C H A P T E R
1
Introduction and the Literature
1.1 GLOBAL PULP AND PAPER
INDUSTRY
The pulp and paper industry is one of the
largest industries in the world. It supplies paper
to over 5 billion people worldwide. Originally,
papermaking was a slow and labor-intensive
process. Today pulping and papermaking are
driven by capital-intensive technical equipment
and high-tech and high-speed paper machines
that produce rolls of paper at a speed that may
reach 2000 m/min and with a web width that
may exceed 8 m. Paper is essentially a sheet of
cellulose fibers with a number of added constit-
uents, when necessary, to affect the quality of
the sheet and its fitness for the intended end use.
Paper is an important material, used daily
for many purposes worldwide. The global pro-
duction of paper and cardboard stood at approxi-
mately 407 million metric tons in 2015. More than
half of that production was attributable to pack-
aging paper, whereas almost one-third was attrib-
utable to graphic paper. It has been estimated that
global paper consumption in 2020 will amount to
500 million tons (Fig. 1.1). This means growth of
about 1.6% a year. Global consumption of paper
has increased by almost half since 1980. The
world’s three largest paper-producing countries
are China, the United States, and Japan. These
three countries account for half of the world’s to-
tal paper production, whereas the leading paper
importing and exporting countries are Germany
Biermann's Handbook of Pulp and Paper: Raw Material and Pulp Making
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814240-0.00001-X
and the United States. Tables 1.1e1.4 show top
five paper- and paperboard-producing countries,
wood pulpeproducing countries, recovered
paper-producing/collection countries, and non-
wood pulpeproducing countries, respectively
(FAO, 2015).
In a study conducted by (RISI is the best posi-
tioned and most authoritative global source of
forest products information and data.) RISI
(Annual Review of Global Pulp and Paper Statis-
tics, 2015), global paper and paperboard produc-
tion advanced 1.0% in 2014 to reach a new record
level of 406.5 million tons, in spite of a contin-
uous decline in North America and Europe.
Positive growth in the cases of packaging and
tissue grades continued to counteract the retreat
in global graphic paper production. China has
maintained the top position for both production
and demand of total paper and paperboard since
Virgin
material
Recycled fiber
30%
70%
(150Mt)
(350Mt)
FIGURE 1.1 2020 scenario: 500 million tons paper
produced with 70% recycled fiber.
1 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2 1. INTRODUCTION AND THE LITERATURE

TABLE 1.1 Top Five Paper- and Paperboard- TABLE 1.3 Top Five Recovered Paper-Producing/
Producing Countries (Million Metric Collection Countries (Million Metric
Ton in 2014) Ton in 2014)

Paper and Paperboard Recovered Paper

Apparent Apparent
Net Net
Imports Consumption Imports Consumption
Production 1000 m Exports (ANC) Production 1000 m Exports (ANC)

World 406,295 105,522 110,597 401,220 World 225,106 57,404 56,965 225,545

China 111,150 4497 6656 108,991 China 53,788 29,882 1042 82,628
USA 72,397 9485 11,598 70,283 USA 47,328 706 19,586 28,448
Japan 26,228 1810 1514 26,524 Japan 21,751 35 4261 17,525
Germany 22,602 10,693 13,211 20,084 Germany 15,221 3989 2543 16,667
India 14,961 2326 572 16,715 Korea 8333 1543 555 9321
Rep.
FAO (2015).
FAO (2015).

TABLE 1.2 Top Five Wood PulpeProducing

Countries (Million Metric TABLE 1.4 Top Five Nonwood PulpeProducing
Ton in 2014) Countries (Million Metric
Ton in 2014)
Wood Pulp
Other Fiber Pulp
Apparent
Apparent
Net
Net
Imports Consumption
Imports Consumption
Production 1000 m Exports (ANC)
Production 1000 m Exports (ANC)
World 175,622 58,713 59,069 175,266
World 12,338 546 519 12,366
USA 49,368 5353 7732 46,989
China 6799 41 82 6759
Brazil 17,813 424 12,043 6194
India 1995 4 1 1998
Canada 17,590 331 9912 8009
Spain 828 7 17 818
Sweden 11,622 395 3484 8533
Pakistan 370 370
Finland 10,450 408 3136 7721
USA 320 23 84 259
FAO (2015).
FAO (2015).

