Section II

Q) What is Indian National Congress? [4]

Indian National Congress, by name Congress Party was political party of India. It
was formed in 1885, by a British Civil Servant A-O Hume. The Indian National
Congress dominated the Indian movement for independence from Great Britain. It
subsequently formed most of India’s governments from the time of independence
and often had a strong presence in many state governments, particularly in 1937
elections.

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 Topic: Partition of Bengal
Q) What were the reasons for the Partition of Bengal? [14]
The partition of Bengal in 1905 was a significant event in the history of India. Here
are six reasons that contributed to the partition:

1. Administrative Convenience: The British government cited administrative

convenience as a primary reason for the partition. Bengal, as a province, was
vast and diverse, making it difficult to govern effectively. The partition
aimed to create two smaller administrative units, Bengal and Eastern Bengal
and Assam, for better governance.

2. Divide and Rule Policy: The British employed a policy of "divide and rule"
to maintain control over India. By dividing Bengal along religious lines,
they sought to weaken the nationalist movement and create divisions among
Hindus and Muslims. The partition was seen as a means to prevent a united
front against British rule.

3. Economic Factors: The British emphasized economic considerations as a

reason for partition. They argued that Eastern Bengal, with its fertile lands
and rich resources, would have better economic prospects if separated from
the more populous and economically developed regions of Western Bengal.
The partition was seen as a means to stimulate economic growth in Eastern
Bengal.

4. Hindu-Muslim Conflict: The British believed that the partition would

address growing Hindu-Muslim tensions in Bengal. By creating a separate
Muslim-majority province, they hoped to pacify Muslim demands for better
representation and alleviate Hindu fears of Muslim dominance. However,
the partition ended up exacerbating communal tensions rather than resolving
them.

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 5. Curbing Nationalist Movement: Bengal was considered a hotbed of
nationalist activities during the early 20th century. The British saw the
partition as a way to weaken the nationalist movement by disrupting its
stronghold. They believed that dividing Bengal would dilute the collective
strength of the Bengali-speaking population and weaken nationalist fever.

6. Strategic Considerations: Some strategic considerations were also

involved in the partition decision. The British wanted to strengthen their
control over the eastern region of Bengal, which shared borders with Assam
and Burma (now Myanmar). They believed that a separate administration
would provide better control over this strategically important area.

It is important to note that the partition of Bengal in 1905 had significant political,
social, and economic repercussions and played a crucial role in shaping the
subsequent Indian nationalist movement. The partition was met with widespread
protests and political mobilization, leading to its eventual reversal in 1911.

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 Topic: Simla Deputation
Q) What was Simla Deputation? [4]
The Simla Deputation was a gathering of 35 prominent Indian Muslim leaders led
by the Aga Khan III at the Vice Regal Lodge in Simla in October 1906. The
deputation aimed to convince Lord Minto, then Viceroy of India, to grant Muslims
greater representation in politics.
The deputation presented the memorial in front of viceroy, which was consisting of
the demands that rights of separate electorates should be given to the Muslims;
Muslims should be given three more seats in central legislature; quota should be
given to the Muslims in civil services;
Q) Why was Simla Deputation important/turning point? [7]
The Muslim delegation comprising 35 Muslim leaders known as the Simla
Deputation, apprised the Viceroy Lord Minto of the Muslim's demands. The
deputation asked for a separate electorate through which the Muslims could elect
their own representatives for municipalities, rural councils and provincial and
central legislative councils. Lord Minto expressed his complete agreement with the
principle of the separate electorate. This British acceptance showed that they were
now ready to work with the Muslims, and even make concessions to them.

Moreover, the Deputation showed that many Muslims had now come round to the
idea that they were a separate community who should be treated in a different way
from the Hindus. Their demand for a separate electorate was accepted by the
government and incorporated into the Morley-Minto reforms of 1909. At this time
Muslims had left the Congress and had no political platform to project their
demands thus, this led to the formation of the All-India Muslim League later that
year on 30th December 1906.

Further, it showed that the Muslim community had decided to ensure that it
established a secure place in the constitution by its own methods. The Hindu-
Muslim rivalry which existed in day-to-day life now existed in the constitution as
well. The Simla Deputation was perhaps the first step down the long road leading
to the formation of Pakistan

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 Topic: All India Muslim League
Q) What were the reasons for the establishment of “All India Muslim
League”? [14]

1. Marginalization of Muslim Interests: Muslims in the Indian subcontinent

felt that their interests were being marginalized within the Indian National
Congress, which was dominated by the Hindu majority. The Simla
Deputation, led by Sir Agha Khan and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, represented
the concerns of Muslims and highlighted the need for a separate political
platform to protect Muslim interests.

2. Simla Deputation of 1906: The Simla Deputation refers to the meeting held
in Simla (now Shimla) in October 1906, where a delegation of Muslim
leaders, led by Sir Agha Khan, presented a set of demands to Viceroy Lord
Minto. The delegation emphasized the need for separate electorates,
representation of Muslims in legislative bodies, and protection of Muslim
rights. The Simla Deputation played a pivotal role in drawing attention to
the specific concerns of Muslims and laid the foundation for the
establishment of the Muslim League.

3. Response to the Partition of Bengal: The partition of Bengal in 1905,

which divided the province along religious lines, had a profound impact on
the political consciousness of Muslims. It fueled fears of potential Hindu
dominance and contributed to a sense of insecurity among Muslims. The
Simla Deputation and subsequent establishment of the Muslim League were
responses to the partition, aiming to address the concerns of Muslims and
protect their interests.

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 4. Communal Representation: The Simla Deputation and the Muslim League
advocated for the principle of communal representation, wherein Muslims
would have their own electorate to choose their representatives. This
demand for separate electorates was driven by the belief that Muslims
needed their own political platform to ensure fair representation and protect
their interests.

5. Need for Political Organization: The Simla Deputation highlighted the

need for a dedicated political organization that would provide a platform for
Muslim leaders to articulate their demands and negotiate with the British
colonial authorities. The establishment of the Muslim League fulfilled this
need, serving as a forum for Muslims to come together, discuss their issues,
and present a united front in political negotiations.

6. Influence of Muslim Intellectuals and Leaders: Muslim intellectuals and

leaders, including Sir Agha Khan and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, played a
significant role in the formation of the Muslim League. Their participation
in the Simla Deputation and their subsequent efforts to mobilize support for
the Muslim League helped galvanize the Muslim community and lay the
foundation for the league's establishment.

The Simla Deputation and the events surrounding it, along with the broader
concerns of Muslim representation and protection of Muslim interests, were
instrumental in the formation of the All India Muslim League.

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Q) What were the objectives of The Muslim League? [7]
The Muslim League, founded in 1906, had several objectives:

1. To safeguard the political and educational rights of Muslims in British

India: The Muslim League aimed to protect the interests and rights of
Muslims, who felt their political and educational representation was being
marginalized under British rule.

2. To promote the unity and solidarity of the Muslim community: The

league sought to foster a sense of unity and common identity among
Muslims, transcending regional and linguistic differences.

3. To advocate for the creation of separate electorates: The Muslim League

demanded separate electorates to ensure Muslim representation in legislative
bodies, believing that it would protect their distinct political interests.

Q) What were the main point of Morley-Minto reforms? [4]

Constitutional changes in British India, introduced to increase Indian participation

in the legislature. They were embodied in the Indian Councils Act (1909)
following discussions between John Morley, Secretary of State for India (1905–
14), and Lord Minto, viceroy (1905–10). The reforms included the admission of
Indians to the Secretary of State's council, to the viceroy's executive council, and to
the executive councils of Bombay and Madras, and the introduction of an elected
element into legislative councils with provision for separate electorates for
Muslims. The reforms were regarded by Indian nationalists as too cautious, and the
provision of separate electorates for Muslims was resented by Hindus.

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 Topic: Morley-Minto reforms 1909.
Q) Why did the Congress Party oppose the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909?
[7]
Congress opposed Morley-Minto reforms in 1909 due to number of reasons.
[Lack of role of Indians]
a) Congress was demanding for self-rule but no real role was given to Indians
in government affairs. The role of councils was only advisory.
b) Members of councils were only given chance to express their opinion
without any power to change government policy.
c) Members of the Councils were not allowed to discuss foreign affairs and
government relations with Princely States.
d) The number of nominated (official) members was in majority in councils.
e) Morley clearly stated that these reforms should not be seen as a step toward
self-rule in India.
[Separate electorate]
a) Muslims right of separate electorate was disliked by Congress. Congress
was in favor of joint elections. Congress believed that it would increase
divide in India and other communities would also demand for reserved seats.
Congress considered separate electorate as old British policy of “divide and
rule” to destroy the national feelings.
b) Congress was also angry due to high position of Muslim league in councils.
Muslim league members were given importance equal to Congress, despite
the Muslims were in minority.
[Voting rights]
a) Voting rights were given to small part of population because only the owner
of large property was allowed to vote.
b) Landlords and members of the chamber of commerce were given too much
importance, only Indians loyal to British from upper classes, could reach the
Legislative Councils.
c) Women were not allowed to vote. Indirect methods of election were against
the basic principles of democracy.

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 Topic: Partition of Bengal Reversed.
Q) Why partition of Bengal was reversed in 1911? [7]
[Hindu opposition]
(a) Hindus celebrated black day on 16th October, the day on which Bengal was
divided.
(b) Congress organized public meetings, gatherings and hunger strikes against the
partition of Bengal.
(c) Hindu newspapers published articles against partition of Bengal.
[Swadeshi movement] Congress started Swadeshi movement in which Hindus
refused to buy British goods. Hindus had started to use Indian made cloth and
products to put pressure on British. British made goods were set on fire. Sale of
British goods in Indian markets reduced clearly. So the British had to reverse the
decision of partition of Bengal.
[Terrorist activities] Government building was set at fire. Hindus tried to murder
Lord Minto twice. Attacks were made on British officers; many were killed in
these attacks. Trains and telegraph lines were a constant target of attacks. Hindu-
Muslim clashes were common. Houses and property of Muslim was set at fire. At
last British had to bow down before the Hindu opposition and thus reversed the
partition of Bengal.
[Lack of Muslim League influence] Congress was an old party and got lot of
influence. Muslim league was not organized to face the efforts of Congress to
reverse the partition of Bengal.
[New viceroy] Lord Curzon who had decided partition of Bengal was no more
viceroy of India so it was easy for new Viceroy to change Partition of Bengal.
British wanted to change capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi so they changed
the decision of the partition of Bengal to reduce Hindu opposition on change of
capital city.

