STD X-Lecture 29 M.

Prakash Academy
Going Beyond Real Numbers.
We recall one of the important result we have proved.
Theorem: 8 a 2 R, a2 0.
Corollary: Let a, b, c 2 R, a 6= 0.
If 4 = b2 4ac < 0 then the ax2 + bx + c = 0 has no solutions
among real numbers.
We wish to remedy this situation.
We wish to extended our real number system so that there exist
numbers whose squares are negative real numbers.
Let us clearly state, what we mean by extend the real number sys-
tem.
E1 We wish to construct a say C which will contain R.
E2 We wish to define addition and multiplication in C which obey
rules A1 to A4 , M1 to M4 and D.
E3 We want to demonstrate existence of a number say i 2 C such
that i2 = 1.
How do we proceed to accomplish this task?
Let us look for possible candidates for C.
We are familiar with the association of real numbers and points on
a line. The natural choice for a set which is bigger then R is the
R ⇥ R, the set of all ordered pairs of real numbers.
There is a catch here. We know that a line is a subset of plane.
But is R a subset of R ⇥ R?
The answer is No. ( Why? )
Then do we discard R ⇥ R?
No. R ⇥ R seems a natural choice.
Let us have some kind of compromise?
Well R ⇥ R = {(x, y)} | x, y 2 R}.
Let us do fine
R̃ = {(x, 0) | x 2 R}.
Clearly R̃ ✓ R ⇥ R.
Geometrically, R̃ is the X-axis in the XY plane represented by
R ⇥ R.
We will identify R with R̃.
For 8 x 2 R we will identify, x with (x, 0).
Think of a friend of ours, who has returned from abroad, and he has
put on an accent. So though he sounds little di↵erent, we recognise
in him our good old friend. In our case, x 2 R has changed its
looks and now appears like ordered pair (x, 0).
Our next task is to define addition and multiplication an C.
We will denote members of C by z, z1 , z2 etc. where
z = (x, y), z1 = (x1 , y1 ) and z = (x2 , y2 ).
What symbol shall we use for the addition of ordered pairs?
Well we will retain our old symbol +.
We invite you to define (x1 , y1 ) + (x2 , y2 ) = (?, ?).
Of course, your choice should be such that A1 to A4 must hold.
The natural choice seems to be the component wise addition.
(x1 , y1 ) + (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 ) (⇤)
Do you notice some problem?
In (⇤) symbol + occurs all together three times.
Does it have the same meaning, in each case?
No. On LHS of (⇤) the symbol + stands for the new addition of
ordered pair of real numbers.
On the RHS of (⇤) the symbol + stands for the good old addition
of real numbers.
We must now proceed to prove A1 to A4 .
How do we prove that
(x1 , y1 ) + (x2 + y2 ) = (x2 , y2 ) + (x1 + y1 ) · · · (1)
We need definition of equality in C
When are two member of C equal?
Definition: Let (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ) 2 C. We define,
(x1 , y1 ) = (x2 , y2 ) , x1 = x2 and y1 = y2 .
Now we can prove (1).
LHS of (1) = (x1 , y1 ) + (x2 , y2 )
= (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 ) · · · (2)
RHS of (1) = (x2 , y2 ) + (x1 , y1 )
= (x2 + x1 , y2 + y1 )...by(⇤)
= (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 ) · · · A1 in R.
= LHS of (1).
We have completed the proof of A1 in C.
We invite you to prove A2 in C on your own.
A2: Let (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ), (x3 , y3 ) 2 C.
Then ((x1 , y1 + (x2 , y2 )) + (x3 , y3 ) = (x1 , y1 ) + ((x2 , y2 ) + (x3 , y3 )).
Hint: Start with LHS of A2 .
Simplify. Reduce it to a single ordered pair.
Similarly start with RHS of A2 .
Simplify it. Reduce it to a single ordered pair.
Use definition of equality in C and A1 to A4 in R to show that these
two ordered pairs and equal.
A3: The existence of additive identity in C.
Can you suggest the one?
Correct : (0, 0).
We note that (0, 0) 2 C and 8 (x, y) 2 C,
(x, y) + (0, 0) = (x + 0, y + 0) = (x, y).
(0, 0) + (x, y) = (0 + x, 0 + y) = (x, y).
Hence (0, 0) is indeed the additive identity in C.
A4: We invite you to guess the additive inverse (opposite) of (x, y)
in C.
It is easy to check that
(x, y) + ( x, y) = (x + ( x), y + ( y)) = (0, 0).
Hence ( x, y) is the opposite of (x, y) in C.
We now need to define the multiplication of two ordered pairs,
(x1 , y1 ) · (x2 , y2 ) = (?, ?).
What is a natural choice?
Indeed, (x1 , y1 ) · (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 · y1 , x2 · y2 ) · · · (⇤)
Remark: We once again notice that symbol · is doing a multiple
task.
On LHS of (⇤) the symbol · is the product of ordered pair of num-
bers. On RHS of (⇤) the symbol · occurs twice and is the good old
product of real numbers.
It is easy to see that M1 , M2 , M3 hold in C.
(1, 1) plays the role of multiplicative identity.
There are two problem though.
M4 does not go through.
Note that for x 2 R, x 6= 0. ) (x, 0) 6= (0, 0), but (x, o) does not
have reciprocal in C according to our multiplication.
May be, we will insist for multiplicative inverse only if both x 6= 0
of y 6= 0.
In this case (x 1 , y 1 ) is the reciprocal of (x, y) in C.
There is one more problem.
Is there any (x, y) such that (x, y) · (x, y) = ( 1, 0)
, (x2 , y 2 ) = ( 1, 0) , x2 = 1 and y 2 = 0.
Remember that x 2 R.
And we notice that we are at square one.
So we must try some other definition multiplication in C.
STD X-Lecture 30 M. Prakash Academy
Discovering Suitable Multiplication in C.
Our first attempt of component wise multiplication has failed.
Component wise multiplication was a natural choice.
But unfortunately, it did not work.
What do we do now?
Recall: We have solved several construction problems in geometry.
Information about three elements of a triangle is given and we are
required to give a step-by-step procedure to construct the triangle
using straight edge and compass.
What is our first step in this situation?
Assuming that, there exists a solution, we draw the Auxiliary
Figure(AF).
We label the AF. We add extra lines, arcs (if required) to connect
the information.
This exploration process leads us to the desired step by step pro-
cedure.
On similar lines, let us assume that a suitable multiplication has
been defined on C, such that A1 to A4, M 1 to M 4 and D hold.
Let us find out some of its consequences.
We hope that, these explorations will help to bring to our notice
the desired new multiplication.
Let us also use x and (x, 0) interchangeably.
Now we are free to assume that there exists an element i = (x, y)
in C such that i2 = i · i = 1 = ( 1, 0).
We want to discover the ordered pair (x, y) which correctly repre-
sents i.
Let us work with various algebraic combinations of x and i.
We obtain x + i and x · i. Can we simplify these?
No. We will leave them as they are.
Consider x1 · i + x2 · i.
Can we simplify it? Yes, M 1, D give,
x1 · i + x2 · i = i · x1 + i · x2 = i(x1 + x2 ) = ix3 (say).
Consider x, iy and obtain x + iy. Can we simplify it?
No.
Let us consider two of such types.
Can we simplify (x1 + iy1 ) + (x2 + iy2 )?
Yes. Using A1, A2, D we obtain,
(x1 + iy1 ) + (x2 + iy2 ) = (x1 + x2 ) + i(y1 + y2 ) = x3 + iy3 (say).
We invite you to simplify (x1 + iy1 ) · (x2 + iy2 ) on your own.
Remember, besides A1 to A4, M 1 to M 4 and D, you also have
i2 = 1.
(x1 + iy1 ) · (x2 + iy2 )
= x1 (x2 + iy2 ) + iy1 (x2 + iy2 )
= x1 x2 + x1 iy2 + iy1 x2 + iy1 iy2
= x1 x2 + ix1 y2 + iy1 x2 + i2 y1 y2
= (x1 x2 y1 y2 ) + i(x1 y2 + x2 y1 )
= x3 + iy3 (say).
We notice that the most general expression we can not further sim-
plify is, x + iy.
The general element of C is (x, y).
What do these observations suggest?
Why not identify x + iy and (x, y)?
We are trying to find a formula for multiplication in C.
We have already obtained,
(x1 + iy1 ) · (x2 + iy2 ) = (x1 x2 y1 y2 ) + i(x1 y2 + x2 y1 ).
Does above identification indicate the required formula?
We propose,
(x1 , y1 ) · (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 x2 y1 y2 , x1 y2 + x2 y1 ) · · · (⇤)
We invite you to methodically check whether M 1 to M 4 and D are
valid or not.
M1: (x1 + iy1 ) · (x2 + iy2 ) = (x2 + iy2 ) · (x1 + iy1 ).
Let us recall the procedure to be followed.
Start with LHS of M1.
Use (⇤) to simplify it. Say (I).
Start with RHS of M1.
Use (⇤) and then use properties of real numbers to reduce it to (I).
Remember that (x1 , y1 ) = (x2 , y2 ) , x1 = x2 and y1 = y2 .
Your e↵orts will be rewarded.
You will obtain that M 1 holds.
You are invited to prove M 2 on your own.
Now to establish M 3.
Does C contain a multiplicative identity?
As we are unfamiliar with this new multiplication, let us not try to
guess it.
Let us again use the same principle.
Let us assume that there exists (u, v) 2 C such that
8 (x, y) 2 C, (x, y) · (u, v) = (x, y).
Can we find u, v satisfying above requirements?
We require two equations.
We note that one equation of equality of ordered pairs is equivalent
to two equations.
(x, y) · (u, v) = (x, y)
, (xu yv, xv + uy) = (x, y)
, xu yv = x and xv + uy = y.
