Psychology 4th Edition Schacter Test Bank

Psychology 4th Edition Schacter Test
Bank
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1. The ability to store and retrieve information over time is called:
A) preservation.
B) memory.
C) elaboration.
D) storage.
2. _____ is the process of maintaining information in memory over time.

A) Memory
B) Encoding
C) Storage
D) Retrieval
3. The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and
stored in memory is known as:
A) memory.
B) encoding.
C) storage.
D) retrieval.
4. Your friend tells you her phone number. Hearing, thinking about, and translating the
phone number to place it in your memory is an example of which process?
A) semantics
B) encoding
C) storage
D) retrieval
5. You learned French in high school 10 years ago. You travel to Paris, and at the airport a
customs officer asks you a question in French. You recall the correct answer from your
study of the language and answer the officer. This is an example of which function of
memory?
A) semantics
B) encoding
C) storage
D) retrieval
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6. You are taking a biology class. During the lecture, you listen, take notes, and think
about how the information is related to you. These are examples of _____ information
into memory. When you rehearse this information, you are facilitating _____. During a
test, you must remember the information, which is called _____.
A) storing; retrieval; encoding
B) encoding; retrieval; storage
C) storing; encoding; retrieval
D) encoding; storage; retrieval
7. Jessica has problems concentrating and, as such, does not perceive the information she
reads in her textbook as well as she should. Jessica has a problem with _____ of
information.
A) storage
B) encoding
C) retrieval
D) semantics
8. The process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring
memory is called:
A) encoding.
B) remembering.
C) recalling.
D) storing.
9. Memories are made by:

A) transforming perceptions into sensory experiences.
B) combining existing information in the brain with new information from our senses.
C) recording information coming in from our senses.
D) creating exact duplicates of perceptual experiences in the hippocampus.
10. Memories are:

A) recorded into the brain.
B) duplicated by the brain into perceptual experiences.
C) transformed by the brain into elemental sensory components.
D) constructed by the brain.
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11. Making a new memory is MOST analogous to:
A) transforming a written message into binary computer code.
B) taking a picture.
C) altering a recipe to create a new dish.
D) recording a video.
12. Making a new memory is MOST analogous to:

A) composing a new musical composition.
B) translating from one language to another.
C) saving information on a computer.
D) recording a video.
13. When learning a new word, like amygdala, Angie will remember it BEST if she:
A) thinks about what the word means.
B) thinks of another word that rhymes with it.
C) pictures how the word itself looks.
D) writes the word in large block letters.
14. Gavin is asked to remember a list of 20 words. Some of the words are written in blue
ink, and some are written in red ink. A week later, he is asked to recall as many words
as possible. Gavin will probably do better on the task if, during the encoding phase, he:
A) thinks about the color of each word.
B) pairs each word on the list with a word with which it rhymed.
C) thinks about the meaning of each word.
D) spells each word silently to himself.
15. Actively relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge already in

memory is the definition of _____ encoding.
A) visual
B) meaning
C) semantic
D) organizational
16. When Paul studies for a psychology test, he tries to remember important terms by
relating them to his past experiences and knowledge. He is using the strategy of:
A) semantic encoding.
B) visual imagery encoding.
C) organization encoding.
D) chunking.
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17. While cramming for a psychology exam, Hannah finds that, if she thinks about the
meaning of terms and tries to use them in examples, she learns them much better. What
technique is Hannah using to improve her memory of the terms?
A) organizational encoding
B) chunking
C) visual imagery judgments
D) semantic judgments
18. Which type of judgment has research shown results in better memory for words?
A) visual
B) semantic
C) rhyme
D) mnemonics
19. The MOST effective form of encoding appears to be linking new information to:
A) what it follows in serial position.
B) how it sounds, such as rhyming words.
C) how it relates to other knowledge in memory.
D) what it looks like in sensory memory.
20. Jorge relates new terms encountered in his biology class to biological terms he already
knows. fMRI studies reveal that the part of his brain likely to be MOST active during
this process is the:
A) amygdala.
B) parietal lobe.
C) frontal lobe.
D) hypothalamus.
21. Ava relates new terms encountered in her philosophy class to logical terms she already
knows. fMRI studies reveal that the part of her brain likely to be MOST active during
this process is the:
A) amygdala.
B) frontal lobe.
C) parietal lobe.
D) hypothalamus.
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22. Janet uses semantic judgment in encoding new terms encountered in her sociology class.
fMRI studies reveal that the part of her brain likely to be MOST active during this
process is the _____ lobe.
A) left temporal
B) right frontal
C) left parietal
D) right occipital
23. Semantic encoding is related to an increase of activity in which brain regions?

A) the lower left frontal lobe and the inner part of the left parietal lobe
B) the lower left frontal lobe and the inner part of the left temporal lobe
C) the lower right frontal lobe and the inner part of the left occipital lobe
D) the lower right frontal lobe and the inner part of the right parietal lobe
24. Storing information by converting it into mental pictures is known as _____ encoding.
A) photographic
B) visual imagery
C) semantic
D) organizational
25. Anthony is given a list of 20 objects to memorize in order. Anthony imagines a walk
from home to school and pictures one of the objects on each street corner. Which
memory technique is Anthony MOST likely using?
A) organizational encoding
B) chunking
C) semantic encoding
D) visual imagery encoding
26. Robert calls Darla and asks her to pick up soap, a new pair of slippers, and wine from
the store on her way home from work. Instead of making a list, Darla successfully
remembers the items to be purchased by picturing herself sipping wine in her slippers,
while Robert gives her a sponge bath. What memory technique is Darla MOST likely
using?
A) visual imagery encoding
B) semantic encoding
C) organizational encoding
D) sensory memory encoding
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27. Which brain region would be LEAST involved in visual imagery encoding?
A) the frontal lobe
B) the temporal lobe
C) the parietal lobe
D) the occipital lobe
28. Unlike semantic encoding, visual imagery encoding shows activation of the _____ lobe.
A) frontal
B) temporal
C) parietal
D) occipital
29. Categorizing information based on relationships among the items in a series to be

remembered is the definition of:
A) semantic encoding.
C) organizational encoding.
D) chunking.
30. At the supermarket, Charlotte finds it much easier to remember the food items she needs
when she puts them into the categories of fruits, vegetables, and meat. What encoding
process is Charlotte using to create and recall memories?
A) organizational
B) transformative
C) semantic
D) visual imagery
31. After having spent half a day touring the Chicago Institute of Art, Emily had seen
hundreds of paintings. To maximize her potential for remembering as many paintings as
possible, she decides to categorize each painting depending on its artistic style:
neoclassical, realistic, romantic, impressionist, abstract, and so on. This method of
memorization is called _____ encoding.
A) semantic
B) organizational
C) survival
D) visual imagery
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32. Relative to semantic encoding, organizational encoding shows more activation of the
upper left _____ lobe.
A) frontal
B) temporal
C) parietal
D) occipital
33. Which area of the frontal lobe is activated during organizational encoding?
A) upper right
B) lower right
C) upper left
D) lower left
34. A waitress' brain is studied in an fMRI while she mentally engages in remembering the
food and drink orders or a table of six virtual people. Most likely, the MRI will reveal
which area of the frontal lobe to be the MOST active?
A) upper left
B) lower left
C) upper right
D) lower right
35. Recent research has suggested that _____ encoding subsequently results in the
GREATEST recall of information.
A) organizational
B) semantic
C) survival
D) visual imagery
36. The finding that encoding of survival-related information is subsequently easier to recall
than other types of information is MOST consistent with which psychological
perspective?
A) psychodynamic
B) behavioral
C) humanistic
D) evolutionary
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37. Which statement would a person MOST likely remember later the same day?
A) Pablo Picasso represents the Cubist movement in art.
B) Kenneth Clark was the first member of a minority group to become president of the
APA.
C) Poe wrote, "The moon never beams without bringing me dreams of the beautiful
Annabel Lee."
D) A black-widow spider is crawling up your leg.
38. A stray cat would be LEAST likely to remember where it last:

A) found food.
B) encountered a mate.
C) found a toy.
D) encountered a dangerous predator.
39. An expert in wilderness survival participates in a memory study in which she is shown a
list of words. Later, she is asked to recall these words. Which words is she MOST likely
to recall?
A) freshwater
B) mountaintop
C) songbird
D) cool breeze
40. The encoding of survival-related information is effective because it often requires

participants to engage in:
A) extensive planning.
B) constructing a fear hierarchy.
C) chunking.
D) sensory integration.
41. Superior recall of a scenario is often observed when the scenario:

A) is pleasant.
B) is mildly annoying.
C) involves planning.
D) involves rhyming.
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42. Scenarios that involve planning to effectively encode information lead to superior recall
in:
A) semantic encoding only.
B) survival-related information encoding only.
C) organizational encoding only.
D) semantic, survival-related, and organizational encoding.
43. Sensory information is kept for a few seconds or less in:

A) the rehearsal memory store.
B) the short-term memory store.
C) the sensory memory store.
D) working memory.
44. Sensory storage holds information for a maximum of:

A) a few seconds.
B) a few minutes.
C) hours to days.
D) days to years.
45. Sperling flashed a matrix of 12 letters for 1/20th of a second to participants. When asked
to recall the letters immediately after, Sperling found that MOST participants recalled:
A) none of the letters given the short presentation time.
B) fewer than three letters.
C) fewer than half of the letters.
D) more than half of the letters.
46. Sperling flashed a matrix of letters for 1/20th of a second to participants. Sperling found
that the participants:
A) attempted to encode the letters from left to right.
B) attempted to encode the letters from top to bottom.
C) automatically stored the entire matrix of letters but for only a brief moment.
D) automatically stored the entire matrix of letters for up to a minute after the
presentation.
47. The store of auditory information that decays very rapidly is called _____ memory.
A) iconic
B) echoic
C) short-term
D) working
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48. The fast-decaying store of visual information that is forgotten in seconds if not attended
to is known as _____ memory.
A) iconic
B) echoic
C) anterograde
D) retrograde
49. Brittany is daydreaming in class when her instructor asks her a question. Brittany finds
that, even though she was not paying attention, she can replay in her "mind's ear" the
instructor's last words, taking advantage of a process called:
A) auditory memory.
C) iconic memory.
D) echoic memory.
50. A son is not paying attention to his father. His father asks sternly, "What did I just say?"
and the son can only meekly respond, "You just asked me, 'What did I just say?'" What
memory store was encoding this information, despite the son not paying attention?
A) auditory memory
B) working memory
C) iconic memory
D) echoic memory
51. Iconic memory is a fast-decaying store of:

A) memory of peoples' names.
B) visual memory.
C) echoic memory.
D) auditory memory.
52. Echoic memories last _____ iconic memories.