2009, whereas the United States remained in the

second place. China accounted for 25% of global
demand and 26% of global production of total
paper and paperboard in 2014. The leading com-
panies of the forest, paper, and packaging (FPP)
industry as of 2015 were International Paper and
Kimberly-Clark, both based in the United States.
The US paper industry earned around 96.1
billion US dollars of annual revenue in 2015. In
2016, International Paper generated more than
21 billion US dollars of revenue, whereas
Kimberly-Clark made around 18.2 billion US
dollars. Other leading paper industry companies
include Asia Pulp & Paper from Indonesia,
Svenska Cellulosa from Sweden, Stora Enso
and UPM-Kymmene from Finland, and Oji
Paper and Nippon Paper Group from Japan.
 1.1 GLOBAL PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
The global paper and pulp mills industry
has contracted slightly over the past 5 years,
primarily because of the transition to digital
media and paperless communication across
the most developed economies (www.
ibisworld.com/industry/global/global-paper-
pulp-mills.h). The manufacturing booms in
several emerging markets have partially
compensated the decline by driving increased
demand for paper used in packaging materials.
The industry is now shifting its focus toward
packaging materials and sanitary products that
are its two most promising segments for growth.
Industry revenue is expected to resume slow
expansion over the next 5 years, although the
growth in developing markets will surpass reve-
nue increases in Europe and the United States. A
global paper market study, “World Paper Mar-
kets up to 2030,” conducted by P€ oyry, reports
that the world’s demand for paper and paper-
board is expected to grow to 482 million tons
in 2030, but North America will experience
reduced demand (www.midlandpaper.com/
global-paper-and-pape). This equals an overall in-
crease of 1.1% per year, with variations by grade.
Particularly, the graphic paper market is facing
enormous challenges, and the increasing digitali-
zation is reducing demand for newsprint and
other printing papers and also uncoated and
coated wood-containing and wood-free papers.
According to P€ oyry’s study, the demand for con-
tainerboards, cartonboards, and tissue paper will
grow up to 2030. This is driven by increasing pack-
aging requirements in emerging markets, booming
e-commerce, and the growing demand for conve-
nience food and consumer goods brands. The
annual consumption of packaging material and
tissue/hygiene products will thus increase by up
to 2.9%. Focusing on regional growth markets, it
can be found that the demand for paper continues
to grow in the emerging markets, such as China
and India. This is because of the urbanization,
the increasing population, and the development
of a new middle class. On the other hand, in Japan,
Western Europe, and North America, the demand
3
will decrease by around 0.8% per year up to 2030.
“Since 1950 the production of paper has continu-
ally grown.” According to Timo Suhonen from
P€oyry Management Consulting, the last 5e6 years
were very challenging for the global paper indus-
try, particularly for companies in western markets.
P€oyry experts forecast a strong need for structural
changes in the paper industry. Particularly in west-
ern Europe, the experts find an urgent requirement
for further capacity reductions. The industry must
take a more disciplined approach as to the capacity
expansions after the markets in the emerging
Asian regions have become more mature. Industry
consolidation, acquisitions, mergers, and alliances
start making more sense there, too. Earlier, exits
from the graphic paper industry sometimes turned
to entries into the packaging paper and paper-
board sector through a conversion of the machines.
However, for multisector companies, this move
would probably be the least painful one and
should be decided on a case-by-case basis.
The global paper and printing market has
been estimated at 1270 billion US dollars. It
dropped down 6% in 2015 versus 2014 and is
expected to drop once again this year due to
sales decreasing by 2% (www.eulerhermes.
com/economic-research/sector-risks/Global-
Paper-Report). The upstream pulp sector con-
tinues to survive with a reduction in demand
globally. Over 2015, most regions observed
pulp production and prices reducing on average,
particularly leading producers China ( 2% year
by year) and Brazil, down by 2.5% because of an
annual high in 2012. The downstream sector
does not appear to fare better, with no end in
sight for long-term reduction in graphic paper.
Asia, which accounts for 45% of total paper
and paperboard demand, can hardly makeup
for slow demand from either Western Europe
or slowing down Latin America. This situation
appears most challenging in Europe because of
the strong dollar, which weighs down on
European pulp buyers. Furthermore, there is
growing competition from digital devices
(much tougher than in Asia), which leads to
4 1. INTRODUCTION AND THE LITERATURE
plant closures. Corrugated papers and tissue are
the only two prominent subsectors still on a pos-
itive path, owing to a rising demand for
e-commerce packaging.
According to Smithers Pira, UK, based on
recent trends, the sector will experience a period
of sustained growth of up to 6% annually
through 2017. This is expected to result in a
global market of more than 30 million tons
with an approximate value of $70 billion
(www.packagingdigest.com/.../demand-grows-
for-paperboard-with-some). Globally, the per
capita paper consumption for Europe is 129 kg,
Australia 116 kg, Asia 45 kg, and China 75 kg
(www.printweek.in). In India, on the other
hand, the per capita paper consumption is 9 kg,
against 22 kg in Indonesia, 25 kg in Malaysia,
and 75 kg in China. North Americans still
consume more paper per capita, upward of 500
lbs. annually, than anyone else on earth (Envi-
ronmental Paper Network, 2007, 2011). The
global average stands at 58 kg. This shows that
there is a lot of headroom for growth in India.
From a demand point of view, every 1 kg
incremental per capita consumption results in
additional demand of more than 1 million ton a
year (www.business-standard.com). Besides,
policy factors also have a major role to play in
the growth of the paper industry in India. The
government’s sustained focus on literacy,
increased consumerism, and expansion in orga-
nized retail are expected to positively affect
paper consumption and demand in India. Digital
media has a lot of ground to cover, at least as far
as penetration is concerned, particularly in the
rural areas. Paper consumption is being encour-
aged; it is an established business. What was
heartening was although there were several
challenges, the packaging side of the segment
is continuing to grow. In the last 5 years, the
Indian paper sector has invested about INR
20,000 crore on capacity enhancement, technol-
ogy upgrading, and acquisitions. Now, the com-
panies in the pulp and paper sector are seeking to
improve their balance sheets. The sector is eager
to expand capacity further, but the decisions in
this regard will depend on how soon companies
can improve their financials. The Indian paper
industry accounts for about 3% of the world’s
production of paper. The estimated turnover of
the industry is INR 50,000 crore (USD 8 billion)
approximately, and its contribution to the exche-
quer is around INR 4500 crore. The industry pro-
vides employment to more than 0.5 million
people directly and 1.5 million people indirectly.
Most of the paper mills are in existence for a
long time, and hence present technologies fall
in a wide spectrum ranging from oldest to the
most modern. The mills use a variety of raw
materials, viz. wood, bamboo, recycled fiber,
bagasse, wheat straw, rice husk, etc. In terms of
share in total production, approximately 24%
are based on wood, 65% on recycled fiber, and
11% on agro-residues. The geographical spread
of the industry and market is mainly responsible
for regional balance of production and
consumption.
India is the fastest growing market for paper
globally, and it presents an exciting scenario;
paper consumption is poised for a big leap
forward in sync with the economic growth. The
futuristic view is that the growth in paper
consumption would be in multiples of GDP,
and hence an increase in consumption by 1 kg
per capita would lead to an increase in demand
of 1 million tons.
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO PULP AND
PAPER MANUFACTURING
The availability of writing material has always
gone hand in hand with the development of
society. The earliest medium for writing was
the stone tablet. Egyptians invented papyrus
around 3000 BC. Papyrus is made by crisscross-
ing thin sections of the papyrus reed, which is
ubiquitous in the marshy delta of the Nile River.
Papyrus is held together by natural glues within
the reed when pressure is applied. The papyrus
was smoothed by rubbing with smooth stones.
