Perfect Forms

Grammar C1
  HAVE + Past Participle

What’s a  Different forms of ‘have’ → Different tenses

‘Perfect Form’ have been, had been, to have been, having been, will have
been…
 Meaning

 ‘Perfect’ means ‘done,

completed’
 Anteriority
I had eaten when he came. VS I eat
when he came.
 Present Perfect

 Something happened or started

before now.
 Link with the past (unlike Present
Simple)
 Relevant for the present.
Trump has testified in court.
The city has grown constantly since
the 1900s.
I’ve never heard that piece before.
The cat has eaten your dinner!
 Emphasizes that something happened or started
before another event or time in the PAST.
 A past reference is FUNDAMENTAL, whether explicit or
implicit
The year was 1982. The bridge had already been erected.
He said he’d been a teacher vs. He said he was a teacher.
Past Perfect
ALSO:
If I had listened to my parents, this would never have
happened.
Future Perfect

 ‘will have’ + Past Participle

 An event is finished and
completed by a time in the
future. (like ‘going back’)
By the year 2030, half of the water
resources will have been depleted.
Perfect Infinitive

 With modals – sense of the past,

an action completed.
He might be sick (now) → He might
have been sick. (past)
They could call me. (now) → They
could have called me. (past)
I should go now. → I should have
gone then.
Perfect Infinitive
(II)
 With verb patterns – sense of
the past.
I would like to study Chemistry. →
I would like to have studied
Chemistry.
I don’t mind lending my laptop. →
I don’t mind having lent my
laptop.
There seems to be a buzz about
the place. → There seems to have
been a buzz about the place.
Participle Clauses

 ‘HAVING’ + Past Participle

 Meaning: ‘after…’, sometimes
‘because…’
Having discussed the issue
thoroughly, they set an action
plan.