A) slightly longer than
B) approximately the same length of time as
C) slightly shorter than
D) much longer than
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53. Jessica Li held up three rows of four letters on a poster board to her high school class for
a fraction of a second. She then removed it and immediately asked the class to name the
12 letters they had just been shown. Which memory store is being tested?
A) echoic
B) iconic
C) working
D) limited capacity
12 letters they had just been shown. Based on previous research, about how many letters
would you expect individual students to recall?
A) 0
B) 5
C) 8
D) 10
letters in the top, middle, or bottom row. Based on previous research, about how many
letters in the row would you expect individual students to recall?
A) none
B) one
C) two
D) three or four
56. Iconic memories usually decay in about _____ or less.

A) 1 second
B) 7 seconds
C) 1 minute
D) 2 minutes
57. Echoic memories usually decay in about _____ second(s).

A) 1
B) 5
C) 30
D) 60
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58. You look up a friend's address for the envelope of a letter you're writing. Suddenly, the
phone rings. You abandon your address research to answer the phone, but it is a wrong
number. When you get back to writing down the address, you have forgotten it because
_____ memory has failed you.
A) long-term
B) short-term
C) sensory
D) iconic
59. Charlotte looks up a phone number on the Internet and says the number three times to
herself. As she reaches for her phone to dial the number, she is distracted by noise
coming from outside her office. When the noise ceases after about 30 seconds, she picks
up the phone but finds that she cannot remember the number. This is due to the limits of
_____ memory.
A) short-term
B) long-term
C) sensory
D) iconic
60. In a classic memory study by Peterson and Peterson (1959), participants were given
consonant strings to remember—such as DBX and HLM—and then were instructed to
count backward from 100 by 3. After a variable amount of time, the participants were
asked to recall the consonant strings. Asking participants to count backward effectively
prevents:
A) sensory storage.
B) iconic memory.
C) short-term storage.
D) rehearsal.
61. In a classic memory study by Peterson and Peterson (1959), participants were given
consonant strings to remember—such as DBX and HLM—and then were instructed to
count backward from 100 by 3. After a variable amount of time (delay), the participants
were asked to recall the consonant strings. Which statement accurately describes the
results of the experiment?
A) There was no decrease in recall accuracy until the delay reached about 20 seconds.
B) A 3-second delay decreased accuracy by almost 80%.
C) A 20-second delay decreased accuracy by over 80%.
D) There was no decrease in recall accuracy until the delay reached about 7 seconds.
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62. In the absence of rehearsal, research has shown that information can be held in the
short-term memory store for _____ seconds or less.
A) 5
B) 7
C) 10
D) 20
63. The _____ memory store holds information for a maximum of 15 to 20 seconds in the
absence of rehearsal.
A) iconic
B) echoic
C) short-term
D) long-term
64. The process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it is

called:
A) rehearsal.
B) chunking.
C) memorizing.
D) mnemonic storage.
65. Jason looked up a telephone number on his desktop computer but his cell phone is in
another room. The easiest and perhaps MOST effective technique he can use to
remember the number until he can get to his phone is:
A) organizational encoding.
C) state-dependent retrieval.
D) rehearsal.
66. Kelly is at a local bar having a drink. A young man starts flirting with her and
approaches her. Kelly decides to tell him her number. He repeats the series of digits in
his head over and over again until he has a chance to write it down. This process is
known as:
A) encoding.
B) retrieval.
C) rehearsal.
D) short-term memory storage.
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67. Roger is using rehearsal to remember a telephone number. Each time he repeats the
numbers, he is "reentering" the information into his short-term memory, thus adding
about _____ to the shelf life.
A) 15 to 20 seconds
B) 60 seconds
C) 20 to 30 minutes
D) 1 hour
68. The first few and last few items in a series are more likely to be recalled than are the
items in the middle, a phenomenon termed the _____ effect.
A) primacy
B) serial position
C) recency
D) ordinal relation
69. The serial position effect predicts that, when recalling items in a previously learned list,
we are MOST likely to forget the items _____ of the list.
A) at the beginning
B) at the end
C) in the middle and at the end
D) in the middle
70. In recalling U.S. presidents, Channing can list the first five presidents and the last five
presidents but cannot remember many of the presidents in between. This BEST
illustrates the _____ effect.
A) recency
B) primacy
C) ordinal position
D) serial position
71. Renata can remember the first three books of the Old Testament in the Bible but cannot
recall the names of the other books. This BEST illustrates the _____ effect.
A) recency
B) primacy
C) ordinal position
D) serial position
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72. An instructor studies his class roll for 15 minutes on the first day of class in an attempt
to remember student names. The next day, he finds that he can only recall the names at
the beginning of the roll. This BEST illustrates the _____ effect.
A) recency
B) primacy
C) ordinal position
D) serial position
73. Short-term memory is limited in how long it can hold information and in the _____
information it can hold.
A) type of
B) utility of the
C) complexity of the
D) amount of
74. Short-term memory can hold approximately _____ meaningful items.

A) 3
B) 7
C) 12
D) 15
75. It is helpful that local phone numbers are only seven digits long because seven items is
the capacity of _____ memory.
A) sensory
B) iconic
C) short-term
D) long-term
76. Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters is known as:
A) rehearsal.
B) visual encoding.
C) elaborative encoding.
D) chunking.
77. Waitresses who use organizational encoding to organize orders into groups are
essentially:
A) chunking the information.
B) rehearsing the information.
C) utilizing the serial position effect.
D) utilizing state-dependent learning.
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78. Short-term memory is to working memory as:
A) function is to structure.
B) sensation is to attending.
C) place is to process.
D) frontal lobe is to temporal lobe.
79. Short-term memory is to working memory as:

A) structure as to dynamic process.
B) sensation is to attending.
C) dynamic process is to place.
D) frontal lobe is to temporal lobe.
80. Active maintenance of information in short-term memory is referred to as:

A) working memory.
B) sensory storage.
C) active memory.
D) labor storage.
81. Active maintenance of information in _____ memory is referred to as _____ memory.

A) short-term; long-term
B) short-term; working
C) working; short-term
D) working; long-term
82. Working memory includes subsystems that store and manipulate:

A) visual and auditory sensory experiences.
B) iconic memories.
C) visual images and verbal information.
D) long-term memories organizationally encoded.
83. The visuo-spatial sketchpad is a subsystem of working memory that stores and
manipulates:
A) sensory experiences.
B) visual images.
C) verbal information.
D) numerical information.
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84. The phonological loop is a subsystem of working memory that stores and manipulates:
A) sensory experiences.
B) visual images.
C) verbal information.
D) numerical information.
85. The _____ integrates visual and verbal information from working memory subsystems
into a multidimensional code.
A) episodic buffer
B) visuo-spatial sketchpad
C) phonological loop
D) central executive
86. The _____ coordinates the subsystems of working memory along with the episodic
buffer.
A) sensory memory store
B) visuo-spatial sketchpad
C) phonological loop
D) central executive
87. Brain imaging studies indicate that the executive functioning underlying working
memory is attributable to activity in the _____ lobe.
A) frontal
B) parietal
C) temporal
D) occipital
88. The _____ plays a critical role in recognizing new words because the task involves the
ability to link visual and verbal information.
A) visuo-spatial sketchpad
B) episodic buffer
C) rehearsal executive
D) phonological loop
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89. Which statement summarizing research on whether training working memory skills
improves cognitive performance on non–memory-related tasks is TRUE?
A) Over 50 years of research has clearly demonstrated that training working memory
skills increases overall cognitive performance.
B) Training working memory skills has not been shown to increase cognitive
performance on non–memory-related tasks.
C) More research is needed to determine if enhancing working memory leads to
increased cognitive performance on non–memory-related tasks.
D) Efforts to study this research question have been thwarted by the fact that working
memory skills cannot be improved with training.
90. The location in which information can be kept for hours to years is known as the _____
memory store.
A) sensory
B) short-term
C) working
D) long-term
91. Information can be kept for hours, days, weeks, or years in the _____ memory store.
A) working
B) short-term
C) sensory
D) long-term
92. In MOST people, the long-term memory store has:

A) no known capacity limits.
B) a finite capacity of 7 plus or minus 2 gigabytes of information.
C) capacity limits for verbal but not visual information.
D) considerably less capacity in adolescence relative to adulthood.
93. Callie visited a dance club where the songs were "oldies but goodies." Although she had
not gone dancing in more than 20 years, Callie remembered the lyrics to most of the
songs. This was MOST likely because:
A) the hippocampus ages more slowly than does the rest of the brain.
B) semantic memories are more easily recalled than are procedural memories.
C) the information was stored in her long-term memory.
D) the visuo-spatial sketchpad encoded this information.
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94. Marion can recognize the faces of almost all of her high school classmates 50 years after
graduation by retrieving the information from her:
A) working memory.
B) episodic buffer.
C) long-term memory.
D) phonological loop.
95. Research has indicated that, 50 years after graduation, people can accurately recognize
_____% of their classmates from yearbook photographs.
A) 7
B) 50
C) 75
D) 90
96. The famous patient who had a substantial portion of his hippocampus removed to stop
seizure activity and, as a result, could not form any new memories is known by his
initials:
A) MT.
B) HM.
C) HT.
D) TM.
97. Why did neurosurgeons remove portions of HM's temporal lobes?

