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Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 14 (2015) 186 – 192

2nd International Seminar on Ocean and Coastal Engineering, Environment and Natural Disaster
Management, ISOCEEN 2014

Characteristics of Sediment Concentration and Suspended Sediment

Transport Due to Horizontal and Vertical Asymmetric Waves
Suntoyoa , Widi Agoes Pratiktoa , Made Mustika Wijayaa, Hitoshi Tanakab
a
Department of Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Marine Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
b
Dept. Civil Eng., Tohoku University., 6-6-06 Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan

Abstract

Wave phenomenon in ocean often has the shape in the horizontal and vertical asymmetric waves when propagating in the near-
zone with high non-linearity. The orbital velocity due to the wave asymmetries and nonlinearities could generate the flow patterns
that drives cross-shore sediment transport in the near-shore zone. A new calculation method for bottom shear stresses and bed-load
sediment transport rate for the horizontal and vertical asymmetries waves proposed by1,2 was implemented to model the
concentration sediment and suspended sediment transport. The characteristics of the concentration sediment and suspended load
induced by the horizontal and vertical asymmetries waves have been examined. The modeling results showed that the smaller α
and the higher Ni indicate more wave skew-ness and more non-linearity of waves causing a higher the bottom shear stress and the
net bed load transport while the net suspended load transport decrease with the decreasing of the wave skew-ness. The higher
skewed waves indicated the higher acceleration causing increase the value of the net onshore transport rate for bed load sediment
transport and decrease the value of the net offshore transport rate for suspended sediment transport.
© 2015
© 2015TheTheAuthors.
Authors.Published
PublishedbybyElsevier
Elsevier B.V.
B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
Peer-review under responsibility of [the Department of Ocean Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember].
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibilty of the Department of Ocean Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
Keywords: Sediment concentration, suspended sediment transport, asymmetric wave

Corresponding author. Tel.: +62-31-5928105; fax: +62-31-5928105

E-mail address: suntoyo@oe.its.ac.id

1878-5220 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibilty of the Department of Ocean Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
doi:10.1016/j.proeps.2015.07.100
 Suntoyo et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 14 (2015) 186 – 192 187

1. Introduction

Bottom shear stress estimation is the most important step required as an input to all the practical sediment transport
models. An accurate prediction of sediment transport rate is of utmost importance in morphological studies of river,
coastal and marine environment. Realistic waves in nature often have a shape of horizontal and vertical axes
asymmetry when propagating in the near-shore. Ocean wave propagate into near-shore, several effect of non-linear,
asymmetric, velocity and acceleration skewness occur and play a fundamental role in the particle motion and sediment
transport. Ocean waves with a strongly non-linear shape with respect to horizontal and vertical axis caused the net
sediment transport over a complete wave cycle is non-zero, while for symetris wave gave the net sediment transport
is zero, e.g.1,2,3,4,5. Thus, waveform in the ocean has a significant influence in coastal morphological change 6. A new
method for calculating the bottom shear stress under skew waves has been proposed and applied to sheet flow sediment
transport modelling validated by sediment transport experimental data from 7 with zero velocity skewness. In the
present study, the new calculation method of bottom shear stress proposed by1,2 were used to evaluate the near-shore
waves with velocity and acceleration skewness and it is applied to calculate the sediment concentration and suspended
load sediment transport induced by horizontal and vertical asymmetric waves. Recently, the characteristics of the
bottom shear stress and sediment transport for acceleration-skewed waves has been examined in variation of the
sediment median diameter i.e. 0.001mm, 0.05 mm, 0.10 mm and 0.20 mm by8. However, the characteristics of the
concentration sediment and suspended load induced by the horizontal and vertical asymmetries waves have been not
examined, the latter of which will be achieved in the present study.

2. The Definition of Horizontal and Vertical Asymmetric Waves

U U T
Tc Tt
Uc Uc
t û
D T /2
tp t
T

(a) (b)
Fig. 1. Definition sketch for (a) horizontal and (b) vertical asymmetric waves

The definition sketch for horizontal and vertical asymmetric waves are shown in Fig. 1(a) and 1(b) as shown in1,2,9.
Here, Uc is the velocity at wave crest, T is wave period, tp is time interval measured from the zero-up cross point to
wave crest in the time variation of free stream velocity. Ni =Uc/û is the non-linearity index, û: the total velocity
amplitude, Dis the wave skewness parameter. The smaller D and the higher Ni indicate more remarkable wave
skewness and non-linearity, respectively, while the symmetric wave without skewness and non-linearity have Ni=0.50
and D=0.50.