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 Topic: Lucknow Pact 1916.
Q Explain why the Lucknow pact of 1916 came about? [7]
Lucknow pact was an agreement on upcoming reforms between Congress and
Muslim league in 1916 due to number of reasons.
[Change in Muslim league policy]
a) Language issue spoiled Muslim relation with British government when
Hindi was also set as second official language. Moreover, reverse of the
partition of Bengal realized Muslim that they can't depend on British
promises.
b) Muslim league added the demand of self-rule in its policy in 1912 which
improved Muslim league relations with Congress so both parties were ready
to sign Lucknow pact.
[Cruel British policies] The failure of the British to give more rights to Indian in
the period up to 1914, and cruel policies of British during World War 1 brought
Congress and Muslim league closer to each other. Muslim league believed that if
they wished to protect their political rights, they had to work with all political
parties of India. So Muslim League signed Lucknow pact with Congress.
[Jinnah efforts] Mr. Jinnah was a strong supporter of Hindu-Muslim unity. He
believed that joint demands would put more pressure on the British. With the
efforts of Mr. Jinnah Congress and Muslim league held their annual meetings in
Bombay in 1915. Congress and Muslim League decided to improve common
understanding on key issues . Both parties signed Lucknow pact in a joint session
in 1916.
[Congress view] Congress wanted to solve differences with Muslim league to
reduce hurdles in the way of upcoming reforms, so it was ready to give some rights
to Muslims. In Lucknow Pact Congress accepted separate electorate and one-third
seats for Muslim in councils. Some Hindu became convinced that Hindu-Muslim
problem was so deep-rooted that some sort of partition would be necessary.

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Q) Why the Lucknow Pact was important? [7]

1. Hindu-Muslim Unity: One of the most crucial aspects of the Lucknow Pact
was the unity it fostered between the Indian National Congress and the All
India Muslim League. The agreement marked a significant step towards
bridging the gap between the Hindu and Muslim communities, which had
been a source of division and conflict. The coming together of these two
major political organizations represented a critical milestone in the quest for
Hindu-Muslim unity and a shared goal of independence.

2. Demand for Self-Government: The Lucknow Pact included a joint demand

for self-government or home rule for India. Both the Indian National
Congress and the All India Muslim League agreed on the need for Indians to
have greater control over their own governance. This shared demand for
self-government demonstrated a united front against British colonial rule
and underscored the growing consensus for Indian autonomy.

3. Representation and Communal Balance: The Lucknow Pact recognized

the importance of fair representation for both Hindus and Muslims in the
future governance of India. It called for a system of separate electorates,
ensuring that both communities had a voice in legislative bodies. This
provision aimed to address the concerns of the Muslim community, who
feared being marginalized in a Hindu-majority independent India. The
recognition of communal balance and the principle of fair representation laid
the groundwork for future discussions on power-sharing and minority rights.

Overall, the Lucknow Pact was important because it symbolized the coming
together of the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League, which
represented the aspirations of both Hindus and Muslims. It highlighted the strength
of Hindu-Muslim unity, advocated for self-government, and addressed concerns of
fair representation, setting a precedent for future negotiations and discussions on
the path to Indian independence.

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 Topic: Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
Q) What were the main points of Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms? [4]
The Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms or more briefly known as the Mont–Ford
Reforms. They were presented in 1919.
 The Imperial Legislative Council was now to consist of two houses; The
Central Legislative Assembly and the Council of State.
 The provinces were to follow the Dual Government System or diarchy.
 The number of Indians in Viceroy's Executive Council would be three out of
eight members.
 Council of princes was established for princely states.
Q) What was Diarchy? [4]
Diarchy means a government by two authorities. In India it was started in the
government of India act 1919 on provincial level. The reserved subjects as defense
were most important and were controlled by Provincial Governors and their
Executive councils and the transferred subjects were less important such as forests
and were controlled by Indian Ministers. Diarchy was dropped at provincial level
and brought at central level in Government of India act 1935.

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 Topic: MCR Opposed
Q) Why Indians opposed the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms? [7]

1. Insufficient Representation: One of the primary reasons for opposition was

the perceived lack of adequate representation for Indians in the legislative
bodies. The reforms introduced a system of diarchy, which divided the
powers between the British authorities and Indian ministers. However, the
majority of the seats in the legislative councils were still reserved for British
officials, limiting the scope of Indian representation and decision-making
power.

2. Limited Scope of Reforms: Many Indians felt that the Montague-

Chelmsford Reforms fell short of their expectations and aspirations for self-
government. The reforms did not grant full autonomy or independence to
India but rather offered a limited devolution of power. Indians who sought
complete self-rule and a greater say in the governance of their own country
viewed the reforms as insufficient and demanded more significant political
reforms.

3. Exclusion of Masses and Women: The Montague-Chelmsford Reforms did

not include provisions for universal suffrage, denying voting rights to the
majority of the Indian population, including women. The exclusion of the
masses and the denial of equal political participation were seen as
discriminatory and undemocratic, leading to opposition from those who
championed the principles of equality and universal suffrage.

4. Lack of Provincial Autonomy: The reforms maintained significant central

control and limited the autonomy of provincial governments. This
centralization of power was viewed as a continuation of British dominance
and interference in local affairs. Many Indians believed that true self-
government required greater decentralization and autonomy at the provincial
level.

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 Topic: Lucknow Pact 1916.
Q) What was Lucknow pact? [4]
The Lucknow Pact was an agreement reached between the Indian National
Congress and the Muslim League at a joint session of both the parties held in
Lucknow in December 1916. Through the pact, the two parties agreed to allow
representation to religious minorities in the provincial legislatures. The Muslim
League leaders agreed to join the Congress movement demanding Indian
autonomy. Scholars cite this as an example of a consociation practice in Indian
politics. Bal Gangadhar Tilak represented the Congress while framing the deal, and
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (who joined the Muslim League in 1913) participated in
this event

Q) Explain why the Lucknow pact of 1916 came about? [7]

Lucknow pact was an agreement on upcoming reforms between Congress and
Muslim league in 1916 due to number of reasons.
[Change in Muslim league policy]
a) Language issue spoiled Muslim relation with British government when
Hindi was also set as second official language. Moreover, reverse of the
partition of Bengal realized Muslim that they can't depend on British
promises.
b) Muslim league added the demand of self-rule in its policy in 1912 which
improved Muslim league relations with Congress so both parties were ready
to sign Lucknow pact.
[Cruel British policies] The failure of the British to give more rights to Indian in
the period up to 1914, and cruel policies of British during World War 1 brought
Congress and Muslim league closer to each other. Muslim league believed that if
they wished to protect their political rights, they had to work with all political
parties of India. So Muslim League signed Lucknow pact with Congress.
[Jinnah efforts] Mr. Jinnah was a strong supporter of Hindu-Muslim unity. He
believed that joint demands would put more pressure on the British. With the
efforts of Mr. Jinnah Congress and Muslim league held their annual meetings in
Bombay in 1915. Congress and Muslim League decided to improve common
understanding on key issues matters. Both parties signed Lucknow pact in a joint
session in 1916.

14 | P a g e
[Congress view] Congress wanted to solve differences with Muslim league to
reduce hurdles in the way of upcoming reforms, so it was ready to give some rights
to Muslims. In Lucknow Pact Congress accepted separate electorate and one-third
seats for Muslim in councils. Some Hindu became convinced that Hindu-Muslim
problem was so deep-rooted that some sort of partition would be necessary.

Q) Why the Lucknow Pact was important? [7]

Hindu-Muslim Unity: One of the most crucial aspects of the Lucknow Pact was
the unity it fostered between the Indian National Congress and the All India
Muslim League. The agreement marked a significant step towards bridging the gap
between the Hindu and Muslim communities, which had been a source of division
and conflict. The coming together of these two major political organizations
represented a critical milestone in the quest for Hindu-Muslim unity and a shared
goal of independence.

Demand for Self-Government: The Lucknow Pact included a joint demand for
self-government or home rule for India. Both the Indian National Congress and the
All India Muslim League agreed on the need for Indians to have greater control
over their own governance. This shared demand for self-government demonstrated
a united front against British colonial rule and underscored the growing consensus
for Indian autonomy.

Representation and Communal Balance: The Lucknow Pact recognized the

importance of fair representation for both Hindus and Muslims in the future
governance of India. It called for a system of separate electorates, ensuring that
both communities had a voice in legislative bodies. This provision aimed to
address the concerns of the Muslim community, who feared being marginalized in
a Hindu-majority independent India. The recognition of communal balance and the
principle of fair representation laid the groundwork for future discussions on
power-sharing and minority rights.

15 | P a g e
Overall, the Lucknow Pact was important because it symbolized the coming
together of the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League, which
represented the aspirations of both Hindus and Muslims. It showcased the strength
of Hindu-Muslim unity, advocated for self-government, and addressed concerns of
fair representation, setting a precedent for future negotiations and discussions on
the path to Indian independence.

Q) What was the Rowlett Act 1918? [4]

The Rowlett Act was a law implemented by the British government in colonial
India in March 1919 in order to keep the troublemakers under control. The purpose
of the Act was to deal with revolutionary activities. According to the Act,
suspected people could be arrested without warrant and kept in prison without trial.
They could be stopped from attending meetings and could be ordered to live in a
particular place. This was a repressive measure that infuriated the political
leadership and common Indians. Muhammad Ali Jinnah resigned from the
Imperial Council in protest. In the Punjab the protest was very strong which led to
the infamous Amritsar Massacre of 1919.