A) to remove a tumor
B) to curtail the spread of a virus.
C) to stop seizure activity.
D) to treat an emotional disorder.
98. The case of HM is a documented case of a patient whose speech skills and intelligence
were unaffected by the removal of his hippocampus and parts of his temporal lobe but
who could not form new long-term memories. Which memory disorder was MOST
pronounced in HM?
A) transient amnesia
B) retrograde amnesia
C) prograde amnesia
D) anterograde amnesia
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99. The case of HM is a documented case of a patient who could not form new long-term
memories due to the removal of his _____ and parts of his temporal lobe.
A) hippocampus
B) amygdala
C) corpus callosum
D) cerebellum
100. People suffering from the same disorder as patient HM would MOST probably not be
able to:
A) play a song learned long ago on the piano.
B) remember the names of their high school classmates.
C) remember the plot to the movie that they watched a few hours ago.
D) recognize their immediate family members.
101. People suffering from the same disorder as patient HM would MOST probably not be
able to:
A) remember how to drive a car.
B) remember the names of their elementary school teachers.
C) remember yesterday's news.
D) recognize facial emotions.
102. The inability to transfer new information from short-term to long-term memory is
defined as:
A) normal forgetting.
B) retrograde amnesia.
C) prograde amnesia.
D) anterograde amnesia.
103. The inability to retrieve information acquired before a particular date, usually the date of
brain trauma or surgery, is termed:
A) consolidation.
C) reconsolidation.
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104. Robert, a successful businessman, was in a terrible car accident. He now cannot
remember any new pieces of information for more than a few seconds. However, he is
able to remember everything before the accident perfectly clearly. Robert's condition is
an example of:
A) suppression.
B) anterograde amnesia.
C) retrograde amnesia.
D) transience.
105. You are volunteering at a psychiatric ward for the summer. On your first day, a man
comes up to you and says you have very pretty eyes and asks your name. You thank him
and give him your name. For the next 4 days, the same man approaches you, says you
have pretty eyes, and asks for your name. After a week, you ask a doctor on the ward
about this man, and the doctor tells you that the man suffers from:
A) anterograde amnesia.
C) retroactive interference.
D) proactive interference.
106. Devin was recently injured in a car accident on his way home from school. Afterward,
he was physically fine and had just a couple scratches. However, he began to realize that
he did not remember anything for the 2 hours before the accident. Devin is
experiencing:
B) proactive interference.
C) memory consolidation.
D) retrograde amnesia.
107. While Carla is out with friends one night, she is hit by a speeding car. Carla is in a coma
for 3 weeks. When she finally wakes up, she has trouble not only remembering what she
was doing the night of the accident but also the names of her family and friends, her
address, and where she goes to school. She can, however, form new memories. Carla is
suffering from:
A) short-term memory loss.
C) retrograde amnesia.
D) iconic memory loss.
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108. The brain structure that is believed to act as an index linking information together is the:
A) frontal lobe.
B) pituitary gland.
C) hippocampus.
D) amygdala.
109. Research has shown that different aspects of a single memory are stored in:
A) the hippocampus and adjacent areas of the cortex.
B) primarily the hippocampus.
C) the brain's temporal lobe.
D) different places in the cortex throughout the brain.
110. Damage to the hippocampus is LEAST likely to cause a 30-year-old male to forget:
A) the make and model of the first car he bought when he turned 16.
B) what he ate for lunch that day.
C) a complex problem he had been trying to solve for the last week.
D) a meeting he has scheduled for tomorrow.
111. Forty-year-old Renard suffered a traumatic brain injury that injured his hippocampus.
He is LEAST likely to forget:
A) what he ate for breakfast that day.
B) the name of his first girlfriend.
C) whether or not he paid his bills last week.
D) a work deadline he must meet by tomorrow.
112. Some psychologists who study memory believe that the role of the hippocampus is to:
A) store sensory experiences that later become long-term memories.
B) store long-term memories.
C) index the bits and pieces of a single memory that are stored throughout the cortex.
D) recover well-remembered old memories such as your first kiss.
113. With respect to complex long-term memories, the hippocampus can MOST accurately
be conceptualized as a(n):
A) computer hard drive.
B) "cheat sheet" stating where the components of the memory are stored.
C) online "cloud" storage that frees the brain to process events necessary for survival.
D) video-recording device.
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114. _____ is the process by which memories become stable in the brain.
A) Rehearsal
B) Consolidation
C) Indexing
D) Storage
115. Memories are MOST fragile:

A) shortly after encoding.
B) immediately after consolidation.
C) years after consolidation.
D) immediately after reconsolidation.
116. Jacob cannot remember anything that occurred in the minutes leading up to the bicycle
accident that knocked him briefly unconscious. This mild form of _____ amnesia is
MOST likely due to the head injury preventing memory _____.
A) anterograde; consolidation
B) anterograde; rehearsal
C) retrograde; consolidation
D) retrograde; rehearsal
117. After her surgery, Sona cannot remember anything that occurred in the hour leading up
to the surgery in which she was anesthetized and rendered unconscious. This mild form
of _____ amnesia is MOST likely due to the head injury preventing memory _____.
A) anterograde; consolidation.
B) anterograde; rehearsal.
C) retrograde; consolidation.
D) retrograde; rehearsal.
118. The type of consolidation that occurs over a time scale of seconds to minutes involves
the transfer of memory from:
A) sensory memory to working memory.
B) short-term memory to long-term memory.
C) the cortex to the hippocampus.
D) the hippocampus to the cortex.
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119. The type of consolidation that occurs over a time scale encompassing years involves the
transfer of memory from:
A) sensory memory to working memory.
B) short-term memory to long-term memory.
C) the cortex to the amygdala.
D) the hippocampus to the cortex.
120. The process whereby memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are
recalled, thus requiring them to be consolidated again is termed:
A) reconsolidation.
B) reformatting.
C) defragmentation.
D) deconsolidation.
121. Three groups of rats acquire a memory on day 1. On day 2, rats in group 1 are given a
drug that prevents initial long-term storage while they are actively retrieving the
memory. Rats in group 2 receive the drug but do not engage in memory retrieval. Rats
in group 3 actively retrieve the memory and are shocked 6 hours later when they are not
engaged in retrieval. On day 3, all three groups are assessed. Which group will show the
GREATEST impairments in memory?
A) group 1
B) group 2
C) group 3
D) groups 1 and 2
122. Which statement accurately summarizes the effects of sleep on long-term storage?
A) Sleep facilitates long-term storage because it protects us from encountering new
information that interferes with consolidation.
B) Sleep facilitates the consolidation of trivial information that might be discarded as
unimportant in the fully conscious state.
C) Sleep facilitates the consolidation of important and highly emotional memories.
D) Sleep facilitates long-term storage because it decreases emotionality that often
interferes with consolidation.
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123. Which statement accurately summarizes the effects of sleep on long-term storage?
A) Sleep facilitates long-term storage because it prevents proactive interference from
occurring that otherwise might interfere with consolidation.
B) Sleep facilitates the consolidation of trivial information that might be discarded as
unimportant in the fully conscious state.
C) Sleep helps strip memories of their emotionality, thereby aiding in their subsequent
clarity.
D) Sleep helps us to remember what is important and discard what is trivial.
124. Professor Slate develops a drug that can erase specific memories of traumatic
experiences. When should this drug be administered?
A) while the patient is asleep
B) while the patient is recalling the traumatic experience
C) immediately after the patient awakens in the morning
D) while the patient is thinking about something pleasant
125. Which statement about long-term storage is TRUE?

A) Reconsolidation occurs when we fail to retrieve a memory.
B) Sleep interferes with long-term storage.
C) Once consolidated, memories exist indefinitely in long-term memory.
D) Each time a memory is retrieved, it becomes vulnerable to disruption.
126. Kredlow and Otto (2015) asked undergraduates at Boston University who lived near the
Boston Marathon site to recall their memories of the 2013 bombing. A minute later,
students read an unrelated story that was either positive, negative, or neutral. A fourth
group of students did not read a story (the control group). A week later, the students
were again tested on their memories of the bombing. Compared with the control group,
which statement MOST accurately summarizes the results?
A) Students who read the positive story recalled significantly more details about the
bombing.
B) Students who read the negative story recalled significantly fewer details about the
bombing.
C) Students in all three reading groups recalled significantly more details about the
bombing.
D) Students in all three reading groups recalled significantly fewer details about the
bombing.
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127. The small space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another is termed
the:
A) synapse.
B) vesicle.
C) terminal.
D) soma.
128. The synapse is defined as the space between:

A) the soma of one neuron and the axon on another.
B) the vesicle of one neuron and the axon terminal of another.
C) the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another.
D) the dendrite of one neuron and the soma of another.
129. The result of sending a neurotransmitter across a synapse is MOST analogous to:
A) sending a toy boat across a pond.
B) asking for and receiving a divorce.
C) strengthening the relationship between two business partners.
D) a lost dog eventually finding its way home.
130. The statement "Cells that fire together wire together" implies that, as a result of
information exchange between two neurons:
A) the axons of the two neurons fuse into one.
B) further communication between the two neurons becomes more difficult.
C) the axon of one neuron comes to physically touch the dendrite of another.
D) communication between the two neurons is facilitated as connections are
strengthened.
131. Aplysia is a(n):

A) tapeworm.
B) sea slug.
C) amoeba.
D) rat strain.
132. Much of what we know about the neurological basis of long-term memory comes from
laboratory studies of:
A) octopi.
B) sea slugs.
C) amoeba.
D) Betta splendens.
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133. _____ won a Nobel Prize for his research on memory in Aplysia.
A) Miller
B) Jenkins
C) Schacter
D) Kandel
134. Eric Kandel won a Nobel Prize in 2000 for his research investigating:
A) the cognitive components of working memory.
B) the neural basis of long-term memory.
C) the fallibility, or "sins" of memory.
D) novel drugs that erase memories of traumatic events.
135. Kandel and colleagues stimulated the tail of an Aplysia with a mild electric shock,
which caused contraction of its gill. If the investigators were to immediately stimulate
the tail of the Aplysia again, the gill would contract more _____, indicating _____
memory of the shock.
A) quickly; short-term
B) quickly; long-term
C) slowly; short-term
D) slowly; long-term
136. Kandel and colleagues repeatedly stimulated the tail of an Aplysia with a mild electric
shock. They then successfully produced a long-term memory in the Aplysia by
demonstrating that the gill:
A) no longer contracted with another tail stimulation conducted a few seconds after
the first series of stimulations.
B) contracted after a single tail stimulation conducted days after the repeated
stimulations.
C) failed to contract after a single tail stimulation conducted weeks after the repeated
stimulations.
D) contracted with each successive tail stimulation conducted seconds apart.
137. Short-term storage is to long-term storage as:

A) enhanced neurotransmitter release is to increased neurotransmitter production.
B) growth of new synapses is to an increased number of receptor binding sites.
C) growth of new synapses is to increased neurotransmitter production.
D) enhanced neurotransmitter release is to growth of new synapses.
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138. Long-term storage is to short-term storage as:
A) enhanced neurotransmitter release is to increased neurotransmitter production.
B) growth of new synapses is to enhanced neurotransmitter release.
C) increased neurotransmitter production is to enhanced neurotransmitter release.
D) enhanced neurotransmitter release is to growth of new synapses.
139. The strengthening of synaptic connections with repeated neuronal communication that
results in more efficient information processing is known as:
A) flashbulb memory.
B) long-term potentiation.
C) transfer-appropriate processing.
D) neural networks.
140. Long-term potentiation has been studied primarily in which brain region?
A) the frontal cortex
B) the hypothalamus
C) the hippocampus
D) Broca's area
141. When rats are given drugs that block long-term potentiation (LTP) they:
A) develop stronger synaptic connections.
B) stop eating and grooming.
C) get easily lost in familiar mazes.
D) more easily recall where they've been.
142. Information from the outside world that is associated with stored information and that
helps bring it to mind is known as a(n) _____ cue.
A) storage
B) encoding
C) retrieval
D) iconic
143. Which definition BEST describes a retrieval cue?

