UGENYA TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL COLLEGE

NAME: ACHIENG ANNE

INDEX: 7251020104

COURSE: DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING.
ADM NO: DEE/013/S/2019
DEPARTMENT: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
PROJECT TITLE: SMOKE DETECTOR ALARM.

SUPERVISOR: MR GEORGE OTIENO

PURPOSE OF PRESENTATION: THE UGENYA

TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL COLLAGE
SUBMITTED TO: KENYA NATIONAL
EXAMINATION COUNCIL FOR THE PARTIAL
FULFILMENT OF THE AWARD OF THE DIPLOMA
IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING POWER OPTION.

SERIES: NOVEMBER 2022

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DECLARATION.
I declare that this is my original trade project work and has never presented before any
institution for the award of diploma certificate.

Name.......................................

Signature.................................

Date........................................

Supervisor declaration.

I confirm that the work presented in this project report was carried out under my supervision
and approve it for examination.

Name................................................

Signature.........................................

Date.................................................

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.
First of all I would like to thank my supervisor Mr. George Otieno for teaching me the project
and how I can go about the entire project and proposal, by taking his time in order to help me
put proposal together. I would also like to thank my lectures of Ugenya Technical and
Vocational College specifically those lectures under the department of electrical for their
efforts they put in place to help me to acquire some knowledge concerning my trade project.

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DEDICATION.
I would like to dedicate this report to my years of study and my mother Lucy and my one and
only friend Mr. Nicholas. There is no doubt in my mind that without their continued support
and commitment with my academic I could have not completed this process.

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ABSTRACT
A smoke detector alarm is a device that sense smoke, by typically an indicator of fire. It my
issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel as part of fire alarm system especially in
commercial security device or may issue a local audible or visual alarm in the household.

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Contents
DECLARATION........................................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.........................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION..........................................................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................iv
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................1
1.0 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY........................................................................................1
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT.........................................................................................1
1.3 OBJECTIVES..............................................................................................................1
1.3.1 Major Objective...................................................................................................1
1.3.2 Minor Objectives..................................................................................................2
1.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM...................................................................................................2
1.5 Scope of work..............................................................................................................3
1.6 Specifications..............................................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................4
2.1 MQ2 Smoke sensor.....................................................................................................4
2.1.1 Smoke sensor features:.........................................................................................4
2.1.3 Application of MQ2 smoke sensor......................................................................5
2.2 Power Supply Module.................................................................................................5
2.2.1 Transformer..........................................................................................................6
2.2.2 Rectifying circuit..................................................................................................6
2.2.3 Voltage regulator..................................................................................................6
2.2.4 Capacitors.............................................................................................................6
2.2.5 Power Supply advantage and Disadvantages.......................................................6
2.3 Buzzer..........................................................................................................................7
2.3.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of buzzer............................................................7
2.3.2 Application of buzzer...........................................................................................8
2.4 LED.............................................................................................................................8
2.4.1 I-V characteristics curve of LED.........................................................................8
2.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of LED...............................................................9
2.4.3 Application of LED .............................................................................................9
2.5 Resistor......................................................................................................................10
2.5.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of resistor.........................................................10

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 2.5.2 Application of Resistor......................................................................................10
2.6 LM358.......................................................................................................................11
2.6.1 Operation and equations.....................................................................................11
2.6.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of LM358........................................................11
2.7 Capacitor................................................................................................................12
2.7.1 Capacitor equations............................................................................................12
2.7.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of capacitor......................................................12
2.7.3 Application of capacitor.....................................................................................12
CHAPTER THREE..................................................................................................................13
3.0 MATERIALS DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY......................................................13
3.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................13
3.2 Materials....................................................................................................................13
3.3 Methods.....................................................................................................................13
3.4 MQ2 smoke sensor................................................................................................14
3.4.1 LM358................................................................................................................15
3.4.2 LED....................................................................................................................15
3.4.3 Power source......................................................................................................15
3.5 Circuit diagram of smoke detector............................................................................15
3.6 Bread board...............................................................................................................16
3.7 PCB Creation.............................................................................................................16
3.8 Soldering of the components onto a PCB board.......................................................16
CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................17
4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION.....................................................................................17
4.1 Results.......................................................................................................................17
4.2 Cost Estimate and Evaluation....................................................................................17
CHAPTER FIVE......................................................................................................................18
5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS...................................18
5.1 SUMMARY..................................................................................................................18
5.2 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................18
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS..............................................................................................18
REFERENCE...........................................................................................................................19

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY.

