Steel Structures

CEN 3113 (2+1)

Lecture 6 (1): Plate Girders

University of Central Punjab

 PLATE GIRDER
 A plate girder is a beam built-up from separate plate
elements
l t welded
ld d or riveted
i t d together.
t th
 Simplest plate girder is a combination of two flanges
andd one webb plates
l t properly l connected
t d together,
t th
while stiffener plates may be added in some girders to
improve the stability.
stability
 Moment is taken by the flanges and shear is resisted
by the web.
web
 Flange plates may be made compact or non-compact
but the web is made slender in majority of the large
plate girders.
2
 Hence, the depth over thickness ratio of the web is
always greater than 161.2 but it should not be more
than 320, when A36 steel is employed.
 This arrangement of plates in which the flanges are
designed for moment and web is designed for shear
help to achieve efficient cross-section
cross section than is possible
with rolled sections.
 The other most important component of plate girders
is stiffeners used to provide indirect stability to non-
compact
p web.
 Plate girders are economical where spans are long
enough to permit saving in cost by proportioning for
the particular requirements.
3
 Labour cost for assembling such a girder is
generally higher than that by using hot rolled
sections which may offset the saving in material
sections,
cost for short span beams.
 Pl
Plate girders
id may be
b off riveted,
i d bolted,
b l d or welded
ld d
type, as shown in Figures 6.1 and 6.2, depending
upon economy,
economy construction time and field
conditions.

4
5
PLATE GIRDER BRIDGE ON RIVER RAVI

6
Flange
g Plate
B i Stiffener
Bearing Stiff Pl
Plates
t
tf

Web
h
tw Web Intermediate
Plate Stiffener Plate

tf
bf a
Weld

Figure 6.2. A Typical Welded Plate Girder.

7
PLATE GIRDER IN
BULIDING STRUCTURE
Beacon House DHA Phase VI
Designed by
(Izhar Group of Companies)
8
 SPAN LENGTHS
 Pl
Plate
t girders
id are economical
i l for
f railroad
il d bridges,
b id which
hi h
are subjected to heavy loads, for spans in the range of 14
to 40 m.
m
 For highway bridges, this economical range is 24 to 46m.
 They are often very competitive for much longer spans,
spans
particularly when continuous.
 Plate girders are common for 60 m spans and have been
used for many spans in excess of 120 m.
 Trusses become more economical for spans p larger
g than
the economical span range of the plate girders.
 These are also used in buildings g for larger
g spans
p and
heavy loads, for example, in case of heavy crane runway
girders. 9
DIFFERENCES FROM AN ORDINARY BEAM
1. Girder is a special type of beam.
2. Spans are bigger.
3. Loads are heavy.
4. Plate girder usually consists of built-up sections.
5. Main difference is that girder is actually a deep beam.
The web is usually very thin as compared to its depth.
Plate girders may be distinguished from beams on the
basis of the web slenderness ratio h/tw.
Generally ,For plate girders,
h t w  5.70 E / Fy
h/tw equal to 161.2 for A36 steel.
10
However, according to AISC F13.2,
h/tw ≤ 0.40 E / Fy for a/h > 1.5
(320 for A36 steel)

h t w  12.0 E / Fy for a/h  1.5

(339 for A36 steel)

6 Girder is a non-compact
6. non compact or slender section.
section Buckling
in webs due to diagonal compression caused by
sshear
ea mayay be aallowed
owed in suc
such ggirders.
de s. Post-buckling
ost buc g
strength is available in the presence of web
stiffeners.

11
TYPES OF PLATE GIRDERS
i Welded and riveted plate girder as shown earlier in
i.
Figures 6.1 and 6.2.
ii. Box g girders used for heavy y loads that can also resist
torsion to a large extent (Figure 6.3).
iii. Hybrid
y ggirders are shown in Figure
g 6.4 in which the
flanges are made up of high strength steel (A514
having Fy = 350 MPa) while the web may be made of
di
ordinary steell (A36 hhaving
i Fy = 22500 MPa).)