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 Topic: Reforms from 1909 to 1919.
Q Which reform was most successful in resolving the political problems
between 1909 to 1919 either by British, Muslim league or Congress? [14]
[Morley-Minto reforms: 1909]
(a) The number of members in Imperial council was increased to 60.
(b) The number of members of provincial legislatures was increased to 30 in small
provinces and 50 in large provinces.
(c) The right of separate electorate was given to Muslim.
(d) The members of councils were allowed to discuss government policy and ask
questions.
(e) Two Indians were nominated to the Council of the Secretary of State.
(f) Congress rejected these reforms because self-rule was not given, and little share
was given to Indians in government; real power was in the hands of British.
Congress also opposed separate electorate for Muslims.
[Lucknow Pact: 1916]
(a) It was signed between congress and Muslim league in 1916 on future reforms.
(b) Separate electorate for Muslim was agreed.
(c) One-third seats were reserved for Muslims in Centre.
(d) Self-government in Provinces was agreed.
(e) Principle of weightage was agreed.
(f) The number elected members in councils should be increased.
(g) It was first time when Hindus and Muslims had made joint demands from
British.
(h)The pact increased unity and cooperation between Hindu and Muslim
communities.

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[Montague-Chelmsford reforms: 1919]
(a) Central legislature included two houses, council of state was upper house and
central assembly was lower house with majority of elected members.
(b) 108 member’s council of Princes was setup with little power.
(c) Separate electorate was given to Muslims and Sikhs.
(d) Voting rights were given to 2% of population.
(e) Diarchy system was introduced in provinces; reserved subjects like police and
justice were under control of governor's council, transferred subjects were less
important like health and education were in the control of Indian ministers. (3) A
commission would review the reforms after ten years.
Lucknow pact was the most important effort to solve the political problems of
India.
Q) Describe Amritsar massacre [4]
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, took place
on 13 April 1919. A large but peaceful crowd had gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh
in Amritsar, Punjab to protest against the arrest of pro-Indian independence leaders
Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlu and Dr. Satya Pal. In response to the public gathering, the
British Brigadier-General R. E. H. Dyer surrounded the Bagh with his soldiers.
The Jallianwala Bagh could only be exited on one side, as its other three sides were
enclosed by buildings. After blocking the exit with his troops, he ordered them to
shoot at the crowd, continuing to fire even as protestors tried to flee. The troops
kept on firing until their ammunition was exhausted. Estimates of those killed vary
between 391 and 1000 + people and over 1,200 other people were injured of whom
192 were seriously injured.

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Q) Of all the events in the period 1911-1919, was the Amritsar massacre the
one that had the greatest impact on relations between the British and the
Indian people. [14]
The Amritsar massacre took place in Jallianwala Bagh on 10 April 1919. In
response to the Rowlett act and the Montague -Chelmsford reasons a crowd of
20,000 people gathered for a peaceful protest. However, the British commander in
the area, General Dyer, was angered when the crowd turned up. Therefore, he
stationed his troops at the entrances of the Bagh and opened fire without warning.
According to estimates around 400 people were killed with another 1200 hundred
injured. As a result of this incident the relations between the Indians and the
British suffered and were at an all-time low ebb. This was further worsened by the
fact that Dyer was mainly unpunished.

However, this there were many other incidents too that greatly affected British-
Indian relationship. These include the reversal of the partition of Bengal, the
Lucknow pact, the Montague-Chelmsford reforms and the Rowlett act.

Bengal had been partitioned in 1905 by the British. This had pleased the Muslims
but had also angered the Hindus who thought that the partition was part of the
traditional British policy of 'Divide and Rule'. As a result, they had arranged for
organized resistance against the partition of Bengal. There were hundreds of
Protest meetings, many petitions were sent to the government, there was a boycott
of British goods and even an assassination attempt on Lord Minto the viceroy. As a
result, the British reversed the partition. Due to this reversal the relations between
the Muslims and the British suffered as the latter had proclaimed that the partition
of Bengal was final. The Muslims felt betrayed and it was for this reason that the
Muslim league called, for the first time, for self-rule.

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The Lucknow pact took place in 1916 at Lucknow at an annual session of the
League and the Congress. In this Pact the Congress made great concessions by
agreeing to the separate electorates for Muslims as well as one third reserved seats
for them in the council. As a result, the congress and league came closer and this
pact marked the high-water unity between Muslims and Hindus. It was also the
first time both the parties had made a joint demand to the British so it showed that
both of them had realized that cooperation would help them achieve their goal.
This increased the unity of India against the British.

After the war in 1918 the Montague-Chelmsford reforms were passed. They gave
the Indian population more voice in the government but also ensured that the
British maintained their grip on India as the viceroy could still pass any law he
chose. These reforms also introduced a system of Diarchy at provincial level. Since
many of the Indians had given their lives in the war they were expecting greater
concessions and so they were bitterly disappointed. This further strained the
relations between the British and the Muslims.

The Rowlett act was passed after the Montague-Chelmsford reforms in 1919.
Justice Rowlett had been commissioned to check revolutionary activity in India.
His report suggested that there was a definite growth in revolutionary activity and
suggested that some of the Defense of India Act should be permanently retained.
These included arrest without warrant, detention without bail and the right of the
provincial government to order people where to live. These caused an uproar
throughout India. Jinnah resigned as a member of the Imperial council and Gandhi
launched a series of strike. The act significantly strained reactions among the
British and the Hindus and also led to the Amritsar massacre.

Thus it can be concluded that the Rowlett act had the greatest impact on relations
between the British and the Indians.

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Q) What was non-cooperation Movement? [4]
The non-cooperation movement was a political campaign launched on 4 September
1920, by Mahatma Gandhi to have Indians revoke their cooperation from the
British government, with the aim of persuading them to grant self-governance.

This came as result of the Indian National Congress withdrawing its support for
British reforms following the Rowlett Act of 18 March 1919, which suspended the
rights of political prisoners in sedition trials, and was seen as a "political
awakening" by Indians and as a threat by the British which led to the Jallianwala
Bagh massacre of 13 April 1919.

Q) What was Arya Samaj [4]

It was founded by Dayanand in 1877 in India. It was a Hindu party which aimed to
purify Hinduism. It forcefully converted Muslims into Hindus and to reconvert
those Hindus who had embraced Christianity.

Q)What was Hindu Mahadabha? [4]

In 1923, Congress spokesman UP Pundit Mohan Malavia formed a party which
also later contested in the elections. The main purpose of the party was to show
Hindu domination and give no importance to Muslim demands.

Q) What were Delhi proposals? [4]

There were proposals given by Jinnah in 1927 to a conference of all India Muslim
league. He gave few demands which he said it would be accepted that he would
give up the demand of separate electorates. He said that there should be 1/3rd
Muslim majority in all central legislature, Sindh should be made a province and all
the reforms of other provinces should be brought to NWFP and Balochistan.

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Q) What is meant by Caliph? [4]
Khalifah (Arabic: ‫ )خليفة‬is a name or title which means "successor", "ruler" or
"leader". It most commonly refers to the leader of a Caliphate, but is also used as
a title among various Islamic religious groups and others. There were four Khalifa
after Prophet Muhammed dimise, beginning with Hazrat Abu Bakr. This was a
difficult decision for the people to make, for no one except Prophet Mohammed
had ever thought with foresight about who would rule after he would die. The
Khilaafat (or Caliphate) was then contested and gave rise to the eventual division
of the Islamic Ummah into two groups, the Sunni and the Shi'a who interpret the
word, Khalifa in different ways.

Q) What Was All India Khilafat Conference? [4]

In November 1919, a joint conference of the Muslims and Hindus was called at
Delhi in pursuance of the Muslim League President Fazl-ul-Haq. Gandhi Ji
suggested to start the non –cooperation movement which was opposed by Jinnah.
In December 1919, the Khilafat Conference held its second session. The third
Khilafat Conference was held in February 1920. Congress leader Mohandas
Gandhi and the Khilafat leaders promised to work and fight together for the causes
of Khilafat and Swaraj. Seeking to increase pressure on the colonial government,
the Khilafatists became a major part of the non-cooperation movement. It's called
Khilafat conference.

22 | P a g e
Q) What were the reasons for the failure of the Khilafat Movement? [14]

1. Dissolution of the Ottoman Caliphate: The movement's primary goal

was to protect the Ottoman Caliphate, which represented the religious
and political leadership of Muslims worldwide. However, in 1924, the
Ottoman Caliphate was abolished by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the
founder of modern Turkey. This event significantly weakened the basis
and cause of the Khilafat Movement, as the institution it aimed to defend
no longer existed.

2. Lack of Unity and Internal Conflicts: The Khilafat Movement brought

together different factions and groups within the Indian Muslim
community. However, internal divisions and conflicts arose within the
movement itself. Differences in strategies, ideological disputes, and
conflicts of interests undermined the unity and effectiveness of the
movement.

3. Limited Focus on Indian Issues: The Khilafat Movement, which

primarily focused on the Ottoman Caliphate, did not give equal attention
to the specific issues and concerns of the Indian Muslim community.
This limited focus on local issues weakened the movement's ability to
mobilize support and address the socio-economic and political challenges
faced by Indian Muslims.

4. Repression by the British Government: The British colonial authorities

viewed the Khilafat Movement as a threat to their rule and took measures
to suppress it. They arrested and detained key leaders, banned public
gatherings, and utilized force to suppress protests. The repressive actions
of the British government hindered the movement's activities and
dampened its momentum.

23 | P a g e
 5. Lack of Mass Support: While the Khilafat Movement initially enjoyed
significant popular support, it failed to sustain and expand its mass base.
The movement struggled to effectively mobilize and organize the masses
beyond symbolic protests and demonstrations. The lack of widespread
grassroots support limited its impact and ability to bring about substantial
change.

6. Separation from the Non-Cooperation Movement: The Khilafat

Movement's decision to align with the broader Non-Cooperation
Movement led by Mahatma Gandhi was seen by some as a strategic
error. The movement's association with the Non-Cooperation Movement,
which aimed for Indian independence, diverted attention and resources
away from the specific goals of the Khilafat Movement and weakened its
focus.

7. Shift in Political Landscape: The political landscape in India underwent

significant changes during the period of the Khilafat Movement. The
emergence of the All India Muslim League as a separate political entity
and the growing influence of the Indian National Congress shifted the
dynamics of the Indian independence movement. These developments
impacted the Khilafat Movement's relevance and influence.

8. External Factors: The Khilafat Movement faced external challenges,

such as the changing global geopolitical scenario. The end of World War
I and the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, which redefined the status of
Turkey and the Ottoman Empire, reduced international support and
attention for the Khilafat cause. The movement's failure to gather
significant backing from global powers weakened its position.