Around 200 BC parchment, the tanned skin of
sheep or goats was developed. Parchment is
now a high-quality grade of paper made from
 1.2 INTRODUCTION TO PULP AND PAPER MANUFACTURING
Couch
Stock Vat
Deckles
Endless
Wire Cloth
FIGURE 1.2 Diagram of Bryan Donkin’s paper machine, c.1804. Redrawn from J. Ainsworth, Papermaking, 1957 Thilmany
Paper Co., with permission.
vegetable fibers. The invention of paper is
credited to Ts’ai Lun of China, who, in AD 105,
worked on a papyrus substitute by decree of
Emperor Hoti. Within 20 years, he had paper
from the bark of mulberry trees that was treated
with lime, bamboo, and cloth. The Chinese
considered paper as a key invention and kept
this a closely guarded secret for over five
centuries until the technology slowly made its
way westward. The Arabs captured a Chinese
city containing a paper mill in the early 700s
and from this started their own papermaking
industry. Paper was first made in England in
1496. The first US mill was built in 1690, the
Rittenhouse mill, Germantown, Pennsylvania.
The development of the paper machine is the
most important milestone of the industry. Louis
Robert, working at the paper mill owned by
Ledger Didot, made his first model of the contin-
uous paper machine in 1796 near Paris. The first
model was very small and made strips of paper
about as wide as tape. He received a French
patent for his machine in 1799, at the age of 37,
based on drawings he had submitted. Shortly
after being awarded the patent, he began con-
struction based on these drawings. Development
of the paper machine was led by the two Four-
drinier brothers, Henry and Sealy, who, in
1801, bought one-third interest in the British
patent rights of Robert’s machine. They hired
Bryan Donkin who took 3 years to develop the
first practical paper machine, which was in
5
Press Rolls Reel
operation at Two Waters Mill, Hertz, England,
in 1804. A sketch of this machine is shown in
Fig. 1.2. Donkin’s company continued to manu-
facture and improve the Fourdrinier Machine
for many years. His company supplied most of
the early Fourdrinier Machines throughout the
world. At about the same time, John Dickinson,
a colleague and friend of Donkin, was working
on his cylinder machine, which was refined in
1809. In fact, Dickinson and Donkin contributed
important ideas to each of these machines. For
example, in 1817, John Dickinson became the
first person to mention steam-heated drying
cylinders. He used cast iron cylinders complete
with stationary siphon tubes. In 1820, Thomas
Crompton added dryer felts using single-tier
dryer. Double-tier dryers soon followed. Cromp-
ton studied textile drying, which may have
provided the thought for using dryer felts.
Drying cylinders and cylinder arrangements
have not changed appreciably in concept, since
this time. The dandy roll was patented in 1825
by the two brothers John and Christopher
Phipps of Kent county. They made rolls from 4
to 12 in. (10e30 cm) in diameter. Some people
claim that John Marshall may have been the first
person to make a “riding roller,” and he began
manufacturing them in 1826. M. Canson of
Annonay, France, put a suction box under the
wire of his Fourdrinier Machine in 1826, as had
already been done on the cylinder machine but
kept this as a secret. In 1828, George Dickinson
6 1. INTRODUCTION AND THE LITERATURE
received a patent for a machine that, among
many other things, had the forerunner of the
suction roll. It was, however, about 80 years
later, with the invention of the cycloidal vacuum
pump, those suction rolls were used in the wet
end or press section. In 1829, John Dickinson
used a reverse press with double felting to
decrease the two-sidedness of paper. In fact,
many of the important inventions of the paper
machine were discovered within the first three
decades of Robert’s invention. With the inven-
tion of the paper machine, the amount of paper
that could be produced was soon limited by
the fiber supply because cotton was the main
constituent in paper. During the mid-19th cen-
tury, the technology for converting wood to
pulp suitable for paper was developed. With a
plentiful supply of pulp available, the amount
of paper production was then closely related to
improvements in paper machine speeds and
widths. The production of paper in the United
States increased by a factor of 10 in the 19th
century and almost 50 in the 20th century. Paper
production in developed countries seems to be
limited once again by fiber supply. Gone are
the days when huge logs went directly to pulp
mills as shown in Fig. 1.3. Much roundwood is
obtained from precommercial thinning using
skidders to drag them to the roadside as shown
FIGURE 1.3 Pulp logs leaving the forest. Reprinted from History and Description of Paper Making, ©1939 Crown Zellerbach
Corp., with permission.
in Fig. 1.4. In the Northwest United States,
wood prices are high enough that some mills
are now pulping construction wastes, pallets,
and other materials that are chipped. Even
chemical pulping of old corrugated boxes is
practiced in some parts of the world to stretch
fiber resources. Fig. 1.5 gives the steps in making
paper for a present-day mill. Regardless of the
method of making paper, whether by machine
or by hand, there are some common steps that
are shown in Fig. 1.6. In principle, paper is
made by pulping, to separate and clean the
fibers; beating and refining the fibers; diluting
to form a thin fiber slurry; suspended in solution;
forming a web of fibers on a thin screen; pressing
the web to increase the density of the material;
drying, to remove the remaining moisture;
finishing, to provide a suitable surface for the
intended end use.
Pulp and paper are made from cellulosic
fibers and other plant materials, although some
synthetic materials may be used to impart spe-
cial qualities to the finished product. Most paper
is made from wood fibers, but rags, flax, cotton
linters, and bagasse (a sugar cane residue) are
also used in some papers. Used paper is also
recycled, and after purifying and sometimes
deinking, it is often mixed with virgin fibers
and reformed again into paper. Other products
 1.2 INTRODUCTION TO PULP AND PAPER MANUFACTURING
FIGURE 1.4 Skidders drag small trees from the forest so that the remaining trees can grow faster. Reprinted from Making
Pulp and Papery ©1967 Crown Zellerbach Corp., with permission.
made from wood pulp (cellulose) include dia-
pers, rayon, cellulose acetate, and cellulose
esters, which are used for cloth, packaging films,
and explosives. Wood is composed of cellulose,
lignin, hemicellulose, and extractives. Cellulose
comprises about 50% of wood by ovendry
weight. This constituent is of primary interest
in papermaking. Lignin cements the wood fibers
together. It is a complex organic chemical. Its
structure and properties are not fully under-
stood. It is largely burned for the generation of
energy used in pulp and paper mills. As the
chemistry of lignin becomes better understood,
what is now mostly a waste product used for
fuel (some is converted to chemical products),
it could become a valuable feedstock for new
chemical products. The objective of pulping
process is to remove as much lignin as possible
without sacrificing fiber strength, thereby
freeing the fibers and removing impurities that
cause discoloration and possible future disinte-
gration of the paper. Hemicellulose plays an
important role in fiber-to-fiber bonding in paper-
making. Several extractives are contained in
wood but do not contribute to its strength prop-
erties; these too are removed during the pulping
process. The fiber from nearly any plant or tree
can be used for paper. However, the strength
7
and quality of fiber, and other factors that can
complicate the pulping process, varies among
tree species. In general, the softwoods yield
long and strong fibers that impart strength to
paper and are used for boxes and packaging.
Hardwoods, on the other hand, generally have
shorter fibers and therefore produce a weaker
paper, but one that is smoother, more opaque,
and better suited for printing. Both softwoods
and hardwoods are used for papermaking and
are sometimes mixed to provide both strength
and printability to the finished product.
The manufacturing of paper or paperboard can
be divided into several process steps (Table 1.5).
Paper production is mainly a two-step process
in which a fibrous raw material is first converted
into pulp, and then the pulp is converted into
paper. The harvested wood is first processed so
that the fibers are separated from the unusable
fraction of the wood, the lignin. Pulp making
can be done mechanically or chemically. The
pulp is then bleached and further processed,
depending on the type and grade of paper that
is to be produced. In the paper factory, the
pulp is dried and pressed to produce paper
sheets. Postuse, an increasing fraction of paper
and paper products, is recycled. Nonrecycled
paper is either landfilled or incinerated.
8 1. INTRODUCTION AND THE LITERATURE

