DRONE BASICS, DESIGN, ASEMBLY, TEST REPORT

Submitted by
AMRISH J R

Electrical department
A.R.J College of engineering and Technology

In complete fulfillment for the award of the certificate for

Course completion

In the area of
“VIMAAN”

IN
A.R.J COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MANNARGUDI,
THIRUVARUR,
TAMIL NADU
614001.

SUBMITTED TO:

VAAYUSASTRA AEROSPACE, Pvt.LTD

IIT MADRAS RESEARCH PARK
KANAGAM, THARAMANI
CHENNAI
TAMILNADU 600113
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this report “DRONE BASICS, DESIGN, ASSEMBLY, TEST” is the
bonafide work of “AMRISH J R” who carried out the course.

Signature Signature
Mr R.CHANDRU., Vaayusastra Team,
Assistant Professor Nan Mudhalvan SPOC, Sundaresan Facilitator,
A.R.J College of Engineering and Technology, Drone design,
Mannargudi, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu-61401. Testing and fabrication,
Vaayusastra Aerospace pvt. Ltd,
IITM Research Park,
Tharamani, Chennai,
Tamil Nadu - 600113.

Submitted for completion of programme.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this delightful moment of having accomplished our report we extend our sincere
thanks to honourable Mr. M. K. Stalin, chief minister of Tamil Nadu, for providing us
with all the amenities for completing this Faculty Development Programme. We extend
our sincere thanks Vaayusastra Aerospace IIT Madras incubated startup in aerospace
and aeronautical education sector for empowering us with excellent infrastructure,
administration and opportunity to learn about DRONE BASICS, DESIGN,
ASSEMBLY, TEST.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
NO
TITLE
1 1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 HISTORY OF DRONE
2 2.1 TYPES OF DRONE
2.1.1 MULTI ROTOR DRONES
2.1.2 FIXED WING DRONE
2.1.3 SINGLE ROTOR DRONE
2.1.4 HYBRID VTOL
2.2 TYPES OF DRONE BASED ON SIZE
3 3.1 MOTOR
3.1.1 BRUSHLESS MOTOR
3.1.2 BRUSHED MOTOR
3.2 MAIN CONTROLLER
3.3 ELECTRONIC SPEED CONTROLLERS
3.4 RECEIVER
3.5 PRPPELLER
3.6 TRANSMITTER
3.7 GPS
3.8 BATTERY
4 QUADCOPTER DESIGN AND FABRICATION
4.1 QUADCOPTER MOVEMENTS
4.2 DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
4.3 CLASSIFICATION OF DRONES
4.4 APPLICATION
4.4.1 EMERGENCY
4.4.2 EARTH SCIENCE
4.4.3 ENVIRONMENT
4.4.4 DEFENSE AND SECURITY
5 5.1 APPLICATIONS OF DRONES
5.2 LITERATURE SURVEY
6 6.1 CONCLUSION
 CHAPTER – 1
1.1 Introduction

What are they and who uses them? Some call them drones, some apply the label “quadcopters” as
a blanket term—though they can have any number of rotors or even be planes—the FAA calls them
“unmanned aerial systems” (UAS). I prefer to call them “unmanned aerial vehicles” (UAVs), a neutral
term broad enough to safely include pretty much the whole gamut, from Hubsan nano drones up to
commercial and military aircraft weighing hundreds of pounds and basically the size of small manned
planes.

DJI Phantom 4 Quadcopter

UAVs are and aren't new. Starting somewhere around 2013, a new trend emerged in the tech toy
and aerial imaging market an explosion in popularity of compact multi-rotor RC aircraft, perhaps most
notably the DJI Phantom 4, a compact quadcopter featuring a gimbal stabilized aerial camera. RC
enthusiasts will, of course, cry foul. They will point out RC unmanned aircraft have been around for
decades nay, longer not to mention that pilots have been equipping them with cameras for FPV since
cameras got small and video transmitters got cheap. While this is true, the market was always a niche
one, the exclusive realm of dedicated model-builders (a handful of professional users aside) to whom
few on the outside paid much attention or of whom they were even aware.

If there is one overwhelming breakthrough that put consumer and prosumer UAVs on the map,
it was computerized flight-control systems and multi-rotor technology, the latter not possible without
the former. Traditional RC aircraft require skill to fly and many become quite expensive (you may have
to remote gage your house to pay for some). Many are powered by tiny gas engines, some even turbines,
and fly at scaled speeds competitive with manned aircraft. Multi-rotor UAVs, as distinct for helicopters
by virtue of the complexity of their control systems, require a computer to regulate control input. Unlike
planes, there is no rudder, no ailerons; just propellers. The only way to modulate flight is by spinning
the rotors at different speeds, and there is just no way to do this manually. A side effect of this fly-by-
wire implementation is that they can basically pilot themselves, especially when equipped with GPS,
optical flow, and other guidance systems.
This means just about anyone can fly; though I suppose it’s an open question if just anyone
should fly.