So we have obtained two linear equations in u and v.
We will use Cramer’s Rule to obtain the solution.
Let us rewrite the equation as:
xu yv = x · · · (1)
yu + xv = y · · · (2).
Using standard notation,
x y x y x x
D= , Du = , Dv = .
y x y x y y
) D = x2 + y 2 , Du = x2 + y 2 , Dv = 0.
We can apply Cramer’s Rule if only if D = x2 + y 2 6= 0 , x 6= 0
and y 6= 0.
In this case we obtain u = DDu = 1 and v = DDv = 0.
So the possible candidate for multiplicative identity is (1, 0).
Let (x, y) 2 C.
Consider (x, y) · (1, 0)
= (x · 1 y · 0, x · 0 + y · 1)
= (x, y).
Hence, we have proved M3.
You are invited to formulate the strategy to prove M4.
Of course, we will use the same principle again.
Let (x, y) 2 C, other than (0, 0).
If possible let 9(u, v) 2 C such that (x, y) · (u, v) = (1, 0).
, (xu yv, xv + yu) = (1, 0)
, xu yv = 1 and yu + xv = 0
x y 1 y x 1
D= , Du = , Dv = .
y x 0 x y 0
) D = x2 + y 2 , Du = x, Dv = y.
D 6= 0 as (x, y) 6= (0, 0).
Hence we obtain
x y
u = x2 +y 2 and v = x2 +y 2
.
We cross check again.
Let (x, y) 2 C and ⇣ (x, y) 6= (0,⌘0).
x y
Consider, (x, y) · x2 +y 2 , x2 +y 2
⇣ ⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘⌘
x y y x
= x x2 +y2 y x2 +y2 , x x2 +y2 + y x2 +y2 = (1, 0).
This completes the proof of M4.
Proof of D is left as a homework.
Now remains the important task of finding ordered pair represen-
tation of i. (Remember 1 $ ( 1, 0)).
If possible let (x, y) 2 C such that (x, y)2 = ( 1, 0).
, (x, y)(x, y) = ( 1, 0)
, (x2 y 2 , 2xy) = ( 1, 0)
, x2 y 2 = 1 and 2xy = 0.
We note that these are not the linear equations.
2xy = 0 gives at lest one of x, y = 0.
Case (i) y = 0. Then x2 y 2 = 1 gives x2 = 1.
But x( 1). This is not possible.
Case (ii) x = 0. Then x2 y 2 = 1 gives y 2 = 1 or y = ±1.
Hence all together we obtain two possible candidates for i; (0, 1)
and (0, 1).
Let us verify.
(0, 1)2 = (0, 1)(0, 1) = ( 1, 0).
(0, 1)2 = (0, 1)(0, 1) = ( 1, 0).
Well, are we surprised to obtain two solutions. No. (Why not?)
But then which among the two should be chosen as i.
The choice is really arbitrary.
It is a standard practice to choose (0, 1) = i
By A4, opposite of i = i = (0, 1) = ( 0, 1) = (0, 1).
So the other candidate also gets a name, namely i.
The algebraic system, we have developed namely, < C, +, · > will
be called the field of complex numbers.
Congratulations: We have taken a big step in our journey of
learning and enjoying mathematics.
Activity1 Solve: (x, y)(3, 4) = ( 1, 2).
Activity2 Find the square roots of i = (0, 1).
Activity3 Find the square roots of (5, 12).
Homework: Solve the following quadratic equations.
H1 x2 + (1 + i)x 6 2i = 0. H2 x2 (5 + i)x + 8 + i = 0.
STD X-Lecture 31 M. Prakash Academy
Legalising various steps carried out at intuitive level:
Where do we stand now? We have,
(i) C = {(x, y) | x, y 2 R}.
(ii) (x1 , y1 ) + (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 ).
(iii) (x1 , y1 ) · (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 x2 y1 y2 , x1 y2 + x2 y1 ).
(iv) Algebraic system < C, +, · > satisfying A1 to A4, M1 to M4
and D.
Notation: C is called the set of complex numbers. The alge-
braic system < C, +, · > is called the field of complex numbers.
The relationship between R and C :
We have already noticed that R is not a subset of C.
R̃ = {(x, 0) | x 2 R} is a subset of C.
We have said that we identity x 2 R with (x, 0) 2 C.
Is this identification only restricted so far as visual looks are con-
cerned?
Is this identification compatible with the addition and multiplica-
tion we have defined?
Let x1 , x2 2 R.
x1 $ (x1 , 0) and x2 $ (x2 , 0).
Notice the following:
N1: x1 + x2 $ (x1 + x2 , 0).
N2: (x1 , 0) + (x2 , 0) = (x1 + x2 , 0 + 0) = (x1 + x2 , 0) $ x1 + x2 .
N3: x1 · x2 $ (x1 · x2 , 0)
N4: (x1 , 0) · (x2 , 0) = (x1 x2 0 · 0, x1 · 0 + x2 · 0) = (x1 x2 , 0) $ x1 x2 .
Note that in N1, two real numbers are added in R first and then
the sum is identified with corresponding complex number.
Whereas in N2, we first convert real numbers x1 , x2 into corre-
sponding complex numbers, then add these as complex numbers
and convert the sum back to real number.
N3 and N4 carry out similar computation in the context of multi-
plication.
N1 to N4 demonstrate that our identification of x $ (x, 0) is in
perfect agreement with addition and multiplication in C. With this
identification in mind, we will take liberty to say that R is a subset
of C.
However in technical language, we say that, R is embedded in C.
Investigating the identification x + iy $ (x, y) :
x + iy
= (x, 0) + (0, 1)(y, 0)
= (x, 0) + (0 · y 1 · 0, 0 · 0 + y · 1)
= (x, 0) + (0, y)
= (x, y).
Hence we note that our identification is perfect.
We do have numbers whose square are negative real numbers.
Have we paid any price for achieving this?
What about O1, O2, O3?
Does < C, +, · > satisfy order properties?
If possible let 9 N, P ✓ C such that.
(i) C = N [ {(0, 0)} [ P.
(ii) N \ {(0, 0)} = , P \ {(0, 0)} = , N \ P = satisfying:
O1: 8 z1 , z2 2 P, z1 + z2 2 P
O2: 8 z1 , z2 2 P, z1 · z2 2 P
O3: 8 z 2 C, z 6= (0, 0), z and z are distinct and exactly one of
z, z is in P.
We will demonstrate that above order properties are not consis-
tent. Note that i = (0, 1) 6= (0, 0). ) i is in exactly one of P, N.
Case (i) i 2 P.
) By O2, i · i 2 P
) 1 2 P.
) ( 1)( 1) 2 P.
)12P
) 1, 1 2 P. This contradicts O3.
Case (ii) i 2 N.
) i 2 P.
By O2, ( i) · ( i) 2 P
) 12P
) By O2, ( 1) · ( 1) 2 P
)12P
) 1, 1 2 P. This contradict O3.
)i2 / P and i 2 N. This contradicts O3.
Thus we can not define order properties in C.
Hence we can’t define concept of less than, greater than in C.
So for z1 , z2 2 C, in general, z1 < z2 is undefined.
Query: Does every complex number have a square root?
Let z = (x, y) 2 C · · · (1).
If possible let (u, v) be a square roots of z.
) (u, v) · (u, v) = (x, y)
, (u2 v 2 , 2uv) = (x, y)
, u2 v 2 = x and 2uv = y · · · (2).
Note that (u2 + v 2 )2 = (u2 v 2 )2 + 4u2 v 2 = x2 + y 2
p
) u2 + v 2 = ± x2 + y 2 .
p
But u2 + v 2 0. ) u2 + v 2 = x2 + y 2 · · · (3)
p
(2) + (3) gives u2 = 12 ( x2 + y 2 + x) · · · (4)
p
(2) (3) gives v 2 = 12 ( x2 + y 2 x) · · · (5)
Note that 8 x 2 R,
p p
( x2 + y 2 + x) ( x2 + x) = |x| + x 0.
p p
Also, ( x2 + y 2 x) ( x2 x) = |x| x 0.
Hence (4) qand (5) have real solutions.
qp
p
x2 +y 2 +x x2 +y 2 x
)u=± 2
and v = ± 2
.
There are two permissible values each for u and v.
Do they lead to four square-roots of (x, y)?
Equation (2) does not allow that.
Depending on sign of y, only two roots are permissible.
Case (i) y✓q >0 qp ◆
p
x2 +y 2 +x x2 +y 2 x
(u, v) = ± 2
, 2
.

Case (ii) y✓q

< 0. qp ◆
p
x2 +y 2 +x x2 +y 2 x
(u, v) = ± 2
, 2
.

Case (iii) y = 0.
We will make sub cases depending on given of x.
Case x > 0.pNote that x = 0
(u, v) = ±( x, 0).
Case x < 0. Note
p that u = 0
(u, v) = ±(0, x).
Case x = 0. Note that u = v = 0
In this case only, there is a unique square-root namely,
(u, v) = (0, 0).
Activity 1: Find square roots of 16.
Activity 2: Find square roots of 25.
Activity 3: Find the square roots of (45 28i).
Activity 4: Find the square roots of ( 9 + 40i).
Activity 5: Find cube roots of 125.
Remark: We have established that the identification
(x, y) $ x + iy is perfect.
Moreover, if we use x + iy notation, then addition and multiplica-
tion exactly resemble usual calculations in real numbers, except for
an additional rule, namely i2 = 1. Hence from now onwards we
will mostly use x + iy notation.
Definitions: Let z = (x, y) = x + iy, where x, y 2 R.
D1: x is called the real part of z and is denoted by x = Re (z).
D2: y is called the imaginary part of z and is denoted by z = Im (z).
D3: The conjugate of z is denoted by z̄ and is defined as
z̄ = (x, y) = (x, y) = x iy.