LOGS

Whole Log
Sawmill Plywood Mill
Chipping

Wood Wood
Chipping Products

Chip
Pile

Fresh Cooking Liquor

Steam
Digester

Pulp
Rejects
Screening

Waste Liquor Pulp

Recovery Washing Wash Water

Pulp
Bleaching Chemicals
Bleaching

Attrition
Pulp And Waste
Refining

Landfill
Paper Paper or Burn
Trim Machine

Paper Customer
Conversion

FIGURE 1.5 An overview of chemical pulping and papermaking processes. Courtesy of W. Bublitz.

1.3 INTRODUCTION TO THE
LITERATURE
It is very important to be able to access articles
in the scientific literature in particular subject
areas. Information is one of the most underused
resources in the pulp and paper industry. The
information in original research papers and other
references can be used to solve many problems
and questions that arise in pulp and paper mills.
If you are not aware of a particular journal or
reference book mentioned in this chapter or
 1.3 INTRODUCTION TO THE LITERATURE 9

FIGURE 1.6 The basic steps to papermaking. The fiber source is pulped (and bleached for white papers); the pulp is
washed; the pulp is refined to ensure that the fibers are separated from each other and to roughen the surface for better fiber
bonding; a paper web is formed from a dilute pulp slurry letting most of the water dram by gravity; additional water is pressed
from the web; and the remaining free water is removed by evaporation to give the product.

how it is used, be sure to ask your librarian for
assistance. Many libraries can obtain copies of
articles or books, which they do not have in the
library, through interlibrary loan programs.
The lists in this chapter are by no means exhaus-
tive; however, some of the more routinely used
references are included. The literature can be
divided into the primary literature and the
secondary literature. The primary literature con-
sists of patents, journal articles, and proceedings
of meeting presentations. This is the most cur-
rent information and the most difficult to access.
One can keep abreast of only a few journals. To
fully use this resource, one should periodically
10 1. INTRODUCTION AND THE LITERATURE