3. Model Description

1.1. Bottom shear stress calculation method

The new calculation method of bottom shear stress under skew waves is based on incorporating velocity and
acceleration terms provided through the instantaneous wave friction velocity, U*(t) as given in Eq. (1). Both velocity
and acceleration terms are adopted from the calculation method proposed by10.The phase difference was determined
from an empirical formula for practical purposes1. In the new calculation method a new acceleration coefficient, ac is
188 Suntoyo et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 14 (2015) 186 – 192

used expressing the wave skew-ness effect on the bottom shear stress under saw-tooth waves, that is determined
empirically from experimental and BSL k-Z model results. The instantaneous friction velocity, can be expressed as:
­ § M · a wU t ½ (1)
U* t f w / 2 ®U ¨ t  ¸  c ¾
¯ © V ¹ V wt ¿

Wo t UU * t U * t (2)

Here Wo(t) = the instantaneous bottom shear stress, t = time, V = the angular frequency, U(t) = the time history of free
stream velocity, M = phase difference between bottom shear stress and free stream velocity and fw = the wave friction
factor. The value of acceleration coefficient ac is obtained from the average value of ac(t) calculated from experimental
result as well as the BSL k-Z model results of bottom shear stress. The results of averaged value of acceleration
coefficient ac from both experimental and numerical model results as function of the wave skew-ness parameter, D
and as function of the non-linearity index, Ni are then plotted. Hereafter, an equation based on regression line to
estimate the acceleration coefficient ac as a function of D and Ni is proposed as:

ac 0.36 ln D  0.249 for horizontal axes asymmetry waves (3)

ac 0.592ln N i  0.411 for vertical axes asymmetry waves (4)

The increase in the wave skew-ness (or decreasing the value of D and in the wave non-linearity, Ni brings
about an increase in the value of acceleration coefficient, ac. For the symmetric wave where D = 0.500 and Ni =
0.500, the value of ac is equal to zero.

1.2. Bed-load sediment transport model

The instantaneous bed-load sediment transport rate, q(t) is expressed as function of the Shields number W*(t) as
given in the following expression,

)(t )
qt
A sign^W * t `W * t
0.5
^W * t  W *cr ` (5)
U s / U  1 gd503

Here, )(t) is the instantaneous the dimensionless sediment transport rate, Us is bottom material density, g is
gravitational acceleration, d50 is median diameter of sand particle, A is coefficient, sign is the sign of the function in
the parenthesis, W*(t) is the Shields parameter defined by (W(t)/(((Us/U)-1)gd50)) in which W(t) is the instantaneous
bottom shear stress. In the new bed-load transport rate formula the bottom shear stress was calculated from Eq. (2).
While W*cr is the critical Shields number calculated using the expression proposed by11.
The net sediment transport rate, which is averaged over one-period is expressed as follows

1 T
) AF 11F 11 ³ sign^W * t `W * t
0.5
^W * t  W *cr `dt
T 0 (6)

Here, ) is the dimensionless net sediment transport rate, F is the function of Shields parameter and qnet is the net
sediment transport rate in volume per unit time and width. In this study, the roughness high (ks) was defined ks= 2.5
d50. Thus, a constant A used is 11. Moreover, the integration of Eq. (4) was assumed to be done only in the phase
|W*(t)|>W*cr and during the phase |W*(t)|<W*cr the function of integration is assumed to be 0.

1.3. Suspended sediment transport model

The total suspended rate (qs) may be found by integration from:

 Suntoyo et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 14 (2015) 186 – 192 189

௛ǡ௧
‫ݍ‬௦ ൌ ‫׭‬௭ ‫ݑ‬ሺ‫ݖ‬ǡ ‫ݐ‬ሻሺ‫ݖ‬ǡ ‫ݐ‬ሻ݀‫ݐ݀ݖ‬ (7)
౗ ǡ଴

In which c(z) is the actual concentration value, ca is a reference concentration at height za as a reference level and ws
is a settling velocity given in Eq. (7), Eq (8) and Eq (9), respectively.
ೢೄ
େሺ௭ሻ ௭౗ ሺ௛ି௭ሻ ቀഉೠ‫כ‬ቁ
ൌቂ ቃ (8)
େ౗ ௭ሺ௛ି௭౗ ሻ

଴ǡଷଷଵሺఛ‫ି כ‬଴ǡ଴ସହሻభǡళఱ
ୟ ൌ  ଵା଴ǡ଻ଶሺఛ‫ି כ‬଴ǡ଴ସହሻభǡళఱ (9)

‫ݖ‬ୟ ൌ ʹǤͷ‫ܦ‬ହ଴ (10)

భ
௩ ଶ
‫ݓ‬ௌ ൌ  ቂሺͳͲǡ͵͸ ൅  ͳǡͲͶͻ‫כܦ‬ଷ ሻమ െ ͳͲǡ͵͸ቃ ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ‫כܦ‬ (11)
஽