Because they can follow very precise flight patterns, as well as hover in a fixed position
(assuming GPS or optical flow), it was inevitable that one of the most popular-use cases for multi-rotors
would be imaging. And, as luck would have it, at the same time, HD and 4K cameras have gotten really
compact and really cheap (compared to the quality that they pump out), making strapping one to a UAV
pretty much a no-brainer.
1.2 HISTORY OF DRONE
The radio control airplane was invented in 1938 by the GOOD BROTHERS, WALT and BILL.
The concept of the radio transmitter and receiver was started by the good brothers. In 1937 Dr. Walter
Good and his twin brother had a hobby of building RC model airplanes and they started working on it.
The flight was made 8- foot Free Flight model and the brothers installed a primitive RC
equipment and they built their Dream airplane Big Guff (1st RC plane) in the year 1938.
FROM THE BEGINNING OF AVIATION TO THE END OF WORLD WAR II

In 1903 with the first flight taken by the Wright brothers, developments in aviation accelerated
and soon the first Unmanned Aerial Vehicle was created. It was the time of flying bombs, which is a
manned or unmanned aerial vehicle or aircraft carrying a large explosive warhead, a precursor to
contemporary cruise missiles. In contrast to a bomber aircraft, which is intended to release bombs and
then return to its base for re-use, a flying bomb crashes into its target and is therefore itself destroyed in
its attack. During the First World War it was very difficult to replace the lost airplanes and pilots, which
happened quite frequently due to the mass introduction of warplanes.
To solve this problem, military leaders started to think about using Unmanned Aircraft, in certain
missions. According to the theory of Douhet, a nation’s resistance could be broken and a country could
be defeated by terror bombings.
The use of flying bombs seemed to be a good asset for this task. The first prototype of such a
machine was linked to the American Elmer Sperry, who created an aircraft that was controlled by
autopilot. Military professionals saw big potential in the UAV and they gave seven Curtis N-9s to be
mounted with this autopilot system.
First test flights were carried out in 1917 with a pilot in the cockpit. This pilot was responsible
for the take-offs and landings. However, the other phases of flight were guided by the autopilot. After
flying 48 km the bombs were ejected, but it couldn’t hit closer to the target than 3 km.

EVOLUTION OF AVIATION IN THE FIRST DECADES OF COLD WAR

After the Second World War, researches related to the UAVs continued, which was supported
by the big development of automatic systems. In the 1950s with the appearance of aircraft and missiles
flying over the speed of sound, the air defence units needed new assets to simulate targets like these.
Military leaders wanted to develop pilot less target aircraft with supersonic speed. In 1953 the Radio
plane branch of Northrop started working on the AQM-35 supersonic PTA, which carried out its first
take-off in 1956.
It was able to fly as fast as Mach 1.55. Its main task was to help with the training of air defence
missile units against supersonic airplanes. Even though it was possible to launch it from the ground,
most of the cases it was launched from an airplane, from where it was controlled.
All together 25 models were built, but the program was stopped, because the UAV was so fast
that the air defence systems couldn’t track it, so they were unable to lock on this UAV [13].
FROM THE END OF VIETNAM WAR TO THE END OF 1990S
After the end of Vietnam War in 1975, from the late 1970s and early 1980s the rapid electronic
development gave a huge push for the airplane research. From these years digital technology was used
intensively, thanks to the cheap CPUs and software developments.
 One of the biggest military conflicts of this time was the Arab-Israeli War. According to the
doctrine of the small country, it invested a lot in its air force.
To prepare for the war, intelligence and information gathering turned out to be a crucial point,
in which Israel seemed to be the best.
It was carried out largely by UAVs, on the basis of the US experiences in the Vietnam War. In the
1970s Israel was the leading UAV manufacturer country.
This era’s rapid technologic development, that I have already mentioned, helped this process. Two
of the most successful
 CHAPTER – 2

2.1 TYPES OF DRONES

“Drones” can be classified on a different basis – say based on ‘usage ‘like Drones for
Photography, Drones for aerial Mapping, Drones for Surveillance etc. However, the best classification
of ‘Drones’ can be made on the basis of aerial platforms. Based on the type of aerial platform used, there
are 4 major types of drones.

• Multi Rotor Drones

• Fixed Wing Drones

• Single Rotor Helicopter

• Fixed Wing Hybrid

2.1.1 Multi Rotor Drones:-
Out of all the 4 drone types (based on aerial platform), multi-rotor drones are the easiest to Multi
Rotor drones are the most common types of drones which are used by professionals and hobbyists alike.
They are used for most common applications like aerial photography, aerial video surveillance etc.
Different types of products are available in this segment in the market – say multi-rotor drones for
professional uses like aerial photography (whose price may range from 500USD to 3K USD) and there
are lots of variants for hobby purposes like amateur drone racing, or leisure flying (price range from
50USD to 400USD). manufacture and they are the cheapest option available as well.