Fig. 6.3. Welded and riveted Box Fig 6.4. Hybrid Girder 12
Girder.
iv. Crane bridge girder is a special
type of plate girder used to
support the crane loads, as
shown in Fig.6.5. g Crane
runway girders provided in a
perpendicular direction to the
crane bridge at the ends may
also be plate girders. Fig 6.5. Crane Girder in
Industrial Building
Ind strial B ilding

v. N-Type girder, as in Fig. 6.6, may also be used for

special field requirements having stiffeners just like
vertical and diagonal members of a truss.
Fig 6.5. A Typical
N Type Girder
13
VAIORUS SHAPES OF PLATE GIRDER
BRIDGES

14
15
CRANE PLATE GIRDERS

16
vi. Prestressed girder is a plate girder in which prestressing
tendons are placed to apply moments opposite to the
expected moments due to loads (Fig. 6.7). Load carrying
capacity increases and the deflections reduce by using
prestressing.
t i
vii. Delta girder, shown in Fig. 6.8, may be used for more
stability of the compression flange.
flange
viii.Varying cross section girder having more depth in
regions of greater moment may be economical in certain
cases.

Fig 6.7. Simply Supported Prestress Girder Fig 6.8. A Typical

Delta Girder 17
PLATE GIRDERS COMPARED TO TRUSSES
1. The fabrication cost is lower than for trusses but higher
than for rolled beam sections.
2. Due to their relatively stronger axis stiffness, vibrations
and impact are not serious problems for plate girders.
3 Plate
3. Pl t girders
id require
i smallerll vertical
ti l clearance
l th
than
trusses.
4 Detailing for a truss and construction according to these
4.
details, especially for connections, is quite involved as
compared with plate girders.
5. In case of accident, such as striking of a truck to bridge
side fence,, the pplate ggirder mayy onlyy bend without
serious consequences.
18
 However, a similar occasion for a truss may break few
members makingg the structure unstable. Collapsep of
the structure may result under such conditions.
6 Maintenance including painting is easier in case of
6.
plate girders than in trusses.
7 Material cost for plate girders is usually higher than
7.
the material cost for the corresponding trusses.
However, the labour cost may be lesser in plate
girders.

PROPORTIONING OF THE SECTION

Proportioning the section means to decide the flange
and
d webb sizes
i andd to
t check
h k that
th t whether,
h th these
th sizes
i
provide the required strength. 19
According to AISC, the ratio of web area to the
compression flange area (aw) must not be more than 10.
The important requirements of proportioning may be
summarized as under:
under:-
1. Section modulus must be sufficient to resist the applied
bendingg moments at various sections of the ggirder.
2. The web with or without the help of the stiffeners must
provide adequate shear strength.
3. Moment of inertia must be sufficient to keep the
deflections within limits.
4. Lateral bending stiffness of the girder must be
sufficiently large to prevent lateral-torsional buckling.
5 Stability
5. St bilit mustt beb provided
id d to
t the
th non-compactt webb
through the use of bearing and intermediate stiffeners.
20
 Depth (h)
The height “h”
h (or depth) for welded plate girders is the
distance between inner ends of flanges, which varies between
L/6 to L/15 with most common values of L/10 to L/12.
For no depth restriction, economic design is obtained using
the following:
h  1.1M u  3 , ( mm)
1

Where, Mu = maximum factored moment in N-mm.