A) information from the outside world that aids in the encoding of similar information
B) neuronal processes that underlie information recall from long-term memory
C) state-dependent events that modulate transfer of information between working and
long-term memory
D) external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to
mind
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144. Caitlyn was blanking on who played Batman in the movie Batman v. Superman until her
friend gave her the hint that he was married to Jennifer Garner. Caitlyn correctly
identified the actor as Ben Affleck, and the hint is an example of a(n) _____ cue.
A) retrieval
B) encoding specificity
C) state-dependent
D) transfer-appropriate
145. Tess, a huge football fan, couldn't remember the name of the beautiful model who
walked the runway at the Rio Olympics until her friend reminded her that it was
quarterback Tom Brady's wife. Tess realized it was Giselle, and her friend's prompt
functioned as a(n) _____ cue.
A) transfer-appropriate
B) encoding specificity
C) state-dependent
D) retrieval
146. The effectiveness of retrieval cues demonstrates that information is often _____ but
momentarily _____ in memory.
A) available; inaccessible
B) unavailable; accessible
C) unavailable; consolidated
D) rehearsed; inaccessible
147. A retrieval cue is only going to be useful if the information to be recalled is _____ in
memory.
A) unavailable and inaccessible
B) available but currently inaccessible
C) available and already accessible
D) unavailable and not consolidated
148. The idea that an external retrieval cue can be an effective reminder when it helps
recreate the specific way in which information is initially encoded is termed:
A) state-dependent retrieval.
B) transfer-appropriate processing.
C) the encoding specificity principle.
D) state-dependent priming.
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149. While sitting at the kitchen table, Jenna thought of an extremely funny joke. She walked
into the living room to call her best friend, Cynthia. Unfortunately, on her way there,
she forgot the punch line of the joke. To help herself remember, she went back to the
kitchen table and remembered the line. What helped jog Jenna's memory?
A) chunking
B) maintenance rehearsal
C) encoding specificity
D) the flashbulb effect
150. Godden and Baddeley (1975) demonstrated that scuba divers who memorized a list of
words on the deck of a boat subsequently remembered more of those words when tested:
A) on the deck of the boat.
B) deep under water.
C) swimming on the surface of the water.
D) in a classroom with ocean scenery on the walls.
151. Godden and Baddeley (1975) demonstrated that scuba divers who memorized a list of
words underwater subsequently remembered more of those words when tested:
A) on the deck of a boat.
B) under water.
C) swimming on the surface of the water.
D) in a classroom with ocean scenery on the walls.
152. The BEST example of the use of a retrieval cue is:

A) learning the material so thoroughly that it can be easily retrieved at a moment's
notice.
B) sitting in your usual desk in your usual classroom when taking an exam.
C) using memory drugs to enhance neural processing.
D) drinking coffee while studying.
153. Recovering alcoholics tend to report a greater urge to drink when they visit places where
they used to drink. This is partly the result of:
A) transience.
B) encoding specificity.
C) state-dependent storage.
D) state-dependent retrieval.
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154. An alum first learned the words to her alma matter long ago at a football game and now
tends to only remember the words when attending games. Her ability to recall the words
only in the presence of this external context demonstrates the power of:
A) encoding specificity.
B) suggestibility.
C) state-dependent storage.
D) transfer-appropriate processing.
155. When learning vocabulary words, Jay uses a blue pen to write the definitions as he
attempts to commit them to memory. On the vocabulary quiz, Jay brings his blue pen to
write the definitions. By writing with the blue pen, Jay is attempting to use _____ to his
advantage.
A) rehearsal
B) suggestibility
C) state-dependent storage
D) encoding specificity
156. The ability to recall information more efficiently when you are in the same state as
when the information was encoded is known as:
A) state-dependent encoding.
B) state-dependent storage.
C) state-dependent retrieval.
D) transfer-dependent state.
157. Whenever Andrea goes to the library to study, she takes a Red Bull energy drink with
her and drinks it while she studies. As the semester progresses, she notices that she does
considerably better on an exam when she drinks a Red Bull during it. She MOST likely
does better because of:
A) caffeine-enhanced sensory storage.
B) state-dependent retrieval.
C) the transience of retrieval.
D) state-dependent storage.
158. If you are in a good mood when you are studying for a test, you will remember the
material better on the test day if you:
A) are in a good mood.
B) study using elaborative encoding.
C) take the exam in a new classroom.
D) are in a bad mood.
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159. State-dependent retrieval and the knowledge that alcohol has detrimental effects on
test-taking would predict which study and then test context would produce the
LOWEST score?
A) study sober test sober
B) study sober test drunk
C) study drunk test sober
D) study drunk test drunk
160. Before Jane starts studying, she takes a few deep breaths to calm herself. She always
goes to the same part of the library and sits at the same table. Before her exam, she takes
a few deep breaths to bring herself back to the same frame of mind that she was in
during her study session. Jane is applying:
A) enhanced hypnotic retrieval.
C) the emotional similarity principle.
D) state-specific encoding.
161. A memory acquired in one situation is more likely to be used in situations with similar
encoding and retrieval cues, a phenomenon known as:
A) state-dependent encoding.
C) organizational encoding.
D) suggestibility.
162. According to transfer-appropriate processing, we are more likely to recall information

when:
A) there are strong social norms to know the information.
B) the information was originally encoded semantically.
C) the information was originally encoded semantically and visually.
D) the current situation is similar to that in which the information was originally
encoded.
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163. Jerry is asked to think of a word that rhymes with "motor." Jimmy is asked to think
about how a motor works. The next day, both men are asked, "Hey, what was the word
that you heard yesterday that rhymes with 'voter'?" _____ will be more likely to recall
"motor" because _____.
A) Jerry; rhyme judgments almost always result in better encoding than do semantic
judgments
B) Jerry; the encoding context matched the retrieval context
C) Jimmy; semantic judgments almost always result in better encoding than do rhyme
judgments
D) Jimmy; the retrieval context was sufficiently dissimilar from the encoding context
164. McKayla is asked to think of a word that rhymes with "prime." Danielle is asked to
think about the mathematical meaning of prime numbers. The next day, both women are
asked, "Hey, what was the word that you heard yesterday that rhymes with 'time'?"
_____ will be more likely to recall "prime" because _____.
A) McKayla; rhyme judgments almost always result in better encoding than do
semantic judgments
B) McKayla; the encoding context matched the retrieval context
C) Danielle; semantic judgments almost always result in better encoding than do
rhyme judgments
D) Danielle; the retrieval context was sufficiently dissimilar from the encoding context
165. Retrieving information from the long-term memory store _____ subsequent memory of
that information.
A) will only improve
B) will only impair
C) will neither improve, impair, nor change
D) may improve or impair
166. Roediger and Karpicke (2006) studied performance on a memory test in two groups of
participants. In one group, participants studied the material twice (study-study). In the
other group, participants studied the material once and then were tested on the material
(study-test). A final test measuring recall was administered in both groups after various
retention intervals. Which statement about performance on the final test is TRUE?
A) Recall was better in the study-test group at all retention intervals.
B) Recall was better in the study-study group at all retention intervals.
C) Recall was better in the study-test group at long retention intervals.
D) Recall was better in the study-test group at short retention intervals.
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167. Which statement regarding the effectiveness of studying the same material twice versus
studying once and quizzing yourself once to enhance recall on a memory test is TRUE?
A) Studying twice may be slightly more effective if the memory test is administered in
the next few minutes.
B) Studying and then quizzing will yield higher recall, no matter when the memory
test is administered.
C) Studying and then quizzing will be much more effective if the memory test is
administered in the next few minutes.
D) Studying twice or studying and then quizzing are equally effective.
168. Which statement regarding the effectiveness of studying the same material twice versus
studying once and quizzing yourself once to enhance recall on a memory test is TRUE?
A) Studying twice yields higher recall only if the memory test is at least two days
from the study period.
B) Studying and then quizzing will yield higher recall, no matter when the test is
given.
C) Studying and then quizzing will be more effective, as the time needed to retain the
information increases.
D) Studying twice or studying and then quizzing are equally effective.
169. A third-grader must learn the rules of multiplication (1 × 1 through 12 × 12) in 2 weeks.
The BEST advice to give this student is to:
A) devote a single day of memorization to each multiplier (for example, learn 2 × 1
through 2 × 12).
B) wait until the day before the test, memorize all of the problems and their answers,
and then get a good night of sleep.
C) make a list of all of the problems and their answers, and review this information
repeatedly each day.
D) make flashcards with the problem on the front (9 × 7) and the answer on the back
(63), and quiz yourself repeatedly each day.
170. Retrieval-induced forgetting refers to the:

A) loss of memory that occurs when the retrieval context is dissimilar to the encoding
context.
B) loss of memory that occurs with the passage of time between encoding and
retrieval.
C) process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent
recall of related items.
D) fact that a memory-erasing drug must be given while the particular memory is
being retrieved in order for the drug to work.
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171. A process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent
recall of related items is termed:
A) retroactive interference.
C) transience.
D) retrieval-induced forgetting.
172. A participant studied the following word pairs: reptile-snake, reptile-turtle,

reptile-lizard, amphibian-frog, amphibian-salamander, and amphibian-newt. Then the
participant practiced recalling only the amphibian-salamander pair using the prompt
"amphibian-sala_____." Sometime later, the participant was given a memory test of the
words he had originally studied. Of these, which word would be MOST likely
forgotten?
A) salamander
B) frog
C) turtle
D) lizard

"amphibian-sala_____." Sometime later, the participant was given a memory test of the
words he had originally studied. Of these, which word would be MOST likely
forgotten?
A) salamander
B) snake
C) turtle
D) newt

"reptile-liz_____." Sometime later, the participant was given a memory test of the words
he had originally studied. Of these, which word would be MOST likely forgotten?
A) salamander
B) snake
C) frog
D) newt
Page 35
"reptile-liz_____." Sometime later, the participant was given a memory test of the words
he had originally studied. Of these, which word would be MOST likely forgotten?
A) salamander
B) frog
C) turtle
D) newt
176. Forty-year-old Eli was prompted to recall information about the first college football
game he attended as a freshman student some 22 years earlier. Specifically, he was
asked information about whether his team won, the weather, who accompanied him to
the game, and the size of the crowd at the game. Sometime later, Eli and his twin
brother William, who also was at the game but did not experience the initial interview,
were asked to recall as many details about the game as possible. What would Eli be
MORE likely than William to forget?
A) that the upper deck was half empty
B) that it began to rain in the second half
C) the name of the opposing school
D) that Gary, their mutual friend, became ill and left at halftime
177. A witness to a bank robbery was interviewed and asked to provide details about the
suspect's race, age, facial characteristics, height, weight, and clothing. Sometime later,
the witness was interviewed again and asked to provide additional details. Which would
the witness be LEAST likely to recall?
A) the size of the suspect relative to the average person
B) the color of the suspect's eyes
C) what was printed on the suspect's t-shirt
D) what the suspect said during the robbery
178. Participants in a study were asked to recall an episode from their memory. During this
recollection, new information somewhat related to the episode was presented to the
participants. During a follow-up memory test two days later, participants:
A) failed to remember even basic details about the original episode.
B) failed to remember any of the new information.
C) incorporated the new information into the original episode.
D) were more accurate in their description of the original episode due to a contrast
effect.
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179. If presented with similar but misleading information about an event during participants'
recollection of the event, participants are then more likely to incorporate the misleading
information into their future accounts of the event. This is probably due to the fact that
the misleading information was presented closely in time with the _____ of the event.
A) consolidation
B) reconsolidation
C) encoding
D) rehearsal
180. Trying to recall an event and successfully recalling one are:

A) the same process occurring in different parts of the brain.
B) exactly the same process with differences arising due to differences in
environmental retrieval cues.
C) different processes occurring in the hippocampus.
D) different processes occurring in different parts of the brain.
181. Trying to recall an event and successfully recalling one are:

A) the same process occurring in the hippocampus and frontal lobe, respectively.
B) exactly the same hippocampal process with differences arising due to differences in
environmental retrieval cues.
C) different processes occurring in the frontal lobe and hippocampus.
D) different processes occurring in the hippocampus.
182. When you try but fail to remember something, your _____ shows increased activity,
whereas when you successfully remember something, your _____ shows increased
activity.
A) hippocampus; left frontal lobe
B) hippocampus; right frontal lobe
C) left frontal lobe; hippocampus
D) right frontal lobe; hippocampus
183. When you successfully remember something, your _____ shows increased activity,
whereas when you try but fail to remember something, your _____ shows increased
activity.
A) hippocampus; left frontal lobe
B) hippocampus; right frontal lobe
C) left frontal lobe; hippocampus
D) right frontal lobe; hippocampus
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184. With respect to retrieving memories, search is to find as the _____ is to the _____.
A) right frontal lobe; hippocampus
B) hippocampus; left frontal lobe
C) hippocampus; visual cortex
D) left frontal lobe; hippocampus
185. With respect to retrieving memories, hit is to miss as the _____ is to the _____.
A) right frontal lobe; hippocampus
B) hippocampus; left frontal lobe
C) hippocampus; visual cortex
D) left frontal lobe; hippocampus
186. Angelika studies a set of pictures. The next day, she is asked to provide details about the
pictures. Which brain structures are MOST responsible for her accurate recall?
A) the left frontal lobe and the occipital lobe
B) the left frontal lobe and the right temporal lobe
C) the hippocampus and the occipital lobe
D) the hippocampus and the right temporal lobe
187. Angelika hears a story. The next day, she is asked to answer questions about the story.
Which brain structures are MOST responsible for her accurate recall?
A) the left frontal lobe and the occipital lobe
B) the left frontal lobe and the temporal lobe
C) the hippocampus and the occipital lobe
D) the hippocampus and the temporal lobe
188. In a retrieval-induced forgetting paradigm, the _____ actively works to suppress

answers that compete with the target response.
A) left frontal lobe
B) hypothalamus
C) hippocampus
D) primary visual cortex
189. A participant is shown 100 pictures. Sometime later, she is shown pictures in an fMRI
scanner and asked if they were part of the original set or not. Which area of the brain
would be LEAST active during this task?
A) the frontal lobe
B) the parietal lobe
C) the occipital lobe
D) the hippocampus
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190. Long-term memory can be broken up into two broad types: memory that requires
conscious recall, referred to as _____ memory, and memory that does not require
conscious recall, or _____ memory.
A) implicit; explicit
B) explicit; implicit
C) semantic; episodic
D) procedural; priming
191. Long-term memory can be broken up into two broad types: memory that does not
require conscious recall, referred to as _____ memory, and memory that does require
conscious recall, or _____ memory.
A) implicit; explicit
B) explicit; implicit
192. _____ occurs when people consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences.
A) Implicit memory
B) Explicit memory
C) Priming
D) Procedural memory
193. _____ memory occurs when past experiences influence later behavior and performance,
even without an effort to remember them.
A) Implicit
B) Explicit
C) Semantic
D) Episodic
194. Brittany states that she vividly remembers the day she turned 21. This is an example of
a(n) _____ memory.
A) explicit
B) procedural
C) implicit
D) iconic
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195. Susie was telling her best friend John about how awesome her summer vacation had
been. She told him everything she remembered that happened. What part of memory
was Susie using?
A) procedural
B) explicit
C) implicit
D) prospective
196. _____ memory refers to the gradual acquisition of skills as the result of practice, or
"knowing how" to do things.
A) Procedural
B) Explicit
C) Primed
D) Semantic
197. Memory for motor skills (e.g., how to play a guital) that you clearly know, even if you
cannot describe them, is known as _____ memory.
A) priming
B) episodic
C) semantic
D) procedural
198. After practicing how to tie her shoes for months with her mother, Sara can now easily
tie her shoes by herself without purposely thinking about the steps. This capability is an
example of:
A) explicit memory.
B) semantic memory.
C) procedural memory.
D) perceptual priming.
199. Remembering how to ride your bike is an example of _____ memory.

A) working
B) implicit
C) semantic
D) episodic
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200. Remembering how to ride your bike is an example of _____ memory.
A) working
B) explicit
C) procedural
D) episodic
201. Katie learns how to swim one summer. The next summer, she goes to the pool and
realizes that she still remembers how to swim. Katie is using _____ memory.
A) explicit
B) procedural
C) semantic
D) working
202. After several days of practice, a person learning how to play the guitar can finally play a
D chord fairly easily. Successfully playing this chord requires _____ memory.
A) explicit
B) primed
C) procedural
D) working
203. Monique Roberts wanted to find a fun way to help her students prepare for their
forthcoming history exam. She decided to create a game show with questions about
different countries and their governments. Which type of memory would the students
rely on to answer the questions?
A) implicit
B) explicit
C) priming
D) procedural
204. Tara, a professional ice skater, struggles to remember the names of the various people
she meets as part of her job but has no problem remembering elaborate skating routines.
This illustrates the difference between explicit and _____ memory.
A) episodic
B) flashbulb
C) procedural
D) semantic
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205. The enhanced ability to think about a word or object due to a recent exposure to that
same word or object is called:
A) priming.
B) episodic memory.
C) semantic memory.
D) procedural memory.
206. Priming is an example of _____ memory.

A) explicit
B) implicit
C) semantic
D) procedural
207. After watching a program about the Revolutionary War, participants were more likely to
associate electricity with Benjamin Franklin than Thomas Edison—even though this
was not discussed in the program—due to:
A) episodic memory.
B) procedural memory.
C) transference.
D) priming.
208. Which statement about priming is TRUE?

A) Damage to the hippocampus substantially reduces the effects of priming.
B) Priming is an example of explicit memory.
C) Your memory might be currently primed by events that took place years earlier.
D) Priming does not occur in people with anterograde amnesia.
209. An fMRI is conducted as a person is primed with a visual word cue. The next time the
person sees the cue, a second fMRI MOST likely will reveal _____ activation in the
_____ lobe relative to the first time the cue was presented.
A) more; occipital
B) less; left frontal
C) more; lower left temporal
D) less; left parietal
Page 42
210. Studies using fMRI have revealed that, the second time an object is viewed, there is
_____ activity in the visual cortex, suggesting that priming makes perception of the
object _____.
A) more; easier
B) more; more difficult
C) less; easier
D) less; more difficult
211. Conceptual priming is to perceptual priming as:

A) the frontal lobe is to the visual cortex.
B) the occipital lobe is to the frontal lobe.
C) more activation is to less activation.
D) explicit memory is to implicit memory.
212. Someone who is shown the word organism and then asked to memorize 50 words
subsequently might be more likely to incorrectly report that the word organize was on
the list, illustrating the effects of:
A) retrieval-induced forgetting.
B) conceptual priming.
C) perceptual priming.
D) episodic memory.
213. Someone who is shown a picture of Babe Ruth and then asked to complete the word
-ball will be more likely to respond "baseball" than "football" or "basketball,"
illustrating the effects of:
B) conceptual priming.
C) perceptual priming.
D) encoding specificity.
214. _____ is a type of explicit memory that consists of a network of associated facts and
concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world.
A) Episodic memory
B) Semantic memory
C) Conceptual priming
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215. _____ is a type of explicit memory that consists of a collection of past personal
experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.
A) Episodic memory
B) Semantic memory
C) Conceptual priming
216. There are two types of explicit memory, _____ memory, which is for facts and
knowledge, and _____ memory for personally experienced events.
A) implicit; semantic
B) procedural; implicit
217. There are two types of explicit memory, _____ memory, which is for personally
experienced events, and _____ memory for facts and concepts.
A) episodic; iconic
B) procedural; semantic
D) episodic; semantic
218. Rachel's 15th birthday is on Friday. Her mother and father ask her to choose between
Olive Garden and Red Lobster for her birthday dinner. Rachel remembers that she more
recently ate at the Red Lobster. Because of this, Rachel decides that she would like to go
to Olive Garden for her birthday dinner. What type of memory did Rachel utilize in
making her decision?
A) episodic
B) prospective
C) iconic
D) semantic
219. If you correctly recall that William James founded the functionalist school of
psychology, you are using your _____ memory.
A) episodic
B) implicit
C) working
D) semantic
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220. A man and his son were watching Jeopardy on TV. The man correctly answered the
questions in the category "World War II," and his son was impressed. The son then told
his father that he remembered watching a program on World War II once at a friend's
house. The man was using _____ memory, while the son was using _____ memory.
A) explicit; semantic
B) semantic; implicit
D) episodic, semantic
221. Don's parents suggest revisiting a vacation spot that they went to five years earlier. Don
recalls vividly an unpleasant experience on that vacation; he immediately refuses to go
this time and insists on going somewhere else. What type of memory does Don use to
arrive at his strong opposition to his parent's proposition?
A) semantic
B) procedural
C) implicit
D) episodic
222. You are in the hot seat on the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? game show. The question
is "Who was the fourth president of the United States?" What form of memory will you
use to answer this general knowledge question?
A) procedural
B) priming
C) episodic
D) semantic
223. Rachel was asked the following questions: "What is the biggest celebration you have
ever attended?" and "When does Labor Day occur?" Rachel answered that the biggest
celebration she had ever attended was her brother's bar mitzvah and that Labor Day was
the first Monday in September. Her answers to both questions were part of her _____
memory.
A) episodic
B) semantic
C) implicit
D) explicit
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224. The hippocampus appears to be critically involved in the formation of new _____
memories.
A) procedural
B) episodic
C) semantic
D) primed
225. The _____ appears to be critically involved in the formation of new episodic memories.
A) hippocampus
B) cerebellum
C) lower right temporal lobe
D) upper right frontal lobe
226. Faced with a tough decision regarding whether or not to end a long-term relationship,
Naomi relies on her _____ memory to imagine the different outcomes associated with
staying with or leaving her partner.
A) semantic
B) episodic
C) implicit
D) working
227. Faced with a tough decision regarding whether or not to change careers, Vitomir relies
of his _____ memory to imagine the different outcomes associated with staying with or
leaving his current position.
A) implicit
B) semantic
C) working
D) episodic
228. Maria was a 7-year-old girl who did very well in school. Unfortunately, one day Maria
was in a bad accident, and her hippocampus was damaged. Maria still does extremely
well in school. However, she has a hard time remembering everyday activities and
things that happened to her in the past. Maria is suffering from:
A) loss of semantic memory.
B) blocking.
C) retrieval-induced forgetting.
D) loss of episodic memory.
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229. Eric has suffered damage to his hippocampus. His family notices that he is now unable
to recall normal events that occur in daily life and that he seems lost and disoriented
most of the time. Nonetheless, Eric has no problem recalling factual information such as
the last three presidents and the inventor of the telephone. Eric's _____ memory has
apparently been affected by the hippocampal damage.
A) procedural
B) implicit
C) episodic
D) semantic
230. We rely heavily on _____ memory to envision the future.