24 | P a g e
Q) Importance of the Khilafat Movement. [14]

1. Solidarity among Muslims: The Khilafat Movement fostered a sense of

solidarity and unity among Muslims in India. It provided a platform for
Muslims to come together and express their concerns over the fate of the
Ottoman Caliphate, which was seen as the spiritual and political symbol of
Muslim unity globally. The movement brought Muslims from various
backgrounds, sects, and regions together, promoting a shared sense of
identity and purpose.

2. Intersection of Nationalism and Religion: The Khilafat Movement

represented a unique joining of nationalism and religion. It demonstrated the
coming together of political aspirations with religious sentiment. The
movement highlighted the importance of religious identity and the
preservation of Islamic institutions in the broader struggle for Indian
independence. It showcased the multidimensional nature of the Indian
independence movement, encompassing diverse motivations and ideologies.

3. Coalition with the Indian National Congress: The Khilafat Movement

formed a significant alliance between the Indian National Congress (INC)
and the All India Khilafat Committee (AIKC). The collaboration between
these two major political organizations, representing both Hindus and
Muslims, was a notable example of Hindu-Muslim unity in the Indian
nationalist movement. This alliance helped bridge communal divides and
fostered a spirit of cooperation between different religious communities.

4. International Solidarity: The Khilafat Movement gained international

attention and support, particularly from other Muslim-majority regions and
organizations worldwide. It highlighted the concerns of Muslims beyond
India and garnered sympathy and support from Muslims in the Middle East,
Southeast Asia, and other parts of the world. The movement's international
dimension contributed to a broader awareness of the Indian independence
struggle and helped foster connections with global Muslim communities.

25 | P a g e
 5. Mobilization of Masses: The Khilafat Movement succeeded in mobilizing
large numbers of people, particularly Muslims, across India. The movement
organized mass protests, demonstrations, and boycotts, which created a
sense of collective action and resistance against British colonial rule. It
provided a platform for ordinary people to actively participate in the struggle
for independence and contributed to the growth of grassroots activism.

6. Influence on Subsequent Movements: The Khilafat Movement had a

lasting impact on subsequent political and social movements in India. It
inspired and influenced the growth of the Khilafat-inspired Ulama-led
movements, such as the Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind, which played a prominent
role in Indian politics and social reform. The movement also contributed to
the broader discourse on identity, nationalism, and the role of religion in
politics, leaving a lasting imprint on the political consciousness of Indian
Muslims.

Q) Describe Simon Report? [4]

Simon Commission went back in 1929 and presented its recommendations in 1930
in Simon Report:
 The Diarchy system in the provinces should be abolished and all the
portfolios should be handed over to the provincial ministers.
 The power of the central government and the provincial governors should be
reduced.
 Federal system of government should be introduced in India.
 The right to vote should be extended to more people.
 An expert committee should be constituted regarding the separation of Sindh
from Bombay. The separation of Sindh was not granted in principal.
 The demand of the frontier for equal status was also neglected.

26 | P a g e
Q) Why was Simmons commission opposed by Indians? [7]

1. Lack of Indian Representation: The Simon Commission consisted entirely

of British members, without any representation from the Indian population.
This exclusion of Indian members was seen as a deliberate disregard for
Indian voices and aspirations. Indian political leaders and organizations
demanded that the commission include Indian representation to reflect the
diverse perspectives and interests of the Indian people.

2. Boycott and Non-Cooperation Movement: In response to the exclusion of

Indian members, Indian political parties and organizations launched boycott
and non-cooperation movement against the Simon Commission. They urged
Indians to reject the commission and its proceedings as illegitimate. The
boycott included protests, demonstrations, and acts of civil disobedience
aimed at asserting Indian demands for self-government and highlighting the
discriminatory nature of the commission.

3. Dominion Status or Complete Independence: The Simon Commission's

mandate focus was on reviewing and recommending constitutional reforms
within the framework of British dominion rule. However, many Indian
nationalists were demanding for complete independence from British rule.
They believed that the commission was merely a strategy to delay or deny
full self-government for India.

27 | P a g e
Q) Describe Nehru Report. [4]
The Nehru Report of 1928 was a memorandum All Parties Conference in British
India to appeal for a new dominion status and a federal set-up of government for
the constitution of India. It also proposed for the Joint Electorates with reservation
of seats for minorities in the legislatures. It was prepared by a committee chaired
by Motilal Nehru, with Jawaharlal Nehru acting as the secretary. There were nine
other members in the committee.

With few exceptions League leaders failed to pass the Nehru proposals. In reaction
Mohammad Ali Jinnah drafted his Fourteen Points in 1929 which became the core
demands of the Muslim community which they put forward as the price of their
participating in an independent united India.

Topic: Fourteen points of Jinnah.

Q Why did Jinnah produce his 14 points in 1929? Or Why Nehru Report was
rejected? [7]
[Nehru report] Nehru report was presented in 1928 as proposals for new reforms.
Anti-Muslim policies were adopted in Nehru Report even when it was made up of
all parties of India. Nehru report rejected separate electorate for Muslims and one-
third seats for Muslim in central government. Nehru report also wanted to Hindi as
official language. Jinnah demanded changes in Nehru report like one-third seats for
Muslims in central government, seats in Punjab and Bengal according to Muslim
population and lose federal type of government. Congress rejected Jinnah demands
so Jinnah presented his famous 14 points to protect Muslim rights.
[Jinnah’s 14 points 1929] Jinnah presented fourteen points to protect Muslim
rights. Jinnah stated Nehru report as parting of ways. It convinced Muslim that
Hindu and Muslim were two separate nations. Jinnah stated that fourteen points
would be base of every negotiation of Muslims either with Congress or British.
Fourteen points also formed the basis of future Muslim demand of separate
homeland.

28 | P a g e
Q) Why were 14 points important in Pakistan Movement? [7]

The 14 Points presented by Mohammad Ali Jinnah in 1929 were of great

importance. They represented a significant development in the struggle for self-
governance and the rights of Muslims in India. Here are three key reasons why the
14 Points were important:

1. Representation of Muslim Interests: One of the primary reasons the 14

Points were important was their role in strengthening the political demands
and concerns of the Muslim community in British India. Jinnah's 14 Points
addressed issues such as separate electorates, adequate representation for
Muslims in legislatures, and to safeguard their cultural and religious rights.
These points aimed to ensure that Muslims had a strong role in India's
political future.

2. Impact on Constitutional Reforms: The 14 Points had a significant impact

on the constitutional developments in British India. They promoted further
negotiations and discussions between different political parties, including
the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League, to find a consensus on
the nature of constitutional reforms. While not all of Jinnah's 14 Points were
accepted, they did influence the discussions that led to the Government of
India Act of 1935.

3. [Territory] They outline the fundamentals of the territory of Pakistan. Three

points specifically relate to the territories of Sindh, Balochistan and the then
NWFP. This is a clear indication of the geographic region in which Pakistan
was to be mostly based, due to the large Muslim population in these areas.

In conclusion, the 14 Points presented by Mohammad Ali Jinnah were important

for representing the interests of Muslims in India, promoting communal harmony,
and influencing the course of constitutional reforms.

29 | P a g e
Q) What was Salt March?(4)
The Salt March, which took place from March to April 1930 in India, was an act of
civil disobedience led by Mohandas Gandhi to protest British rule in India. During
the march, thousands of Indians followed Gandhi from his religious retreat near
Ahmedabad to the Arabian Sea coast, a distance of some 240 miles. The
nonviolent march and other, similar marches resulted in the arrest of nearly 60,000
people, including Gandhi himself. India finally was granted its independence from
Great Britain in 1947.
Q) Describe Allahabad Address [4]
On December 30,1930 the annual meeting of the All India Muslim League was
held at Allahabad, Allama Iqbal presided over the meeting. On this occasion he
delivered his famous historical address which proved to be a milestone in the
proceeding to make a demand for an independent Muslim State.
Main points of the address are:
1. N.W.F.P Sindh, Punjab and Balochistan should be combined in one state.

2. The Muslims are entirely a different nation from Hindus. Their way of living
and social manners are totally different from the Hindus. Thus the Muslims
should get a state of their own in the area of Muslim majority where they
may be able to cultivate their own religious and moral traditions.

30 | P a g e
 Topic: Round table conferences (1930-32)
Q) Why were Three Round Table Conferences held between 1930 and 1932?
[7]
[Failure of Simon Commission] Simon Commission came to India in 1927 for
discussing next constitutional reforms with Indian political leaders. The
commission was boycotted by Congress and Muslim League because there was no
Indian member included in Simon Commission. It was clear that commission could
not address the Indian concerns. The Indians thought it as a plan to delay self-rule.
When Simon published there report in 1930, it suggested that a Round Table
Conference should be organized in London to discuss the constitutional reforms
with Indian political leaders.
[Failure of Nehru Committee] Nehru Committee was set up by the All-Parties
Conference in 1928 to prepare proposals for new reform according to will of all
major political parties. However, the committee completely ignored the Muslim
views. The two big parties failed to solve their differences on upcoming reforms so
the British arranged a series of three Round Table Conferences in London.
[Failure of RTC] The First Round Table Conference failed due to Congress
boycott, Congress was the largest party of India so it was impossible to set up
reforms without their will. Therefore, a second R.T.C was planned. Second RTC
failed due to Gandhi’s point of view on the rights of minorities therefore Third
RTC was organized which also failed.