Smoke detector alarm is a device that sense smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. It may
issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel as part of fire alarm system, especially in
commercial security device or may issue a local audible or visual alarm in the household.

Fire detection has become a crucial aspect in design of building both commercial and
domestic, as opposed to about 70years ago when automatic detection was rarely provided in
buildings. Before introduction of smoke and fire alarm, fire resulted in the loss of human
lives and damage of property and it was mainly attributed to lack of a mechanism for early
detection of fire. Early development in design of smoke alarm begun in1922 to which
observation by Greincher and later by Walter Jaeger in 1930.However, early smoke detector
required high voltage power input hence further research was done and power requirements
in smoke detectors was reduce to make battery power available and this made wide spread
installation in residence highly feasible. Later development in smoke detector have sought to
improve their performance, reduce power requirements, and improve nuisance alarm
sensitivity and also to continuously monitor their status. The most recent advance in smoke
detectors have been motivated to make them smatter.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT.

Safety is a crucial consideration in design of residential and commercial building in order to
safeguard against loss of life and damage of property. Fire is a key element in safety
considerations.

This project therefore seek to design a microcontroller based smoke detector alarm that will
continuously monitor the presence of significant amount of smoke and activate an alarm to
prompt a safety measures to contain the situation. There is also an extra functionality to LCD
display for visual alert.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

1.3.1 Major Objective.

 To design a circuit useful for detecting smoke and activating an alarm to achieve this,
the following must be done:
 Analysis and calibration of MQ2 smoke sensor

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  Development of program to convert the analog output of the sensor to equivalent
digital form in the microcontroller.
 Development of visual warning (LCD and LED) to indicate smoke detection.
 Development of audio warning (buzzer) to indicate the presence smoke.

1.3.2 Minor Objectives

 To identify a developing fire emergency in timely manner and to alert the building
occupant and fire emergency organization
 To provide a means to identify a developing fire through either manual or automatic
methods.
 To alert the building occupant to fire condition and the need to evacuate.
 To initiate automatic suppression system.

1.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM.

POWER SOURCE SENSOR

COMPARATOR

INDICATOR

Figure 1 Block diagram

We used a smoke sensor MQ2 as the main sensory device.LM358 as a comparator in this
circuit. The inverting terminal of LM358 is connected to POT so that the sensitivity of the
circuit can be adjusted. The output of LM358 is given to a LED as an indicator although a
buzzer can be used as an alarm. The non-inverting terminal of LM358 is connected with
output of smoke sensor. In the initial when the air is clean, the conductivity between the
electrodes is less as resistance in the order of 50 kiloohms. The inverting terminal input of
comparator is high than the non-inverting terminal input. The indicator LED is off. In the
event of fire, when the sensor of filled with smoke, the resistance of the sensor fall to
5kiloohms and conductivity between the electrodes increases. This provides a higher input at

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the non-inverting terminal of comparator then inverting terminal and the output of
comparator is high. The alarming LED is turn ON as an indication of presence of smoke.

1.5 Scope of work

The scope of this project is to design a circuit for smoke detection. It activates an alarm when
a substantive quantity of smoke is sensed. Hence it is not primarily indicated the presence of
fire.

1.6 Specifications
Standard work conditions.

SYMBOL PARAMETERS TECHNICAL REMARKS

NAME CONDITION
Vc Circuit voltage 9V AC OR DC

VH Heating voltage 9V AC OR DC

RL Load resistance Can adjust

RH Heating resistance 33ohms Room temperature

PH Heating consumption Less than 800w

Ac Circuit current 3mA AC OR DC

AH Heating current 3mA AC OR DV

Table 1: Specification.

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CHAPTER TWO.
This chapter focuses on various components and elements that have been used in the project.
This includes;

 MQ2 smoke sensor.

