17.9%). These data
revealed that the great majority of the workshop participants rated the reception, registration and
the provisions of materials on the workshop more than good.
C. The schedule and time management of the presentations
Regarding the schedule and time management of the presentations 36 (23.8%) and 64(42.4%) of
the conference participant replied that it is excellent and very good respectively. In addition,
36(23.8%) said that it is good. These data divulged that the great majority of the workshop
participants (136 or 90 %) felt that the scheduling and the time management is more than good.
This may reveal that the participants are satisfied with the scheduling.
Standard of presented papers and comments

As can be seen from table 5 item 6, 30 (19.9%), 58(38.4%) and 46(30.5%) of the workshop
participants felt that the papers presented in the workshop are to the standard and are within the
thematic area of the conference is excellent, very good and good respectively. With regard to the
comments/suggestions forwarded by the participants, 41 (27.2%), 73 (48.3%) and 23(15.2%) of
the participants said that it is excellent, very good and good respectively. The data shows that
the participants were satisfied with the standard of the paper presented and comments forwarded.
Accommodation and hospitability
The participants were also asked to rate the accommodation and hospitability during the
workshop. About 52 (34.4%), 62 (41.1%) and 24 (15.9%) of the workshop participants
responded that organization of accommodation for tea/coffee break is excellent, very good and
good, respectively (Table 5 item 8). In addition, the accommodations during lunch time( food,
softdrink, etc) was rated ) as excellent(57 or 37.7%), very good(51 0r 33.8) % and good( 26 or
17.2%). Furthermore, item 10 of table 5 depicts that the communication and hospitalities of the
organizing committee is 50 (33.1%), 67(44.4%) and 24(15.9%) of the workshop participants felt
that it is excellent, very good and good respectively (see table 5 item 10.). The above data
divulged that the workshop participants were satisfied with the accommodation and hospitability
provided during the workshop.
Preparation and implementation

Table 5 item 11 shows that the workshop participants perception of thee overall preparation and
implementation of the workshop program. Accordingly, 34(22.5%), 74(49%) and 29(19.2%) of
the participants rated the overall preparation and implementation of the workshop program as
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excellent, very good and good respectively. These shows that the participants are satisfied about
the work shop preparation and implementation. Finally, the participants forwarded the following
comments regarding the workshop.
General discussion
After all papers were presented, general discussion was held with the participants of the papers.
During general discussion session, Dr. Birhanu Kuma, Vice President for Research and
Community Service thanked the guests, paper presenters and participants in behalf of the
VPRCS Office, WSU and organizing committee for their coming and active participation in the
workshop. Then, he asked the participants and paper presenters to forward general comments on
the overall process of the workshop. The following comments and suggestions were forwarded
by participants:
o All participants thanked and appreciated the VPRCS Office and organizing committee for
well organized and successful workshop
o The workshop enabled the participants to share knowledge, experiences and lessons for
researchers in their future careers and endeavors
o In some papers there were findings that may address the problem of community if
implemented and scaled up/out. Eg, A paper presented on Wolaitegn language utilization
and problems associated with its utilization.
o Most papers were well written following scientific principles of writing that can solve
community problems whereas a few papers had methodological problems in set up.
o It was suggested that the university should seek to prepare International workshop in the
future
o It was commented that the university should rethink of accommodation issues for the
guests and presenters and participants coming from long distances
o Assigning chairperson and rap porter is better if the individuals closely related with
discipline in which a paper is to be presented
o VPRCS office and university management should work for more participation of staffs in
workshop
o Concerned stallholders should be invited to participate in workshop and then for scaling
up/out research findings
o Invite farmers to participate in workshop and young researchers
o Plan to provide training for researchers in proposal formulation, scientific paper writing
and software utilization
13.4. Establishment of beef cattle fattening
Wolaita zone is endowed with a number of livestock which provide draft power, generate
income, means of savings and investment, a source of food and also exported to other parts of
the country and beyond. In particular Wolaita beef cattle are tasty, delicious and consumed by
beef loving society of the country. However in the zone, beef cattle production is done
traditionally taking a number of months and currently the production is affected by increasing
costs. To minimize the problem feedlots around many towns produce concentrates such as wheat
barn, oil seed cake and molasses. In line with this opportunity Wolaita Sodo University has
established beef cattle fattening in the campus during 2008 fiscal year with purchase of 20 oxen.
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It is planned that the beef cattle fattening will be extended to Abala Faracho research center
located at Humbo woreda as soon as fattening house construction is completed.
In general the benefits of beef cattle fattening project include (1) capacity building in which
graduate students will get opportunity to undertake research using this facilities at the university
(2) demonstration site for students as students have been taken to different universities, research
centers, farms and agro processing industries to acquire practical skills on feed analysis, animal
product processing, handling of animal products, microbial issues, etc. Thus the beef cattle
fattening project can serve as demonstration site and save huge amount of money, resources and
time the university has been spending. (3) Income generation through selling live animals and
beef at staff lounge and supplying to student cafeteria. (4) A source for knowledge and skill
transfer in which academic staffs go into business of modern and efficient animal production
while acting as consultant in the area. (5) Promoting community and extension services as
improved forage seeds, improved animal husbandry such as integrated farming and products
could be distributed from the university to those with the capacity to make use of such
technological transfer. This helps to raise animal productivity and ultimately improve community
livelihoods as the university provides advisory as well as extension services. (6) Job creation as
community benefits from the selection, appointment of causal labor and permanent employees.
So far the project has created job opportunity for more than 15 daily laborers and will increase
its demand for daily as well as permanent employees as the project becomes fully functional at
the campus and at Abala Faracho research center.
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14. Research and community services approved by college/school
14.1. College of Agriculture