A) implicit
B) episodic
C) iconic
D) semantic
231. Generating creative ideas by combining different types of information in new ways is
termed _____ creative thinking.
A) additive
B) episodic
C) divergent
D) semantic
232. Recent evidence suggests that _____ memory may contribute to divergent creative
thinking.
A) episodic
B) procedural
C) implicit
D) semantic
233. Andrej is a child who suffered hippocampal damage. It might be predicted that Andrej
will struggle with:
A) learning how to read.
B) solving basic math problems.
C) learning how to roller blade.
D) generating a different use for a doorstop.
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234. Jennifer is a child who suffered hippocampal damage. It might be predicted that Jennifer
will struggle with:
A) finding a different use for playing cards.
B) reading at an age-appropriate level.
C) learning how to swim the back stroke.
D) memorizing the list of state capitals.
235. Collaborative memory refers to:

A) the construction of false memories.
B) the ability to imagine possible futures based on past experiences.
C) how people remember in groups.
D) priming of conceptually related material.
236. _____ memory refers to how people remember in groups.

A) Social
B) Collaborative
C) Prospective
D) Collective
237. In a typical collaborative memory experiment, participants first encode a list of words
_____ and then, some time later, attempt to recall those words _____.
A) by themselves OR with others; with others
B) with others; by themselves
C) with others; by themselves OR with others
D) by themselves; with others OR by themselves
238. In a typical collaborative memory experiment, participants who first encode a list of
words by themselves and later attempt to recall those words in small groups form what
is called the _____ group.
A) social loafing
B) collaborative
C) collective
D) primed
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239. In a typical collaborative memory experiment, participants who first encode a list of
words by themselves and later attempt to recall those words individually form what is
called the _____ group.
A) nominal
B) primary
C) categorical
D) asocial
240. Which statement accurately describes the results of a typical collaborative memory
experiment?
A) Each individual in the nominal group outperforms the collective performance of
the collaborative group on the recall test.
B) Most individuals in the nominal group outperform the collective performance of
C) The collective performance of the collaborative group is greater than the combined
performance of individuals in the nominal group on the recall test.
D) The combined performance of individuals in the nominal group is greater than the
collective performance of the collaborative group on the recall test.
241. Which statement accurately describes the results of a typical collaborative memory
experiment?
A) Each individual in the nominal group outperforms the collective performance of
B) Most individuals in the nominal group outperform the collective performance of
C) The collective performance of the collaborative group is greater than the individual
performance of participants in the nominal group.
D) The combined performance of individuals in the nominal group is less than the
collective performance of the collaborative group on the recall test.
242. Annie, Cierra, and Deidre memorize facts about historical figures in psychology as part
of an introductory psychology course. On the day of the exam, the professor informs the
three students that they can either take the exam individually or submit one exam from
the group. Based on research on collaborative memory, the students should:
A) complete the exam as a group.
B) submit individually to avoid social loafing.
C) first work individually but then compile results and submit the exam as a group
submission.
D) submit individually because the information was encoded individually.
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243. The negative effect of group recall on memory is termed:
A) collaborative inhibition.
B) social loafing.
C) group think.
D) collective amnesia.
244. Collaborative inhibition refers to the finding that:

A) people tend to better encode information individually than they do in groups.
B) people tend to better encode information in groups than they do individually.
C) a group usually recalls more information than does an individual.
D) the summed recall of individuals is usually superior to group recall.
245. Evidence suggests that collaborative inhibition MOST likely occurs because:
A) people tend to better encode information individually than they do in groups.
B) retrieval strategies used by individuals in the group disrupt those used by others.
C) people have a tendency to loaf in groups and not take the task seriously.
D) retrieval occurs in a different state than does encoding.
246. Relying on your computer to help you remember information has advantages and
disadvantages similar to those observed with:
C) collaborative memory.
D) social loafing.
247. Forgetting that occurs with the passage of time is known as:
A) failure.
B) retrieval.
C) transience.
D) interference.
248. Transience refers to forgetting that occurs:

A) as a result of the limits of working memory.
B) when the retrieval context does not match the encoding context.
C) due to divided attention.
D) simply as the result of the passage of time.
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249. Betty fondly remembers her college days. When she goes back for homecoming,
however, she gets lost trying to find East Hall. Betty is probably experiencing the _____
of memory.
A) transience
B) blocking
C) suggestibility
D) bias
250. Upon returning to a city in which he once lived a decade ago, Omar realizes that he
cannot even remember the directions to major landmarks. Omar is probably
experiencing the _____ of memory.
A) blocking
B) absentmindedness
C) suggestibility
D) transience
251. Which researcher studied memory by using nonsense syllables?

A) Frederick Bartlett
B) Hermann Ebbinghaus
C) Donald Thomson
D) Elizabeth Loftus
252. Hermann Ebbinghaus studied memory by using:

A) nonsense syllables.
B) a priming task.
C) stories with embedded false information.
D) procedures designed to divide attention.
253. Research by Hermann Ebbinghaus and others demonstrated that:

A) memories of new information fade at a constant rate over time.
B) new memories remain strong for up to 4 weeks before they begin to fade.
C) most forgetting of new information happens soon after the event in question.
D) individuals remember much more than they think they do.
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254. Hafa just completed a course in calculus. Based on knowledge about the curve of
forgetting, we can predict that:
A) most of what Hafa will forget about calculus will occur in the first few years after
completing the course.
B) Hafa will forget most of the material at a constant rate over time.
C) Hafa will experience a sudden increase in forgetting approximately 4 years after
finishing the course.
D) the rate at which Hafa forgets calculus will increase over time.
255. Jared just completed a course in Chinese history. Based on knowledge about the curve
of forgetting, we can predict that:
A) most of what Jared will forget about the Chinese dynasties will occur in the first
few years after completing the course.
B) Jared will forget most of the material at a constant rate over time.
C) Jared will experience a sudden spike in forgetting beginning around 4 years after
course completion.
D) the rate at which Jared forgets the course material will increase over time.
256. Memories lose specificity over time; a fact associated with the _____ of memory.
A) generality
B) misattribution
C) suggestibility
D) transience
257. Transience involves the gradual switch from _____ to _____ memories.
A) more general; more specific
B) more specific; more general
C) explicit; implicit
D) implicit; explicit
258. The impairment of memory for previously learned information by newly learned
information is known as:
A) proactive interference.
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259. _____ occurs when information learned later impairs memory for information acquired
earlier.
A) Retroactive interference
B) Retrograde amnesia
C) Proactive interference
D) Anterograde amnesia
260. The impairment of memory for recently learned information by previously learned
information is known as:
D) blocking.
261. _____ occurs when information learned earlier impairs memory for information
acquired later.
A) Retroactive interference
B) Retrograde amnesia
C) Proactive interference
D) Anterograde amnesia
262. Michelle, whose first language is Spanish, is currently learning French in college. When
she goes to see her Spanish-speaking grandmother, she inserts French words into her
Spanish. Michelle is experiencing:
B) blocking.
D) transfer-appropriate processing.
263. Tony has spoken Italian since he was 5 years old. In his high school Spanish class, he
regularly replaces Spanish words with Italian words. Tony is experiencing:
D) retrieval-induced forgetting.
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264. Professor Lopez always parks his car in the same garage. One morning, however, the
garage was full and the professor had to park his car elsewhere. When he parked his car,
he took special note of its new location. Nevertheless, that afternoon Professor Lopez
spent a good bit of time wandering around his normal parking garage, confused as to
where his car was. The professor was experiencing:
D) absentmindedness.
265. Angus is asked to list his last three addresses on a job application. He writes his current
address but momentarily blanks on his previous addresses because his current address
keeps popping into mind. Angus is experiencing:
266. A lapse in attention that results in memory failure is the definition of:
A) absentmindedness.
B) blocking.
C) proactive interference.
D) retroactive interference.
267. Absentmindedness results from:

B) retroactive interference.
C) the passage of time since information encoding.
D) a lapse in attention.
268. Yo-Yo Ma, a world-famous musician, left his multimillion-dollar cello in the trunk of a
taxi. What might have caused him to forget something so important to him?
A) lack of retrieval cues
B) blocking
C) absentmindedness
D) transience
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269. Aaliyah had a very important midterm paper due in less than an hour, so she rushed to
her class in her car with the paper on the passenger seat. After she parked the car, she
raced into class, leaving the paper behind. Aaliyah experienced:
A) change bias.
C) transience.
270. A frazzled mother trying to pacify her fussy toddler while paying her bill at the
supermarket suddenly realizes that she has forgotten to get the most important item on
her list. Forgetting to purchase the item is an example of:
A) change bias.
B) absentmindedness.
C) transience.
D) proactive interference.
271. When attention is divided, what happens in the brain?

A) There is less activity in the lower left frontal lobe.
B) There is greater activity in the lower left frontal lobe.
C) There is less activity in the upper right frontal lobe.
D) There is greater hippocampal activity.
272. When attention is divided, what happens in the brain?

A) There is less activity in the cerebellum during retrieval.
B) There is greater activity in the lower left frontal lobe during encoding.
C) There is less activity in the upper right frontal lobe during retrieval.
D) There is reduced hippocampal activity during encoding.
273. Remembering to do things in the future is called _____ memory.

A) prospective
B) semantic
C) anterograde
D) source
274. Prospective memory involves remembering:

A) more positive than negative things about yourself.
B) to do things in the future.
C) spatial locations and directions.
D) name and face associations.
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275. Absentmindedness often involves a failure of _____ memory.
A) procedural
B) prospective
C) semantic
D) implicit
276. Failures in prospective memory often result in:

A) transience.
B) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
C) absentmindedness.
D) memory misattribution.
277. In contemplating her busy schedule over breakfast, Professor Morgan forgets that she
has to meet with a textbook representative at 2:00 p.m., illustrating _____ due to a
failure in _____ memory.
A) blocking; prospective
B) transience; source
C) absentmindedness; prospective
D) misattribution; source
278. A business executive was so occupied with a potential merger that she completely
forgot about a meeting she had scheduled for that afternoon with a new client. This
illustrates _____ due to a failure in _____ memory.
A) absentmindedness; source
B) transience; source
C) transience; prospective
D) absentmindedness; prospective
279. A failure to retrieve information that is in memory, even though you are trying to
produce it, is known as:
B) blocking.
D) transience.
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280. Blocking occurs when you:
A) fail to remember to do something in the future.
B) cannot remember the source of your memory.
C) fail to retrieve information that is available in memory, even though you are trying
to produce it.
D) fail to retrieve information due to divided attention.
281. Danielle is playing Trivial Pursuit and is asked to name the title of a classic TV show
based around castaways on an island. Danielle feels sure she knows the name and thinks
the first initial is G, but she cannot come up with the answer. Danielle is experiencing:
A) memory misattribution.
B) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
D) transience.
282. A student raises her hand to answer a question. The professor calls on her but
embarrassingly cannot remember her name, despite the fact that he is absolutely knows
it. The professor is experiencing:
A) memory misattribution.
B) a failure in prospective memory.
D) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
283. Divided attention is to _____ as the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is to _____.