The depth must be selected in multiples of 25 mm.
Self Weight
g
Approximate self-weight in kN/m is given by the following
expressions:
where Mu is in the
selfweight  0.013M u 
0.67
kN-m units. 21
Web Thickness With Intermediate
Stiffeners
Plate girder design with slender webs is valid when
h t w  5.70 E / Fy
h/tw = 161.2
161 2 for A36 steel.
steel
 (tw)max = h /161.2
The minimum
Th i i web
b thickness,
hi k ((tw)min, should
h ld be
b maximum
i
out of the following tw1, tw2 and tw3:
1- For corrosion resistance
tw1 = 10 mm is a common minimum for unsheltered
girders while 6 or 8 mm are minimum values for
more sheltered building girders. 22
2- For vertical buckling of the compression flange
If the web of a plate-girder
plate girder is too slender,
slender the two sides of
the compression flange may buckle together in a vertical
pplane at a stress less than yyield stress.
This behaviour is different from
ordinaryy local flangeg buckling. g
Denoting the clear stiffener
spacing by a, following limitations
of the web sizing may be listed
that keeps the flange buckling
effect
ff t within
ithi limits:
li it
For a / h > 1.5 h tw max  0.4 E Fy (320 for A36 steel)

For a / h  1.5 h t w max  12.0 E / Fy (339 for A36 steel)

23
 The first value is more critical and may be used in
cases where the value of a/h is not exactly known
known.

 t w 2  h 320
3- To provide the required shear strength, considering 60%
of yield shear strength for slender web
web,
Vu Vu 1000
t w3  
0.6  v  0.6 Fy h 0.6  0.9  0.6  250 h
Vu
t w3  12.4 for A36 steel
h
The web thickness close to the minimum is selected, but is
rounded to the higher whole number millimetres up to 10
mm and then 12, 15, 18, 20, etc. mm.
24
 Flange Dimensions
Flange di
Fl dimensions
i may bbe ddecided
id d using
i the
th following
f ll i
Flange Area Formula:
M u b Aw
Af  
R pg Fcr h 6
where Mu is in N-mm
N mm and Rpg is the plate girder flexural
strength reduction coefficient, defined as under:
aw  hc E  hc t w
R pg  1   5.70  1 .0 aw   10

1200  300 aw  t w 
Fcr  b fc t fc
Where,
hc = twice the distance from the centroid to the nearest line
of fasteners at the compression flange or the inside
faces of the compression flange when welds are used 25
 bfc = width of the compression flange and
f = the thickness of the compression flange.
tfc flange
Assuming Rpg.Fcr  225 MPa, the required flange area
becomes:
Mu Aw
A f  0.0049  for A36 steel and Mu in N-mm
h 6
Flange width
Flange width
Fl idth andd thickness
thi k are decided
d id d from
f the
th calculated
l l t d
flange area such that the flange has width/thickness ratio ()
preferably less than or equal to r.
 = bf / 2tf
can be
b either t p for
ith kkeptt equall to f compactt flange
fl or even
greater than p, however, it may be kept lesser than r.
26
 p = 10.8 for A36 steel
F doubly
For d bl symmetric
t i sections:
ti
kc E
r  0.95 = 19 for A36 steel
0.7 Fy
4 kc value is between 0.35 and 0.76
kc 
h / tw (0.35 for slender webs)

For  = p : b f  2 p ( A f ) req

The
h flange
fl width
id h (bf) normally
ll varies
i between
b h/ to h/6
h/3 h/ at
maximum moment section.
If the
th above
b calculated
l l t d flange
fl width
idth is
i lesser
l than
th h/6,
h/6 then
th
use bf = h/6 may be used.
27
Greater width of the flange with lesser thickness creates
problems
bl associated
i d with i h FLB andd smaller
ll width
id h with
ih
larger thickness reduces the lateral strength of the girder,
making LTB more critical.
critical
A balance should be made between the two dimensions to
achieve nearly same strengths for both FLB and LTB
limit states.
The decided bf should
sho ld be rounded
ro nded to the nearest multiples
m ltiples
of 50 mm.
Further
F th the
th ratio
ti area tot the
th compression
i fl
flange area
should not be more than 10.