14. 1.1. Research Proposals approved
No Research title Researchers Setting Status

1 Maize value chain analysis Abera Abebe, Abera Habte Wolaita and Ongoing
and Harko Halala Dawuro zones
2 Assessment of gross nutrient composition and Amistu Kuma, Netsanet Abaya water-shade Ongoing
heavy metal concentration in animal feed and Beyero, Abebe Endale,
Human diet: In the case of Abaya water shade Endale Amare, Ermias
Communities Mekonnen
3 Effect of tillage methods on grain yield and N Ashebir Mekonnen, Rahel Humbo Ongoing
concentration of maize (Zea mays L.) under Tigabu and
intercrop with soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Melkamu Adamu,
4 Evaluation of quality and handling pattern of raw Asrat Ayza and Amistu Sodo town Ongoing
milk sold in and around sodo town Kuma
5 Evaluating the Impact of Community Based Belete Limani and G/lassie Mount Damota Ongoing
participatory Watershed Management on some Welu
selected soil physico-chemical properties and crop
productivity
6 Collection, screening and selection of ginger Birhanu Lencha, Zemach SNNPR Ongoing
cultivars for disease resistance, yield and quality Sorsa and Abdirshukur
Reshidi
7 Effect of row spacing and number of transplants Gobeze Loha,Abebe Endale Damote Gale and Ongoing
per hill on yield and yield components of teff and Rahel Tigabu Humbo
(Eragrostis tef)
8 Soil fertility gradient as influenced by land use G/slassie Welu, Nebiyu Humbo Ongoing
system Masebo, Belete Limani and
Yalew Bizu
9 Studies on indigenous production system and Taye Buke, Alemayehu Boloso Sore and Ongoing
evaluation for yield of yam cultivars (Dioscorea Asale and Boloso Bombe
species) Gifole Gidago
10 Assessment of the existing beekeeping production Tsegay Lijalem, Wolaita and Dawro Ongoing
practices Gebreegiziabher Zereu and zones
Mesfin Tebege
11 Participatory evaluation and selection of maize Rahel Tigabu, Abebe Humbo and Bale Ongoing
(Zea mays L.) varieties for moisture stress area Endale, Gobeze Loha,
Abdishikur Reshid
12 Assessment of production constraints of mango Tadele Jabamo, Ashenafi Wolaita Ongoing
(Mangifera indica L.) W/silassie and Abdirshikur
Reshid
13 Performance evaluation of released Coffee (Coffee Abdishikur Reshid and Sodo Zuria, Boloso Ongoing
Arabica L.) Cultivars Ashenafi W/silassie Sore, Ofaand
Damoe Gale
14 Beef cattle value chain analysis Damote Gale and On going
Humbo
15 Studies on indigenous production system and
evaluation for tuber yield of yam cultivars
(Diascorea species)
16 Performance evaluation of malt varley varieties to
N fertilizer rates and scaling up of the technologies
17 Highland fruits nursery establishment Plat science Kokate On going
204
14.1.2. Community services projects approved
No Title of Community Services Project team Setting Status