D4: Absolute
p value of z is denoted by |z| and is defined as
|z| = x2 + y 2 .
Remark: Note that |z| is a non-negative real number.
|z| = 0 , x = 0 and y = 0.
Activity 6: Let z = 3 + 4i. Compute z, |z|.
Activity 7: Let z1 = 6 5i, z2 = 2 + 3i.
Compute z1 + z2 , z1 z2 , |z1 z2 |.
Homework: Let z1 , z2 2 C. Prove that:
H1: (z1 + z2 ) = z1 + z2 .
H2: (z1 z2 ) = z1 z2 .
H3: (z1 · z2 ) = z1 · z2 .
H4: (z 1 ) = z 1 , z 6= 0.
⇣ ⌘
H5: zz12 = zz12 , z2 6= 0.
H6: |z1 z2 | = |z1 | |z2 |.
H7: |z 1 | = |z| 1 ; z 6= 0.
z1 |z1 |
H8: z2
= |z2 |
, z2 6= 0.
STD X-Lecture 32 M. Prakash Academy
Discussion of the homework:
Let z1 = (x1 , y1 ) = x1 + iy1 2 C.
Let z2 = (x2 , y2 ) = x2 + iy2 2 C.
H1: (z1 + z2 ) = z1 + z2
LHS of H1 = (z1 + z2 )
= (x1 + iy1 ) + (x2 + iy2 )
= (x1 + x2 ) + i(y1 + y2 ) · · · , (By, A1, A2, D)
= (x1 + x2 ) i(y1 + y2 ) · · · (Definition of conjugate)
= (x1 iy1 ) + (x2 iy2 ) (By D, A1, A2)
= z1 + z2 · · · (By definition of conjugate).
= RHS of H1.
Query: What is the significance of H1?
Note that on LHS of H1, we first perform operation of addition to
obtain z1 + z2 . Then we perform the operation of conjugation to
obtain (z1 + z2 ).
Whereas on RHS of H1, we first perform the operation of conjuga-
tion on each of z1 and z2 and then perform the operation of addition
on z1 and z2 to obtain z1 + z2 .
Hence we deduce that: Given two complex numbers, if we inter-
change the order in which we perform addition and conjugation,
the final result remains same.
Remark1: Notice that, in general, if we interchange the order of
two operations, the final out come can be drastically di↵erent.
Can you suggest some real life examples?
A student first studies and then writes the exam.
Student first writes the exam and then studies.
The two outcomes could be drastically di↵erent.
Remark2: Note down the significance of the other exercies also.
Query: How do we define subtraction and division in C?
How did we do it in R?
Definition: Let z1 , z2 2 C. Then z1 z2 = z1 + ( z2 ).
If z2 6= 0 then z1 ÷ z2 = z1 · z2 1 .
Remark3: Notice the order in which we have asked you to prove
the various results.
Note that we prove (i) (z1 · z2 ) = z1 · z2 (ii) z 1 = (z) 1 .
⇣ ⌘ 1
This allows us to prove zz12 very efficiently.
We have z2 6= 0. It is easy to see that z2 6= 0 $ z2 6= 0. Hence all
the operations are well defined.
( zz12 ) = (z1 · z2 1 ) = z1 · z2 1 = z1 · z2 1
= z1
z2
.
H5 |z1 · z2 | = |z1 | · |z2 |.
, |(x1 x2 y1 y2 ) + i(x1 y2 + x2 y1 )| = |x1 + iy1 | · |x2 + iy2 |
p p p
, (x1 x2 y1 y2 )2 + (x1 y2 + x2 y1 )2 = (x21 + y12 ) (x22 + y22 )
, (x1 x2 y1 y2 )2 + (x1 y2 + x2 y1 )2 = (x21 + y12 )(x22 + y22 ).
On LHS, the middle terms of the two squares cancell each other
and the remaining terms can be factorised to obtain RHS.
Activity1: Prove that |z|2 = |z|2 = zz = x2 + y 2 .
Activity2: Use H5 and Activity1 to construct several Pythagorean
Triplets starting with z1 = 3 + 4i and z2 = 8 + 15i.
For example |z1 z2 | = |z1 | |z2 | gives
|(3 + 4i) · (8 + 15i)| = |3 + 4i| · |8 + 15i|
) |(24 60) + (32 + 45)i| = 5 ⇥ 17
) ( 36)2 + (77)2 = (36)2 + (77)2 = 852 .
Now consider
|z1 · z2 | = |z1 | · |z2 |
) |(3 4i) · (8 + 15i)| = |3 4i| · |8 + 15i|
) |(24 + 60) + i(45 32)| = 5 ⇥ 17
) 842 + 132 = 852 .
Find out other possible Pythagorean Triplets starting from the
same z1 , z2 .
|z1 |
H8 z1
z2
= |z1 · z2 1 | = |z1 | · |z2 1 | = |z1 | · |z2 | 1
= |z2 |
.
Geometric Interpretation of addition of complex numbers:
Let z1 = (x1 , y1 ) = x1 + iy1 and z2 = (x2 , y2 ) = x2 + iy2 .
Plot A1 (x1 , y1 ) and A2 (x2 , y2 ) in R ⇥ R.
of course Origin O is (0, 0).
Now z1 + z2 = (x1 , y1 ) + (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 ) = A (say).
Compute the mid-point of OA.
Compute the mid-point of A1 A2 .
Indeed, the above two mid-points coincide.
What can we deduce from it?
The diagonals of 2OA1 AA2 bisect each other, hence 2OA1 AA2
must be a parallelogram.
This gives us a geometrical method of constructing z1 + z2 from the
known positions of z1 and z2 .
Draw OA1 , OA2 . Complete the parallelogram OA1 AA2 .
Then A corresponds to z1 + z2 .
Query: What is the interpretation of |z|?
p
Let z ⌘ P (x, y) = x + iy. ) |z| = x2 + y 2 = OP.
Hence |z| is the distance of point P representing z from the origin
O(0, 0).
Query: What is the interpretation z?
Let P ⌘ z = (x, y) = x + iy.
) z = (x, y) = x iy = Q (say).
Clearly Q is the image of P in the X-axis.
Activity3: Prove that z = z , z 2 R̃. , Im(z) = 0.
Polar Representation of z: Let z = (x, y) = P.
Let OP = r. Let O 6= P. Let ✓ be the measure of angle through
which positive X-axis must be rotated about O, in the anticlock-
!
wise sense, to coincide with OP for the first time.
Clearly 0  ✓ < 2⇡.
!
Of course 8 n 2 Z, OQ which makes angle ✓ + 2⇡n with positive
!
X-axis will also coincide with OP .
Ordered pair (r, ✓) is called a polar representation of complex num-
ber z. (r, ✓ + 2⇡n) also represents the same point.
Thus a given point P other than origin O has infinitely many polar
representations.
Query: What is the polar representation of the origin O?
It is not possible to assign any suitable values of ✓ in this case.
We will not have polar representation for z = (0, 0).
Definition: Let z 2 C. Let P ⌘ z = (x, y).
Let P 6= 0. Let (r, ✓) be the polar representation of z.
r is called the magnitude of z.
✓ is called an argument of z.
Activity4: Let z = (x, y) = (r, ✓).
Find x, y interms of r, ✓.
Indeed x = r cos ✓ and y = r sin ✓.
) z = x + iy = r cos ✓ + ir sin ✓ = r(cos ✓ + i sin ✓).
Acitivity5: Let ✓ 2 R. Let z = cos ✓ + i sin ✓.
Prove that (i) |z| = 1, (ii) z = z 1 , (iii) z 2 (0, 1).
Geometric Interpretation of product of two complex numbers:
Let z1 = (r1 , ✓1 ) and z2 = (r2 , ✓2 ).
) z1 = r1 (cos ✓1 + i sin ✓1 ) and z2 = r2 (cos ✓2 + i sin ✓2 )
Activity6: Compute z1 z2 , and express it in polar form.
z1 z2 = r1 (cos ✓1 + i sin ✓1 )r2 (cos ✓2 + i sin ✓1 )
= r1 r2 [(cos ✓1 cos ✓2 sin ✓1 sin ✓2 ) + i(cos ✓1 sin ✓2 + cos ✓2 sin ✓1 )]
= r1 r2 (cos(✓1 + ✓2 ) + i sin(✓1 + ✓2 )
= (r1 r2 , ✓1 + ✓2 ).
So we notice that, product of two complex numbers, has a very
simple interpretation, in the polar representation. We phrase it as:
The magnitudes get multiplied and arguments get added.
Activity7: Let z 2 C. Let z 6= 0. Let z = (r, ✓).
Prove that z 1 = (r 1 , ✓).
Activity8: Let z1 , z2 2 C, z2 6= 0.
Let z1 = (r1 , ✓1 ) and z2 = (r2 , ✓2 ).
Prove that z1 ÷ z2 = (r1 ÷ r2 , ✓1 ✓2 ).
Homework:
Let ↵, , 2 R. If cos ↵ + cos + cos = 0 and
sin ↵ + sin + sin = 0. Find the value of
H1 sin 2↵ + sin 2 + sin 2 .
H2 cos 2↵ + cos 2 + cos 2 .
H3 cos(↵ + ) + cos( + ) + cos( + ↵).
H4 sin(↵ + ) + sin( + ) + sin( + ↵).
H5 sin 3↵ + sin 3 + sin 3 .
H6 cos 3↵ + cos 3 + cos 3 .
Hint: Let z1 = cos ↵ + i sin ↵, z2 = cos + i sin ,
z3 = cos + i sin . Note that,
N1: z1 = z1 1 , z2 = z2 1 , z3 = z3 1 and N2: z1 + z2 + z3 = 0.