A) transience; absentmindedness
B) absentmindedness; transience
C) transience; blocking
D) absentmindedness; blocking
284. During Monica's appearance on a popular quiz show, the host asked her to name the
capital of Russia, and Monica immediately blanked out. She knew that she knew the
answer, but she just couldn't recall it. This illustrates:
B) retroactive interference.
C) blocking.
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285. José was about to introduce his girlfriend, Natalia, to a friend—but, all of a sudden, he
could not remember his friend's name. This is known as:
A) a transient state.
B) a memory misattribution.
C) a tip-of-the-tongue experience.
D) retrograde amnesia.
286. Blocking of memory is MOST prevalent in:

A) adolescents.
B) young adults.
C) people in their 40s and 50s.
D) people in their 60s and 70s.
287. Severe cases of name blocking usually result from damage to the:
A) prefrontal cortex.
B) medial parietal lobe.
C) left temporal lobe.
D) hippocampus.
288. Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source is termed:

A) memory bias.
B) memory misattribution.
C) blocking.
D) memory misidentification.
289. Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source is termed:

A) memory bias.
B) suggestibility.
C) absentmindedness.
290. A psychologist is questioning Hunter about his childhood memories. Hunter is telling
the psychologist the story of his favorite Christmas present, a trip to Disneyland. His
memories of the present and the trip itself are very clear; however, Hunter believes that
the present came from his Uncle Charley, when in fact it was from his Aunt Beth. This
type of error in memory is known as:
A) misattribution.
B) false recognition.
C) hindsight bias.
D) childhood amnesia.
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291. Sarah was at work in a gas station when it was robbed. Right before the robbery
occurred, she spoke to a tall man with olive skin and a mustache. When being
questioned about the suspects in the burglary, she said she was certain that the robber
had olive skin and a mustache. In truth, however, he had no facial hair and fair skin.
What is the psychological term for this false recollection?
A) absentmindedness
B) misattribution
C) transference
D) bias
292. Of the memory "sins," one of the primary causes of eyewitness misidentifications is:
A) transience.
B) memory misattribution.
C) persistence.
293. Defense attorneys often protest prosecutors' use of eyewitness testimony because:
A) memory misattribution errors may cause an eyewitness to make a false
identification.
B) eyewitnesses are prone to transience.
C) poor eyesight in eyewitnesses tends to routinely invalidate their testimony.
D) consistency bias may sway an eyewitness to a false identification.
294. Recall of when, where, and how information was acquired is called:
A) retrieval.
B) retrospective memory.
C) source memory.
D) retroactive memory.
295. Source memory refers to:

A) when, where, and how information was acquired.
B) the credibility or accuracy of the information in memory.
C) remembering to do something in the future.
D) the memories that remain after transience has occurred.
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296. Chad recalls that Jack the Ripper was a serial killer who terrorized London in 1888, but
he has no idea if he originally learned this information from a book, a television show, a
movie, or a story from another person. Chad is experiencing a failure of _____ memory.
A) source
B) prospective
C) semantic
D) implicit
297. Claudia recalls that Henry Kissinger was President Nixon's secretary of state, but she
was not alive during the Nixon administration and she has no clue if she learned the
information in school, in a book, or on the news. Claudia is experiencing a failure of
_____ memory.
A) semantic
B) prospective
C) source
D) implicit
298. While taking a walk through the park, Whitney suddenly has an overwhelming
impression that she has taken this walk before but can't remember the details of it.
Whitney is experiencing:
A) a flashbulb memory.
B) prospective memory.
C) déjà vu.
D) suggestibility.
299. Which scenario BEST illustrates déjà vu?

A) suddenly believing that a life-altering experience is about to happen to you
B) suddenly believing that you have been in a situation before, even though you
cannot recall any details
C) telling the same story to the same person multiple times and thinking that the
person has not yet heard the story
D) mistakenly thinking that you recognize someone
300. Which scenario BEST illustrates déjà vécu?

A) believing that a life-altering experience is about to happen to you
B) mistakenly believing that you have already lived through a specific experience and
can remember the details of what happened
C) telling the same story to the same person multiple times and thinking that the
person has not yet heard the story
D) mistakenly thinking that you recognize someone
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301. People with damage to their _____ lobe are MOST prone to memory misattribution.
A) frontal
B) occipital
C) temporal
D) parietal
302. Maria was certain she recognized the waiter at the restaurant, but in fact she had never
seen him before. This type of memory misattribution is known as:
A) déjà vu.
B) memory construction.
C) blocking.
D) false recognition.
303. Which statement regarding hippocampal activity is TRUE?

A) The hippocampus is not active during false recognition.
B) The hippocampus is active to a lesser extent during false recognition relative to
true recognition.
C) The hippocampus is active to a greater extent during false recognition relative to
true recognition.
D) The hippocampus is about equally active during both false and true recognition.
304. The tendency to incorporate misleading information from outside sources into personal
recall of events is called:
A) false recognition.
B) suggestibility.
D) source memory.
305. _____ is the tendency to incorporate misleading information from outside sources into
personal recollections.
A) False recognition
B) Misattribution
C) Déjà vécu
D) Suggestibility
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306. In a classic study of false memory by Loftus, research participants were asked to
remember the time when they were little and got lost in a shopping mall. Although
Loftus confirmed that this never actually happened to any of the participants, the false
memory was implanted in about _____% of the participants.
A) 15
B) 25
C) 40
D) 80
307. Loftus conducted a classic study of false memory in which a false memory of _____
was implanted into the minds of participants.
A) being lost in the mall
B) riding an elephant
C) almost drowning
D) vacationing in Hawaii
308. Courtney is called to the witness stand to testify as an eyewitness against a man accused
of first-degree murder. The lawyer interrogating her asks a series of questions about the
alleged murderer. The lawyer throws in a question, asking Courtney to describe the
tattoo on the left shoulder of the accused man. This question is false—there is no tattoo.
The lawyer is using the question to try to discredit Courtney, who says that the tattoo
was small and hard to see in detail. The MOST likely reason for Courtney's mistake is:
A) change bias.
B) suggestibility.
C) false recognition.
D) transience.
309. Three weeks ago, Sandra came home to find an armed robber in the house. When she
walked in the door, the man pushed past her and fled the premises. Sandra's sister, Amy,
was unloading groceries from the car and said she thought the man had wavy black hair.
When Sandra goes in to view a lineup, the man who robbed her is in the lineup.
However, Sandra picks a similar man who has wavy black hair instead of the robber's
light brown hair. Her mistake illustrates the concept of:
A) suggestibility.
B) flashbulb memory.
C) bias.
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310. As illustrated by the study in which people first imagined and then falsely remembered
spilling punch all over the bride's parents at a wedding, _____ plays a large role in the
formation of false memories.
A) state-dependent retrieval
B) visual imagery
C) misattribution
D) flashbulb memory
311. Using social pressure, Shaw and Porter (2015) got _____% of the college students in
their study to falsely remember committing a crime as adolescents.
A) 30
B) 50
C) 70
D) 90
312. Using social pressure, Shaw and Porter (2015) got a large percentage of the college
students in their study to falsely remember _____ as adolescents.
A) committing a crime
B) breaking their leg
C) winning a radio contest
D) visiting Mount Rushmore
313. Shaw and Porter (2015) obtained substantially higher rates of false memories relative to
the original study published by Loftus and Pickrell (1995), probably because Shaw and
Porter utilized:
A) multiple interviews instead of just one.
B) more unrealistic false scenarios that triggered false flashbulb memories.
C) a double-blind, placebo-controlled technique.
D) more extensive social pressure.
314. In the 1990s, the large increase in the number of adults reporting recovered decades-old
memories of childhood sexual abuse probably was the result of:
A) memory misattribution produced by the prevalence of graphic sexuality shown on
television.
B) egocentric bias.
C) the prevalence of psychoactive drugs and the permissive sexual culture in the
1960s, when these individuals were children.
D) suggestive techniques used by psychotherapists.
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315. The distorting influence of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on the recall of
previous experiences is called:
B) bias.
D) source memory.
316. Which statement BEST describes how bias affects memories?

A) Biased memories are completely false.
B) Biased memories are usually attributed to the wrong source.
C) Biased memories are usually more detailed than are nonbiased memories.
D) Biased memories are distorted in some way.
317. Sam recalls the wonderful football team of his university days and the great season the
team had in his senior year. In fact, the record was only mediocre. Sam's memory of it
as more successful than it actually was is probably due to:
A) transience.
B) blocking.
C) suggestibility.
D) bias.
318. Clara is in a sad mood. She is asked to recall an event in her past that was relatively
neutral—her performance in a junior-high history class in which she earned a B—and
she recalls it being a sadder experience than it probably was. The influence of Clara's
current mood on her memory illustrates the memory sin of:
A) transience.
B) bias.
C) suggestibility.
D) misattribution.
319. The tendency to reconstruct the past to fit the present is termed:
A) consistency bias.
B) change bias.
C) transience.
D) fundamental attribution error.
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320. Consistency bias exaggerates the similarity between:
A) our behavior and social norms.
B) past and present.
C) individuals and stereotypes.
D) false memories and actual memories.
321. When Keith was asked to recall how he felt at the beginning of his current relationship
with his wife, Joni, his recollections were more similar to his present-day feelings than
they actually were at the time. This memory phenomenon is known as _____ bias.
A) suggestibility
B) consistency
C) change
D) misattribution
322. When a professor of psychology was asked to recall how she felt about her choice of a
psychology major as a sophomore in college, her recollections of the college major were
more positive than were her actual uncertain feelings at the time. This memory
phenomenon is known as _____ bias.
A) suggestibility
B) change
C) consistency
D) misattribution
323. Sometimes we exaggerate the difference between what we feel or believe now and what
we felt or believed in the past. This phenomenon is known as _____ bias.
A) consistency
B) change
C) misattribution
D) self-confirmation
324. Ali believes that her critical-thinking skills increased exponentially as a result of going
to college. In actuality, they increased only slightly. This phenomenon is known as
_____ bias.
A) consistency
B) source
C) misattribution
D) change
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325. The exaggeration of change between the past and present to make us look good in
retrospect is:
B) confirmation bias.
C) egocentric bias.
D) fundamental attribution error.
326. College students typically recall more good grades than bad grades when they look back
at their high school experiences. This memory phenomenon is known as:
B) persistence.
C) positive bias.
D) egocentric bias.
327. A year after tearing his ACL knee ligament and rehabbing the injury, an NFL football
player remembers the rehabilitation process as much more painful than it actually was.
This distortion in memory is due to:
B) egocentric bias.
C) misattribution.
D) persistence.
328. The intrusive recollection of events we wish we could forget is known as:
B) persistence.
D) source memory.
329. After a near-fatal collision with an 18-wheeler, Penelope was unable to think about
anything else for many months. She suffered the memory phenomenon known as:
A) suggestibility.
C) persistence.
D) blocking.
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330. When recalling the morning of September 11, 2001, Rob is able to describe what he was
doing and saying at the moment the principal of his middle school opened the classroom
door to advise the class to turn on the television. Rob's ability to describe the day's
events in detail is an example of:
A) a flashbulb memory.
B) transience.
C) a semantic memory.
D) consistency bias.
331. Even though Carrie was only 5 years old when her grandmother died, she still clearly
remembers exactly where she was and what she was doing when her parents told her the
devastating news, an example of a(n) _____ memory.
A) flashbulb
B) iconic
C) implicit
D) semantic
332. Because they have a(n) _____ component, _____ memories usually are well recalled.
A) emotional; semantic
B) emotional; flashbulb
C) cognitive; iconic
D) cognitive; source
333. Bob has flashbacks to traumatic events that occurred during his service in Iraq. They
cause him considerable anxiety, and he wishes that he could forget them. Bob is
experiencing the negative effects of the _____ of memory.
A) persistence
B) transience
C) suggestibility
D) permanence
334. College students are shown a series of pictures and asked to recall them 3 months later.
Which picture would the students LEAST likely remember?
A) a picture of a mother holding her deceased child
B) a picture of a beautiful nude person
C) a picture of an oak tree
D) a picture of a mutilated corpse
Page 67
335. The _____ is highly involved in the formation of flashbulb memories.
A) amygdala
B) hypothalamus
C) tectum
D) primary visual cortex
336. Memory is enhanced for highly emotional events in large part due to the activity of
which brain structure?
A) the basal ganglia
B) the amygdala
C) the tegmentum
D) the primary visual cortex
337. Damage to the amygdala is associated with:

A) general explicit memory deficits.
B) inability to recall emotional events.
C) higher incidence rates of flashbulb memories.
D) emotional events not being remembered more accurately than are nonemotional
events.
338. Memory sins are BEST conceptualized as:

A) maladaptive quirks resulting from genetic mutation.
B) once adaptive processes that have become maladaptive in the modern world.
C) the occasional result of a normally efficient system.
D) evidence of a highly inefficient system.
339. The seven sins of memory:

A) expose long-term memory as a highly unreliable storage system.
B) reinforce the notion that almost all memories are distorted.
C) are the occasional result of a fairly reliable system.
D) are interesting topics for psychologists but usually have no real-world implications.
340. Transience is a useful memory process because:

A) the brain has a limited storage capacity.
B) we can only attend to a fraction of our sensory experiences at any given time.
C) forgetting prevents subsequent issues associated with bias.
D) if information hasn't been used recently, it is probably not essential to remember it
in the future.
Page 68
341. Which statement BEST describes a benefit of transience?
A) It is adaptive to forget information we probably are not going to need.
B) Only important sensory experiences are encoded into long-term memory.
C) Modifying memories based on new information increases their utility.
D) Transience allows us to avoid known capacity issues associated with long-term
memory.
342. The memory sin that does NOT have benefits similar to those of the other sins is:
A) transience.
C) bias.
D) blocking.
343. Absentmindedness has benefits that are similar to which other memory sin?
A) transience
B) misattribution
C) bias
D) suggestibility
344. The memory sin of _____ often results in an increase in our overall sense of
contentment.
A) bias
B) transience
C) suggestibility
D) persistence
345. The advantage of having a flexible memory that can recombine past events to envision
possible futures facilitates which memory sin?
A) bias
B) transience
C) misattribution
D) persistence
346. The persistence of memory is advantageous in the sense that it:

A) highlights the flexibility of memory.
B) helps us learn from and avoid traumatic experiences that could threaten our
survival.
C) usually results in improvements in psychological well-being.
D) opposes the processes of dementia that occur with aging.
Page 69
Answer Key
1. B
2. C
3. D
4. B
5. D
6. D
7. B
8. A
9. B
10. D
11. C
12. A
13. A
14. C
15. C
16. A
17. D
18. B
19. C
20. C
21. B
22. A
23. B
24. B
25. D
26. A
27. C
28. C
29. C
30. A
31. B
32. A
33. C
34. A
35. C
36. D
37. D
38. C
39. A
40. A
41. C
42. D
43. C
44. A
Page 70
45. C
46. C
47. B
48. A
49. D
50. D
51. B
52. A
53. B
54. B
55. D
56. A
57. B
58. B
59. A
60. D
61. C
62. D
63. C
64. A
65. D
66. C
67. A
68. B
69. D
70. D
71. A
72. B
73. D
74. B
75. C
76. D
77. A
78. C
79. A
80. A
81. B
82. C
83. B
84. C
85. C
86. D
87. A
88. B
89. C
90. D
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91. D
92. A
93. C
94. C
95. D
96. B
97. C
98. D
99. A
100. C
101. C
102. D
103. B
104. B
105. A
106. D
107. C
108. C
109. D
110. A
111. B
112. C
113. B
114. B
115. A
116. C
117. C
118. B
119. D
120. A
121. A
122. C
123. D
124. B
125. D
126. B
127. A
128. C
129. C
130. D
131. B
132. B
133. D
134. B
135. A
136. B
Page 72
137. D
138. B
139. B
140. C
141. C
142. C
143. D
144. A
145. D
146. A
147. B
148. C
149. C
150. A
151. B
152. B
153. B
154. A
155. D
156. C
157. B
158. A
159. B
160. B
161. B
162. D
163. B
164. B
165. D
166. C
167. A
168. C
169. D
170. C
171. D
172. B
173. D
174. B
175. C
176. C
177. D
178. C
179. B
180. D
181. C
182. C
Page 73
183. A
184. D
185. B
186. C
187. D
188. A
189. B
190. B
191. A
192. B
193. A
194. A
195. B
196. A
197. D
198. C
199. B
200. C
201. B
202. C
203. B
204. C
205. A
206. B
207. D
208. C
209. B
210. C
211. A
212. C
213. B
214. B
215. A
216. C
217. D
218. A
219. D
220. C
221. D
222. D
223. D
224. B
225. A
226. B
227. D
228. D
Page 74
229. C
230. B
231. C
232. A
233. D
234. A
235. C
236. B
237. D
238. B
239. A
240. D
241. C
242. C
243. A
244. D
245. B
246. C
247. C
248. D
249. A
250. D
251. B
252. A
253. C
254. A
255. A
256. D
257. B
258. C
259. A
260. A
261. C
262. C
263. A
264. B
265. C
266. A
267. D
268. C
269. D
270. B
271. A
272. D
273. A
274. B
Page 75
275. B
276. C
277. C
278. D
279. B
280. C
281. B
282. D
283. D
284. C
285. C
286. D
287. C
288. B
289. D
290. A
291. B
292. B
293. A
294. C
295. A
296. A
297. C
298. C
299. B
300. B
301. A
302. D
303. D
304. B
305. D
306. B
307. A
308. B
309. B
310. B
311. C
312. A
313. D
314. D
315. B
316. D
317. D
318. B
319. A
320. B
Page 76
321. B
322. C
323. B
324. D
325. C
326. D
327. B
328. B
329. C
330. A
331. A
332. B
333. A
334. C
335. A
336. B
337. D
338. C
339. C
340. D
341. A
342. C
343. A
344. A
345. C
346. B
Page 77

Psychology 4th Edition Schacter Test Bank

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Psychology 4th Edition Schacter Test Bank

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Psychology 4th Edition Schacter Test

2. _____ is the process of maintaining information in memory over time.

9. Memories are made by:

10. Memories are:

12. Making a new memory is MOST analogous to:

15. Actively relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge already in

23. Semantic encoding is related to an increase of activity in which brain regions?

29. Categorizing information based on relationships among the items in a series to be

38. A stray cat would be LEAST likely to remember where it last:

40. The encoding of survival-related information is effective because it often requires

41. Superior recall of a scenario is often observed when the scenario:

43. Sensory information is kept for a few seconds or less in:

44. Sensory storage holds information for a maximum of:

51. Iconic memory is a fast-decaying store of:

52. Echoic memories last _____ iconic memories.

56. Iconic memories usually decay in about _____ or less.

57. Echoic memories usually decay in about _____ second(s).

64. The process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it is

74. Short-term memory can hold approximately _____ meaningful items.

79. Short-term memory is to working memory as:

80. Active maintenance of information in short-term memory is referred to as:

81. Active maintenance of information in _____ memory is referred to as _____ memory.

82. Working memory includes subsystems that store and manipulate:

92. In MOST people, the long-term memory store has:

97. Why did neurosurgeons remove portions of HM's temporal lobes?

115. Memories are MOST fragile:

125. Which statement about long-term storage is TRUE?

128. The synapse is defined as the space between:

131. Aplysia is a(n):

137. Short-term storage is to long-term storage as:

143. Which definition BEST describes a retrieval cue?

152. The BEST example of the use of a retrieval cue is:

162. According to transfer-appropriate processing, we are more likely to recall information

170. Retrieval-induced forgetting refers to the:

172. A participant studied the following word pairs: reptile-snake, reptile-turtle,

173. A participant studied the following word pairs: reptile-snake, reptile-turtle,

174. A participant studied the following word pairs: reptile-snake, reptile-turtle,

180. Trying to recall an event and successfully recalling one are:

181. Trying to recall an event and successfully recalling one are:

188. In a retrieval-induced forgetting paradigm, the _____ actively works to suppress

199. Remembering how to ride your bike is an example of _____ memory.

206. Priming is an example of _____ memory.

208. Which statement about priming is TRUE?

211. Conceptual priming is to perceptual priming as:

230. We rely heavily on _____ memory to envision the future.

235. Collaborative memory refers to:

236. _____ memory refers to how people remember in groups.

244. Collaborative inhibition refers to the finding that:

248. Transience refers to forgetting that occurs:

251. Which researcher studied memory by using nonsense syllables?

252. Hermann Ebbinghaus studied memory by using:

253. Research by Hermann Ebbinghaus and others demonstrated that:

267. Absentmindedness results from:

271. When attention is divided, what happens in the brain?

272. When attention is divided, what happens in the brain?

273. Remembering to do things in the future is called _____ memory.

274. Prospective memory involves remembering:

276. Failures in prospective memory often result in:

283. Divided attention is to _____ as the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is to _____.

286. Blocking of memory is MOST prevalent in:

288. Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source is termed:

289. Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source is termed:

295. Source memory refers to:

299. Which scenario BEST illustrates déjà vu?

81. Active maintenance of information in _ memory is referred to as _ memory.

283. Divided attention is to _ as the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is to _.