1 Promotion of community-based Briqutte production and Asrat Tekle, Abebaw Wolaita Sodo Lately
utilization from urban organic waste: A contribution to Abiyu, Fitsum Meseret started
the development and promotion of alternative bio-energy Ashebir Mekonen
technologies and sustainable development Abdulfetah Mohamed
2 Promoting smallholder poultry production through sand Netsanet Beyero, Feleke Humbo Abala Purchase
incubation technique and training of cooperatives and Assefa, Eyob Eshetu, Faracho RC of
smallholder farmers Sintayehu Shibiru center materials
3 Community based vegetable seed supply improvement Daliyo Bati, Ashenafi Selected Lately
project W/Silasie, Tadele woreda of started
Jabamo, Mesfin Tebeje Wolaita zone
4 The Boer X Indigenous Goat crossbreeding project Almaz Bekele, Abdu Humbo Not
Esmael, G/Egziabher Woreda, started
Zereu, Taju Hussen
5 Development and rehabilitation of rangeland resource in Takele Geta, Oli Dawro and Lately
selected districts: An opportunity for sustainable livestock Wakeyo, Ermias Wolaita Zone started
production and environmental conservation Mekonen
6 Irrigation based integrated livelihood activities on Deneke Dana, Oli Humbo Larena, in
Household asset accumulation Wakeyo, Milkias Jurka progress
Ermias Belete, Brihanu
Lencha, Ashebir
Mekonen
7 Watershade based participatory plantation project Efrem Gulfo, Tamirat Buge Wanche in
Solomon, G/Silasie Kebele, progress
Welu, Okula Obsa Humbo,
Getahun Garedew
8 Alternative income generation activities at Chebera- Hailu Menale, Yigrem Chebera- in
Churchura National park for sustainable wild life Kebede, Amara Migbe Churchura progress
management and food security for local community Tsegay Lijalem, Abebaw National Park
Abeyu
9 Scaling-up the Dorper sheep technology to improve rural Ermias Belete, Damot Gale in
women income Asrat Worku, Almaz Woreda progress
Balta, Alemayehun Asale
10 Scaling-up of improved Potato and Shalot varieties and W/mariam Woelore, Selected Not
their production packages Helen Teshome, woredas of completed
Alemayehu Asale, Asrat Wolaita Zone
Worku
11 Introducing/ promoting market oriented Apple-based Tamirat Solomon, Gifole Delbo Wegene Not
agro-forestry technology Gidago, G/slassie Welu kebele completed
12 University-Industry linkage project around Amibara farm Alemayehu Asale, Taye Amibara farm Not
(Community service project to the local communities Buke completed
living around Amibara farm on Livestock and
Horticulture production, and market chain)
13 Status of improved forage production and utilization, Wolaita zone
community based selection of elite forage specieis and
promoting their cultivation by farmers
14 Dairy farm of the campus Animal science dept Gandaba Ongoing
15 Baeef cattle fattening Animal science dept Gandaba Ongoing
14.2. College of Business and Economics

14.2.1. Research proposals approved

1 Factors Motivating Higher Education Temesgen Tera, Temesgen Wolaita and Ongoing
Graduates to Start Their Own Business Yohannis and Habtewolde Amaha Dawro
205
2 The effect of financial practices on capital Tariku Kolcha, Geremew Wolaita zone Ongoing
growth of savings and credit co-operatives Kefyalew and Solomon Kebede
3 Determinants of Savings of Micro and TesfahunTegegn, Saket Ranjan Wolaita zone Ongoing
Small Enterprises (MSEs) Praveer and Solomon Kebede
14.3. School of Education and Behavioural Science

1 Early childhood education: Disregards and best practice Wolaita Sodo town Ongoing
2 Principals effectiveness in managing school financial Wolaita and Ongoing
resources at primary schools Dawuro zones
14.4. College of Engineering