Fig: Quadcopter drone

 Multi-rotor drones can be further classified based on the number of rotors on the platform. They
are Tri copter (3rotors), Quadcopter (4rotors), Hex copter (6rotors) and Octocopter (8 rotors). Out of
these, Quadcopters are the most popular and widely used variant.

Although easy to manufacture and relatively cheap, multi-rotor drones have many downsides.
The prominent ones being it’s limited flying time, limited endurance and speed. They are not suitable
for large-scale projects like long distance aerial mapping or surveillance. The fundamental problem with
the multicopper is they have to spend a huge portion of their energy (possibly from a battery source) just
to fight gravity and stabilize themselves in the air. At present, most of the multi-rotor drones out there
are capable of only a 20 to 30 minutes flying time (often with a minimal payload like a camera).
2.1.2 Fixed Wing Drones:

Fixed Wing drones are entirely different in design and build to multi-rotor type drones. They use
a ‘wing’ like the normal airplanes out there. Unlike multi-rotor drones, fixed wing type models never
utilize energy to stay afloat on air (fixed wing types can’t stand still on the air) fighting gravity. Instead,
they move forward on their set course or as set by the guide control (possibly a remote unit operated by
a human) as long as their energy source permits.

fixed wing drone

Most fixed wing drones have an average flying time of a couple of hours. Gas engine powered
drones can fly up to 16 hours or higher. Owing to their higher-flying time and fuel efficiency, fixed wing
drones are ideal for long distance operations (be it mapping or surveillance). But they cannot be used
for aerial photography where the drone needs to be kept still on the air for a period of time.

The other downsides of fixed-wing drones are higher costs & skill training required in flying.
It’s not easy to put a fixed wing drone in the air. You either need a ‘runway’ or a catapult launcher to
set a fixed wing drone on its course in the air. A runway or a parachute or a net is again necessary to
land them back in ground safely. On the other side, multi-rotor drones are cheap – anyone with a few
hundred dollars to spare can buy a decent quadcopter. Flying a quadcopter doesn’t require special
training. You just take them to an open area and fly it. Guiding and controlling a quadcopter can be
learned on the go.

2.1.3 Single Rotor Drones:

Single rotor drones look very similar in design & structure to actual helicopters. Unlike a multi
rotor drone, a single rotor model has just one big sized rotor plus a small sized one on the tail of the
drone to control its heading. Single rotor drones are much efficient than multi rotor versions.
They have higher flying times and can even be powered by gas engines. In aerodynamics, the
lower the count of rotors the lesser will be the spin of the object. And that’s the big reason why
quadcopters are more stable than octocopters. In that sense, single rotor drones are much efficient than
multi-rotor drones.

single rotor drone

However, these machines come with much higher complexity and operational risks. Their costs
are also on the higher side. The large sized rotor blades often pose a risk (fatal injuries have been
recorded from RC copter accidents) if the drone is mishandled or involves in an accident.
Multi-rotor drones, often owing to their small rotor blades have never been involved in fatal
accidents (though a scar on human body is likely). They also demand special training to fly them on air
properly (though they may not need a runway or a catapult launcher to put them on air).
2.1.4 Hybrid VTOL:

These are hybrid versions combining the benefits of Fixed wing models (higher flying time) with
that of rotor-based models (hover). This concept has been tested from around 1960’s without much
success However, with the advent of new generation sensors (gyros and accelerometers), this concept
has got some new life and direction.
Hybrid VTOLs are a play of automation and manual gliding. A vertical lift is used to lift the
drone up into the air from the ground. Gyros and accelerometers work in automated mode (autopilot
concept) to keep the drone stabilized in the air. Remote based (or even programmed) manual control is
used to guide the drone on the desired course.

There are some versions of this hybrid fixed wing models available in the market. However, the
most popular one is drone used in Amazon commercials (for its Prime delivery service).

2.2 TYPES OF DRONES BASED ON SIZE

 nano (weighing up to 250 g),

 micro (250 g to 2 kg),

 small (2-25 kg).

 medium (25-150 kg),

 large (over150 kg)

There are many parts of an airplane and each has its own specific purpose. Let’s look at the main
components of an airplane and get a better understanding of their function.
 CHAPTER – 3

3 COMPONENTS REQUIREMENTS:
Some of the major components for constructing this cleaning drone are
 Frame
 Electronic Speed controller
 Flight controller
 Propellers
 Rotors
3.1 MOTORS:
Motors are considered to be the main part of the drone, the motors are of two

3.1.1 Brushless motor :

brushless motors for drones and UAV applications, ranging from miniature- class multi-

rotors, to heavy-lift systems used in industrial and military flight operations. Our brushless motors for
drones lead the market in performance and vibration-less flight operation. From commercial and
industrial heavy lift operations to personal and hobby brushless motor upgrades.
This type of motor is used in drones due to their high speed rotation.