31 | P a g e
 Topic: Round Table Conferences.
Q) How successful were R.T.C’s during 1930 and 1932? Give reasons. [14]
[Reasons for calling R.T.C’s]
a) R.T.C’s were called to discuss future reforms for India with important
parties of India and Princely states.
b) Simon Commission, Nehru Report and 14 points failed to solve difference in
political parties of India.
[First R.T.C 1930]
a) Congress refused to join first R.T.C because self-rule was not promised by
British.
b) There was dead lock on Federal system of government.
c) Princely states agreed to join federal India.
d) British agreed to set up responsible government in Provinces.
e) There were differences on reserved seats for minorities.
[Gandhi-Irwin Pact] Congress party agreed to join second R.T.C after Gandhi-
Irwin pact. Gandhi stopped non-cooperation movement and took back demand of
independence, Congress workers were set free from jails.
[Second R.T.C 1931]
a) Sindh was given status of province.
b) N.W.F.P was set up as full province.
c) Congress joined 2nd R.T.C. This Conference failed due rigid behavior of
Gandhi, he refused to give separate electorate to minorities.
d) Gandhi wanted solutions according to Nehru report.
e) Gandhi refused to accept minority problem and 14 points of Jinnah.
f) Princely states changed their decision to join Federal India.
g) British government changed in Britain and new British government was not
ready to give more right to Indians.
[Communal Award]
a) In Communal Awards British Prime Minister had announced separate
electorates for minorities.
b) Muslim majority in Punjab and Bengal was reduced due to weightage
principle adopted by Communal awards.

32 | P a g e
[Third R.T.C 1932]
a) There was little chance of success because Viceroy Wallington who was not
ready to give much concession replaced Viceroy Irwin.
b) Jinnah was not invited and Congress party had boycotted Third Round Table
Conference.
c) Third round table conference failed to achieve anything only paper work
was completed.
Round table conferences failed to achieve self-rule. Muslims were upset because
Muslim majority was reduced in Punjab and Bengal due to weightage principle.

33 | P a g e
 Topic: Round Table Conferences.
Q Why was the Second Round Table Conference of 1931 unsuccessful. [7]
[Gandhi behavior] Gandhi joined Second R.T.C as only representative of
Congress. Gandhi claimed that Congress represents whole India. Gandhi refused to
accept minority problem and 14 points of Jinnah. Gandhi wanted solutions
according to Nehru report. The Muslim league had a strong delegation with both
Allama Iqbal and Jinnah. There was a little chance of an agreement with Congress
taking such a hard line on separate electorates. The situation became more difficult
when non-caste Hindu leaders also demanded separate electorate for themselves.
Second round table failed due to rigid behavior of Mr. Gandhi.
[Labour party lost government in Britain] Labour Party government in Britain
was willing to give more rights to Indians. Labour party lost government in Britain
and new government was less keen to give more rights to India so minority issue
was delayed. More over Princely states also refused to join Indian federation.
Q) What was Gandhi-Irvin Pact? [4]
According to this pact, Viceroy Irwin agreed to release those who had been
imprisoned during the movement and to allow Indians to make salt for domestic
use. Gandhi agreed to call off the Civil Disobedience movement and attend the
second Round Table Conference in London. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed on
5th March, 1931.
Q) Describe Communal Award [4]
The Communal Award was made by the British Prime minister Ramsay
MacDonald on 16 August 1932 granting separate electorate in India for the
Forward Caste, Scheduled Caste, Muslims, Buddhist, Sikhs, Indian Christians,
Anglo-Indians and Europeans
Q) Who was Chaudhry Rehmat Ali? [4]/What is Pakistan Scheme?
Ch. Rehmat Ali wrote in his famous pamphlet "Now or Never" he demanded
separate Muslim state in 1933 included North-Western and North-Eastern Muslim
majority provinces. He named it as Pakistan. 'P' for Punjab, 'A' for Afghania
(N.W.F.P), 'K' for Kashmir, 'I' for Iran, 'S' for Sindh, 'T' for Turkaristan, 'A' for
Afghanistan, 'N' for Balochistan.

34 | P a g e
Q) What were the main points of 1935 Act? [4]
The Government of India Act 1935 was an Act passed by the British Parliament
that originally received royal assent in August 1935.
The most significant aspects of the Act were:
 The introduction of central government structure, with bicameral houses;
directly elected lower house and indirectly elected upper house.
 Federal system of government in British India, dividing it into provinces and
princely states.
 The introduction of direct elections, thus increasing the franchise from five
million to thirty-five million people.
 The establishment of a Federal Court.
 Separate electorate for Muslims, Sikhs and several other.
 Demolishing the system of Diarchy and granting powers to Indians.

35 | P a g e
Q) Why was 1935 Act important? [7]

1. Constitutional Framework: The Act provided a comprehensive

constitutional framework for governance in British India. It introduced a
federal structure, defined the powers and responsibilities of the central and
provincial governments, and established legislative bodies at both levels.
This framework set the stage for the subsequent development of
constitutional principles and institutions in India.

2. Provincial Autonomy: The Act granted increased autonomy to the

provinces by establishing elected provincial legislatures. This expanded the
scope of local self-government and allowed for greater participation of
Indians at the provincial level. It provided an opportunity for diverse
regional interests and perspectives to be represented and addressed.

3. Legislative Reforms: The Act introduced significant legislative reforms by

replacing the earlier diarchy system. It established bicameral legislatures at
both the provincial and central levels, with elected representatives. These
legislatures had the authority to pass laws and impose reforms. It provided a
platform for political debates, discussions, and the establishment of policies.

36 | P a g e
Q) Why the 1935 act was opposed? [7]

1. Insufficient Self-Government: The Act of 1935 fell short of meeting the

demands for self-government and independence desired by Indian
nationalists. Critics argued that it did not grant adequate powers to Indian
representatives and maintained significant control in the hands of the British
government. The act was seen as maintaining British dominance rather than
granting true self-rule.

2. Communal Representation: The Act of 1935 included arrangements for

communal representation, which allocated seats based on religious and
communal identities. This system was criticized by many Indian nationalists
who advocated for a united and secular India. They believed that such
arrangements further divided society along religious lines and hindered the
creation of a unified nation.

3. Limited Franchise: The Act of 1935 granted a limited and restricted

franchise, denying voting rights to a significant portion of the Indian
population. The qualifications for voting were set at a high threshold, which
excluded many Indians from participating in the electoral process. This
restriction was seen as undemocratic and discriminatory.

Additionally, there were concerns about the Act's centralization of power, the
continuation of British control over key areas such as defense and finance, and
the lack of adequate arrangements for fundamental rights and individual
freedom.

37 | P a g e
Q) Which of the following was the most important in the development of the
Pakistan Movement?
(i) The Nehru Report, 1928
(ii) Jinnah’s 14 Points, 1929
(iii) The Government of India Act, 1935
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above. [14] (N-2017)
[Nehru Report] Nehru report was presented in 1928 as proposals for new reforms.
Anti-Muslim policies were adopted in Nehru Report even when it was made up of
all parties of India. Nehru report rejected separate electorate for Muslims and one-
third seats for Muslim in central government. Nehru report also wanted to Hindi as
official language. Jinnah demanded changes in Nehru report like one-third seats for
Muslims in central government, seats in Punjab and Bengal according to Muslim
population and lose federal type of government. Congress rejected Jinnah demands
so Jinnah presented his famous 14 points to protect Muslim rights.

[Jinnah’s 14 Points 1929] Jinnah presented fourteen points to protect Muslim

rights. Jinnah stated Nehru report as parting of ways. It convinced Muslim that
Hindu and Muslim were two separate nations. Jinnah stated that fourteen points
would be base of every negotiation of Muslims either with Congress or British.
Fourteen points also formed the basis of future Muslim demand of separate
homeland.
In fourteen points Jinnah wanted to have:
(a) a federal type of government with provincial self-rule
(b) 1/3 of seats should be reserved for Muslims in central assembly
(c) right of separate electorate for Muslim
(d) Seats in Punjab and Bengal according to Muslim population
(e) All basic freedoms must be given to the minorities
(f) No bill should be passed if 3/4 members of any community reject it
(g) Any change in borders of provinces must not reduce Muslim majority in
Punjab and Bengal. Fourteen points clearly convinced the British that Muslims and
Hindus were two separate nations.

38 | P a g e
[The Government of India Act] It was the last major Act set up by British before
independence. Federal system of government was set up in the act of 1935 in
which less powers were given to provinces. Federal government would remain in
the hands of Congress because Hindu were in majority. Muslims were made
dependent on Congress for their rights. Muslims were convinced that enough
protections were not given to minorities in the act so ideas about the Pakistan
Movement began to develop.

39 | P a g e
Q) How successful were the elections of 1937? [14]

Congress had been the Indian representative party since 1885 and so had gained a
considerable amount of followers, on the other hand ML was established in 1906
and was not able to establish itself on firm grounds, send its message across the
Indian subcontinent and gain that strength full amount of followers in such a short
time although it later proved to be quite important.

So the point being, in the elections of 1937 Congress had won 711/1585 seats with
only 26 Muslims although they claimed to speak for all the Indians. On the other
hand, ML had won only 109/482 seats and it was quite surprising that it performed
poor in Muslim majority areas but well in Hindu dominant area. And that would be
because in Muslim dominant areas Hindus couldn't implement their extremist or
anti-Islam steps while in Hindu dominated areas they were able to, so only they
knew the real taste of Hindu dominance.

After winning this considerable amount of seats, Congress was in majority in 51

provinces and single largest part in four other provinces. Apart from this, was also
able to form ministries in UP, CP, Bihar, Orissa, Bengal, Assam and a few other
places.

In short ML was mostly not successful during the first elections however winning
even such a small amount of seats was a proof that ML was spreading its roots
across the Indian subcontinent.

40 | P a g e
Q) Why did Muslim league show bad performance in 1937 elections? [7]
The major causes of Muslim Leagues failure in the 1937 general Elections are as
follows:

1) Muslim League lacked strong leadership, as their greatest leaders Quid-E-

Azam and Allama Iqbal were not there to support them. Quid-E-Azam was
disheartened by Muslim behavior and Allama Iqbal was seriously ill. The
absence of the strong leaders weakened the Muslim league.

2) Muslim league lacked support at ground level as it was not so much popular
among locals even Muslims. Adding to it mismanagement within Muslim
league, both in terms of organizational structure and election strategy,
hurdled the parties ability to effectively compete.

3) Most of the Muslim league representatives were wealthy and were

considered as elite class, which contributed to lack of trust and support.
Many believed that Muslim league leaders could not relate to the practical
life of local people and their daily issues, which affected their performance.