STD X-Lecture 33 M. Prakash Academy
Concept of Field and its relation with Complex Numbers:
Consider a set F. Let two binary operations say, +, · be defined on
F. The algebraic system < F, +, · > is called a field if and only if
A1 to A4, M1 to M4 and D hold in this system.
We have proved that < C, +, · > is a field.
Several Queries:
Q1: Is additive identity multiplicative identity unique?
Q2: Is additive inverse multiplicative inverse unique?
Q3: Is z · 0 = 0 8 z 2 C ?
Q4: If z1 · z2 = 0 then is at least one of z1 , z2 zero?
Q5: Does every n-th degree polynomial (n 1) with complex co-
efficients have at most n distinct roots?
We invite you to give a thought to above and also several similar
questions. Are all these results true in complex numbers?
We know that, we have paid a price. We do not have order prop-
erties in complex numbers.
Have we lost some other results also?
Pause: Think on your own. Formulate the answers to above ques-
tions before you read further.
Let us take any one of the above results and mentally go through
the proof of the result.
Which results helped us in proving the above theorems?
We used only A1 to A4, M1 to M4 and D.
We were tempted to use some other arguments also, but we had
a disciplined approach. We never used any thing else besides field
properties and previously proved theorems.
We will now reap the fruits of our e↵orts.
We note that < R, +, · > and < C, +, · > are fields.
Hence each result we had proved previously in the context of real
numbers, using field properties only, will be true in the context of
complex numbers. Above all, each of the proof will remain same
word for word.
We go one step even further. In the future, as and when we come
across a field structure say < F, +, · >, all the above results will be
true in that new set up also.
Three cheers to our systematic disciplined approach.
Classification of the roots of real quadratic equation:
Let a, b, c 2 R. a 6= 0. Consider, p(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0.
We know that the roots of p(x) = 0 are
(i) Real and distinct , 4 > 0
(ii) Real and coincident , 4 = 0
(iii) Complex and conjugate , 4 < 0.
Remark: By complex and conjugate roots we mean that:
there exist u, v 2 R, v 6= 0 such that both u + iv and u iv are the
roots of p(x) = 0.
Activity1: Give an example of p(x) = 0 such that u, v 2 R, v 6= 0
such that p(u + iv) = 0 but p(u iv) 6= 0.
/ R[x].
Naturally, p(x) 2
An easy way to construct such example is consider (x 1)(x i) = 0.
) p(x) = x2 (1 + i)x + i = 0 is one such polynomial.
Query: Suppose we stick to real polynomials only.
Then does above result continue to hold?
More specifically, let p(x) 2 R(x).
Let u, v 2 R with v 6= 0. Let p(u + iv) = 0.
Then is it true that p(u iv) = 0?
We leave this as a quality homework for you.
If true, prove it.
If false, give a counter example.
Enjoy discovering the answer on your own.
Advantage or Disadvantage?
We have Cartesian and Polar representations of complex numbers.
Let z1 = (x1 , y1 ) = (r1 , ✓1 ) and z2 = (x2 , y2 ) = (r2 , , ✓2 ).
In Cartesian representation z1 = z2 , x1 = x2 and y1 = y2 .
Query: Does similar result hold in the case of Polar representa-
tion?
Does z1 = z2 , r1 = r2 and ✓1 = ✓2 ?
The answer is No.
z1 = z2 , r1 = r2 and ✓1 = ✓2 + 2⇡n 8 n 2 Z.
Query: Is this a troublesome result or a useful result?
Remark: We have already noticed that multiplication of complex
numbers is particularly simple in the polar form.
z1 · z2 = (r1 r2 , ✓1 + ✓2 ), An obvious generalisation follows:
Let z = (r, ✓). Then 8 n 2 Z, z n = (rn , n✓).
Application:
Given a z0 , to find all possible z 2 C such that z 5 = z0 .
As z 5 = z · z · z · z · z we will use the polar representation.
Let z0 = (32, 40 ).
If possible let z = (r, ✓) be such that z 5 = z0 .
, (r5 , 5✓) = (32, 40 )
, r5 = 32 and 5✓ = 40 + 360n.
We will use the non-uniqueness of argument of complex number
to our advantage and find all required 5th roots.
Remembering that r 2 R and r 0, we see that r = 2 is the only
solution.
We obtain, ✓ = 8 + 72n.
) (2, 8 + 72n) 8 n 2 Z, is a solution of z 5 = (32, 40).
Are there infinitely many 5th roots of (32, 40)?
Does it sound very satisfactory?
Let us note that, we are trying to find out the solutions of polyno-
mial equation p(z) = z 5 z0 = 0 · · · (⇤).
We already know that, we can have at most 5 distinct roots of (⇤).
But 8 n 2 Z, we have (2, 8 + 72n) is a solution.
What is the way out?
At most five of these can be distinct.
And others should represent the same complex number.
Let us check. Let us assign successive values to n.
n = 0 gives z1 = (2, 8 ).
n = 1 gives z2 = (2, 80 ).
n = 2 gives z3 = (2, 152 ).
n = 3 gives z4 = (2, 224 ).
n = 4 gives z5 = (2, 296 ).
We notice that these are all distinct complex numbers.
Let us continue.
n = 5 gives z6 = (2, 368 ) = (2, 8 ) = z1 .
n = 6 gives z7 = (2, 440 ) = (2, 80 ) = z2 .
n = 7 gives z8 = (2, 512 ) = (2, 152 ) = z3 .
n = 8 gives z9 = (2, 584 ) = (2, 224 ) = z4 .
n = 9 gives z10 = (2, 656 ) = (2, 276 ) = z5 .
n = 10 gives z11 = (2, 728 ) = (2, 8 ) = z1 .
And so on.
What do you observe?
We note that as we assign di↵erent values to n, the new complex
numbers will represent z1 to z5 only.
Activity2: Plot these five points in the complex plane.
Do these points suggest some geometric figure?
Yes. The five points are the vertices of a regular pentagon.
Activity3: Find the cube roots of i.
How do we start?
The correct starting point is to represent i in the polar form.
So first note that, i = (1, 90 ).
Plot these cube roots in the complex plane. What do you observe?
Activity4: Find the fourth roots of 1.
Plot these fourth roots in the complex plane. What do you observe?
Are we all set to consider the most general result in this context?
We leave this as another quality homework for you.
Formulate the statement of the most general result in the context
of problems we are solving.
Solve it completely.
Find out the geometric significance of the result.
Activity5: Solve z 9 + z 8 + z 7 + z 6 + z 5 + z 4 + z 3 + z 2 + z + 1 = 0.
Plot all the nine roots in the complex plane.
STD X-Lecture 34 M. Prakash Academy
Theorem: Let p(x) 2 R[x]. Let u, v 2 R. Let v 6= 0.
If p(u + iv) = 0 then p(u iv) = 0.
Strategy and tools required:
S1: First of all, set up an explicit and compact notation.
Let z = u + iv. ) u iv = z.
Let p(x) = an xn + an 1 xn 1 + · · · + a2 x2 + a1 x1 + a0
Note that each of the coefficient ar 2 R and an 6= 0.
S2: Express the explicit meaning of what is given.
It is given that p(z) = 0.
That is an z n + an 1 z n 1 + · · · + a2 z 2 + a1 z 1 + a0 = 0. · · · (I)
S3 Find out the meaning of what is to be deduced explicitly in the
notation developed.
To show that p(z) = 0.
T.S.T. an z n + an 1 z n 1 + · · · + a1 z 2 + a1 z 1 + a0 = 0. · · · (II)
S4: Now we must select the tools which will help us to deduce (II)
from (I).
T1: z1 + z2 = z1 + z2 . T⇤1 : z1 + z2 + · · · + zn = z1 + z2 + · · · + zn .
T2: z1 z2 = z1 · z2 . T⇤2 : z n = z n .
T3: a 2 R , a = a.
T4: 0 = 0!!
We invite you to complete the proof on your own.
Starting from (I) take the conjugates of both sides.
Successive use of various tools listed above will lead us to II.
Use sigma notation for compact presentation.
X n Xn
Proof: Let, p(x) = ar xr . ) p(z) = ar z r = 0.
r=0 r=0
Taking conjugate of both sides we get
Xn n
X
ar z r = 0. ) ar z r = 0. · · · (By T1⇤ and T4)
r=0 r=0
n
X
) ar z r = 0. · · · (By T2 )
r=0
Xn
) ar z r = 0. · · · (By T2⇤ ) ) P (z) = 0 · · · By definition of p(z).
r=0
This completes the proof of our theorem.
Activity1: Let z0 = (r0 , ✓0 ) 2 C. Let n 2 N. To find all z 2 C
such that z n = z0 . (WLG we will take 0  ✓0 < 2⇡).
Let z = (r, ✓) be such that, z n = z0 .
, (r, ✓)n = (r0 , ✓0 )
, (rn , n✓) = (r0 , ✓0 )
, rn = r0 and n✓ = ✓0 + 2⇡k, k 2 Z.
1
, r = r0 n and ✓ = ✓n0 + 2⇡ k, k 2 Z.
⇣ 1 ⌘ n
Hence r0n , ✓n0 + 2⇡ n
k , k 2 Z are required roots.· · · (⇤)
We make several observations.
O1: For 0  k  n 1, roots given by (⇤) are distinct.
O2: If di↵erence between k2 and k1 is a multiple of n then roots
given by k1 and k2 are same.
1
O3: The magnitude of all the roots is r0n .
O4: There are exactly n distinct roots.
O5: The points in the complex plane representing these roots are
the vertices of a regular n-gon.
O6: Any n consecutive values assigned to k in (⇤) give us a complete
set of n, n-th roots of z0 .
Special Case: n-th roots of unity.
Multiplicative identity in C is 1 = (1, 0).
Note that 1 has same Cartesian and Polar representations, namely
(1, 0). Hence in (⇤) we can take r0 = 1 and ✓0 = 0.