3.1.2Brushed motors:
A brushed DC electric motor is an internally commutated electric motor designed to be run from
a direct current power source.
This is not used in drones since the power loss is more compared to brushless motors.
3.2 Main Controller (MC):

DJI ESC Centre Board and MC V2 for Phantom 3 Professional/Advanced Quadcopte

The heart of the flight-control system, this can be thought of as the “brains” of the UAV. It is an
embedded computer (many run Linux) that has custom software for controlling the aircraft, sometimes
user- reprogrammable through a software development kit (SDK). In some designs, the MC is a separate
module with connection ports. On others, especially consumer products, there may be a single circuit
board (PCB) that includes the MC, gyros/sensors, electronic speed controllers (ESCs), and other core
flight electronics.

With modular designs, some form of connectivity—analogous to SATA ports inside a

computer—is provided, allowing peripherals and user upgrades to be installed. CAN-Bus is widely used.
This is an automotive serial interface technology developed in the 1980s that has been repurposed in a
diverse range of control-by-wire vehicles including, among other things, combines.

Modular systems have the advantage that they can usually be replaced or upgraded. Early on, a
major part of DJI’s business model was selling its Naza- M and triple-redundant A3 Pro flight controllers
to third-party UAV makers and individual multi-rotor builders.
3.3 Gyros/Sensors:

Heli Max TAGS-FX Control Board for 230Si Quadcopter

For autonomy to work, the MC needs to track how the aircraft is flying. To accomplish this,
some form of sensor array is provided. Generally, it will include accelerometers, inertial measurement
units (IMUs), and gyros, and may also work in conjunction with positional data from an optical flow
 system or GPS/compass. Basically, these sensors tell the UAV how fast its acceleration is changing, in
what direction, and whether itis right-side up. Those familiar with motorized gimbal camera stabilizers
may recognize the same sensor technology being employed here as in gimbals.

3.3 Electronic Speed Controllers (ESCs):

HUBSAN ESC for H501S X4 FPV Quadcopter

Each motor has an ESC (though some designs put all on one board). In its most basic form,
an ESC regulates power going to the motor with which it is paired. More sophisticated systems can also
relay data back to the MC, such as vitals about how the motors are performing. With six or more rotors,
active feedback makes it possible to keep flying (enough to land safety) if one motor fails.
3.4 Receiver:
This receiver is for the radio control system. It pairs (“binds”) with the controller the pilot or
operator holds, which logically, if confusingly, is known as the “transmitter.” Modern receivers typically
operate in the 2.4GHz range (like other license-free radio systems, such as Wi-Fi) and have four or more
channels, extra channels enabling custom functionality to be relayed via the control signal, in addition
to basic piloting inputs. In the hobby world, these extra channels might be used for anything from
retracting/extending landing gear to firing off a smoke generator. In aerial imaging applications, the
extra channels can sometimes be dedicated to gimbal or camera control.

Fig.-Spektrum AR400 4-Channel DSMX RC Aircraft Receiver

3.5 Propellers:

veho Self-Tightening Propeller Blades for Muvi Drone

Light UAVs use plastic propellers, which resist breaking on impact because they are flexible,
and they are safer. Heavier models use carbon fiber or other more rigid materials (planes frequently use
wood or nylon/glass). Carbon fiber propellers are dangerous, even deadly, and should be used only by
experienced pilots and well away from people. Unless extreme performance is a concern, the benefits
of carbon fiber over plastic are marginal on multi-rotors.

3.6 Transmitter:

3DR 2.4 GHz, 9-Channel Transmitter for IRIS Quadcopter

This is the radio controller. For an increasing number of tech toy and entry-level UAVs, the
“transmitter” is simply the combination of a mobile app and a Wi-Fi-enabled tablet or smartphone
(Parrot uses Wi-Fi control for all of its quadcopters). UAVs equipped with receivers, such as Spektrum
and Futaba, can work with a range of transmitters. This allows the user to select the best fit, depending
on what features they are looking for and what their budget might be. It should be noted: these tend to
be proprietary, so with a Brand X receiver you'll probably need a Brand X or, at the very least, a Brand
X-compatible transmitter.
Systems that include a transmitter (as well as other basic accessories required for flying) are
dubbed “ready-to-fly,” and are the simplest to jumpstart the beginner.
When investing in a transmitter, generally, compatibility can be determined by referring to the
specs for the receiver. It will need to support the same protocol as the receiver and support at least as
many channels as the receiver requires. So, for example, a DSMX 4- channel receiver will work happily
 with a DSMX 6-channel transmitter. For advanced configurations, one also needs to consider secondary
systems that will need to inter-operate with the transmitter, such as a telemetry radio.
Transmitters can range anywhere from simple two-joystick jobs for remote-control toys up to
highly sophisticated pieces of electronics with advanced programming to support myriad aircraft
configurations, expandable model memory, telemetry displays, audible feedback, and trainer ports. In
many ways, high-end transmitters are more complex than aircraft they fly.