28
 Flange Thickness
( A f ) req bf
tf  Check:    r
(b f ) selected 2t f
The increments in flange plate thickness should be as follows:
tf  10 mm 2 mm
10 mm  tf  40 mm 12,15,18,20,…,38,40 mm
tf > 40 mm 5 mm
Related Definitions
1 Radius of Gyration (rt)
1.
b fc
The exact value rt  hc t w
 ho 1 h2 
aw 
of rt is : 12   aw  b fc t fc
 d 6 ho d  29
 ho = distance between the flange centroids.
rt = radius of gyration of a section comprising of the
compression flange plus 1/3rd of the compression web
area, taken about an axis in the plane of the web

t ffc b 3ffc / 12 b ffc

rt  
A fc  Aw / 6 121  aw / 6 

Wh
Where, Aw = h tw andd Afc = bfc  tfc

2 C
2. Compression
i Flange
Fl Slenderness
Sl d
Ratio For LTB =Lb / rt
3.
3 Bending
B di Coefficient
C ffi i t (Cb) defined
d fi d Figure 6.9. Section For
earlier for beams. Calculation of rt
30
 4. Elastic Section Modulus
Sxc = Sx with respect to the outside fibre of the
compression flange.
Sxt = Sx with respect to the outside fibre of the
t i flange.
tension fl
6. Plate Girder Flexural Strength Reduction Factor (Rpg)
This factor takes care of effect of the web instability on the
local stability of the flange.
Values Of Important Parameters
For LTB Limit State
Lb = unbraced length for the compression flange
L p  1.1 rt E / Fy  31.1 rt / 1000 (m) for A36 steel
Lr   rt E / 0.7 Fy  106 .2  rt / 1000 (m) for A36 steel
31
For FLB Limit State:
bf 4 between 0.35 and 0.76
 kc 
2t f h / tw 0.35 for slender webs)

E
 p  0.38 = 10.8 for A36 steel
Fy

kc E
r  0.95 = 19 for A36 steel
FL

Where, FL = 0.7 Fy for major axis bending of slender

web built-upp section.
WLB Limit State:
Thi limit
This li it state
t t is
i considered
id d dduring
i the
th stiffener
tiff design.
d i
32
Critical Compression Flange Stress For LTB (Fcr)
For Lb  Lp Fcr = Fy
  Lb  L p 
For Lp < Lb  Lr Fcr  Cb Fy 1  0.3    Fy
  L  L 
 r p 

Cb 2 E
For Lb > Lr Fcr   Fy
Lb rt 
2

Critical Compression Flange Stress For FLB (Fcr)

For   p Fcr = Fy
     pf 
For p <   r Fcr  Fy 1  0.3  
   
 rf pf 

For  > r 0.9 Ekc 63000 ffor slender

l d
Fcr  
 2
2 web sections
33
Plate Girder Bending Strength Reduction Factor (Rpg)
This reduction factor takes care of reduction in bending
strength due to thin or slender web.
A thin web attached to a flange may reduce the strength
provided by it and also that provided by the flange indirectly.

aw h E 
R pg  1   c
 5.70   1.0
1200  300 aw  t w Fy 
h t
aw  c w
b fc t fc
Where,
aw = ratio of web area to compression flange area.
hc = twice the distance from the centroid to the nearest line
of fasteners at the compression flange or the inside faces
of the compression flange when welds are used. 34
Nominal Flexural Strength (Mn)
If, h / t w  5.70 E / Fy find
fi d Mn as for
f a regular
l beam
b
with compact web.