14.4.1. Researches approved

1 Evaluation of the impact of climate variability on storm water Wolaita Ongoing
runoff generation Sodo town
2 Geotechnical assessment of clay deposit for use as liners in Wolaita Ongoing
sanitary landfill construction Sodo
3 Sodo city transportation modeling and improving he existing Sodo town Ongoing
transportation system and related facilities
14.4.2. Community services approved

No Title of community Service Coordinator Setting Status Remark
1 Yigremachew W/Soddo In progress Started in
Mobile Base Birth Registration 2007
Eshetu
2 Designing solar powered water pump irrigation W/Soddo Not started PI heft for
and electrification systems of rural residents further study
14.5. College of Health Sciences and Medicine

No Title of the Research Project Researchers Setting Status

1 Magnitude of Uncontrolled Diabetes Mellitus, and Fanuel Belayneh, Teaching Ongoing
Associated Factors among Type 2 Diabetes Patients Solomon Abreha and Hospital
NiguseMekonin
2 Sero-prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B virus, Fiseha Wadilo, Felagot Wolaita Ongoing
hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus Tadesse and Fithamlak Sodo town
infection among pregnant women Solomon
3 Genotypic Identification of Multi-drug resistant Temesgen Nane, Teaching Ongoing
Tuberculosis and Associated Risk Factors Among Fithamlak Solomon, Hospital
Suspects, Emphasis on Rifampicin/MTB-RIF PCR Fisseha Wadilo and
Zeineba Temam
4 Factors associated with anemia among children aged 6 Tadele Dana, Mengistu Wolaita Ongoing
– 23 months: a community based study Meskele and Wolde Zone
Facha
5 Predictors of Antiretroviral treatment outcomes in Tezera Moshago and Wolaita Ongoing
Patients Living with HIV/AIDS after Initiation of the Tadele Dana and
treatment: A general cohort study Dawuro
zones
6 Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Solomon Abreha, WSU Ongoing
Regular Female Students on Breast Self-Examination Fanuel Belayneh and
Feleke H/Michael
206
7 The association of Community Based Health Insurance Abebe Sorsa and Tezera Wolaita Ongoing
and Utilization of Health Care Services: a community Moshago Zone,
based comparative study
8 Community based survey on prevalence of Tamene Naba and Sodo town Ongoing
hypertension and contributing factors among adults Niguse Obse
9 Couples opinions & women’s utilization of postnatal Wolde Facha, Wolaita Ongoing
care service: A community based mixed study Mengistu Meskele and zone
Mihretu Alemayehu
10 Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaf Powder fortification on Tesfahun Molla, Wolaita Ongoing
nutritional content and sensory property of maize bread Habtamu Azene and zone
Aklilu Dolla
11 Risk factors for severe pneumonia among under 5 Yusuf Haji, Junayde Wolaita Ongoing
years children Abdurahman and zone,
Wondimagegn Phawlos
12 Evaluation of drug use by prescribers in private clinics Zewde Zemma, Sodo town Ongoing
Temesgen Sidamo and
Kassa Daka
No Title of community services Project team Setting Status

1 Mobile cardiopulmonary resuscitation training Bedilu Girma Shimelash Hospitals in In Progress
project for health professionals Bitew Kidest Getu Wolaita Zone
14.6. School Law School

14.6.1. Research approved
1 Assessing rural land registration Gebrehiwot Entehawu, Kahsay Wolaita zone Ongoing
and certification Gebremedhin and Gebreslassie Woldu

1 Legal Literacy campaign Kidus Meskele, Bogale Anja and Selected woreda In progress
Yared Kefyalew of Wolaita Zone
14.7. College of Natural and Computational Science