Other hardware systems that are not essential to the archetypical UAV but are nonetheless
common, include:

3.7 GPS

Parrot GPS Board for BeBop 2 Drone

Once you transcend the toy category, GPS—often generically referred to as GNSS to include
GLONASS and other systems—is pretty standard on multi-rotors. By providing (relatively) precise
positional data, GPS enables flight modes including fixed hovering, auto return home, orientation
control, and safety “bubbles” that limit how close the UAV can get to the pilot. GPS also provides an
extra level of granularity to further enhance flight stability. UAVs that are equipped with GPS can
generally fly without it, but will lose some of their autonomy. Thus, they are more dependent on the
skills of the pilot to stay airborne. For GPS to work, a compass is also required to provide bearing, and
compass calibration may involve a baroque but essential pre-flight routine.
3.8 ELECTRONIC SPEED CONTROLLER
An electronic speed control (ESC) is an electronic circuit that controls and regulates
the speed of an electric motor. It may also provide reversing of the motor and dynamic braking.
Miniature electronic speed controls are used in electrically powered radio controlled models.

Lithium polymer (LiPo) batteries are among the most common battery types used for
drones because they offer the advantage of high energy density in relation to their size and
weight, with a higher voltage per cell, so they can power the drone's on-board systems with
fewer cells than other rechargeables.
3.9 BATTERY
 CHAPTER – 4
4 Quadcopter Design and Fabrication

4.1 QUADCOPTER MOVEMENTS

The thrust and torque are the very basic two things used for movement of quadcopter.
The movement are decided on the input values (x, y, z, θ, ɸ, ψ) provided to it. The movements
are
A.Yaw Rotation :
Each of rotors on the device produces both thrust and torque. Initially there are frontleft
and rear-right motors both rotate counter clockwise and other two rotate clockwise, the net
aerodynamic torque will be zero [6]. Yaw decides the direction of the quadcopter.

Fig. 1. Yaw Rotation

B.Pitch Rotation :

Motion of the Quadcopter about the lateral axis is termed as pitch. It decides the
movement of quadcopter either forward or backward.

Fig. 2. Pitch Rotation

C.Roll Rotation :
Motion of the Quadcopter about the longitudinal axis is called as roll. It makes
Quadcopter to fly either right or left.

Fig. 3. Roll Rotation

4.2 DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Propose Architecture

Currently we are Integrating Graphical User Interface (GUI) with the hardware to
achieve the desired goal of building autonomous quadcopter which will allow direct control
over the system. For this we are using Python- Quadcopter-Simulator (Py Quad Sim). It is
open-source framework which is used for controlling the flight of quadrotor. Powerful Virtual
Robot Experimentation Platform (V-REP) is used in this framework. Also, we can add the
various sensors and features as per our requirement by modifying the source code written in
python.
 4.3 CLASSIFICATION OF DRONES
During the past 50 years, surveying and engineering measurement technology has made
five quantum leaps: the electronic distance meter, total station, GPS, robotic total station and
laser scanner. Unmanned aircraft systems or drones will be the sixth quantum leap in technology
UAS have demonstrated capabilities operating in dark, fog, and difficult decreased visibility
situations. Furthermore, this platform is considered perfect for aerial view of areas in confined
airspace using accelerometer and gyroscope when manned helicopter cannot operate. Referring
to a plethora of a new class of appliances, some are capable to access structures using auto
controlled navigation systems. These areas are too small, tall and inaccessible for a manned
aircraft (top of the banks or bottom of the valley) or satellite multispectral imaginaries to get up
close. This explosion of electronic intriguing and most published technology is driving to a
rapidly expanding market in search and rescue tasks, monitoring the status of water bodies,
highways, conservation.
Drones, also, assist in detecting and mapping the region of natural and other types of
disaster risk- analysis, transport and agricultural aviation, forest fires. They are finding increasing
application in the area of search and rescue. In addition, they revolutionize management of
natural hazards like tornado, flood, or earthquake, drones with proximity sensors. They support
aiding actions and monitoring to relocate people in remote and wild areas (steep slopes or dam
facings) and deliver emergency supplies and medication. UAS are leading to the organization of
communication and the regulation of traffic in major cities.
4.4 APPLICATION
4.4.1 Emergency
Firefighters can operate drones to find if anyone alive is caught in a building on fire. The
noteworthy example is shown in Fig.2. They can assist firefighters in safely accessing building
on fire, and they perform a navigation to coordinate a not dangerous traceable flight path through
the fire. Moreover, unmanned vehicles deal with forest fire monitoring and automatic route
flights.

