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Chapter Outline
R2VDD
VGS = −(V1 − VTH ) + V + 2V1
2
− VTH
R1 + R2
1
1
V1 =
W
nCox RS
L
I D RD + VGS + RS I D = VDD
=0
Av = − g m RD
W
Av = − 2 n Cox I D RD
L
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 6
Operation in Saturation
Av = − g m RL
Rin =
Rout = RL
8
CS Stage with 0
Av = − g m (RL || rO )
Rin =
Rout = RL || rO
• However, Early effect and channel length modulation
affect CE and CS stages in a similar manner.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 9
CS Gain Variation with Channel Length
W
2 nCox
L 2 nCoxWL
Av =
ID ID
Av = − g m1 (rO1 || rO 2 )
Rout = rO1 || rO 2
• To alleviate the headroom problem, an active current-source
load is used.
• This is advantageous because a current-source has a high
output resistance and can tolerate a small voltage drop
across it.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 11
PMOS CS Stage with NMOS as Load
Av = − g m 2 (rO1 || rO 2 )
Av = − g m1
1
=−
(W / L )1
gm2 (W / L )2
1
Av = − g m1 || rO 2 || rO1
gm2
• Lower gain, but less dependent on process parameters.
1
Av = − g m 2 || ro1 || ro 2
g m1
RD
Av = −
1
+ RS
gm
=0
• Similar to bipolar counterpart, when a CS stage is
degenerated, its gain, I/O impedances, and linearity change.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 15
Example of CS Stage with Degeneration
RD
Av = −
1 1
+
g m1 g m 2
• A diode-connected device degenerates a CS stage.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 16
CS Stage with Gate Resistance
VR = 0
G
rout g m rO RS + rO
1 1
Rout = rO1 1 + g m1 +
gm2 gm2
R1 || R2 − RD R1 || R2
Av = , Av = − gm R D
RG + R1 || R2 1 + R RG + R1 || R2
S
gm
• Degeneration is used to stabilize bias point, and a
bypass capacitor can be used to obtain a larger small-
signal voltage gain at the frequency of interest.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 21
Common-Gate Stage
Av = g m RD
=0
1
Rin = Rout = RD
gm
RD
Av =
1
+ RS
gm
• When a source resistance is present, the voltage gain is
equal to that of a CS stage with degeneration, only positive.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 25
Generalized CG Behavior
Rout = (1 + g m rO )RS + rO
• When a gate resistance is present it does not affect the gain
and I/O impedances since there is no potential drop across it
( at low frequencies).
• The output impedance of a CG stage with source resistance
is identical to that of CS stage with degeneration.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 26
Example of CG Stage
vout g m1 RD 1
= Rout g m1rO1 || RS + rO1 || RD
vin 1 + ( g m1 + g m 2 )RS gm2
• Diode-connected M2 acts as a resistor to provide the
bias current.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 27
CG Stage with Biasing
vout R3 || (1 / g m )
= g m RD
vin R3 || (1 / g m ) + RS
Av 1
vout rO || RL
=
vin 1 + r || R
O L
gm
• Similar to the emitter follower, the source follower can
be analyzed as a resistor divider.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 30
Source Follower Example
rO1 || rO 2
Av =
1
+ rO1 || rO 2
g m1
• In this example, M2 acts as a current source.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 31
Output Resistance of Source Follower
1 1
Rout = || rO || RL || RL
gm gm
• The output impedance of a source follower is relatively
low, whereas the input impedance is infinite ( at low
frequencies); thus, a good candidate as a buffer.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 32
Source Follower with Biasing
1 W
I D = nCox (VDD − I D RS − VTH )
2
2 L
1
Av = − g m1 || rO1 || rO 2 || rO 3
g m3
1
Rout = || rO1 || rO 2 || rO 3
g m3
• M1 acts as the input device and M2, M3 as the load.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 35
Example of a CS Stage (II)
rO 2
Av = −
1 1
+ || rO 3
g m1 g m3
rO 2
Av _ CG =
Av _ CS = − g m 2 (1 + g m1rO1 ) RS + rO1 || rO1
1
+ RS
gm
• With the input connected to different locations, the two
circuits, although identical in other aspects, behave
differently.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 37
Example of a Composite Stage (I)
RD
Av =
1 1
+
g m1 g m 2
• By replacing the left side with a Thevenin equivalent,
and recognizing the right side is actually a CG stage,
the voltage gain can be easily obtained.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 38
Example of a Composite Stage (II)
1
|| rO 3 || rO 4
vout 2 g m3
=−
vin 1 1
|| rO 2 +
gm2 g m1