14. 7.1 Researches approved
1 Charcoal production & its implication on Dalga Yaya, Samuel Wolaita zone Ongoing
livelihoods of the community and environment Tesema, Abrham Loha
2 The effect of increasing temperature on Abrham Loha, Samuel Wolaita zone Ongoing
Anepholes arabiasis due to the changing Tessema and Dalga Yaya
temperature pattern caused by climate change and
its response on malaria transmission potential
3 Determination of quality of honey product Destaw Engidaw, Dawuro zone Ongoing
Ketema Alemayehu and
Seid Mustefa
4 Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial Ketema Alemayehu, Wolaita and Ongoing
activity of crude extracts from the leaves of Ruta Destaw Engidaw, Gedif Dawuro zone
chalepensis (Tena Adam) Meseret and Seid
Mustefa
207
5 Spatial Modeling of Malaria risk in Bayesian Desalegn Dargaso and Wolaita and Ongoing
setting. A case study Bereket Tessema Dawuro zone
6 Determination of Fluoride in Cassava, Enset, and Seid Mustefa, Destaw Wolaita zone Ongoing
Sweet potato cultivated. Engidaw and Ketema
Alemayehu
7 Assessment of downstream pollution profiles of Hussen Yasin, Beniyam, Sodo Town Ongoing
Sodo Town along kalte stream using Eyasu Chama
physicochemical, Macroinvertebrate and aquatic
flora indicators
8 Domestic, predomistic and wild rodent population Zewudne Tomas, Berket Wolaita and Completed
ecology, their public health and pest importance Alemayehu, Gebeyehu Dawuro zones
Feleke, others
No Title of Community Services Project team Setting Status Remark

1 Proposal on primary school 2nd Merineh Mandado, Selected Completed Started
cycle science and mathematics Camerun Kastro Schools of before
teachers' training on teaching Zewdneh Tomass Wolaita Zone 2008 E.C
methods, teaching aid preparation Temesgen Samuel
and lab. works in selected schools
2 A community service project on Endashaw Wolde, Boditi High Completed Started
Basic Computer Skills, Maintenance Mesay Wana Habtamu School before
and Internet Usage in for high Fanta Ashenafi Kebede 2008 E.C
schools Teachers. Habib Mekonen
3 A community service project on Tarekegn Heliso Bele and Not Started
capacitating natural science teachers Endashaw wolde Tercha High completed before
in practical laboratory activities Abdulfeta Mohammed Schools 2008 E.C
4 Empowering female students of Letebrhan Alemayehu, Wolaita Sodo Ongoing Started
Wolaita Sodo University through Alemnat Derso, Medhanit University 2008
ICT training Getachew, Nuniyat Kifle
Sara Abites
14.8. College of Social Sciences and Humanities

No Research Title Researchers Setting Status

1 The role of teachers’ academic writing Abraham Kebede and Meshesha WSU, Arbaminch and Ongoing
competence in conducting research: Make Hossana Universities
Determinants and way outs
2 Functional dynamics of Wolaita Lyric Admasu Tumato and Wolaita zone Ongoing
Folk Poems; the case of three genres: Alemaheyehu Waro
Gereessaa, Zilaassa and Koyssaa.
3 The View of Wolaita People towards Alemaheyehu Waro and Admasu Kindo Halale, Kindo Ongoing
Children as Reflected in Selected Tumato Koysha, Bitana,
Proverbs Humbo Tebela and
Damot Pulasa
4 Wolaita’s Folk Culture of Informal Kassayie G/Medhin, and Wolaita zone Ongoing
Conflict Resolution and Its Abraham Kebede
Relationship to Formal Justice System
5 The challenges and effects of Yalemsew Genetu and Kasahun Wolaita Sodo town Ongoing
decentralization on urban planning and Desyalew
environmental protection
6 Mentership of Grade 12 female Medihant Edda, Marry Thuo, Sodo, Areka, Boditi, Ongoing
students Letebrhan Alemayehu, Sara Humbo highschools
Abite, Alemnat Derso, nuniyat
Kifle, Medihant Getachew
208
14.9. School of Veterinary Medicine
14.9. 1. Researches approved

1 The prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in Addisu Awukew, Asefa Wolayta and Ongoing
equines and rational control treatment Asmare,Ashenafi Kiros Dawuro
2 A study on gastro-intestinal helminths of scavenging Eyob Eshetu, Wale Sodo, Areka Ongoing
chickens in three districts of Wolaita zone, Ethiopia Tesfaye, Bulako Chebo and Boditi

1 Refreshment training on Minor surgery Wale Tesfaye Naod Selected areas of delay in purchase
for Animal health professionals who Thomas, Tilaye Shibru Wolaita Zone process
are currently on duty
2 Management, feeding and health care Azeb G/Tinsay, Asefa Selected woreda of Not started due to
of Dairy cows Asmare, Tsehaye Wolaita and Dawro delay on purchase
Hadush zones process
14.10. Kechi Research center