 DC supply 9volts
 Resistors.
 LM358.
 Capacitor.
 LED diode.
 Alarm buzzer

2.1 MQ2 Smoke sensor.

MQ2 sensor are used in gas leakage detecting equipment in family and industry and are
suitable for detecting LPG,butane,propane, methane alcohol hydrogen and smoke.

2.1.1 Smoke sensor features:

Fig2

 Wide detecting scope.

 First response and high sensitivity.
 Stable and long life.

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  Simple drive circuit.

MQ2 is a flammable gas and smoke sensor which detects the concentration of combustion. It
is sensitive to a wide range of gases and used at room temperature.

The output voltage, which is analog in nature can be used to activate a buzzer by interfacing
it with a controller.

2.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of MQ2 sensor.

 Wide detecting scope.

 Availability.
 Stable and long life.
 Low cost.
 Fast response.
 Simple drive circuit.

Disadvantages

 It is not applicable in high corrosion gas.

 Can not be used in wet areas.

2.1.3 Application of MQ2 smoke sensor.

 The sensor are used to detect the presence of gases in the air such as
mathane,butane,LPG and smoke but they are unable to distinguish between gases.
 It can be used without interfacing to any microcontroller and is useful when detecting
any one particular gas.This can only detect the gas.But if ppm has to be calculated
then the sensor should be used without module.
 This sensor is also used for air quality monitoring,gas leak alarm and for monitoring
environment standard in hospital.

2.2 Power Supply Module.

The power supply module was required to supply regulated 9volts to the circuit while
plugged to the mains

The components include:

 Step down transformer.
 Voltage regulator.

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  Capacitors.
 Diode

2.2.1 Transformer.
Selection of suitable transformer was based on the following factors;
 The current required for the load to be driven (1A).
 The input voltage should at least be 9V.

2.2.2 Rectifying circuit.

The best is using a full wave rectifiers,it's advantage being that DC saturation is less as both
cycle conduct.

2.2.3 Voltage regulator.

Lm358 voltage regulator IC was used since we need 5V.Lm358 voltage regulator is a voltage
regulator that output +5v.The voltage regulators contains reference voltage element (zero
diode), sampling element, error amplifier element and power control element.

It rating are:

 Input voltage range 7v -35v.

 Current rating 1 A
 Output voltage range: VMAX is5.2v and Vmin is 4.8v.

2.2.4 Capacitors
The electrolytic capacitor act as smoothening capacitor by charging up with voltage during a
spike and discharging to the supply voly when the supply is low.

To determine the filter capacitor, Ripple factor Y =1/4√3+RC.

Where; R=calculated resistance.

C=filtering resistance.

F=frequency of AC(50hz).

V=secondary voltage of transformer=9√2=12.73v.

R=12.73/1=12.73.

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2.2.5 Power Supply advantage and Disadvantages.
 It is clean.
 Magnitude and polarity are constant for DC supply so they are very energy efficient.
 Most suitable for electronics circuit.
 There is no induction and capacitance effect.
 Can be stored.
 DC power transmission line and distribution is less than ac

Disadvantages.

 Can not be transmitted over long distances.

 DC to ac conversation is more complex.
 Dc voltage can not be step up and down in easy way.

2.3 Buzzer.
A Buzzer is audio signaling device which may be used in alarm device,timer and other form
of alerts.They may be mechanics, electrochemical or piezoelectric.

For this project,the buzzer used is the

compact,pin terminal type electromagnetic
buzzer with 2048Hz output,pin type terminal
construction enable direct onto printed circuit
board.

Figure 3.Buzzer.

2.3.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of buzzer.

 Simple compactible.
 Size is small.

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  Energy consumption is less.
 The range of voltage usage is large.
 Sound pressure is high.

Disadvantages

 Controlling is little hard

 General annoying sounds.
 Training is necessary to know how to require condition without just turning off.

2.3.2 Application of buzzer.

 Communication device.
 Timer.
 House hold appliance.
 Sporting events.
 Alarm circuit.
 Security system.
 Annuciable panel.
 Game show.