Aerial view from firefighter drone in order to rescue for victims or alive
 Search and rescue and disaster management missions with drones share many objectives.
Drones for surveillance carry out a location that must be observed with geographically accurate
models over time such as hurricane, volcanic eruptions, earthquake, or flood. The concept of
humanitarian aid in natural hazards research and monitoring include flood mapping,
hyperspectral imaging, sea ice flow observations and plume dispersion and tracking. In addition,
unmanned vehicles access road weather information systems collecting weather, fire and flood
information while communications interface software send data to ground station.
Cargo drones can play a key role in courier services, retail operations, and hospitality
venues that perform delivery services delivering certain items. For example, the ambulance drone
created from Alec Moment is ready for emergency response as it is shown in Fig. 3. It focuses
on the most pressing use case: delivery of an automated external defibrillator - where a decrease
in response time of just one-minute leads to an increase of 10% in the survival rates.
4.4.2 Earth science

Surveyors and GIS professionals could rely on UAS mapping to save time and cost on
surveying and mapping projects. Time require for gathering precise data is drastically minimized.
By producing accurate detailed data below the cloud level – geo-referenced digital form –
surveyors can collect repeatable 3-D point clouds autonomously in a small flight for some square
kilo meters surface. Relatively short time-frame spent on the ground-level indicates staff safety
is ensured by evaluating hazard to surveyors when out metering areas named with construction
location, actual slope shapes or heavy traffic paths with inexpensive collection. Advances in
photogrammetric and CAD software in drones assist in professional ortho photography. Other
complementary activities involve main litho logical limits, identification of differences between
slopes and soil stockpiled volume and geo-structural features such as slope geometry
identification. Furthermore, drone could help scientists in cloud microphysics, weather
forecasting and meteorology, physical oceanography, magnetic fields, vegetation, ozone
chemistry, radiation levels, tropospheric pollution and air quality.
Media businesses, such as film and motion picture industry, newscasters, and
professionals could operate a UAS that shown to achieve spectacular aerial images or
livestreaming videos shot. This flying platform is capable of generating high spatial resolution
photos in cases where a conventional manned helicopter for aerial footage does not exist, or for
areas that cannot be reached by aircraft or plane. Drones also assist in aerial advertising and
commercial imaging and an illustrative example is shown in Fig. 5.
 A commercially available product for aerial photography in media.

Archaeology can be supported with ortho photo stereo plotted on the geological map. The
UAS can be programmed by students who operate the latest model calibrated camera systems
and scan land not easily reached capturing geo-referenced 2-D ortho-photo mosaics, 3-D data,
contour lines and design perspectives. Huge demand has stimulated competition regarding
scientific applications of drones involving atmospheric monitoring, hyperspectral imaging.

4.4.3 Environment
With increased frequency, these devices can support activities evaluation of crop’s health
(Fig. 6), agricultural surveys, fend off pests. Farmers are permitted to survey drone-generated
maps to recognise farmland of crop variation and subtle changes with the Digital Terrain Model.
UAS assist in estimating root- causes of damage (nutritional stress on corps) and offering
solutions, pasture performance in considerable detail for future verification. Additionally, farmer
experts use satellites to monitor crop health below the cloud level from large scale to small scale
palm tree counts and coconut oil yield and are able to conduct irrigation and drainage models
with thermal cameras.

A product for monitoring crop’s health.

Drones are finding a growing number of uses for scientific purpose and learning
activities, in scholarly research both for faculties and students. The use of UAS in labs, group
projects, class is still new but gaining in popularity while could support from filming of student
movie to an opening of a variety of academic fields not previously available. These highly
sophisticated machines offer new dimensions capturing easily repeatable imagery for biology,
wildlife, botany and agricultural studies. Finally, they support sea ice flow observations, plume
dispersion and tracking, soil moisture imaging and aerosol and gas level in clouds.
4.4.4 Defence and security
On the defence side, traffic surveillance is a fast growing area for drone adoption.
Unmanned vehicles are used for transportation surveillance data and planning while they are
programmed off-line and combined with real time navigation. Close to the emergency segment,
applications such as incident/accident/- emergency response, choose the best route above the
road network, track a network of traffic signals, traveller times, provide emergency vehicle
services and inform the police for the best route, track vehicle movements in an intersection,
measurement of traditional queue lengths, assist in parking, monitor Origin-Destination (OD)
flows . Drones intended for use in traffic control are reaching incredible speeds, relatively lower
cost, fast and safer while they are not prevented from road network, very bad weather or
evacuation conditions aim at observation of gathering flows, speeds, estimate traffic densities
and vehicle trajectories.