If above condition is not satisfied, the nominal flexural

strength (Mn) is the lower value obtained from limit states
of tension flange yielding and compression flange buckling,
buckling
as follows:
For yielding of the tension flange,
flange
Mn = Sxt Fy / 106
For
o buc
buckling
li g of tthee co
compression
p essio flange,
fla ge,
Mn = Sxc Rpg Fcr / 106
where Fcr is taken as the smaller value for LTB and FLB
limit states.
Sxt = Sxc = Sx for doubly symmetrical I-sections35
 Cutting-Off Cover Plates In Riveted Girders
Or Reducingg Flange
g Area In Welded Girders
 In case of riveted plate girders, 2 or 3 flange plates
(called cover plates) along with a pair of angles are
selected for the flanges.
 Two of the cover plates may be cut off at locations
where the bending moment is sufficiently low. Each of
the pplate separately
p y must satisfyy bf / 2tf ratio limits.
 In case of welded plate girder, the flange plate can be
reduced in size where moment is lesser. The reduced
plate must separately satisfy the bf / 2tf ratio limits.
 Total area of cover plates of bolted girder should not
exceed the 70% of total area of flange.
36
 The extension of cover plates beyond the theoretical
cut-off point must be attached to girder by bolts weld
or slip critical connection
 In case of welded plate girder, the flange plate can be
reduced in size where moment is lesser. The reduced
plate must separately satisfy the bf / 2tf ratio limits.

Figure 6.10. Graphical Location of Theoretical cut-off locations

M = full moment capacity
M1 = moment capacity after 1st reduction in flange area
M2 = moment capacity after 2nd reduction in flange area 37
Example 6.1:
Proportion
p a pplate ggirder with a span
p of 20m to support
pp a
factored UDL (wu) of 70 kN/m in addition to self-load and
two factored concentrated loads (Pu) of 750 kN each located
7m from the roller and hinge supports at both ends. The
compression flange is laterally supported at ends and at the
points of concentrated loads.
loads The girder is unsheltered.
unsheltered
Solution:
Self
lf Weight,
h S.F. andd B.M. Diagrams
70  20 2
M u max  750  7   8750, kN  m
8
Selff weight
g  0.013 ((Mu)0.67 = 5.7 kN/m
Factored self weight = 1.2  5.7 = 6.9 kN/m
38
 Total factored UDL = 70 + 6.9 = 76.9 kN/m
(Mu)max = 9095 kN-m
kN : (Vu)max = 1519 kN

a) Depth Of Web:
1

h  1.1M u 
3

 
3
h  1.1 9095 10 6
h 2296 mm
h=
Say h= 2300
(multiples of 25 mm)

39
b) Thickness of Web with Intermediate Stiffeners:
1 (tw)min = 10 mm for corrosion control of unsheltered
1.
girders.
2. (tw)min
i = h /320 = 2300 / 320 = 7.19 mm
Vu  1000 Vu  1000
3. (tw)min = 
0.6  v  0.6  Fy .h 0.6  0.9  0.6  250  h
1519
tw min Vu
 12.4  12.4   8.2mm
h 2300
tw = maximum out of the above values rounded according
to the available sizes.
sizes
 tw = 10 mm
2300
t w max 
h
  14.27 mm  t w (OK)
161 .2 161 .5
40
 Trial Size Of Web = 230010 mm
c) Flange Dimensions:
Mu Aw 9095  10 6 2300  10
A f  0.0049   0.0049 
h 6 2300 6
Af = 15,543 mm2
 345 
Check If Lb   387   ( A f ) req
 Cb 
 345 
Lb  6000mm   387   15543  5236mm (NOT OK)
 1 

Lb = 6m is for the central Portion where Moment is maximum

A f .req 15,543
Af  
Cb (1.11  .0026 Lb / A f .req 1(1.11  .0026  6000 / 15,543

Af = 15,943 mm2 41
 b f  2 p ( A f ) req  2  10.7  15543  577
say bf = 600 mm (multiples of 50 mm)
Check If
h 2300
b f  600mm    384mm (OK)
6 6
Af 15543
tf    25.9mm say 28 mm
bf 600
bf 600
   10.71
1  r = 19 (OK)
2t f 2  28