Hence the n, n-th roots of unity are
↵k = 1, 2⇡kn
; 1  k  n.
Let ↵1 also be denoted by ↵. That is ↵ = 1, 2⇡ n
.
All these roots lie on the standard unit circle (0, 1).
Note that ↵n = 1, 2⇡n n
= (1, 2⇡) = (1, 0).
Let point Pk represent root ↵k .
We note that P1 P2 · · · Pn is a regular n-gon, which is inscribed in
the standard unit circle.
Activity2: Prove that ↵k = ↵k for 1  k  n.
Note that ↵n = ↵n = (1, 0) = 1.
Hence n, n-th roots of unity can be written as, 1, ↵, ↵2 , · · · , ↵n 1 .
Note that ↵ = 1, 2⇡
n
= cos 2⇡
n
+ i sin 2⇡
n
6= 0.
Figure is drawn for the case n = 10.
Remark: Consider an A.P. < tn > with tn 2 C.
Then all the formulae for tn , sn we have derived in the context of
real A.P. remain valid.
Consider a G.P. < tn > with tn 2 C.
Then all the formulae for tn , sn we have derived in the context of
real G.P. remain valid.
We note that n, n-th roots of unity namely, 1, ↵, ↵2 , · · · , ↵n 1
form
a G.P..
Its first term is 1 and common ratio is ↵ = 1, 2⇡
n
6= 0.
Activity3: Find the sum of the n, n-th roots of unity.
Case (i): n = 1. Obviously there is only one root, namely 1.
Hence the sum equals 1.
Case (ii): n > 1. Formula for G.P. can be used as common ratio
↵ 6= 1.
Notation: Let S(1, n) = 1 + ↵ + ↵2 + · · · + ↵n 1 .
Let S(m, n) = (1)m + (↵)m + (↵2 )m + · · · + (↵n 1 )m .
Note that S(m, n) is the sum of m-th power of the n, n-th roots of
unity.
n
S(1, n) = 1 + ↵ + ↵2 + · · · + ↵n 1 = 1 · 11 ↵↵ = 11 ↵1 = 0.
Are we surprised?
Should we have expected it?
Notice that ↵1 , ↵2 , · · · , ↵n are the roots of the polynomial equation
p(z) = z n 1 = 0, n > 1.
Let us rewrite p(z) as:
p(z) = 1z n + 0z n 1 + 0z n 2 + · · · + 0z 1 + ( 1).
Now we can use our expertise from the theory of equations to ob-
tain values of 1 , 2 , · · · , n etc.
Clearly S(1, n) = 1 = 10 = 0.
Activity4: Compute S(2, n),
S(2, n) = (1)2 + (↵)2 + (↵2 )2 + (↵3 )2 + · · · + (↵n 1 )2
= 1 + (↵2 )1 + (↵2 )2 + (↵2 )3 + · · · + (↵2 )n 1 .
Note that S(2, n) is also a G.P.
Its Common ratio C.R. = ↵2 6= 1 (if 2 6= n).
2 n n 2
) S(2, n) = 1 1 1 (↵↵2) = 1 1 1 (↵↵2) = 11 ↵12 = 0.
Activity5: Compute S(k, n) where 1  k < n.
We invite you to compute S(k, n) on your own.
Indeed S(k, n) = 0.
Activity6: Let k be a multiple of n. Compute S(k, n).
Note that S(k, n) is a G.P., with C.R. = ↵k = ↵mn = 1.
Hence S(k, n) = S(mn, n) = n.
Actinity7: Prove that n, n-th roots of z0 = (r0 , ✓0 ) when consid-
ered in suitable order form ⇣ a1 G.P.. ⌘
n ✓0 2⇡
The required n roots are r0 , n + n k , 0  k  n 1. · · · (⇤)
⇣ 1 ⌘
Note that r0n , ✓n0 + 2⇡n
k
⇣ 1 ⌘ 1
k
= r0n , 0 1, ✓n0 1, 2⇡n
= r ✓0
0 1, n ↵ .
n k

1
Let f = r0n 1, ✓n0 .
Then the required n, n-th roots are f, f ↵, f ↵2 , · · · , f ↵(n 1) .
We note that these n roots form a G.P. whose first term is
1
f = r0n 1, ✓n0 and commom ratio is ↵ = 1, 2⇡ n
.
Note that ↵ is the n-th root of unity having the smallest positive
argument.
Homework:
H1 Solve x10 + x5 + 1 = 0.
H2 Choose the scale of 1 unit equal to 4 cm.
Draw the ((0, 0), 1). Plot all the roots computed in H1.
STD X-Lecture 35 M. Prakash Academy
Cube Roots of Unity :
Activity1: Factorise p(x) = x3 1.
Note that, as complex numbers are now available, we can obtain
three first degree factors of p(x).
p(x) = x3 1
= (x 1)(x2 + x + 1)
= (x 1)(x2 + x + 41 + 34 )
3i2
= (x 1)((x + 12 )2 4p
)
1 2 3 2
= (x 1)((x + 2 ) ( 2 i) )
p p
3 3
= (x 1)(x + 2 + 2 i)(x + 12
1
2
i).
Activity2: use Activity 1 to deduce cube roots of unity.
For obtaining cube roots of unity, we must solve
x3 = 1
, x3 1 = ⇣0 ⌘⇣ ⌘
p p
3 3
, (x 1) x + 12 + 2
i x+ 1
2 2
i =0
p p
3
, x = 1, 12 2
i, 12 + 23 i.
These are the cube roots of unity.
Notation: Let Greek letter omega p denote, one of the non real
cube roots of unity. Let ! = 2 + 23 i.
1

Note that ! 3 = 1 ) ! 6 = 1 ) (! 2 )3 = 1.
) ! 2 is also a cube
⇣ root of ⌘unity.
p 2 p
1 3 1 3
Note that ! 2 = 2
+ 2
i = 2 2
i.
Activity3: Compute the cube roots of unity using Polar
representation.
Let z = (r, ✓). Let z be a cube root of unity.
) z3 = 1
) (r, ✓)3 = (1, 0)
) (r3 , 3✓) = (1, 0)
) r3 = 1 and 3✓ = 0 + 2⇡k, k 2 Z
) r = 1 and ✓ = 0, 2⇡ 3
, 4⇡
3
.
2⇡ 4⇡
Hence (1, 0), (1, 3 ), (1, 3 ) are the required cube roots of unity.
Now, using (r, ✓) = r cos ✓ + ir sin ✓, obtain the cube roots of unity
in the Cartesian form.
(1, 0) = 1 cos 0 + i(1 sin 0) = 1.
p
3
1, 2⇡
3
= 1 cos 2⇡
3
+ i1 sin 2⇡
3
= 1
2
+ 2
i =!
p
3
1, 4⇡
3
= 1 cos 4⇡
3
+ i1 sin 2⇡
3
= 1
2 2
i = !2.
2
Activity4: Show that ! = ! .
Activity5: Show that ! 1 = ! 2 .
From Activity4 and Activity5 we deduce that
(i) Non-real cube roots of unity are reciprocals of each other.
(ii)Non-real cube roots of unity are conjugates of each other.
We already know that the sum of the n, n-th roots of unity is zero.
For the case n = 3 we obtain, 1 + ! + ! 2 = 0.
Activity6: Factorise a3 b3 completely.
We will treat a3 b3 as a polynomial in a.
Let P (a) = a3 b3 .
Consider p(b) =p b3 b3 = 0.
Let ! = 12 + 23 i be complex cube root of unity.
Consider P (b!) = (b!)3 b3 = b3 ! 3 b3 = b3 b3 = 0.
Consider P (b! 2 ) = (b! 2 )3 b3 = b3 ! 6 b3 = b3 b3 = 0.
) b, b!, b! 2 are distinct roots of p(a) = 0.
) Factor theorem gives,
a3 b3 = (a b)(a b!)(a b! 2 ).
Activity7: Factorise a3 + b3 completely.
Consider the polynomial p(a) = a3 + b3 .
Roots of p(a) = 0 are b, b!, b! 2 .
) a3 + b3 = (a ( b))(a ( b!))(a ( b! 2 ))
= (a + b)(a + b!)(a + b! 2 ).
Activity8: Factorise a3 + b3 + c3 3abc completely.
We already have a3 + b3 + c3 3abc
= (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca) (why?)
p
1 3
Method1: We will use cube root of unity ! = 2
+ 3
i to find
the other factors. Notice that
(b!)3 = b3 , (c! 2 )3 = c3 , 3abc = 3a(b!)(c! 2 ). This gives us,
a3 + b3 + c3 3abc
= a3 + (b!)3 + (c! 2 )3 3a(b!)(c! 2 ).
= (a+b!+c! 2 )⇥(a2 +(b!)2 +(c! 2 )2 a(b!) (b!)(c! 2 ) (c! 2 )(a)).
By interchanging positions of ! and ! 2 we obtain.
a3 + b3 + c3 3abc
= a3 + (b! 2 )3 + (c!)3 3a(b! 2 )(c!)
= (a+b! 2 +c!)(a2 +(b! 2 )2 +(c!)2 (a)(b! 2 ) (b! 2 )(c!) (c!)(a)).
Last three factorisations indicate that we consider the product
(a + b + c)(a + b! + c! 2 )(a + b! 2 + c!)
= (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 + ab(! + ! 2 ) + bc(! + ! 2 ) + ca(! + ! 2 ))
= (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca)
= a3 + b3 + c3 3abc.
Method2: We will use the method of completing the square(MCS).
Consider a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca.
Consider it as a polynomial in a.