UAV monitoring traffic.

Ranchers and fishery technicians are trying to test the technology in order to examine
drones’ feature for cost-saving benefit of performing patrols and inspection work representing
an important step in the investigation process. Long-range inspection drones are being used as a
blocking out technology, catching illegal fishing vessels in nature region. They allow a bird’seye
view assisting the continuous distributed surveillance forces of government organization
assisting in inspecting of sensitive sites, drug monitoring and intervention, domestic traffic
surveillance, pipeline patrol and port security. Finally, they assist in Nuclear, biological,
chemical (NBC) sensing/tracking.
 CHAPTER – 5
5.1 APPLICATION OF DRONES
1) Agricultural Application: Agriculture is yet another important application
of the technology, where drones are offering farmers affordable and effective
methods to monitor crops. Drones equipped with infrared sensors are
especially helpful in monitoring crop health, giving farmers faster and more
reliable information to take precautionary measures to improve crop
conditions and yield. According to estimates, drone technology will cover 80%
of the agriculture industry in the coming few years.

2) Terrain Mapping: Scientists and researchers are using drones fitted with
LIDAR sensors and 3D cameras to capture 3D imagery of terrains for terrain
mapping. The AI-powered drones are pre-programmed to fly over a defined
course without any need for human intervention. The drone can either store
recordings onboard or send live videos/images to the ground stations for
further processes. This drone application is especially useful for creating
powerful and precise Digital Elevation Models (DEM) of terrains, which are
used in various scientific research, including remote sensing and GIS.

3) Livestock Management: Apart from agricultural management, drones are

also being used for livestock management. The AI-powered drones can be
preprogrammed to monitor and track livestock in the fields, giving ranchers a
realtime aerial view of the livestock for better management and monitoring of
livestock. Thermal sensors equipped with drones are also used for nighttime
surveillance of livestock and identification of any issues in real-time.

4) Solar Panel Inspection: Solar energy has become an important renewable

sector with meteoric growth and development in recent years. Countries
worldwide have developed massive solar energy parks to generate clean and
renewable energy. AI drone solar panel inspection equipped with multiple
sensors and image detectors offers authorities reliable, consistent, and
affordable technology to inspect the solar panels and identify any potential
issues that may compromise the efficiency of the solar parks. The AI drones
not only offer a great consistent solution for monitoring solar parks, but they
are also much more affordable and reliable than manual checking.
5) Aerial Photography: Aerial photography represents one of the first
applications of drones. The predecessor of drones (air balloons) was used
during WW1 by various countries as reconnaissance tools for information
gathering of enemy positions. Today, drones are widely used to capture
footage of remote and inaccessible areas as a much cheaper alternative to
helicopters. From individual Vloggers to Hollywood production houses,
drones are used worldwide as the most potent, versatile, and affordable tool to
capture stunning aerial photography. Even many news agencies use drones to
collect first-hand information and live broadcasts.

6) Shipping & Delivery: While shipping and delivering is still a relatively new
application of drone technology, it’s being taken up by some of the biggest
names in the tech industry, including; Amazon and DHL. The technology
enables delivery companies to fasten their delivery system and offer better
customer service by taking to the skies. Amazon is especially taking drone
technology to the next level by integrating the AI positioning system to deliver
same-day parcels to customers.

7) Geographic Locations: Professional and government agencies increasingly

use drone technology to access high-definition imagery of remote locations
like rugged mountains and inaccessible mountaintops, islands, and coastlines.
Modern drones can carry various imagery sensors, which may be used to create
3D maps of geographic locations or contribute towards crowd-sourced
mapping.

8) Disaster Management: Disaster management is also one of the most

important and widely used technology tools that have been adopted worldwide.
The unique ability of drones to access disaster struck areas faster and safely
makes them the most potent and affordable tool to gather information from
ground zero and make relief operations plans. With special sensors, cameras,
and radars, drones can assist rescue workers in getting the complete picture of
the level of disaster and make any relief and rescue plans accordingly.

9) Search and Rescue: The thermal sensors onboard enable drones to become
potent tools for nighttime surveillance. Drones can be used to track lost persons
across forests, mountains, and rugged terrains, whereas they can be equipped
with infrared and thermal sensors for equal effectivity day and night. Many
modern drones are capable of operating in harsh conditions, as well, making
 them effective search and rescue tools. Apart from their role in search of lost
persons, drones can also be used to airdrop essential supplies to disasterstruck
or war-torn areas. For instance, drones can be loaded with GPS locator, food
supplies, medicines, and other essential supplies to help stuck people survive
until the help arrive.