2.4 LED
A light emitting diode (LED) is a two
lead semiconductor light sources.It is a
pn junction diode which emits light
when activated. When suitable voltage is
applied to the electrons are able to
recombined with electrons hole within
the device, releasing energy in the form
of photon's.This effects is called
electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is
determine by energy band gap of the semiconductor.

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 Figure 4 symbol for LED

2.4.1 I-V characteristics curve of LED.

There e different types of light diodes available in the market and there are different LED
characteristics whict include the color light or wavelength radiation light intensity.The
important characteristic of the LED is color.In the starting used of LED there is only red
color.As the used of LED is increased with the helpof semiconductor process and doing the
research on the new metal LED, the different color were formed.

Figure 5 V-I characteristics of LED

2.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of LED.

 The cost of LED is less and they are tinny.
 By using the LEDs electricity is controlled.
 Long lifetime.
 Energy efficient.
 No warm up period.
 Directional.
 Controlled.
 Environmental friendly.
 Doesn't affect by cold temperature.

Disadvantages.
 Price .
 Temperature sensitivity is low .

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  Light quolity.
 Temperature dependant.
 Voltage sensitivity is poor
 Poor electrical polarity.
 Impact on insect.
 Efficiency drop.

2.4.3 Application of LED .

 LED is used as bulb in homes and industries.
 The light emitting diode are used in motorcycle and cars.
 They at used in mobile phone to display massage.
 At the traffic lights signal led are used.

2.5 Resistor.
A resistor is one of the most funder mental components in electronics.Its purpose is to impede
a flow of current and impose voltage reduction.It consist of two wires or conductors attached
at opposite ends or side of relativily poor electrical conductor,the resistance of which is
measured in ohms,unerversally represented by the word omega.

Figure 6 resistor symbol.

If R is the resistance in ohms I is the current flowing through the resistor in amperes and V is
the voltage drop imposed by the resistor.Ohms law states;V=I/R then R=V/I.

2.5.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of resistor.

 Simple working and construction.
 Easy maintenance.
 Wide application areas.

Disadvantages.
 Heat discipation.

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  Short circuit and corrosion.
 Tolerance.
 Stability problem.
 Non linearity.

2.5.2 Application of Resistor.

 Use a resistor in series with LED.
 Use a resistor for current limiting with a transistor.
 Pull-up and pulldown resistor.
 Resistor used for audio tone control.
 Resistor used in RC network.
 Resistor used for voltage divider.

2.6 LM358.
The lm358 IC is a great,low power and easy
to use channel op amp IC. It is design and
introduce by national semiconductor.

2.6.1 Operation and equations.

The LM358 IC is available in a chip sized parked and application of this op amp include
convectional op amp circuit DC gain block and tranducy amplifier.

LM358 IC is good, standard operational amplifier and it is suitable for your needs.It can
handled 3-32v DC supply and current source upto 20mA per channt.This op amp is opt, if
you want to operate two separate op amp for a single power supply.Its available in an 8 pin
DIP package.

Figure 7 pin configuration of LM358 IC.

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  Pin 1 and pin 7 are output of the comparator.
 Pin 2 and pin 6 are inverting inputs.
 Pin 3 and pin 5 are non inverting inputs.
 Pin 4 is ground terminal.
 Pin 8 is vcc+.

2.6.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of LM358.

 Two operational amplifier are compensated internally.
 Remove the necessity of dual supplies.
 Permit direct sensing close to ground and vcc+.
 Well suited with all methods of logics .
 Power drains appreciate for the operation of the battery.

Figure 8 Capacitor symbol.

2.7 Capacitor.
A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is a passive
electronic component with two terminals.
The effects of a capacitor are known as capacitance. While some capacitance exist between
any two electrical conductors in proximity in the circuit. The capacitor was originally known
as a condenser or condensate.

2.7.1 Capacitor equations.

The Capacitor is the ratio of electric charge Q to the voltage V and mathematically expansion
is as follows;
C=Q/V.
Where:
 Q is the electric charge in coulombs.
 C is the capacitance in farad's.
 V is the voltage between the plates in volts.