TABLE 1.5 Process Steps Involved in the on the subject to save downtime during the con-
Manufacturing of Pulp and Paper version. The primary literature is never obsolete.
Process Steps
Indeed, it is often important to go back to the pri-
mary literature to check the source of equations,
Raw Material Preparation tables, etc. used in the secondary literature. Often,
Debarking on investigation of an original article, one learns
that information that has become widespread is
Chipping and Conveying
being used under inappropriate conditions.
Pulping The secondary literature is information that is
Chemical Pulping summarized in books, monographs, reference
books, and so forth. It tends to be older and
Sulfate Process
may be outdated; however, it is usually the best
Sulfite Process source to get background information in a partic-
Semichemical Pulping ular field. If one considers articles (and other ref-
erences) in specialized fields with applicability to
Mechanical Pulping
pulp and paper, such as corrosion, process con-
Stone Ground Wood Pulping trol, simulation, and so forth, to be useful, then
Refiner Mechanical Pulping the importance of abstract indices to access the
literature becomes obvious. One should not rely
Thermomechanical Pulping
on merely the pulp and paper journals; many
Chemithermomechanical Pulping important advances to pulp and paper technol-
Recycled Paper Pulping ogy are merely modifications of technologies
that are well established in other disciplines.
Chemical Recovery
Evaporation
Online Computer Searches
Recovery Boiler
Literature searches using computer terminals
Recausticizing
is quite common and convenient. Virtually, any
Calcining computer with a modem can be used from any
Bleaching location once an account is setup with a vendor.
Most libraries have facilities for doing literature
Mechanical or Chemical Pulp Bleaching
searches from computers and would probably
Stock Preparation and Papermaking know what sources to use for the pulp and
Preparation of Stock paper industry. This information is also avail-
able from other sources (Steelhanmier and
Dewatering
Wortley, 1992). It is recommended that some
Pressing and drying time be spent with thorough manual searching
Finishing of 1 or 2 years with abstract indices when
searching a new topic, especially a topic outside
of one’s normal activities. This is helpful to learn
conduct library searches with the abstract what keywords are most effective so that impor-
indices in areas of critical importance to a mill. tant work will not be overlooked. One should
For example, if a mill is considering conversion also be familiar with the pulp and paper litera-
to alkaline papermaking, one would want to ture before getting overly accustomed to using
obtain as much current information as possible computer-aided searches of the literature.
 1.5 TECHNICAL AND TRADE JOURNALS
1.4 ABSTRACT INDICES
Abstract Bulletin of the Institute of Paper
Science and Technology
The most complete abstracting service of
research directly related to pulp and paper is
the Abstract Bulletin, Institute of Paper Science
and Technology that is published monthly, in
addition to an annual index. It is available
online for computer searching. Before 1989, it
was the Abstract Bulletin of the Institute of Paper
Chemistry.
Chemical Abstract Index
The Chemical Abstract Index is a comprehen-
sive abstract bulletin covering all areas of chem-
istry and chemical engineering. It is extremely
useful for getting current information on all
aspects of chemical problems, affecting the
pulp and paper industry. Author, subject, chemi-
cal, and chemical formula indices are available
to find abstracts. Indices cover a 6-month period;
collective indices cover 10 volumes, correspond-
ing to 5 years.
Scientific Citations Index
The principal use of the Scientific Citations
Index is to keep track of the articles cited in the
primary scientific literature. For example, sup-
pose Dr. I. M. First published an article in 1988,
and the citation for that article appeared in the
Literature Cited section of an article published in
Tappi J. in January, 1990 by Ms. U. R. Second.
Under First, I. M. in the 1990 Citations Index
(not the Source Index), one would find that
U. R. Second cited the article of I. M. First. This
is a useful form of feedback to determine the
significance of a particular scientific publication.
In some fields, there are a few key authors whose
work is usually cited. By determining who cited
these authors, one can find some of the most
recent work.
11
1.5 TECHNICAL AND TRADE
JOURNALS
Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal
This journal publishes about 40 high-quality,
fundamental, original research papers per year.
(Arbor Pub. AB, Stockholm, Sweden, appears
quarterly.) This journal started to publish research
papers at about the same time (in 1986) the long-
standing Svensk Papperstidning ceased publishing
research papers.
Journal of Pulp and Paper Science
This journal also publishes high-quality,
fundamental, original research papers per year
(Technical Section, Canadian Pulp and Paper As-
sociation, Montreal, Quebec, appears bimonthly).
Tappi Journal
This journal publishes high-quality, original
research papers per year. It also includes indus-
try news, summaries of TAPPI conferences,
advertisements, and other topics (TAPPI, Nor-
cross, Georgia, appears monthly). Because of
the sheer number of articles published, this is
often a useful source to collect some of the cur-
rent information on a technical subject. By using
the annual index in the December issue, several
years of this magazine can be rapidly checked
for articles on a particular subject. References
cited in those articles will give further informa-
tion, although not necessarily the most current
information.
Other Pulp and Paper Research Journals
Pulp and Paper Canada publishes high-quality,
original research articles annually in addition to
industry news, feature articles, advertisements,
and so forth (Southam Business Information
and Communications Group Inc., Don Mills,
Ontario, published monthly).
12 1. INTRODUCTION AND THE LITERATURE
Appita Journal publishes high-quality, original
research papers annually in addition to industry
news, features, advertisements, and so forth
(Technical Association of the Australian and
New Zealand Pulp and Paper Industry, Inc.,
Parkville, Victoria, appears bimonthly).
Paperi ja Puu-Paper and Timber publishes orig-
inal research, review, and feature articles annu-
ally along with departments and other news
items (Toimitusjohtaja, Helsinki, Finland, 10
issues annually).
Progress in Paper Recycling appears quarterly
since late 1991 and contains research articles
and practical, useful articles in paper recycling
(Doshi & Associates, Appleton, Wisconsin).
Other Research Journals
There are many other journals that have orig-