1 Training on Improved Forage Netsanet Beyero and G/egiziaber Zeru Kechi, delay in purchase
Production and Utilization In and
Around Kechi town and
Establishment of Forage Farm at
Kechi Site, Dawuro zone
2 Community Based Integrated Efrem Gulfo, Berhanu Kuma, Tamirat Kechi, Delay in purchase
Natural Resource Management in Solomon, G/slassie Welu, Oukula Obsa,
and around Kechi Town, Tocha Paulos Lukas, Samuel Tesemma, Mathewos
Woreda, Dawuro Zone Agize, Girma Mekuria, Yalew Bizu
3 Training on apiary production, Oli Wakayo and Feleke Assefa Kechi, delay in purchase
colony transfer, and modern hive
management
4 Performance evaluation, Rahel Tigabu and Gobeze Loha Kechi, delay in purchase
Intercropping and scaling up of
Maize crop
14.11. Summary of accepted proposals/projects by college/school
No College/school Researches Community services

1 College of Business and economics 3 0
2 College of health science and medicine 12 1
3 School of law 1 1
4 School of educational and behavioral science 2 0
5 School of veterinary medicine 2 2
6 College of social science and humanities 6 0
7 College of engineering 3 2
8 College of agriculture 17 15
9 College of natural and computational science 8 4
10 Kechi center 0 4
Total 54 29
209

W Su Rcs 2008 Annual Report

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Wolaita Sodo University

Office of Vice President for Research and Community Services

Research and Community Services

Office of Vice President for Research and Community Services

Research and Community Services of 2008 Fiscal Year

Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia

Berhanu Kuma (PhD)

3.1. Vice president for research and community services

Berhanu Kuma (PhD)

Gobeze Loha (PhD)

Pic 1: Stakeholder visiting diary farm, Gandaba campus of WSU

Pic 2: Legal service training at Humbo

University industry linkage

• SNNPR Boditi Industrial and Construction College, Boditi, Wolaita

Mr. Tewodros Getachew (MPH, Assistant Professor)

A. Publication of 2007 fiscal year annual report

D. Publication of WSU affiliated journal articles

College/School Total Number

E. Validation of academic staff activities for promotion

F. Preparation of proposal to establish peer reviewed reputable journal

A. 5th annual national research workshop

C. 400 copies of the 4th annual national workshops proceeding

E. Stakeholders mobilization forum

C. Preparation of research and community services policy document

Documentations of research and community services outputs

Wondimu Tegegne (PhD)

S.N Months Duration Average yield Remark

Mr. Asrat Ayza

Fig 1: Location of Kechi research

Pic 3: Partial view of forest coverage in the center

Mofer/ Gafa -ginda

Mofer/ Gafa -ginda

Mr. Matewos Agize

4.1 Research and community services coordination office

Major activities performed

Ongoing research and community services

Academic staff's general discussion

2009 fiscal year research and community services

4.2 Researches undertaken

• To examine soil physical properties on different land uses

Major findings if any

No. Activity Time Remark

• To determine optimum spacing or number of transplants for highest amount of yield of

Materials and methods

• The specific objectives of the study are:

Research methodology (materials and methods)

Figure 1: showing field observation and the discussion made

Figure 2: Soil sample collection in the study area

Work plan for the current reporting period

Significances or expected outcomes

4.2.9. Title: Assessment of diseases, production potentials and problems of mango

Work plan for the current reporting period

4.3. Community services rendered

• To evaluate a sand mini-hatchery technology and to disseminate a mini-hatchery

Background and Rationale

• To determine current sheep production systems in the area

Significances or expected outcomes

Research methodology (Materials and Methods)

Major findings if any

Background and Rationale

• To promote sustainable production and utilization of upgraded biomass fuels (briquettes)

• To install briquette production plant so as to produce and distribute briquettes from

Significances or expected outcomes

Annual Average Discharge: _1.12______

Catchment Size (in hector): _4______________

Catchment Size (in hector): _23.4______________

6.2Estimated total average expenditure for energy:32__ETB/HH/M

Annual Average Discharge: ___2.87 MCS_

Catchment Size (in hector): _2______________

Annual Average Discharge: _2.87 MCM______

Catchment Size (in hector): _2______________