10) Weather Forecast: A recent trend in drone technology is the development of

special drones for weather monitoring and forecast. Weather and Climate
agencies across the world are utilizing drones to monitor and track hazardous
weather patterns like hurricanes, low-pressure systems over oceans, and other
weather events to receive first-hand information about the magnitude,
behavior, and trajectory of the event and disseminate it with the local people.

11) Wildlife Monitoring: In Africa, drones have been used for quite some time as
a deterrent to poachers. The unique ability of drones to keep surveillance over
large areas consistently across all weather makes them ideal technology feat to
monitor wildlife in deep forests or massive grasslands. Apart from acting as a
deterrent against poachers, drones are also used by scientists to track
endangered animals, as well as study their behavior and habitat.

12) Law Enforcement: Law enforcement agencies widely use drones to maintain
law and order situations. The applicability of drones becomes even more
crucial during protests, where the technology enables law enforcement
agencies to closely and consistently monitor the situation of protest and spot
any unlawful event before it spirals out of control. Apart from its application
in maintaining law and order in cities, drones are also used by border
management agencies to track smugglers and illegal transportation of drugs
through remote, inaccessible areas or coastlines.

13) Entertainment: Drones are increasingly used in the entertainment industry,

including concerts, fight clubs, and even to capture videos and footage for
videos. The AI-powered drones enable singers and Vloggers unique ability to
capture the landscape’s stunning beauty or make uniquely angled videos for
entertainment purposes. More recently, drones are also being used in fight
clubs where two drones fight alongside their contenders.

14) Military Reconnaissance Uses: The military was the first user of drone
technology, which was used to gather crucial enemy information from the
 battleground. Technology today has only boosted its efficiency in terms of
gathering crucial information not just from the battlefield but during peaceful
times as well. Today, powerful drones flying thousands of miles above the sky
and equipped with the most powerful imaging tools can gather complete
information about the enemy’s military presence inside its territory. Small
quadcopters are also routinely used for border surveillance to get real-time
information about the forward posts of enemies.

5.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

The literature survey has been done in aspects with the history of copters, the techniques
used, selection criteria for the hardware and the software compatibility.

a. Tulio Salazar, ”Helicopter Dynamics, Simulation and Control”, June 2011

This paper emphasis on the thermodynamics properties. Helicopter or Plane was the first
flying machine to be developed. It had certain problems of which the main problem was the
hovering. This is the problem of sustaining in one place for long time.

b. Anton Nakazawa and Bai Xiang Jin, “Quadcopter Video Surveillance UAV”,
December 2013
This paper stress on the data captured through the camera. The data can be audio or video.
To obtain a clear vision of the data or what is going in the video the basic need is the use of
professional and a clear vision camera lens in the device which are more expensive.
c. Board Selection Criteria
As all the command has to be provided through the board so there are certain criteria which
need to be understood before selecting the board. The very first thing is to make sure that the
board fulfil the requirements of the application. It should also be easily programmable and user
friendly also the thing to be point out is the cost of the board.
d. Languages Used
To program a copter or device the selection criteria for the languages to be used can be on
the basis of its implantation and compatibility with the hardware. MATLAB and Java are the two
languages which have proved to be the best languages in support with the hardware. But also,
Python language can be proved to be the best language for programming boards for working of
copters.
 CHAPTER – 6
6.1 Conclusion:
We successfully studied all about what is UAVs or drone, different parts of drone, how
it work, how types of exist ,use of application of drone, for who it is applicable ,why drone need
in this days, future scope of drone , what are the different types of forces act on drone and
different concept applied in making it, Nature of load acting on drone ,what are the advantage
and disadvantage from this in day today life ,what are the facing drone users ,what are the various
feasible manufacturing material can be used for drone manufacturing and which material will be
best one and which is usually used yet, which type of improvement need in current drone ,how
to make drone for performing well in different operation which is impossible or not properly to
do by human being or dangerous like data collection from remote places and other navigation
and control purposes, what are the innovation required for drone. As I think rocket propulsion
can be very efficient concept for making drone faster as our technology growing very fast so in
this age faster drone may be very beneficial for mainly for military purpose and by fat drone, we
can make observation in less by collecting data from drone. I found different feasible material
which can be used for drone and how to make more strength material by using composite material
concept. Which tests were accomplished by finite element test (ANSYS) software. I have
analyzed for different shape and different materials. Out of them I found some composite
material which most feasible for drone manufacturing Like composite of balsa wood and carbon
fiber for that data analysis are also included in this paper .On results analysis of different
composite materials and various pure materials it can conclude that this time composite material
of balsa wood with carbon fiber will be most feasible and efficient manufacturing material for
UAVs .As composite of balsa wood and carbon fiber have high bending and torsional as compare
to other material, also it has high corrosive resistance ,easily mould in different shape and size.