inal research articles on pulping, fiber modifica-
tion, and other chemical subjects applicable to
the pulp and paper industry. Some of these
include Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology
(Marcel Dekker, Inc., appearing quarterly since
1981), Wood Science and Technology (Springer-
Verlag, the journal of the International Academy
of Wood Science, appears quarterly), Wood and
Fiber Science (Society of Wood Science and Tech-
nology, Madison, Wisconsin, appears quarterly),
Holzforschung (Walter de Gruyter, appears
bimonthly), Mokuzai Gakkaishi (Japan Wood
Research Society, appears monthly), and the
Forest Products Journal (Forest Products Research
Society, Madison, Wisconsin, 10 issues annu-
ally). These journals are essentially confined to
research articles.
Trade Journals or Magazines
Other pulp and paper journals have industry
news, feature articles, and advertisements, on a
wide variety of issues in pulp and paper pre-
sented in a relatively nontechnical fashion.
Many are available without charge to industry
personnel. Paper Age is published monthly (Global
Publications, Inc., Westwood, New Jersey). Pima
Magazine is published monthly and is designed
for mill management (Paper Industry Manage-
ment Association, Arlington Heights, Illinois).
American Papermaker (A/S/M Communications,
Inc., Atlanta, Georgia) is published monthly. It
was published in four editions by region of the
United States from 1987 to 1992; before 1987 it
was published as Southern Pulp and Paper. Interna-
tional Papermaker is published quarterly as of late
1992. Other magazines include Pulp and Paper
Magazine (Stockholm, Sweden, published quar-
terly) and Pulp & Paper Journal (Maclean Hunter
Ltd., Toronto, Ontario, 11 issues per year).
Pulp & Paper (the international version is Pulp
& Paper International, PPI) is published monthly
and is a very good source of current industry
production figures for North America (Miller
Freeman Publications, San Francisco, California).
(In November 1986, the Paper Trade Journal ceased
publication and was incorporated into Pulp &
Paper.) It has about 6 to 10 articles in each issue,
which focus on one or two topics in addition to
feature articles that might be on any topic. The
focus of a given month does not change much
from year to year, so this is often an excellent
source for general, up-to-date information on a
given topic.
1.6 REFERENCE BOOKS
PaperWorld
This highly recommended, five volume refer-
ence (in addition to the General Index and World
Atlas) covers the international pulp and paper
industry. Each volume is divided into five
parts covering (1) pulp and paper industry, (2)
exporters and importers, (3) suppliers (for
example, machines and chemicals), (4) associa-
tions, and (5) trade press. Names, addresses,
and phone numbers are given in most cases
(Birkner & Co., Hamburg, Germany).
 1.7 TEXTBOOKS
Lockwood-Post’s Directory
The Lockwood-Post’s Directory lists pulp and
paper mills, converting mills, and suppliers
with information on personnel, types and
amounts of products produced, water, wood
and power usages, equipment, etc. by state or
province for the United States and Canada,
respectively. It is updated annually (1990
Lockwood-Post’s Directory, Miller Freeman Publi-
cations, Inc., New York, N.Y. 1990).
Pulp & Paper Fact Book
This 426-page reference book lists production
by grades, sales, prices, and historical trends of
companies for each grade. It is updated annually
(1990 North American Fact Book, Miller Freeman
Publications, Inc., San Francisco, CA 1990).
Tappi Test Methods, Tappi Useful
Methods
This two-volume set contains standardized
test procedures for everything from wood chips
to containers and coated paper, including many
raw materials used in these processes. Volume 1
covers fibrous materials, pulp testing, and paper
and paperboard testing. Volume 2 covers
nonfibrous materials, container and structural
materials testing, and testing practices. These
test methods are used throughout the industry
to insure quality control and comparability of
results. Other countries have similar sets of
testing procedures that are mentioned later
(Tappi Test Methods, TAPPI, Atlanta, Georgia,
1991. In 1992, it was published as a single vol-
ume). Tappi Useful Methods is a supplement of
additional methods that have not been as
thoroughly reviewed as the official test methods.
Tappi Technical Information Sheets
This three-volume set contains data sheets on
densities of solutions, troubleshooting and other
13
guides, inspection reports, tables, figures, glossa-
ries, etc. (Technical Information Sheets, TAPPI,
Atlanta, Georgia, 1989).
Standard Testing Methods
This contains a series of standardized test
methods and data sheets of use to the pulp and
paper industry. It is similar to the two previously
listed references put out by TAPPI Press but con-
tains tests of the CPPA (Standard Testing Methods,
Technical Section, Canadian Pulp and Paper
Association, Montreal, Quebec). Pulpwoods of
the United States and Canada, a two-volume set
(Volume 1, conifers; Volume 2, hardwoods), lists
tree species, their silvics, wood properties, and
general pulping characteristics with references.
It includes the commercial species of North
America. This information is increasingly impor-
tant as pulp mills look to alternate species as
wood fiber supplies become more difficult to
obtain (Pulpwoods of the United States and Canada,
3rd edition. Institute of Paper Chemistry, Edited
by Isenberg, I.H., revised by Harder, M.L., and L.
Louden, Appleton, Wisconsin, 1981).
Wood Handbook
This is a general handbook on the physical,
mechanical, electrical, thermal, and other prop-
erties of wood and wood composites (Wood
Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material.
Agriculture Handbook number 72, Washington,
DC: U. S. Dept. of Agriculture; revised 1987).
1.7 TEXTBOOKS
Handbook for Pulp and Paper
Technologists
This resource of pulp and paper technology
includes numerous illustrations. It is weak in
the theoretical and practical sides of the field
and slightly dated but strong on the equipment
14 1. INTRODUCTION AND THE LITERATURE
aspect (Handbook for Pulp and Paper Technologists,
Smook, G.A., Joint Textbook Committee of the
Paper Industry, CPPA, Montreal, Quebec or
TAPPI, Atlanta, Georgia, 1982. 395 p.). Pulp and
Paper: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, a
four-volume set, gives a comprehensive look at
the chemistry of pulp and paper technology. It
is not heavily illustrated, nor does it give much
detail on equipment descriptions, but neither of
these detract from its purpose. It is a useful
reference book, a good starting point for detailed
information on many topics in pulp and
paper (Pulp and Paper: Chemistry and Chemical
Technology, Casey, J.P., Ed., Wiley-Interscience,
New York, N.Y. 1980, 1980, 1981, 1983 vol. 1e4,