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 2.7.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of capacitor.
 Capacitor may retain a charge long after power is removed from a circuit. This charge
can cause dangerous damage or even potentially total shock or damage of
equipment’s.
 Some old, large oil filled paper or plastic film capacitor contain poly chlorinated
biphenyl. It is known that waste PCBs can leak into ground water under landfill and
this could be dangerous.
 Capacitor may catastrophically fail when subjected to voltage or current beyond their
rating, or as they reach their normal end of life.

2.7.3 Application of capacitor.

 Energy storage.
 Digital memory.
 Pulse power and weapons.
 Power factor correction.
 High pass and low pass filter.
 Tune circuits.

CHAPTER THREE.

3.0 MATERIALS DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY.

3.1 Introduction.
This section discuss the construction of the device using ionization method.The material that
make up the entire system is discussed in this chapter. The principal of operating the device is
also discussed.

3.2 Materials.
The materials needed for this project are MQ2 smoke sensor,LM358 IC,9V battery, buzzer,
LED(Red and green), resistor (10k and 100ohms), capacitor (0.1micro farad) and bread
board.

3.3 Methods.
As depicted in the figure 8 a smoke detector (using ionization methods) would require both
series and parallel connection in which the smoke detector would be connected to LED and
microcontroller at the sometimes,LED for indication that the device is working perfectly. The
microcontroller will serve as the monitor for the sensor and lastly a DC battery would serve
as a power source for the devices.

POWER SOURCE SENSOR

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 COMPARATOR

INDICATOR

Fig 8 Block diagram

of components.

3.4 MQ2 smoke sensor.

MQ2 smoke sensor is a device used to detect the presence of LPG, hydrogen, and also be
used to detect methane and other combustible steam, sensor is sensitive to flammable gas and
smoke, in this project, it is used as sensory device.

Fig 9 Input circuit diagram of MQ2 smoke sensor gas /smoke.

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The input circuit depicted in fig 9 consist of the MQ2 smoke sensor and a restore, the smoke
sensor receive the amount of smoke needed to trigger the alarm and then the resistor serves as
voltage divider for the smoke sensor so as to allow the passage of the appropriate voltage
needed.

Fig 10 depicted the output section which consist of two resistor and capacitor, two LEDs are
also present and a buzzer, when smoke is being detected,the first LED (red) indicates that the
device is active while the second LED (green) indicate the presence of smoke which would
issue an alarm mode also the buzzer will trigger to sound alarm.

Fig 10 Output circuit diagram.

3.4.1 LM358.
The LM358 is a power dual operational amplifier integrated circuit originally introduced by
national semiconductor. It is used in detector circuit, it serves as the processor of the device.

3.4.2 LED.
Light emitting diode is mainly a p-n injected semiconductor device, adopting detects band
type semiconductor materials to generate light through electrons hole-pair recombination.
This is used as an indicator and also flashlight in some cases. As of this project they are used
as indicator of smoke.

3.4.3 Power source.

A power source is a means of generating power supply
which could be in two form AC(alternating current) or
DC( direct current) which in this case we use DC supply.

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3.5 Circuit diagram of smoke detector.
The circuit diagram in fig 12 consist of two sections namely the input and output section.
This section serves different purpose on the device. The prototype of the device would be
done on a bread board, it will contain the materials listed abt. The LM358 IC would be
connected to the Capacitor positive terminal and the negative terminal of the Capacitor would
be connected to the 8th terminal of the red LED. The MQ2 smoke sensor which is connected
to the red LED and the IC, the IC is connected to the power source.

The sensitivity of y smoke sensor (MQ2), and LM358 is the microprocessor or a program
computer of the device, while the resistor and the Capacitor are to serve as voltage divider
and a means of storing energy respectively. The LEDS and the buzzer serve as the indicator
and lastly the DC battas the power source.

After all the process it will be moved to Vero board for permanent assembling of the
components.

Fig 12 Smoke detector circuit diagram.

3.6 Bread board.

A Bread board is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. It is used for creating
temporary prototype and experimenting with the circuit design. Quick electrical connections
between components like resistor, LEDs, Capacitors and other ICs can be made before
permanently soldering it. The system circuit will have to be constructed on the Bread board
before it is finally realize on PCB.