Let p(a) = a2 (b + c)a + (b2 + c2 bc).
p(a) = a2 (b + c)(a) + (b2 + c2 bc)
b+c 2 b+c 2
= a2 2(a) 2
+ b+c 2 2
+ (b2 + c2 bc)
2 2 2
= a b+c2
+ 3b +3c4 6bc
2 2
= a b+c2
(3i2 ) b 2 c
p p
= a b+c2
+ 3i b 2 c a b+c 2
3i b 2 c
⇣ ⇣ p ⌘ ⇣ p ⌘ ⌘
1 3 1 3
= a+ + 2 i b+ i c
⇣ ⇣2 p ⌘ ⇣2 2
p ⌘ ⌘
3
⇥ a+ 1
2 2
i b+ 1
2
+ 23 i c
2 2
= (a + b! + c! )(a + b! + c!).
Activity9: If n is an odd natural number which is not divisible by
3 then prove that:
(x + y)n xn y n is divisible by xy(x + y)(x2 + xy + y 2 ).
We will consider the given expression as a polynomial in x.
Let p(x) = (x + y)n xn y n .
We will use the factor theorem to obtain various factors of p(x).
Compute p(0). We obtain P (0) = 0
Compute p( y). We obtain p( y) = 0.
Compute p(!y).
p(!y) = (!y + y)n (!y)n y n
= (y(1 + !))n y n (! n + 1)
= ( ! 2 y)n y n (1 + ! n )
= y n ! 2n y n (1 + ! n )
= y n (1 + ! n + ! 2n )
= y n (0) (why?)
Note that as n is not a multiple of 3, we can take n = 3k + 1 or
n = 3k + 2.
case(i) n = 3k + 1.
! n = ! 3k+1 = (! 3 )k ! = !.
(! 2 )n = (! n )2 = ! 2 .
case(ii) n = 3k + 2.
! n = ! 3k+2 = (! 3 )k ! 2 = ! 2 .
(! 2 )n = (! n )2 = (! 2 )2 = !.
In either case, ! n and ! 2n will be ! and ! 2 in some order.
Thus 1 + ! n + ! 2n = 1 + ! + ! 2 = 0.
Compute p(! 2 y). We obtain P (! 2 y) = 0
Hence (x 0), (x ( y)), (x !y), (x ! 2 y) are factors of p(x).
Hence
(x 0)(x ( y))(x !y)(x ! 2 y)
= x(x + y)(x2 (! + ! 2 )y + ! 3 y 2 )
= x(x + y)(x2 + xy + y 2 ) is a factor of p(x).
By symmetry consideration, y is also a factor of given expression.
Hence we deduce the xy(x + y)(x2 + xy + y 2 ) is a factor of given
expression.
Homework: Let 1, !, ! 2 be cube roots of unity. Show that,
H1: (1 ! + ! 2 )(1 ! 2 + ! 4 )(1 ! 4 + ! 8 ) · · · to 2n factors = 22n .
H2: (a + b! + c! 2 )3 + (a + b! 2 + c!)3
= (2a b c)(2b c a)(2c a b)
= 27abc if a + b + c = 0
H3: 1 · (2 !)(2 ! 2 ) + 2 · (3 !)(3 ! 2 ) + 3(4 !)(4 !2)
n2 (n+1)2
+ · · · + (n 1)(n !)(n !2) = 4
n.
2 2
a + b! + c! a + b! + c!
H4: 2
+ = 1.
b + c! + a! c + a! + b! 2
H5: Find all the integral values of n satisfying the equation:
n
(i) (1 i)n = 2 2
(ii) (1 + i)n = (1 i)n .
H6: Prove that (x + y)5 x5 y 5 = 5xy(x + y)(x2 + xy + y 2 ).
H7: Let A = (2, 5) and B = (4, 1). Construct the square ABCD
which is oriented in anticlockwise sense. Find coordinates of C and
D
STD X-Lecture 36 M. Prakash Academy
Geometry and Complex Numbers:
Definition: A line segment whose one end point is designated as
the initial point and the other as the terminal point is called a
directed line segment or a vector.
A vector whose initial point is A and terminal point is B is denoted
!
by AB .
It is read as vector AB.
!
Remark: The symbol AB, now has two possible interpretations.
It could be a ray or a vector. From the context of the discussion,
we will always be able to decide which meaning is intended in a
given situation.
!
Definition: Consider AB. If A ⌘ B, then AB is called the zero
!
vector. We will denote it be 0 , or 0 also.
!
Definition: Consider AB . Then AB is called the magnitude of
!
the vector AB .
!
Pictorial Representation of a Vector: Consider vector AB .
We draw the line segment AB and draw an arrow at the point B
to indicate that it is the terminal point.
!
With every non-zero vector AB we associate
!
(1) magnitude of AB given by AB and
!
(2) direction of AB , which is indicated by the movement of a par-
ticle, starting from initial point A and moving along AB, towards
the terminal point B.
Equality of two Vectors: All zero vectors are defined to be equal.
Two non zero vectors are defined to be equal if and only if they
have equal magnitude and the same direction.
! !
Example: Consider a parallelogram ABCD. Then AB = DC
! !
and AD = BC .
Position vector of a point: One of the points in the space is
chosen as origin (say) O. Then position vector of any point P is
!
simply OP .
! !
Opposite of a vector AB is defined to be vector BA .
Remark: Opposite vectors have equal magnitudes, but have op-
posite directions.
Notation: It is customary to denote vectors by a, b, c etc. Any
directed line segment having magnitude equal to that of a, and
having same direction as that of a is said to represent a.
Remark: A given vector a has infinitely many representations.
Addition of two vectors a, b, taken in this order, is denoted by
a + b and is constructed as follows.
! !
Let OA = a and AB = b. (Note that terminal point of represen-
tation of a coincides with the initial point of representation of b.)
!
Then a + b = OB .
This is called the Triangle Law of Addition. (TLA).
Theorem: Consider vector a and b. Then a + b = b + a.
! !
Proof: Let OA and AC represent a, b respectively.
Complete the parallelogram OACB.
By definition of equality of two vectors,
! ! ! !
a = OA = BC and b = OB = AC .
! !
Applying TLA to OA and AC in that order, we get,
! ! !
a + b = OA + AC = OC · · · (I)
! !
Applying TLA to OB and BC in that order, we obtain,
! ! !
b + a = OB + BC = OC · · · (II)
From (I) and (II) we obtain a + b = b + a.
Remark: From the proof of the above theorem, we deduce the
Parallelgram Law of addition of vectors.
! !
Let OA and OB represent vectors. a and b respectively. Complete
the parallelogram OACB.
!
Then a + b = OC .
Invitation: We invite you to formulate and prove the Associative
Law of Addition of Vectors.
Subtraction of two vectors a, b, taken in that order, is denoted by
a b and is given by a + ( b), where b is the opposite of b.
! !
Theorem: Let a, b be denoted by OA and OB .
!
Then AB = b a.
! !
Proof 1: Draw OD = OA . Complete parallelogram ODEB.
! ! ! ! !
b a = b + ( a) = OB + OD = OB + BE = OE · · · (i)
Note that 2OABE is also a parallelogram.
! !
Hence AB = OE · · ·(ii)
!
From (i) and (ii) AB = b a.
! ! !
Proof 2: By TLA, OA + AB = OB
! ! !
) AB + OA = OB
 ! ! ! ! !
) (AB + OA ) + AO = OB + AO
! ! ! ! !
) AB + (OA + AO) = OB + ( OA)
!
) AB + O = b a
!
) AB = b a.
Remark: Consider z1 = (x1 , y1 ) = x1 + iy1 .
Let point P1 $ (x1 , y1 ).
!
We can now associate OP1 with z1 .
!
Consider P2 $ (x2 , y2 ) = z2 . Associate OP2 $ z2 .
! !
We note that OP1 + OP2 $ z1 + z2 , that is addition of vectors
and complex numbers is analogous.
Parallelogram Law: Consider the parallelogram OA1 P A2 in the
complex plane. From school geometry, recall
E 2 P T : OA21 + A1 P 2 + P A22 + A2 O2 = OP 2 + A1 A22 .
We will prove it using complex numbers.
Let A1 $ z1 and A2 $ z2 . Draw your own figure.
! !
Note that, A1 A2 $ z2 z1 and OP $ z1 + z2 .
Consider |z1 + z2 |2 = (z1 + z2 )(z1 + z2 ) = (z1 + z2 )(z1 + z2 )
= z1 z1 + z1 z2 + z2 z1 + z2 z2
= |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 + z1 z2 + z2 z1 · · · (i)
Consider |z1 z2 |2 = (z1 z2 )(z1 z2 ) = (z1 z2 )(z1 z2 )
= z1 z2 z1 z2 z2 z1 + z2 z2
= |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 z1 z2 z2 z1 · · · (ii)
Now OP 2 + A1 A21
! !
= |OP |2 + |A1 A2 |2
= |z1 + z2 |2 + |z1 z2 |2
= 2|z1 |2 + 2|z2 |2 · · · from (i) and (ii)
= OA21 + A1 P 2 + P A22 + A2 O2 .
Activity1: Plot P $ z = (x, y) = x + iy.
Let P M ?X-axis.
Plot Q $ zi = (x + iy)i = y + ix.
Let QN ?X-axis.
Prove that 4OM P ⇠ = 4QN O.
Deduce that OP = OQ and OP ?OQ.
Activitiy2: Let P $ z = (r, ✓).
Compute z · i using polar representation.
z · i = (r, ✓)(1, ⇡2 ) = (r · 1, ✓ + ⇡2 ) = (r, ✓ + ⇡2 ).
We deduce that, if P $ z then the e↵ect of multiplying z by i is,
!
it rotates OP in anticlockwise sense through a right angle about
the origin.
We define cis (↵) = cos ↵ + i sin ↵.
Note that |cis (↵)| = 1.
) The polar representation of cis (↵) is (1, ↵).
Let P $ z and Q $ z· cis ↵ = (r, ✓)(1, ↵) = (r, ✓ + ↵)
!