41 | P a g e
 Topic: 1937 elections. (Nov-2016)
Q) How successful were the provincial elections held in India in 1937? Explain
your answer. [14]
[Success for Congress] Congress won by majority in five provinces and was the
largest single party in four provinces. Congress was able to set up government in
08 provinces. Congress was invites to form government in United Provinces, the
Central provinces, Bihar, Orissa, Madras, Bombay, Assam and NWFP. Congress
saw themselves as the sole (only) party representing (for) Indians.
[Success of Muslim League] (a) It was the first major elections for Muslim
League. Muslim League was divided in two parts after Simon Commission, 1937
election helped to unite (join) Muslim League. (b) Muslim League learned how to
contest (fight) elections. Muslim League realized (learned) that it had to improve
its organization and planning. (c) Muslim League find out (noticed) that its support
was more in Muslim minority provinces than Muslim majority provinces because
in Muslim majority provinces there was no threat (danger) from Hindus. (d)
Muslim League also realized that it had an image problem. Its leader were land
lords and princes; they were not popular in poor Muslims.
[Congress failure] After the elections, Congress treated (acted toward) the Muslim
League with disrespect (hate). Congress refused to work together. Actions taken by
Congress against Muslims spoiled its relations with Muslim League. It was a major
cause of failure of future discussion. Attitude (behavior) of Congress and Nehru
increased Muslim faith (belief) that Muslims of India were a separate nation.
[Muslim League failure] Muslim League showed poor result in 1937 elections; out
of 489 Muslim seats, the Muslim League won 109. In the Punjab; out of 86
Muslim seats, Muslim League won 01 and others seats were won by Punjab
Unionist Party. Muslims were disappointed by the British because British
governors of provinces failed to protect rights of Muslims during Congress rule.
Congress used its new powers to upset Muslims during Congress Rule.

42 | P a g e
Q) Why was Congress Rule Hated? [14]
During Congress rule in India, there were reasons Muslims weren't happy with it.

1. The "Band-e-Mataram" was a nationalist Hindu song. This slogan was used
by Congress, but for many Muslims, it encouraged the expulsion of Muslims
from India. It made them feel like Congress didn't respect their religion.

2. The Wardha Scheme, introduced by Congress, emphasized a secular

education system. While this aimed to provide a modern education, it
imposed ban on religious teachings. This worried Muslims who felt that
their cultural and religious heritage was under threat. They believed that a
education system should consist of both modern subjects and religious
teachings.

3. Congress imposed ban on slaughter of cow and harsh punishments was to be

given to those who violated it.

4. With Congress assuming power, they banned Muslims from announcing

Azan and attacked the mosque in case of violation. This restriction meant
that Muslims couldn’t freely announce their daily prayers, an essential part
of their religious routine. It was seen as an infringement on their religious
freedom and practices.

5. The anti social elements, without any fear created noise and disturbance
outside the mosques during prayer time. As a result Muslims felt insecure to
practice their faith.

6. Complaints Ignored: Another aspect was that when Muslims raised

concerns about these hindrances in religious practices, Congress
administrations turned a blind eye to their complaints. The fact that their
problems were not being addressed deepened their dissatisfaction.

43 | P a g e
 7. Anti-Muslim Riots: In some instances, Congress could not effectively
prevent or manage anti-Muslim riots. This created fear and insecurity among
Muslims and a belief that Congress was not doing enough to protect them
from violence and discrimination based on their religious identity.

In conclusion, the unhappiness among some Muslims towards Congress during

that time was because they believed that their religious beliefs and practices were
not being respected or taken into account. They also felt that their concerns were
not always addressed, leading to a sense of frustration and distrust
towards Congress.

44 | P a g e
Q) Do you agree that the celebration of the Day of Deliverance in 1939 was
justified? Give reasons for your answer? [14]

In the 2nd World War Sept 1939 the British declared war on behalf of India
without consulting the Indians. The Congress high command ordered all the
officers to resign from their offices in protests against the decision taken by the
British
In December 1939 when the Congress resigned from their rule, Quaid-e-Azam
declared it as a Day of Deliverance and it dually justified. Congress rule from
1937-1939 had been hated by the Muslims due to the atrocities committed against
the Muslims, for example during the Congress rule, Muslims were not allowed to
follow their religious duties, the Hindus consistently intruded the call to prayer and
killed many Muslims on slaughtering cows. Some other schemes started against
Muslims by the Congress ministry that directly aimed at exterminating the Muslim
religion.

These schemes were Bande Matram, a song in which degrading remarks for
Muslims were sung and was adopted as the national anthem which had to be sung
each day at the beginning of the day. Those who denied were abused and tortured.
The introduction of Wardha Scheme in which Hindi was enforced as the official
language and organized attacks were made on Muslim worshipers in Mosques,
students in all the educational institutes have to bow before Gandhi’s portrait
before staring their days preceding and the worst was Vidiya Mandir Scheme in
which all students had to go to the Hindu Temples to learn Hindi and Hinduism
classes. This was too a very great offense on Muslim culture and an insult to Islam.

So the Muslims saw these reforms as an attempt to convert them to Hinduism. On

the other hand, the unity between the Hindu and Muslims become irreconcilable
and the chance of future unity between Congress and Muslim League for united
India was doomed.

45 | P a g e
So it can be concluded that it is obvious that the Day of Deliverance which was
announced by Jinnah in 1939 was justified as Muslims were freed from atrocities
of Congress rule 1937-1939.

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Q: Do you agree that during the Second World War there was no significant
progress towards independence in the subcontinent? Give reasons for your
answer. [14]
Ans: It is not true that no significant progress was made during the Second World
War. Certainly there were many events which failed, but despite this,
independence was much nearer in 1945 than it had been in 1939. In 1939 as
Congress members resigned from Congress ministries the Muslims felt a sigh of
relief and thanks giving prayers were offered to mark the end of Congress tyranny.
The celebration of day of deliverance showed Muslims demand for a separate
state. After this at the annual session of League in 1940 at Lahore the Pakistan
resolution was passed unanimously by Muslims. It greatly showed that now ML
was voice of Muslims and an undisputed leader of Pakistan Movement. However,
it was a failure as the gulf b/w Muslims and Hindus was increasing and it showed
that Muslims and Hindus could never live together in harmony. In March 1942 the
British sent Sir Stafford Cripps to India to see if a compromise could be reached
which would win support for British war effort. Cripps proposed that after the war
an Indian Union would be set up with dominion status and that a constituent
assembly would frame a new constitution. The ML rejected the proposals as they
did not mention setting up Pakistan. Congress rejected them because it wasn’t
prepared to wait until after the war. So at first sight no progress had been made, as
the British effort had been rejected by both parties. However, Jinnah was pleased
to see, that the right to opt out of a future Union was included. This showed that
the British realized the need to protect minority interests and was a step nearer
independence for the Muslims. Also the opposition to the Cripps proposals showed
the British that the Indian people were determined, which was also progress.
Following the Cripps Mission, on 8 August 1942 the All-India Congress
committee passed its ‘Quit India Resolution’ calling for immediate withdrawal of
the British. For several reasons weeks there was wide spread rioting and the British
lost control in some parts of the country. So to deal with it Gandhi, Nehru and
other senior congress figures were arrested. The Congress was banned. This
showed Congress taking radical action. After being released from prison Gandhi
proposed to Jinnah that the two meet to consider the future of India after British
departure which now seemed inevitable. Throughout September 1944 talks were
held. It was a success of talks that Congress was now accepting that League was an
important organization and that it spoke with authority on behalf of Muslims.
However, it failed as talks broke down for some reasons. Gandhi not supported

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two-nation theory of Muslims; he wanted central govt. to have control over
defense and foreign policy. Jinnah wanted them in hands of provinces. So progress
was little. By 1945 it was clear war was going to end. Wavell proposed that an
executive council should be set up to govern the country under present constitution
until a new constitution could be agreed on. The executive council would contain
equal no. of Muslims and Hindus and be entirely Indian, apart from viceroy and a
member controlling defense. To discuss proposals Wavell called a conference in
June 1945. The conference at first made some grounds. All the parties agreed with
principle of an executive council which was a progress towards Independence as it
makes sure that British were going to leave India soon. But some points caused the
failure. Jinnah pointed out that, as Sikhs and Scheduled Castes on the council were
bound to vote with Hindus, this means a permanent Muslim minority in executive
council Jinnah pointed out that the League had won every by-election for the last
two years and was undisputed voice of the Muslims. This was a success as it put
forth the necessity for elections to be held however it was a failure as no agreement
could be reached in the conference. So it appears that no real progress had been
made because the Cripps mission and the Simla Conference had both failed.
However, underneath this apparent failure was a real progress. Both Muslims and
Hindus had come to see that British rule must end immediately. Many British
people realized this too.

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Q: How successful were negotiations aimed at independence during the
Second World War? Explain your answer? [14]
Ans: It is true that negotiations were not successful aimed at independence during
the 2nd WW. Certainly there were many events which failed, but despite this,
independence was much nearer that it had in 1938. In March 1942 the British sent
Sir Stafford Cripps to India to see if a compromise could be reached which would
win support for British war effort. Cripps proposed that after the war an Indian
Union would be set up with dominion status and that a constituent assembly would
frame a new constitution. The ML rejected the proposals as they did not mention
setting up Pakistan. Congress rejected them because it wasn’t prepared to wait
until after the war. It showed some unity among Congress and ML as both rejected
the proposals. After being released from prison Gandhi proposed to Jinnah that the
two meet to consider the future of India after British departure which now seemed
inevitable. Throughout September 1944 the two met at Jinnah’s home in Bombay.
It was a success of talks that Congress was now accepting that League was an
important organization and that it spoke with authority on behalf of Muslims.
However, it was a failure as talks broke down for a number of reasons. Gandhi not
supported two-nation theory of Muslims; he wanted central govt. to have control
over defense and foreign policy. Jinnah wanted them in hands of provinces and
others. This was again a failure of negotiations as both parties were having
different views and was failure to reach any agreement. By 1945 it was clear war
was going to end. Wavell proposed that an executive council should be set up to
govern the country under present constitution until a new constitution could be
agreed on. The executive council would contain equal no. of Muslims and Hindus
and be entirely Indian, apart from viceroy and a member controlling defense. To
discuss proposals Wavell called a conference in June 1945. The conference at first
made some grounds. All the parties agreed with principle of an executive council.
But some points caused the failure. Jinnah pointed out that, as Sikhs and Scheduled
Castes on the council were bound to vote with Hindus, this means a permanent
Muslim minority in executive council. Jinnah said that the League had won every
by-election for the last two years and was undisputed voice of the Muslims. This
was a success as it put forth the necessity for elections to be held however it was a
failure as no agreement could be reached in the conference. So, thus it appears that
no success had been made from negotiations as Cripps Mission, Simla Conference
and others failed. However, after the war it turned into real progress. Both Muslims

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and Hindus had come to see that British rule must end immediately. Many British
people realized this too.