2. Results and Discussion

Fig 2. Presented the net bed load, suspended load and total load sediment transport in variation with the value of Ni,
it can be seen that the value of bed load and suspended load sediment transport increased in line with the increase in
the value of Ni. However, the increase in value of suspended load is not as high as with the bed load sediment transport,
for the low values of Ni, the suspended sediment transport is more dominant than the bed load sediment transport,
while the sediment is the sum total bed load and suspended load sediment transport. This is because the value of
sediment transport is expressed in the function parameter shield and shield critical parameter, which automatically has
a close relationship with the value of shear stress. Therefore, if the value the greater the shear stress will also be an
increase in the value of sediment

9
8
7
6
qs (cm3/s/m)
5
4
qb(cm3/s/m) 3
2
qtotal(cm3/s/m) 1
0
0.45 0.65 0.85
Ni

Fig.2.The net suspended, bed and total load sediment transport in variation with the value of Ni.

For the suspended load sediment transport, the effect of Ni was also influenced both the distribution of orbital
velocity and sediment concentration, the magnitude of the orbital velocity near the bottom reduced so that the
concentration of sediment will be even greater. Moreover, increasing the value of Ni will be followed by an increase
in both the magnitude of orbital velocity and the sediment concentration, as shown in Fig. 3 and Fig.4, respectively.
Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 shown the distribution orbital velocity and sediment concentration for the horizontal asymmetric
waves or skew waves in the prior peak (t = 0.4 s), it appears that the increase of the wave skewness or the decrease of
the value of D caused an increasing the orbital velocity. That is because the skew waves has an acceleration, so that
190 Suntoyo et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 14 (2015) 186 – 192

the smaller the value of D, the acceleration is increasing. While sediment concentrations were also having the same
tendency that when the wave experience greater acceleration, then the sediment concentration before the peak (t = 0.4
s) also becomes larger.

u(z) t=0.45 s
800.0
700.0
600.0 Ni=0.5
500.0 Ni=0.55
z(cm)

400.0 Ni=0.6
300.0 Ni=0.65
200.0 Ni=0.7
100.0 Ni=0.75
0.0 Ni=0.8
0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0
Orbital velocity, u (cm/s)

Fig. 3. Orbital velocity in variation with the value of Ni for t = 0.45 s

C(z) t=0.45 s
800.0
700.0
600.0 Ni=0.5
500.0
z (cm)

Ni=0.55
400.0
Ni=0.6
300.0
Ni=0.65
200.0
100.0 Ni=0.7

0.0 Ni=0.75
0.340 0.350 0.360 0.370 0.380 0.390 0.400 0.410 Ni=0.8
Sediment concentration C
(m3 sediment/m3 sediment + sea water)

Fig. 4. Sediment concentration in variation with the value of Ni for t = 0.45 s

Suntoyo et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 14 (2015) 186 – 192 191

u(z), t = 0.4 s
600

500

400
D 

z (cm)
300
D 
200
D 
100 D 
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Orbital velocity, u (cm/s)

Fig. 5. Orbital velocity in variation with the value of D for t = 0.40 s

c(z), t = 0.4 s
600
500
400
z (cm)

300 D 

200 D 

100 D 

0 D 
0.325 0.375 0.425 0.475
Sediment concentration C
(m3 sediment/m3 sediment + sea water)

Fig. 6. Sediment concentration in variation with the value of D for t = 0.40 s

192 Suntoyo et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 14 (2015) 186 – 192

3. Conclusions

The characteristics of the bottom shear stress, bed-load and suspended sediment transport rate including the
sediment concentration due to the horizontal and vertical asymmetric waves motion in variation of the wave skew-
ness (D), the wave nonlinear (Ni) and the median sediment diameter (d50) were investigated. The new calculation
method of bottom shear stress for skew and asymmetric waves given a good agreement with the experimental data.
The inclusion of the acceleration effect in the calculation bottom shear stress has significantly improved the net
sediment transport rate. The modeling results showed that the smaller α indicate more wave skew-ness and the higher
Ni causing a higher the bottom shear stress and the net bed load transport while the net suspended load transport
decrease with the decreasing of the wave skew-ness and the wave asymmetric, respectively. The higher skewed waves
and the higher wave asymmetric indicated the higher acceleration causing increase the value of the net onshore
transport rate for bed load sediment transport and decrease the value of the net offshore transport rate for suspended
sediment transport. Thus the proposed method can be used to modelling sediment transport and morphological change
in practical applications.

Acknowledgements

The first author is grateful for the supported by Higher-Education, Ministry of Education and Culture RI, LPPM-
ITS, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya, Indonesia and Tohoku University, Japan. This research
was partially supported by Grant of BOPTN-LPPM-ITS (No. 016458.17/ IT2.7/PN.01.00/2014) and by Grant of DIPA
No. 023.04.1.673453/2015.

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