That is the e↵ect of multiplying z by cis(↵) is to rotate OP anti-
clockwise, about O, through an angle of measure ↵.
!
Notation: Consider AB .
! !
Obtain a vector AC by rotating AB about A in anticlockwise
sense through 30 .
! !
We will denote it as AC = Rot (AB , A, 30 ).
!
What does Rot (BA , B, 40 ) mean?
!
It represents a vector which is obtained by rotating vector BA
about B in clockwise sense through an angle of measure 40 .
STD X-Lecture 36 Contd. M. Prakash Academy
Geometry and Complex Numbers:
Activity3: Let A = (2, 5) and B = (4, 1). Construct the square
ABCD which is oriented in anticlockwise sense. Compute coordi-
nates of C and D using complex numbers.

Let A $ a, B $ b, C $ c, D $ d.
) a = (2, 5) = 2 + 5i and b = (4, 1) = 4 + i.
To find D.
! ! !
OD = OA + AD
! !
= OA + Rot (AB , A, 90 )
= a + (b a)i
= 2 + 5i + (4 + i 2 5i)i
= 2 + 5i + (2 4i)i
= 6 + 7i. ) D ⌘ (6, 7).
Compute C on your own.
! ! !
OC = OB + BC
! !
= OB + Rot (BA , B, 90 )
= b + (a b)( i)
= 4 + i + (2 + 5i 4 i)( i)
= 4 + i ( 2 + 4i)i
= 8 + 3i ) C ⌘ (8, 3).
Cross Check: Use the four triangles in a square configuration to
verify whether above computations are correct.
Activity4: Let A = (2, 5) and B = (4, 1).
4ABE is an equilateral triangle oriented anticlockwise. Find E.
! ! !
OE = OA + AE
! !
= OA + Rot (AB , A, 60 ).
!
= OA + (b a) cis (60 )
= (2 + 5i) + (4 + i 2 5i)(cos
p
60 + i sin 60)
1 3
= (2 + 5i) + (2 4i)( 2 + p2 i)
= (2 + 5i) + (1 2i)(1p + p3i)
= (2 + 5i)p + (1 +p2 3) + ( 3 2)i p p
= (3 + 2 3) + ( 3 + 3)i. ) E ⌘ (3 + 2 3, 3 + 3).
Homework:
From Friday 5th November, 2010 we will be assigning Daily
Workout. As you did during summer, check our
website: www.mprakashacademy.co.in every day, download a new
problem set and solve it.
Those who do not have access to internet can take problem-set from
their friends or visit Kothrud office between 8 a.m to 12 noon.
Wish you all a Happy Diwali and a meaningful vacation.
STD X-Lecture 37 M. Prakash Academy
Applications of Complex Numbers to Trigonometry.
Consider an A.P. < an > whose common di↵erence is d.
We have already proved that
Xn
sin( a1 +a
2
n
) sin(n d2 )
S= sin(ak ) = · · ·(1)
k=1
sin( d2 )
n
X cos( a1 +a
2
n
) sin(n d2 )
C= cos(ak ) = · · ·(2)
k=1
sin( d2 )
Let us derive these formulae using complex numbers.
Where do we start?
Consider complex number z = (r, ✓) = r(cos ✓ + i sin ✓). This sug-
gests that we choose r = 1 and consider numbers of the type
cis✓ = cos ✓ + i sin ✓. This also suggests that rather than deriv-
ing two separate formulae we consider the complex number
Xn
Z = C + iS = (cos(ak ) + i sin(ak )).
k=1
Compute the sum. The real part of sum will give C and imaginary
part of sum will give S.
n
X
How do we simplify Z = (cos ak + i sin ak )?
k=1
We observe that
zk = cos ak + i sin ak = (1, ak ) for 1  k  n.
How do we use that fact that < ai > form an A.P.?
Note that z1 = (1, a1 ).
z2 = (1, a1 + d) = (1, a1 )(1, d).
z3 = (1, a1 + 2d) = (1, a1 )(1, 2d) = (1, a1 )(1, d)2
Hurray!!
Xn
Z= zk and < zk > is a G.P. with common ratio equal to (1, d).
k=1
Let a = (1, a1 ) and r = (1, d).
Then Z = a + ar + ar2 + · · · arn 1
rn 1 (1, d)n 1
=a = (1, a1 ) .
r 1 (1, d) 1
We invite you to simplify this independentally.
The real part will give us C and the imaginary part will give us S.
Tools:
1
T1; (1, ✓) = (1, ✓) = (1, ✓).
T2: (1, ✓)(1, ✓) = 2i sin ✓.
(1, d)n 1
Z = (1, a1 )
(1, d) 1

(1, d2 )2n 1
= (1, a1 )
(1, d2 )2 1

(1, d2 )n ((1, d2 )n (1, d2 ) n )

= (1, a1 ) ·
(1, d2 ) ((1, d2 ) (1, d2 ) 1 )

d n 1
((1, d2 )n (1, d2 )n )
= (1, a1 )(1, 2
)
((1, d2 ) (1, d2 ))

2i sin(n d2 )
= (1, a1 + (n 1) d2 )
2i sin( d2 )

nd
a1 +an sin( 2 )
= (1, 2 )
sin( d2 )
cos( a1 +a2
n
) sin( nd
2
)
Hence, Re(Z) = d
= C and
sin( 2 )
sin( a1 +a
2
n
) cos( nd 2
)
Im(Z) = d
= S.
sin( 2 )
We invite you to prove the following wonderful result.
Let P1 P2 P3 · · · Pn be a regular n-gon inscribed in a circle of radius
R. Then (P1 P2 )(P1 P3 )(P1 P4 ) · · · (P1 Pn ) = nRn .
Hint: WLG we can take R = 1 and choose P1 at (1, 0).
Then P2 (↵2 ), P3 (↵3 ), · · · , Pn (↵n ) correspond to n-th roots of unity
other than 1.
Note that
z n 1 = (z 1)(z n 1 + z n 2 + · · · + z + 1)
) (z ↵2 )(z ↵2 ) · · · (z ↵n ) = (z n 1 + z n 2 + · · · + z + 1)
) Putting z = 1 we get
(1 ↵2 )(1 ↵3 ) · · · (1 ↵n ) = n
) |1 ↵2 | |1 ↵3 | · · · |1 ↵n | = n ) (P1 P2 )(P1 P3 ) · · · (P1 Pn ) = n.
 10
X ✓ ◆
2⇡
Activity1: Evaluate E = cos k .
k=1
11
Where do we come across angles of the type 2⇡ 11
?
These angles occur in the 11th roots of unity.
The entire least of 11th roots of unity is cos 2⇡
11
k + i sin 2⇡
11
k as
1  k  11.
Use this information to find the value of E.
We know that sum of all the 11th roots of unity is zero.
Hence, the sum of the real parts of the 11th roots of unity is zero.
X11 ✓ ◆
2⇡
) cos k =0
k=1
11
X10 ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
2⇡ 2⇡
) cos k = cos 11 = cos(2⇡) = 1.
k=1
11 11
X6 ✓ ◆
2⇡
Activity2: Evaluate E = cos k .
k=1
13
This expression is similar to the one in Activity1. Can we TKP?
Note that 2⇡ 13
(1) + 2⇡
13
(12) = 2⇡13
(13) = 2⇡.
) cos 2⇡
13
(1) = cos 2⇡ 13
(12) .
In general cos 13 k = cos 2⇡
2⇡
13
(13 k) .
X 6 ✓ ◆ X 6 ✓ ◆ X12 ✓ ◆
2⇡ 2⇡ 2⇡
) cos k = cos (13 k) = cos k
k=1
13 k=1
13 k=7
13
X 12 ✓ ◆
2⇡
) 2E = cos k = 1.
k=1
13
) E = 12 .
Is there a geometrical interpretation of result in Activity2?
Consider the equation x13 1 = 0.
This is a polynomial with real coefficients.
Hence its complex roots occur in conjugate pairs.
Now conjugate of cos ✓ + i sin ✓ is cos ✓ i sin ✓. But it can also be
written as cos(2⇡ ✓) + i sin(2⇡ ✓).
Note that the real part of the conjugate roots are equal.
Plot all the 13 roots of x13 1 = 0 on the unit circle. With this
graph in mind, we can see that E = 12 .
 10
X ◆ ✓
2⇡
Activity3: Evaluate E = sin k .
k=1
11
X6 ✓ ◆
2⇡
Activity4: Evaluate E = sin k .
k=1
13
Homework:
q
a+ib a2 +b2
1 If x + iy = c+id
, prove that (x2 + y 2 )2 = c2 +d2
.
2 If the cube roots of unity are 1, w, w2 , then the roots of the
equation (x 1)3 + 8 = 0 are
(a) 1, 1 + 2w, 1 + 2w2 (b) 1, 1 2w, 1 2w2
(c) 1, 1, 1 (d) N. O. T.
n
3 The smallest positive integer n for which 1+i
1 i
= 1 is
(a) n = 8 (b) n = 12 (c) n = 16 (d) N.O.T.
4 Find the real values of x and y for which the following equation
is satisfied (1+i)x
3+i
2i
+ (2 33i)y+i
i
= i.
5 True or False? For complex numbers z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 =
x2 + iy2 , we write z1 \ z2 , if x1  x2 and y1  y2 . Then for all
complex numbers z with 1 \ z, we have 11+zz \ 0.
6 The complex numbers z = x + iy which satisfy the equation
z 5i
z+5i
= 1 lie on
(a) the x axis (b) the straight line y = 5
(c) a circle passing through the origin (d) N. O. T.
7 A relation R on the set of complex numbers is defined by z1 Rz2
if and only if zz11 +zz22 is real. Show that R is an equivalence relation.