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Q) Describe Pakistan Resolution. [4]
The Lahore Resolution called Pakistan resolution was presented by A. K. Fazlul
Huq, the Prime Minister of Bengal, was a formal political statement adopted by the
All-India Muslim League on the occasion of its three-day general session in
Lahore on 22–24 March 1940. The resolution called for independent states as seen
by the statement:

That geographically contiguous units are demarcated regions which should be

constituted, with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary that the areas
in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority as in the North Western and
Eastern Zones of (British) India should be grouped to constitute ‘independent
states’ in which the constituent units should be autonomous and sovereign
Q) Describe Cripps mission [4]
The Cripps Mission was a failed attempt in late March 1942 by the British
government to secure full Indian cooperation and support for their efforts in World
War II.
Cripps was sent to negotiate an agreement with the nationalist Congress leaders
(including Gandhi), and Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League, who
claimed to represent the Muslim population of the subcontinent. Cripps worked to
keep India loyal to the British war effort in exchange for a promise of elections and
full self-government (Dominion status) once the war was over.
Q) Why was Cripps Mission Rejected? [7]
Congress wanted immediate self-rule] Cripps proposals conceded complete
independence at the end of the war. During the war, Indian political leaders could
join the Executive Council with control of all government departments except the
armed forces. Congress rejected the offer because it wanted immediate power and
independence. Gandhi described the proposals as “a post-dated cheque on a bank
that was failing.”

[Congress didn’t want India’s disintegration] According to Cripps proposals,

provinces could opt out of the Indian Union, which was definitely not acceptable to
Congress Nationalists. They considered this option a lethal blow to Indian land.

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They could not see disintegration of Mother India, and therefore rejected the
Cripps Offer.

[Jinnah wanted firm assurance] Cripps Mission conceded the right of self-
determination to provincial units i.e. the provinces were free to remain within India
or opt out of Indian Union. Mr. Jinnah was pleased with this clause because the
provinces with Muslim majority could form their own federation i.e. Pakistan. But
there was another clause stating that constitution of free India would be drawn up
by the Indian political leaders. Jinnah feared that the constitution-making body
would be dominated by Hindus who will deny the rights of Muslims. He wanted
solid assurance for independent Pakistan, and therefore didn’t agree with the
Cripps Mission of 1942.

[Britain’s Crucial Position] Congress wanted to exploit Britain’s critical position.

Many Congress leaders thought that wartime was the best opportunity to pressurize
the British for immediate withdrawal from India. Therefore, instead of accepting
Cripps Offer, they started the Quit India Movement on massive scale, which was
an attempt to drive the British out of India through protests and demonstrations. If
this strategy succeeds, Congress would deal with all other parties on its own terms.
Topic: Quit India Movement.
Q) Why quit India movement formed in 1942? [7]
[Cripps mission] It was clear from Cripps mission that British position in the
World War II was weak. British were facing defeats by Germany and Japan.
British were eager for Indian help to win the war. Cripps mission failed to
Convince Congress and Muslim League. Congress rejected the Cripps mission
proposals and demanded independence from British at once. Congress started Quit
India movement to force British to gain freedom.
[Possibility of Japanese attack] Japanese army had captured Singapore, Hong
Kong and entered in Burma which was in neighbor of India. There was a risk of
attack by Japanese army on India. In Gandhi opinion Japan was only enemy of
Britain and after British defeat Japan would handover government of India to
Congress. Due to this wishful thinking Gandhi started Quit India movement to
push British out of India.

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Q) Why was Quit India movement failed? [7]
The British swiftly responded with mass detentions. Over 100,000 arrests were
made, mass fines were levied and demonstrators were subjected to public flogging.
Hundreds of civilians were killed in violence many shot by the police army. Many
national leaders went underground.
The Congress leadership was cut off from the rest of the world for over three years.
Gandhi's wife Gandhi and his personal secretary Mahadev Desai died in months
and Gandhi's health was failing.
Q) Why were Gandhi Jinnah Talks failed? [7]
One of the reason was that Gandhi wanted to discuss partition of India only after
independence from British. Jinnah knew that congress would not keep their word
once in power and Muslim will be at their he refused to accept this term so G-J
talks failed due to disagreement on partition matter.

Another reason was that Gandhi wanted central federation to has control over
reserved subjects like defense and foreign policies. This would mean more power
to Hindu and Jinnah believed that this was against provincial autonomy. Thus due
to disagreement on power distribution, G-J talks failed.

Gandhi claimed that he was the representatives of India and Muslims were not a
separate nation but Jinnah insisted that he considered Gandhi only as the
spokesman of congress and Hindus. Thus G-J talks failed as Jinnah refused to
accept the position of Gandhi in India and secondly because Gandhi refused to
accept that Muslims were a separate nation.

Q) Describe Wavell Plan. [4]

Lord Wavell governor General of India presented his plan about future of India in
1945. The Plan suggested reconstitution of the Viceroy’s Executive Council in
which the Viceroy was to select persons nominated by the political parties.
Different communities were also to get their due share in the Council and parity
was reserved for Cast-Hindus and Muslims. While declaring the plan, the
Secretary of State for Indian Affairs made it clear that the British Government

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wanted to listen to the ideas of all major Indian communities. Yet he said that it
was only possible if the leadership of the leading Indian political parties agreed
with the suggestions of the British Government.
Q) What was Simla Conference 1945? [4]
To discuss Wavell Plan with the leadership of major Indian parties, Wavell called
for a conference at Simla on June 25, 1945. Leaders of both the Congress and the
Muslim League attended the conference, which is known as the Simla Conference.
However, differences arose between the leadership of the two parties on the issue
of representation of the Muslim community. The Muslim League claimed that it
was the only representative party of the Muslims in India and thus all the Muslim
representatives in the Viceroy’s Executive Council should be the nominees of the
party. Congress, which had sent Maulana Azad as the leader of their delegation,
tried to prove that their party represented all the communities living in India and
thus should be allowed to nominate Muslim representative as well. Congress also
opposed the idea of parity between the Cast-Hindus and the Muslims. All this
resulted in a deadlock. Finally, Wavell announced the failure of his efforts on July
14
Q) Why did Muslim league remain successful in 1945 elections? [7]

Since 1937, the Muslim League had succeeded in getting its message across and
had become a force in politics. It had learned the lessons of 1937 and campaigned
effectively to let Muslims know exactly what it stood for.

The period of Congress rule from 1937-39 had made Muslims realize that if they
did not stand up for their rights, they would suffer at the hands of Congress.

The subcontinent in 1945 was a different place to that of 1937. Now the Muslim
League had passed the Pakistan Resolution and Jinnah () was fighting to show that
the League was an equal force in politics to Congress. The communal divide was
much greater and the election results showed the split in India between Congress
and the League.

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Q) Describe Cabinet Mission Plan? [4]
In May 1946, the three British minister’s AB Alexander, pathetic Lawrence and
Stafford Cripps proposed the following Plan called CM Plan.
1. Independence would be given to the Indian Dominion without any partition.
2. The provinces would be classified into three groups or sections:
a) Group A: Madras, Central Provinces, UP, Bihar, Bombay and Orissa
b) Group B: Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and Balochistan
c) Group C: Bengal and Assam
3. The Centre would keep the powers over the defense, communications,
foreign powers and currency. The provinces would get the remaining
powers.
4. Acceptance of Cabinet Mission Plan will determine the formation of interim
government.
Q) What the direct Action Day? [4]
The Council of the All India Muslim League met in Bombay and on July 27, 1946
it finally sealed its rejection of the Cabinet Mission Plan, and decided to launch its
famous “Direct Action” for the achievement of Pakistan, which it could not
achieve by peaceful means due to the intransigence of Congress on the one hand
and the breach of faith with the Muslim by the British Government on the other.
Direct Action Day was observed peacefully throughout India, except in Calcutta,
where riots broke out.
Q) What was Direct Action Day? [4]
Direct Action Day (16 August 1946), also known as the 1946 Calcutta Killings,
was a day of nationwide communal riots [5] by the Indian Muslim community
announced by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. It led to large-scale violence between
Muslims and Hindus in the city of Calcutta (now known as Kolkata) in the Bengal
province of British India. [3] The day also marked the start of what is known as
The Week of the Long Knives.

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Q) What was Interim Government [4]
On 2 September 1946, the interim government of India led by Jawaharlal Nehru
was formed. It was the only such cabinet in India’s history in which arch-rivals
Congress and the Muslim League shared power at the Centre. The interim
government functioned with a great degree of autonomy, and remained in power
until the end of British rule, after which it was succeeded by the Dominions of
India and Pakistan.

Q) Discuss about the Mountbatten Plan /3rd June Plan 1947. [4]
Lord Mountbatten announced his plan for the partition of India on June 3, 1947.
The main points of the plan include partition of India into India and Pakistan,
relations of the two Dominions, a Boundary Commission, Princely States, Bengal
and Punjab, Sindh and North-West Frontier Province, Constituent Assembly and
the transfer of power.
Both Bengal and Punjab would be divided if so desired by the people. A plebiscite
would be held in North West Frontier Province (NWFP) as well as Sylhet district
(Muslim majority area) in East Bengal to determine whether they would like to
join Pakistan or India.
As per the Indian Independence Act of 1947, the Princely States would become
independent and all the powers exercised by the British authority were to be
terminated. All treaties and agreements made by the British with reference to
States would lapse from August 15, 1947. They would be free to associate
themselves with either Dominion or to remain independent.

Q) What was Delhi convention of 1946? [4]

On 19th April 1946, soon after the elections, Jinnah called a convention at Delhi of
all the newly elected League members in the central and provincial legislatures. In
this convention the word “States” of 1940’s Lahore Resolution is transformed into
the word “State” and the legislators signed pledges solemnly declaring their firm
conviction that the safety, security, salvation and destiny of the Muslims lay only
in the achievement of Pakistan.