respectively. 2609 p. total). Topics are as follows:
1. Wood chemistry, pulping and bleaching
2. Papermaking and environmental control
3. Chemical additives, paper properties and
analysis
4. Coating and converting
Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and
Applications
This book is a fundamental volume on wood
chemistry of very high relevance to the pulp and
paper industry. It covers the chemistry of wood
and bark components, pulping and bleaching
chemistry, chemistry of cellulose plastics and
other derivatives (derived from dissolving
pulp), and carbohydrate chemistry (Wood Chem-
istry: Fundamentals and Applications, Sjostrom, E.,
Academic Press, New York, 1981. 223 p.; 2nd
edition, San Diego, 1993).
Textbook of Wood Technology
Volume ldstructure, identification, uses, and
properties for the commercial woods of the
United States and Canadadis very useful. Exten-
sive micrographs and descriptions by wood
species also make it an important reference
book. Because the cost of wood is now about
20%e40% of the final product (although quite
variable) and can be expected to increase as a per-
centage with more competition for this resource,
knowledge about wood becomes very important
(Textbook of Wood Technology Vol 1, 3rd edition,
Panshin, A.J., and C. deZeeuw, McGraw-Hill
Book Company, New York, N.Y., 1970. 705 p.).
Handbook of Pulp, Two-Volume Set
This book published by Wiley (two-volume
set) has been edited by Dr. Herbert Sixta, head
of the cellulose and viscose research department
at Lenzing AG in Austria. Alongside the tradi-
tional aspects of pulping processes, pulp used in
industry and paper pulps, this book describes all
pulping processes used for paper and paperboard
manufacturing, as well as waste liquor treatment,
pulp bleaching and environmental aspects, while
also covering pulp properties and applications.
Handbook of Paper and Board
This book published by Wiley has been edited
by Herbert Holik. This handbook describes the
manufacturing processes of various types of pa-
pers, recovered paper treatment, and the quality
and economical aspects. More than 20 authors
contribute a variety of viewpoints, one of the
many features of this book. They give a concise
description of the fascinating art and technology
of papermaking, providing lay readers, students,
politicians, and others with the latest information
on current technologies. The second edition of
this book has been also published in 2013. It has
been updated, revised, and largely extended in
depth and width, including the further use of pa-
per and paperboard in converting and printing.
Papermaking Science and Technology
Book Series
TAPPI currently partners with the Forest
Products Engineers based in Finland. As part
of their partnership, they offer the Papermaking
 1.8 CHEMISTRY REFERENCE BOOKS
Science and Technology book series featuring 20
volumes that cover the entire paper manufacturing
process from wood raw material to end product.
Books are available in print or convenient PDF
downloads. This series is ideal to train new
employees in the company or as a reference guide
for the experienced workforce. The Papermaking
Science and Technology series is also an excellent
textbook resource for universities and colleges.
Others
Other textbooks are still useful if somewhat
dated. These include Pulping Processes, Rydholm,
S.A., Interscience, New York, 1965 (corrected
version, 1967) 1269 p.; Handbook of Pulp and Paper
Technology, Britt, K.W., Reinhold, Publishing
Corp., New York, 1964, 537 p.; the two-volume
set Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Libby,
C.E., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1962, 436 and
415 p., respectively; Paper and Paperboard, Kline,
I.E., Miller Freeman, San Francisco, 1982, 232 p.
(2nd ed., 1991, 245 p. and, except for updated
statistics, very similar to the first edition); Pulp
Technology and Treatment for Paper, Clark, J.d’A.,
Miller Freeman, San Francisco, 1978, 751 p.
(2nd ed., 1985, 878 p., which includes nominal
updating of some fundamentals such as mechan-
ical pulping); and the three-volume set Pulp and
Paper Manufacture, 2nd ed., MacDonald, R.G.,
Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1969 (769, 542,
and 655 p., respectively) listed below.
1. The Pulping of Wood
2. Control, Secondary Fiber, Structural Board,
Coating
3. Papermaking and Paperboard Making Work
on the 3rd edition of the Pulp and Paper
Manufacture series (with 7  10 in. format)
began in 1983.
Although generally informative, they often
lack continuity, making them difficult for
newcomers to use. The titles are as follows:
1. Properties of Fibrous Raw Materials and
Their Preparation for Pulping, 1983, 174 p.
15
2. Mechanical Pulping, 1987, 281 p.
3. Secondary Fiber and Nonwood Pulping,
1987, 266 p.
4. Sulfite Pulping and Technology, 1985, 352 p.
5. Alkaline Pulping, 1989, 637 p.
6. Stock Preparation and Nonfibrous
Additives, 1992, 316 p.
7. Paper Machine Operations, 1991, 693 p.
8. Coating, Converting and Specialty
Processes, 1990, 386 p.
9. Mill Control and Control Systems: Quality &
Testing, Environmental, Corrosion,
Electrical, 1992, 386 p.
10. Process Control & Information Systems, 1993.
1.8 CHEMISTRY REFERENCE
BOOKS
Merck Index
The Merck Index contains data on over 10,000
chemicals, drugs, and biologicals with informa-
tion on synonyms, formula, structure, elemental
composition, commercial manufacture, toxicity,
uses, physical properties, and solubilities in
various solvents. It is updated approximately
every 8 years, with the 11th edition appearing
in 1989 and available online for computer
searches. There are also tables on subjects such
as pH indicators and buffer solutions, conver-
sion factors, abbreviations, and names of organic
chemistry reactions (The Merck Index, eleventh
edition, Merck & Co., Inc. Rathway, N.J., 1989).
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
This is a widely used, extensive collection of
information that is revised annually. It is divided
into sections containing mathematical tables,
properties of the elements, inorganic compounds
and organic compounds, general chemistry, and
physical constants (Handbook of Chemistry and
Physics, 70th edition, 1989e1990, Weast, R.C.,
Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1989).
16 1. INTRODUCTION AND THE LITERATURE
Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry
The Handbook of Chemistry contains tables of
mathematical statistics, fundamental constants,
conversion factors, atomic and molecular
structures, physical constants of inorganic and
organic compounds (crystalline form, refractive
index, melting and boiling points, density,
and selected solubilities), analytical chemistry
(activity coefficients, equilibrium constants,
pH measurements, gravimetric factors, etc.),
electrochemistry, spectroscopy (X-ray, NMR,
IR), thermodynamic properties (enthalpies and