⇣p ⌘5 ⇣ p ⌘5
8 If z = 23 + 2i + 23 2i , then
(a) Re(z) = 0 (b) Im(z) = 0,
(c) Re(z) > 0, Im(z) > 0, (d) Re(z) > 0, Im(z) < 0.
9 If z = x + iy and w = (1 iz)/(z i), then |w| = 1 implies that,
in the complex plane,
(a) z lies on the imaginary axis (b) z lies on the real axis
(c) z lies on the unit circle (d) N. O. T.
10 The points z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 in the complex plane are the vertices of
a parallelogram taken in order if and only if
(a) z1 + z4 = z2 + z3 (b) z1 + z3 = z2 + z4
(c) z1 + z2 = z3 + z4 (d) N. O. T.
11 Prove that the complex numbers z1 , z2 and the origin form an
equilateral triangle only if z12 + z22 z1 z2 = 0.
12 If the complex numbers z1 , z2 and z3 represent the vertices of an
equilateral triangle such that |z1 | = |z2 | = |z3 | then z1 + z2 + z3 6= 0.
(T/F?)
13 If 1, a1 , a2 , · · · , an 1 are the n roots of unity, then show that
(1 a1 )(1 a2 )(1 a3 ) · · · (1 an 1 ) = n.
14 If z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id are complex numbers such that
|z1 | = |z2 | = 1 and Re(z1 z¯2 ) = 0, then the pair of complex numbers
w1 = a + ic and w2 = b + id satisfies.
(A) |w1 | = 1 (B) |w2 | = 1 (C) Re(w1 w̄2 ) = 0 (D) N. O. T.
15 True or False?
If three complex numbers are in A.P. then they lie on a circle in
the complex plane.
16 Let z1 and z2 be complex numbers such that z1 6= z2 and |z1 | =
|z2 |. If z1 has positive real part and z2 has negative imaginary part,
then zz11 +zz22 , may be
(A) zero (B) real and positive (C) real and negative
(D) purely imaginary (E) N. O. T.
17 Show that the area of the triangle on the Argand diagram formed
by the complex numbers z, iz and z + iz is 12 |z|2 .
18 Complex numbers z1 , z2 , z3 are the vertices A, B, C respectively
of an isosceles right angled triangle with right angle at C. Show
that (z1 z2 )2 = 2(z1 z3 )(z3 z2 ).
19 If z1 and z2 are two nonzero complex numbers such that
|z1 + z2 | = |z1 | + |z2 |, then arg z1 arg z2 is equal to
(A) ⇡ (B) ⇡2 (C) 0 (D) ⇡2 (E) ⇡.
6
X
20 The value of sin 2⇡k
7
i cos 2⇡k
7
is
k=1
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) i (D) i (E) N. O. T.
21 True or False?
The cube roots of unity when represented on Argand diagram form
the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
22 The complex numbers sin x + i cos 2x and cos x i sin 2x are
conjugate to each other, for
(A) x = n⇡ (B) x = n + 12 ⇡ (C) x = 0 (D) no value of x.
23 For any two complex numbers z1 , z2 and any real numbers a and
b |az1 bz2 |2 + |bz1 + az2 |2 = · · · .
24 If ↵, , are the cube roots of p, p < 0, then for any x, y and z,
x↵ + y + z
= ···.
x + y + z↵
25 If 0 < a, b < 1 such that the points z1 = a + i, z2 = 1 + bi and
z3 = 0 form an equilateral triangle, then a = · · · and b = · · · .
26 Let Z1 = 10+6i and Z2 = 4+6i. If Z is any complex number such p
that the argument of ZZ ZZ12 is ⇡/4, then prove that |Z 7 9i| = 3 2.
27 z 6= 0 is a complex number
Column 1 Column 2
(i) Re z = 0 (A) Re z 2 = 0
(ii) Arg z = ⇡/4 (B) Im z 2 = 0
(C) Re z 2 = Im z 2 .
28 ABCD is a rhombus. Its diagonals AC and BD intersect at the
point M and satisfy BD = 2AC. If the points D and M represent
the complex numbers 1 + i and 2 i respectively, then A represents
the complex number · · · or · · · .
29 Suppose Z1 , Z2 , Z3 are the vertices of p an equilateral triangle
inscribed in the circle |Z| = 2. If Z1 = 1 + i 3 then
Z2 = · · · .Z3 = · · · .
30 If !(6= 1) is a cube root of unity and (1 + !)7 = A + B!, then
A and B are respectively the numbers: (1)
(a) 0, 1 (b) 1, 1 (c) 1, 0 (d) 1, 1.
31 Let z and w be two non-zero complex numbers such that
|z| = |w| and arg z + arg w = ⇡. Then z equals (1)
(a) w (b) w (c) w (d) w.
32 If iZ 3 + Z 2 Z + i = 0, then show that |Z| = 1.
33 If |Z|  1, |W |  1, show that
|Z W |2  (|Z| |W |)2 + (arg Z arg W )2 .
34 For positive integers n1 , n2 the value of the expressionp
(1 + i)n1 + (1 + i3 )n1 + (1 + i5 )n2 + (1 + i7 )n2 , where i = 1 is a
real number if and only if
(A) n1 = n2 + 1 (B) n1 = n2 1 (C) n1 = n2 (D) n1 > 0, n2 > 0.
35 Find all non-zero complex numbers Z satisfying Z̄ = iZ 2 .
36 Let b̄z + bz̄ = c, b 6= 0, be a line in the complex plane, where
b̄ is the complex conjugate of b. If a point z1 is the reflection of a
point z2 through the line, then show that c = z¯1 b + z2 b̄.
37 Let z1 and z2 be roots of the equation z 2 + pz + q = 0, where
the co-efficients p and q may be complex numbers. Let A and B
represent z1 and z2 in the complex plane. If \AOB = ↵ 6= 0 and
OA = OB, where O is the origin, prove that p2 = 4q cos2 ↵2 .
38 If ! is an imaginary cube root of unity, then (1 + ! ! 2 )7 equals
(A) 128! (B) 128! (C) 128! 2 (D) 128! 2 .
6i 3i 1
39 If 4 3i 1 = x + iy, then
20 3 i
(A) x = 3, y = 1 (B) x = 1, y = 3 (C) x = 0, y = 3
(D) x = 0, y = 0.
13
X p
40 The value of the sum (in + in+1 ), where i = 1, equals
n=1
(A) i (B) i 1 (C) i (D) 0.
p ⇣ p ⌘334 ⇣ p ⌘365
1 i 3 1 i 3
41 If i = 1, then 4 + 5 2
+ 2
+ 3 2
+ 2
is equal
to p p p p
(A) 1 i 3 (B) 1 + i 3 (C) i 3 (D) i 3.
42 For complex numbers z and w, prove that |z|2 w |w|2 z = z w
if and only if z = w or z w̄ = 1.
43 If arg(z) < 0, then arg( z) arg(z) =
(A) ⇡ (B) ⇡ (C) ⇡2 (D) ⇡2 .
44 If z1 , z2 , z3 are complex numbers such that
|z1 | = |z2 | = |z3 | = z11 + z12 + z13 = 1, then |z1 + z2 + z3 | is
(A) equal to 1 (B) less than 1 (C) greater than 3 (D) equal to 3.
45 Let z1 and z2 be nth roots of unity which subtend a right angle
at the origin. Then n must be of the form
(A) 4k + 1 (B) 4k + 2 (C) 4k + 3 (D) 4k.
p
z1 z3 1 i 3
46 The complex numbers z1 , z2 and z3 satisfying =
z2 z3 2
are the vertices of a triangle which is
(A) of area zero (B) right-angled isosceles
(C) equilateral (D) obtuse-angled isosceles.
 p 1 1 1
1 3
47 Let ! = 2
+i 2
.Then the value of 1 1 ! !2
2
is
1 !2 !4
(A) 3! (B) 3!(! 1) (C) 3! 2 (D) 3!(1 !).
48 For all complex numbers z1 , z2 satisfying |z1 | = 12 and
|z2 3 4i| = 5, the minimum value of |z1 z2 | is
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 7 (D) 17.
49 Let a complex number ↵, ↵ 6= 1, be a root of the equation
z p+q z p z q + 1 = 0, where p, q are distinct primes. Show that
either 1 + ↵ + · · · + ↵p 1 = 0 or 1 + ↵ + · · · + ↵q 1 = 0, but not
both together.
z 1
50 If |z| = 1 and ! = z+1
(where z 6= 1), then Re(!) is
p
1 z 1 2
(A) 0 (B) |z+1|2
(C) z+1
· |z+1|2
(D) |z+1|2
.
51 If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers such that |z1 | < 1 < |z2 |
then prove that 1z1 z1zz2¯2 < 1.
52 If !(6= 1) be a cube root of unity and (1 + ! 2 )n = (1 + ! 4 )n ,
then the least positive value of n is
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 6.
53 Find the centre and radius of the circle formed by all the points
represented by z = x + iy satisfying the relation |z
|z
↵|
|
= k (k 6= 1)
where ↵ and are constant complex numbers give by ↵ = ↵1 +
i↵2 , = 1 + i 2 .
Answers
2b 3d 4 x = 3, y = 1 5T 6a 8b 9b 10 b
12 F 14 A,B,C 15 F 16 A,D 19 C 20 D 21 T
p
22 D 23 (a2 + b2 )(|z12 + |z22 |) 24 ! or ! 2 25 a = 2 ± 3,
p
b = 2 ± 3 27 (i) B, (ii) A 28 3 12 i or 1 32 i
p
29 z2 = 2, z3 = 1 3i 30 b 31 d 34 D
p p
3 i 3 i
35 z = i, 2
, 2
38 D 39 D 40 B 41 C 43 A 44 A
45 D 46 C 47 B 48 B 50 A 52 B
↵ k2
p
53 c = 1 k2
, radius= |1 kk2 | (↵1 2
1 ) + (↵2
2
2) .