Two Trial Flanges: 60028 mm Plates

Calculation of rt
3
t f .b f 12 28  (600) 3 12
rt    156mm
A f  Aw 6 28  600  (2300 10) 6
42
Moment of Inertia and Section Modulus
 3
Ix 
Af
h  t f 2  w
t h
2 12
600  28 10  23003
Ix  2300  28  2
 5,566,367 10 4 mm 4
2 12
2 Ix 2(5,566,367  10 4 )
S xt  S xc    47,253  10 3 mm 3
h  2t f 2300  2  28

Critical Compression Flange Stress (Fcr)

LTB – Portion AB and CD
Mx = 1519 x – 76.9 x2 / 2
Mmax = 8749.0 MA = 2540.5
MB = 4845.5 MC = 6915.0
12.5 M max
Cb 
2.5 M max  3 M A  4 M B  3 M C 43
 12.5  8749.0
Cb   1.57
2.5 (8749.0)  3 (2540.5)  4 (4845.5)  3 (6915.0)

Lb = 7.00 m
Lp = 0 0311 rt = 4.85
0.0311 4 85 m
m,
Lr = 0.1062 rt = 16.57 m

Lp = 4.85 < Lb = 7  Lr = 16.57  Inelastic Buckling

  Lb  L p 
Fcr  Cb Fy 1  0.3    Fy
  L  L 
 r p 

  7.00  4.85 
Fcr  1.57  250 1  0.3    370.9  Fy  250
  16.57  4.85 
Fcr = Fy = 250 MPa
Note: Full flange may be extended into these segment
44
LTB – Portion BC
Mx = 8749 + 230.7x - 79.6x2/2
Mmax = 9095.0 MA = 9008.5
MB = 9095.0 MC = 9008.0
12.5  9095
Cb   1.0
2.5  9095  3  9008.5  4  9095  3  9008.5

Lb = 6.00 m , Lp = 4.85 m , Lr = 16.57 m

Lp = 4.85 < Lb = 6.0  Lr = 16.57  Inelastic Buckling
  Lb  L p    6  4.85 
Fcr  Cb Fy 1  0.3     1 250 1  0.3    242.6
 
  Lr  L p    16.57  4.85 

Fcr = 242.6 ≤ Fy = 250 MPa

45
 Flange Local Buckling (FLB)
 = 10.71
10 71 , p = 10.8
10 8 ,
r = 19
 < p  Fcr = 250 MPa

Plate Girder Bendingg Strength

g Reduction Factor ((Rpg)):
h tw 2300  10
aw    1.37 aw < 10 (OK)
(b f t f ) comp. flange 600  28
aw h E 
R pg  1   5 .7   1. 0
1200  300 aw  t w Fy 

1.37  2300 2  10 5 
R pg  1   5.7   0.942
1200  300  1.37  10 250 
46
Check For Strength:
bMn = b Sxc Rpg Fcr / 106
= 0.9  47,253  103  0.942  242.6 / 106
= 9718.8 kN-m > ((Mu)max = 9095 kN-m ((OK))
Note: Up to 15% difference on safe side is OK, otherwise, revise
by reducing flange size.
size Less than 1% difference may be allowed
on unsafe side, otherwise, revise by selecting larger flanges.
Theoretical Location where Half Flange Area May be
Curtailed
Note: Reduced flange area is expected only in end panels for this
simply supported girder.
Half Flange Size
Reduced Af = (600 x 28) / 2 = 8,400 mm2
47
 Let bf  h/5 = 500 mm (larger than h /6)
8,400
tf   16.8 say 18 mm
500
500
  13.9  < r = 19 (OK)
2  18
Trial Reduced Flange z = 50018 mm
g Size

Calculation of rt (Reduced Flange)