Gibbs free energies of formation, entropies,
and heat capacities of compounds and ele-
ments), and physical properties (solubilities,
vapor pressures, melting and boiling points,
viscosity, dipole moments, etc.). This handbook
is revised approximately every 6 years (Lange’s
Handbook of Chemistry, thirteenth edition.
Dean, J.A., Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co. New
York, N.Y., 1985).
Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook
Although most of the information covered in
this extensive reference is related to engineering
rather than chemistry, this is an extremely useful
reference book for topics such as thermody-
namics, corrosion, reactor design, distillation,
process control, and evaporation in the area of
chemical engineering. Information on virtually
any unit operation used by the pulp and paper
industry can be found in this book (Perry’s
Chemical Engineering Handbook, sixth edition.
Perry, R.H. and D.W. Green, editors, McGraw-
Hill Book Co., New York, N.Y., 1984).
1.9 OTHER REFERENCES
This list of references does not include the
many books, bibliographies, conference pro-
ceedings, and other sources of information
available in specific areas of pulp and paper.
To locate these, one should obtain a Publications
Catalog from TAPPI Press (Atlanta, Georgia), a
Bibliographic Series List from the Institute of Paper
Science and Technology [Atlanta, Georgia, and
formerly the Institute of Paper Chemistry
(Appleton, Wisconsin)], a list of Pulp and Paper
Technical Books available from the Technical
Section of the Canadian Pulp and Paper Associ-
ation, or similar resources. There are many
reports of the US Department of Agriculture
Forest Product Laboratory (FPL) in Madison,
Wisconsin, that are not well known. The early
summary publication that includes bibliogra-
phies of FPL reports and journal publications
of the FPL staff is useful to access much of the
early work of this laboratory. The reference to
this information is Report No. 444, List of publi-
cations on pulp and paper, August, 1960, 58 pp.
Semiannual lists are available as well on the
work done at the FPL. Some of these reports
contain pulping and papermaking studies on
wood species that may become commercial in
the future as fiber becomes more and more diffi-
cult to obtain.
1.10 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Steelhammer, LC. and B. Wortley, The
computer connection, PIMA Mag. 75(5):40-
41(1992). This brief article lists several of the
vendors of computer literature searches with
their addresses and phone numbers.
Clapperton, R.H., The Paper-making Machine,
Its invention, Evolution and Development,
Pergamon Press, New York, 1967, 365 p.
(Out of print.) This work is easy reading and
made interesting by the diagrams and
photographs. A section includes biographies
of early papermakers, including L. Robert, L.
Didot, J. Gamble, H. Fourdrinier, J. Hall, J.
Dickinson, Escher Wyss, and J. Voith. As I
read this, I soon find myself vicariously
looking over the shoulders of the great
inventors as they first design and assemble
 EXERCISES
their machines. This was an important source
of information for the text above and is my
favorite reference on the history of the paper
machine.
Smith, D.C., History of Papermaking in the
United States (1691e1969), Lockwood Pub.
Co., New York, 1970. 693 p.
Hunter, D., Papermaking, The History and
Technique of an Ancient Craft, 2nd ed,. Alfred
A. Knope, New York, 1943. 611 p., with
over 317 photographs and diagrams. Dard
Hunter came from a long line of papermakers
and printers. His writings on the history of
papermaking are well known, and a
papermaking museum, once housed at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but
now at the Institute of Paper Science
and Technology, is named after him.
Hunter, D., Papermaking Through Eighteen
Centuries, William Edwin Rudge, New York,
1930. 358 p. This work deals with early
methods of papermaking and includes
numerous sketches and pictures of old
techniques.
Rudlin, B., Making Paper - A Look into the
History of an Ancient Craft, Vallingby, Sweden,
1990, 278 p., with 16 color plates (8 leaves) of
contemporary, artistic, handmade papers
using a variety of vegetable fibers. This work
covers both handmade paper and machine-
made paper.
Sixta, H. (Ed.) (2006). Handbook of Pulp.
WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA,
Weinheim Germany, pp. 69e107, (Chapter 3).
This is a comprehensive handbook dealing
with the traditional aspects of pulping processes.
It describes all pulping processes used for paper
and paperboard manufacturing, as well as waste
liquor treatment, pulp bleaching and environ-
mental aspects, while also covering pulp proper-
ties and applications.
Gullichsen J (2000). Fiber line operations.
In: Gullichsen, J., Fogelholm, C.-J. (Eds.),
Chemical PulpingePapermaking Science
17
and Technology: Book 6A. Fapet Oy,
Helsinki, Finland. This book deals step by
step, why and how things are done to
obtain fibers from wood by chemical
pulping. This book combines science and
technology in a way that allows both
students and mill engineers to benefit from
learning about modern fiber lines, while
increasing their awareness of the
challenges and opportunities involved in
research and in the design and operation
of new pulp mills.
Hubbe, M.A., 2005. Paper, Kirk-othmer
Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John
Wiley & Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/
0471238961.1601160512251405.a01.pub2.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/
Annual Review of Global Pulp and Paper
Statistics, 2015. Available from: www.risiinfo.
com/risi.../annual-review-global-pulp-
paper-statistics.htm
Environmental Paper Network, 2007. The
State of the Paper Industry 2007. Retrieved
from: http://environmentalpaper.org/
state-of-the-paper-industry-2007.php.
Environmental Paper Network, 2011. The
State of the Paper Industry 2011. Retrieved
from: http://environmentalpaper.org/state-
of-the-paper-industry-2011.php.
US EPA, 1998. Pulp and Paper NESHAP:
A Plain English Description. Available
from: www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/pulp/
guidance.pdf.
Bajpai P (2017). Pulp and Paper Industry 1st
Edition ELSEVIER Inc. USA
FAO (2015) FAO yearbook of forest products.
www.fao.org
EXERCISES
Sources of Information
1. In 1981 and 1982, some articles on
carbohydrate analysis came out of the
18 1. INTRODUCTION AND THE LITERATURE

laboratory of G. D. McGinnis. Using the carbohydrates (monosaccharides). How

Chemical Abstracts, find one or two citations
for these articles.
2. Once again, using the Chemical Abstracts,
find the references for some recent articles
on silylation (trimethylsilylation) of
would you find some of the more
important references in this field
without looking through every single
Chemical Abstract index over the last
30 years?