56 | P a g e
Q) What were the Redcliff awards? [4]
Mr. Radcliff, an ordinary lawyer was sent from England to India for the
demarcation of the boundaries of Punjab and Bengal. The viceroy and Mr. Radcliff
connived with the Congress and demarcated the boundary according to their
wishes. Radcliff included many Muslim majority, areas in India and deprived
Pakistan of the waters of Sutlej, Bias and Ravi. Further captured Kashmir and
created a Kashmir problem which is still unsolved. The defective planning of
Radcliff created many problems for Pakistan unsolved. The defective planning of
Redcliff created many problems for Pakistan.
Q) Discuss Independence Act [4]
The Indian Independence Act 1947 (1947, was an action of the Parliament of the
United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent
dominions of India and Pakistan. The Act received Royal Assent on 18 July 1947
and thus modern-day India and Pakistan, comprising west (modern day Pakistan)
and east (modern day Bangladesh) regions, came into being on 15 August.

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Q) Quaid-e-Azam as governor general of Pakistan [14]
Ans: Here are the events of Quaid-E-Azam as governor general of Pakistan:

Posting as Governor General

On 15th August 1947, Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah became the 1st
Governor General of Pakistan. He remained Governor General of the country for
thirteen months. During this period, he solved many important national issues.
Some of them are mentioned as under...

Pakistan’s First Cabinet

As soon as the Quaid-I-Azam took an immediate action and nominated members
of the Federal Cabinet to run the Government affairs smoothly. Liaquat Ali Khan
was elected as the Prime Minister. Other members of the cabinet were also
nominated. This first cabinet of Pakistan took oath on 15th August 1947.

Constitutional Problems
The Act of 1935 was amended and enforced in the country as there was no
constitution available of the newly born state. Thus this great achievement was
done under the administrative leadership of the Quaid-I-Azam.

Establishment of Capital
Karachi was made Capital of Pakistan.

Establishment of Administrative Head Quarters

For the administrative reformation, a committee was set up and Chaudhry
Muhammad Ali was made the Secretary General. Civil Services were re-organized
and Civil Services Academy was constituted. The Secretariat was established.
Moreover, Headquarters for Army, Navy and Air Force were set up. An
ammunition factory was also set up.

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Attention to Foreign Affairs
Realizing the sensitivity of foreign affairs, Quaid-I-Azam paid his utmost attention
to the Foreign Policy. He developed healthy relations with the neighboring and
developed countries that were the main objective of the Foreign Policy.

Membership of UNO
After independence, Quaid-I-Azam paid immediate attention for acquiring
membership of the United Nations Organization (UNO). On 30th September 1947,
Pakistan became the member of the UNO. This all, was done under the dynamic
leadership of Quaid-I-Azam.

Implementation of Education Policy

Education plays an important role in the development of a country. It improves
living standard of a nation and development. Education sector also needed
attention at the time of independence. for this purpose, he held the first Educational
Conference in 1947. He wished that every citizen of Pakistan should serve his
nation with honesty and national spirit. he made nation with honesty and national
spirit. He made acquisition of scientific and technological education compulsory
for the students. Quaid-I-Azam did a lot to improve education policy of the
country.

In the Service of Pakistan

Quaid-I-Azam served his country till his death. Despite his bad health, he kept on
going through the important files. He succumbed to deadly disease of
consumption.

These were the most important works done by the Quaid as Governor General in a
very short period of 13 months. These achievements of the Quaid will not be
forgotten by the people of Pakistan.

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Q) Why did Jinnah demand separate homeland? [7]
Ans: Firstly, Jinnah was a member of the Indian National Congress and used to
support congress efforts in establishing Indian political dominance. However, he
left congress due to disputes with Gandhi supporting the Khilafat cause and
starting non corporation movement. Shortly after that Jinnah joined All India
Muslim League and insisted league members to cooperate with Hindus for better
living conditions.

This soon changed after the Simon commission in 1927 and as a reply to the
commission Congress introduced its own Nehru report. The Muslim league
alongside with Jinnah opposed it as it demanded multiple sacrifices from the
Muslims. Jinnah introduced his own points known as 14 points and declared it as
the parting of ways. Furthermore, Jinnah actually started to support partition by
1940s since after the congress won the 1937 elections, Muslims were oppressed by
the congress schemes like warda scheme and Bande Mataram Indian nationalist
song. From then on Jinnah deliberately changed the aim of league for partition
from India and form Pakistan as a Muslim majority country. Due to this aim league
also performed better during 1945-46 elections and achieved independence from
British India and partition from India on 14th August 1947.

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 Topic: Jinnah from 1929 to 1947.
Q) Were the 14 points of Mr. Jinnah the most important achievement of Mr.
Jinnah between 1929 and 1947? Do you agree? [14] (Five points are enough)
(Oct-12)
Ans: [Fourteen points 1929] Jinnah presented his fourteen points in answer of the
Nehru report of 1928. Muslim League had rejected the Nehru report due to many
reasons. Nehru report had rejected separate electorates and one third seats for
Muslims in the central government. Jinnah proposed three changes in the report
but Congress did not accept them. In his fourteen points Jinnah wanted to protect
rights of Muslims. He demanded one third Muslims seats in the center. These 14
points became the basis of any future discussion of Muslim League with the
Congress or the British. Fourteen points was the first step to Muslim separate
homeland.
[Congress rule] During the Congress rule from 1937-39, Jinnah organized the
Muslim League. He visited different provinces of India to raise the vote bank
(support) of Muslim League, as a result of his efforts (hard work); Muslim League
membership increased mainly in the Muslim majority provinces. He was also able
to improve the image of Muslim League. Jinnah asked all Muslims to celebrate day
of deliverance at the end of Congress Rule in December 1939.
[Lahore resolution] The Lahore resolution was passed by Muslim League in
March 1940 under leadership of Jinnah. In this resolution Muslim League
demanded a separate Muslim state in the north-western and north-eastern Muslim
majority provinces of India. It was the start of active struggle for Pakistan. Now,
Jinnah and Muslim League had become the only hope for the Muslims to get
separate homeland for them.
[Cripps mission 1942] Cripps Mission stated that new assembly would be setup
after the war and India would get freedom. The plan allowed any province to leave
the India. But Jinnah feared that the Hindu members would be in majority in new
assembly and they would not allow Muslim provinces to leave India. He wanted
solid assurance (promise) for independent Pakistan, so he rejected Cripps Mission
of 1942.
[Gandhi-Jinnah talks 1944] Gandhi-Jinnah talks failed but for first time Gandhi
discussed the issue of Pakistan. Congress for the first time discussed the idea of
Pakistan with Muslim League on the base of equality. Mr. Jinnah remained firm

61 | P a g e
and refused to take back the demand of Pakistan. Gandhi’s partly accepted the idea
of Pakistan was the main outcome (result) of these talks. Jinnah rejected Gandhi’s
idea to gain independence first and settle the issue, of Pakistan later.
[1945 elections] The success of the Muslim League in the 1945 election proved to
speed up the struggle for achieving Pakistan. Muslim League had won most of the
Muslim seats in the Central and Provincial Assemblies. The major reason of
Muslim League success in 1945 election was the efforts of Jinnah. Success in
elections raised the spirit of Muslims to continue their struggle for Pakistan.
[3rd June plan] Finally, due to the efforts (hard work) of Mr. Jinnah, Lord Mount
Batten announced the future of India in 3rd June plan, 1947. In this plan, British
Government declared division of British Indian in to two Free states India and
Pakistan. The Muslim League accepted the plan. Pakistan was finally accepted by
the British. It seems that 14 points were the most important achievement of Jinnah
between 1929 and 1947. Jinnah 14th points had forced the British and Congress to
hold a series of talks with Jinnah in the 1940’s that ended in the form of creation of
Pakistan.

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 Topic: Iqbal and Ch. Rahmat Ali.
Q) Was the work of Allama Iqbal more important to the Pakistan movement
than that of Rehmat Ali? Explain your answer. [14]
Ans: [Allama Iqbal] Iqbal was national poet and the most important Muslim
leader of India. His Allahabad address of 1930 was the main reason behind starting
of Pakistan movement. In this address he proved Muslims as a separate nation of
India in the light of the Two Nation theory. He was against British control over
India. He wanted to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sindh and Balochistan should be
joined to set up a Muslim state. Iqbal was the first important Muslim leader to
advocate the partition of India to set up a separate Muslim state that's why he is
known as founder of ideology of Pakistan. His idea was seriously considered by
many Muslims during the 1930’s. He represented Muslims in the second and third
round table conferences. He convinced Jinnah to return to India and lead the
Muslim community. He played important role in making Muslim League a popular
party in Punjab. He was rightly called the Designer of Pakistan because from
March 1940 onwards the ML under Jinnah struggled to achieve (fulfill) the dream
of Iqbal.
[Ch. Rehmat Ali] Ch. Rehmat Ali was a student leader in Cambridge University
in the 1930’s. He attended the RTC’s as observer. During these years he developed
the idea of a separate Muslim homeland be made of Northwestern Muslim majority
provinces of India. He gave the name Pakistan to this new Muslim in his famous
pamphlet “Now or Never”. The word Pakistan means “The Land of Pure” and each
letter in the word represent Muslim majority areas: P for Punjab, A for Afghania
(NWFP), K for Kashmir, I for Iran, S for Sindh, T for Turkaristan, A for
Afghanistan and N for Balochistan. He tried to convince Muslim leaders to launch
(start) an active struggle to get Pakistan but most of them were not ready to accept
his views. Even Jinnah rejected his idea at that time. Later Jinnah and Muslim
League adopted the name Pakistan after Lahore Resolution. Ch. Rehmat Ali
popularity was reduced when he criticized Quaid-e-Azam on accepting partition of
Bengal in 3rd June plan and leaving important Muslim communities of Delhi, Agra
and Lucknow in India. Ch. Rehmat was considered less important than Iqbal since
Jinnah take-up many ideas of Iqbal whereas Jinnah refused to meet Ch. Rehmat
Ali.

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