3
t f .b f 12 18  (500)3 12
rt    121mm
A f  Aw 6 18  500  (2300 10) 6
Calculation Of Fcr (Reduced Flange)
LTB
Note: Only the exterior unbraced length has the reduced
flange for some part of its length. 48
 Lb = 6.00 m , Cb = 1.57
Lp = 0.0311rt = 0.0311x121
0.0311x121= 3.76 m
Lr = 0.1062rt = 0.1062x121 =12.85 m
Lp = 33.76 7 0  Lr = 12
76 < Lb = 7.0 85  Inelastic Buckling
12.85

  Lb  L p    7  3.76 
Fcr  Cb Fy 1  0.3     1.57  2501  0.3    350.53
 
  Lr  L p    12.85  3.76 
Fcr = 350.53 ≤ Fy = 250 Mpa
p
Thus, Fcr = Fy = 250 MPa
Flange Local Buckling (FLB)
 = 13.9 , p = 10.8 ,
r = 19
p <  < r  Inelastic Buckling 49
      p    13.9  10.7 
Fcr  Fy 1  0.3     250 1  0.3    221.08
 
  r   p    19  10.7 

Fcr = 221.08 ≤ Fy = 250 MPa

Determination of Rpg (Reduced Flange):
h tw 2300
2300  10
aw    2.56 aw < 10 (OK)
(b f t f ) comp. flange 500  18

aw h E 
R pg  1   5 .7  1.0

1200  300 aw  t w 
Fy 

2.56  2300 2  10 5 
R pg  1   5.7   0.91
1200  300  2.56  10 250 
50
Moment of Inertia and Section Modulus
 3
Ix  h  t f 2  w
Af t h
2 12
500  18 10  2300 3
Ix  2300  182 
2 12
I x  3,431,823  10 4 mm 4

2 Ix 2(3,431,823  10 4 )
S xt  S xc    29,382  10 3 mm 3
h  2t
2t f 2300  2  18

Check For Strength:

bMn = b Sxc Rpg Fcr / 106
= 0.9  23,382  103  0.91  221.08 / 106
= 5320 kN-m
51
Distance (x) Of Theoretical Cut-Off Point From End
Assumingg that cut-off ppoint lies within the end panel,
p ,
5320 = 1519x – 76.9x2/2
38.45 x2 – 1519 x + 5320 = 0
1519  1220.3
x  3 .9 m
2  38.45
2
At x = 3.9m (Mu = 5320 kN-m, Vu = 1219.1 kN)
Flange-To-Web
Fl T W b Weld
W ld
At the End (Calculate shear Stress at web-flange Junction)
 htf   2300  18 
Q  A f    500  18   14,431  10 , mm
3 3

 2   2 
Ix = 3,431,823  104 mm4
Vu = 1519 kN 52
 Vu Q 1519  10,431 103
Shear  Flow    0.462
Ix 3,431,823  10 4

Shear Flow = 0.462 kN/mm for welds on both faces

Shear Flow = 0.231 0 231 kN/mm for weld on one side
Weld Size
tp1 = thickness of web = 10 mm
tp2 = 18 or 28 mm , (tw)min = 5 mm
((tw)max = tp1 – 2 = 8 mm , ((tw)opt = 8 mm
 tw = 8 mm
Weld Value Using E 70 Electrode
1) 0.7580.70710.6495/1000 = 1.26 kN/mm
Rw= smaller of
2) 0.751010.6400/1000
0 751010 6400/1000 = 1.8
1 8 kN/mm

 Rw = 1.26 kN/mm 53
 Note:
Rw is significantly
g y ggreater than the calculated shear flow.
This means that intermittent weld is to be used in place of
continuous weld.
(lw)min = 4tw = 32 mm
Let, lw = 50 mm
x = c/c spacing of these welds
Average
ve ge weld
we d sstrength
e g  w  Rw = required strength

per unit length x per unit length

lw  Rw 50  1.26
x   272 mm
qv 0.231
Fig.
Fig 6.12.
6 12 Intermittent
Use 850 welds 250 mm c/c Flange-To-Web Weld.
54