3.7 PCB Creation.

Printed circuit board mechanically support and electrically converts electronics components
using conductive tracks, pads and features elected from copper sheets laminated onto a non-
conducting substance. Alternative to PCB include wire wrap and point to point construction.
The conductive circuit is generally copper. Three types of printed circuit board exist, single
sided, double sided and multi layered, double sided PBC was used.

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3.8 Soldering of the components onto a PCB board.
The circuit was then soldered onto PCB board. The system is in proper working conditions
and that all system objectives have been met.

CHAPTER FOUR.

4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION.

4.1 Results.
The aim of this project is to construct a low cost affordable detector which is achieved. The
device constructed is able to detect the presence of smoke from the range of 11.5 feet breath
and 14 feet length. It is efficient, reliable and most importantly low cost. The audio and visual
alarm are driggered accordingly as closest range. From observation, the system can achieve
the functionality of a smoke detector device,in the sense that it can efficiently and
comfortably prevent fire outbreak.

4.2 Cost Estimate and Evaluation.

The following is the cost analysis of the materials used for this project.

Number Components. Quantity. Price per item. Total.

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1 MQ2 Smoke sensor. 1 850 850
2 DC supply 9V 1 100 100
3 Resistor 20
10k 1 10
100ohms 1 10
4 LM358. 1 50 50
5 Capacitor 0.1 microfarad. 1 50 50
6 LED. 1 30 50
7 Buzzer. 1 100 100
8 Conductor wire. 1m 50 50
9 Potentiometer. 1 250 250
10 Bread board 1 100 100
12 Soldering wire. 1m 40 40
13 Jumper wire. 1m 50 50
GRAND TOTAL. 1620
Table: 2 Cost Estimate and Evaluation.

Table 2 is the analysis of the materials or components used,the components used are low cost
with the same purpose of the high cost materials,the materials available in the local market.
The total cost is ksh 1620 and can be sold at the rate of ksh 4500 which is of low cost
compared to the imported device which is sold at the rate of ksh 15000 for two zoning (two
rooms capacity) which is costly.

CHAPTER FIVE.

5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

5.1 SUMMARY.
In summary, the project work is to construct a device that detects presence of smoke and
trigger alarm so as to warn the occupants of the location. It is low cost and affordable device
and very efficient. It constitutes components which are cheap and easy to get. This device
detects smoke at a close range and when placed in good location it helps in detecting smoke
early

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5.2 CONCLUSION.
Human safety is a very crucial aspect in both domestic and industrial settlings hence use of
smoke sensor is inevitable in addition to other more sophisticated security system. From the
discussions on the work above, it was observed that it detects smoke at a range of 5 meters
and it detection rate depends on the range at which you place the controller. It uses low power
and the battery used for the device has long life cycle. It is very small and not heavy. For
efficient and good detection level it is advisable that the device should be mounted to the
ceilings above the ground and in direction of the window where there is most likely to be the
direction of the wind to facilitate the contact of the sensor with the smoke so as to be able to
detect fast enough and issue audible alert to the occupants of the premises. This work is done
to help the people leaving in rural areas where there is no steady or lack of electricity
especially the northern part of the country. This device is low cost enough and affordable by
less privileged.

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS.
The following suggestions are for future research;
 Science related students especially do that major in technical program should
encourage to boost to pertake in construction related project to boost development of
scientific achievement in Kenya
 Higher institution should be provided with well-equipped technical workshop so as to
enable student undergoing project to have suitable environment for their work.
 Increasing the range of detection and by making the device used both DC power and
AC power supply and also makes the battery rechargeable.
 More of this device should be produced massively so as to make each household have
access to this device.

REFERENCE.
1. Francis Robbins UpTo; smoke alarm in US. Home fires."(2015), nfpa.org.
2. George Andrew Parby,(1902)'an electric heat indicator and fire alarm ",GB805.
3. How smoke detector is made "(2014) Retrieved from made how.com,advameg.
4. New York city fire Development.(2012)"carbon monoxide alarm" Achieved.
5. Bird, J ( 2011) " ion vs, photo-is there A qualitative". Difference for life safety.
Retrieved from .http//www,mass.gov/eopss/docs/DFS/osfm/board/Specific
meeting/ffming/deputy chief-joseph- Flemming-mass-summit-overhead.pdf.

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