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Section II
The Emergence of Pakistan 1906-1947

Unit 6

HOW FAR DID THE PAKISTAN MOVEMENT DEVELOP DURING THE EARLY
TWENTIETH CENTURY?

What were the aims and origins of the Muslim League?

How successful was British rule and attempts at constitutional reforms during the years
1909-19 (including reactions in India among Muslims and Hindus)?
How and why did relationship between the Muslims and Hindu change between 1916 and
1927?

The Indian National Congress (The beginning of Indian political awareness) 1883
The Partition of Bengal 1906

 Why was Bengal partition in 1905?

Many activities were going on in sub-continent against British rule e.g. nationalist leader Tilk of Poona wrote
proactive article and made impassionate speech in which they encourage the Indians to work for freedom. Such
activities worry British and tried to clamp down their activities as they feared that their rule in India was under
threat and so ordered to partition.

Bengal was the largest province of sub-continent and it was difficult for British to control it as a single unit.
Thus, they divided it into two parts so that they could improve its governing efficiency.

Bengal had a huge population as it was ten times more populated than Britain, so it was difficult for British to
look after the people. Thus, they partitioned it into two halves so that British could look after the welfare of the
people efficiently.

After the WOI the British Muslim relations became poor as British blamed Muslims for the war of
Independence. But 1905 their views changed and the British considered Muslims an important community in
society, and wanted its support for their rule. Therefore, they partitioned Bengal in such a way that Muslims
came in majority in one province and so they did this to achieve Muslim support, this partition also benefited
Muslim community.

The Hindus were becoming stronger in Bengal, with the help of Congress as they were asking for more reforms.
The British thought that it was a threat to their rule and so partitioned Bengal to reduce Hindu threat.

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Another reason was the old British Policy of divide and rule. This was an old British policy of dividing larger
territory into smaller parts for a proper administrative control. Since Bengal the largest province of sub-
continent, they applied the same policy in Bengal too. Therefore, for an efficient administration Bengal was
divided into two halves.

The Simla Deputation 1906

 Why was there a Simla deputation in 1906?

The acceptance of separate electrode and extra seat in Simla deputation improved British Muslim relations
because this meant that British were not only ready to work with Muslims but prepared to give them
concessions also.

When British accepted the demands of separate electorate in Simla deputation it meant that rivalry between
Hindus and Muslims extended to the political level from social and religious life. This not only discontented
Hindus, Muslim relationship but also strengthened the ‘Two Nation Theory’ of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan which
later contributed to the foundation of Pakistan.

When Muslim demand of Simla deputation was fulfilled, they believed that they could make their demands
accepted. As British was considerate towards Muslims. Thus, this encouraged Muslims to form their own
political party, so Simla deputation can be attributed to the formation of Muslim League.

The Foundation of the All-India Muslim League – its Aims and objectives 1906

 Why was Muslim League established in 1906?

The Hindus were displeased with the partition of Bengal while Muslims were pleased with it as Muslim
majority province had been formed. To reverse the partition Hindus started large scale protests and riots. Thus,
Muslim felt that British under Hindu pressure would reverse the partition. Therefore, they established Simla
deputation (Muslim League) to protect the partition and conquer Hindus protest.

Congress became a dominant political party which was working for Hindus. The Muslim on the other hand felt
politically deprived. Thus, to protect Muslim political rights Muslim League was formed. Simla deputation
became a plat form for the establishment of Muslim League.

Hindus wanted to replace Urdu with Hindi as the national language. Since Muslims were closely attached to
Urdu so they needed a political platform to protect their cultural identity so, they formed Muslim league to
protect their Language. Simla deputation helped them to do so.

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When Muslim demands in Simla deputation were fulfilled, Muslim believed that British would also accept their
other demands as British was considerate towards Muslims. Thus, this encouraged Muslims to establish their
own political party so that they can make their demands accepted.

Some extremist groups like Arya Samaj were carrying out militant activities in India and were converting Non-
Hindus into Hinduism. Thus, to save their religious rights Muslims established Muslim league as they felt that
their religion was under threat.

Sir Feroz Shah Mehta, the Congress president 1906 refused to accept Muslims as a significant group in India.
Therefore, Muslim leaders were forced to conclude that they should have a political party of their own not only
to protect their political interest but also their prestige as second largest community of India and for this purpose
they formed Muslim League.
Or
 Why was Muslim League formed in 1906?

The Indian National Congress was seen by many as a Hindu organization, working against its promise of
serving all Indian communities, as it worked mostly for Hindus neglecting the interests of Muslims. The
Muslims, so felt the need of establishing a political party which could safeguard the interest of Muslims. This
idea led to the formation of Muslim League.

The Hindus were in majority both in India and the Congress, the Muslims felt suppressed and dominated by
them. Hindus being in majority in the Congress meant that Hindus could suppress any demand put forward by
Muslims. So in order to get Muslims’ demands accepted and attain better say in running the state, a party was
needed to safeguard the rights of Muslims. Therefore, ML was formed.

After the episode of WOI some Muslims realized how disorganized they were. Also after the partition of Bengal
too, the Muslims could find lesson in the organized and planned protests of the Hindus which were contrary to
the Muslims’ disorganization. Muslim League was hence created to organize and unite Muslims and their
opinion.

Congress, being the main party of the subcontinent had great effect on the British government in India and its
movements too were highly important for Indians affecting them by one way or the other. This decreased the
impression of Muslims or their views. Hence to increase their influence in subcontinent (so as to counter
congress), Muslims needed their own political party. This thought was one of the reasons why Muslim League
was created.

The congress wanted India to be treated as cultural whole. This was not accepted by Muslims who wanted to be
treated differently in accordance to their different culture and religion. Muslim League was hence created to
depict that Muslims were different than Hindus in every field of life that Muslims could not live as cultural
whole and to depict different opinions of the Muslims, ML was formed.

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The congress further demanded Hindi to be made the national language. This was not accepted by Muslims who
felt the prestige of Urdu declining. The Muslims League was hence formed to promote Urdu as it became the
language of the Muslims League.

The Muslims were worried by some Hindu nationalist groups such as (Arya Samaj) who wanted Muslim to be
forcibly converted to Hinduism. This was the degradation of Muslim religion and identity. So to protect Muslim
religion and identity, Muslim League was created.
The acceptance of separate electorates for Muslim was another reason which led to creation of Muslim League
as the Muslims now needed purely Muslim representatives from a Muslim Party to stand in elections.

The Muslims’ fear of being sidelined was increased by the election of the Liberal party in Britain, which stated
that they were now going to increase local participation in the British government of India through elections.
The Muslims knew it was time to act. So the Muslim League was created so as to protect the Muslims from
being sidelined as the Hindus were in majority in India so they could win any elections through Congress.

There were attempts by the Muslims, even at this early stage, to pressure the Congress into accepting them as a
significant group in India. However, Congress, under Sir Fheroz Shah Mehta, refused to do so leading to one
logical conclusion that the Muslims needed a party of their own which would show that the Muslims formed an
important group of India.

The Muslims also feared the reversal of partition of Bengal which felt possible, keeping in view the influential
protests of Hindus. Therefore, the Muslims felt the need of a political party to prevent the reversal of partition
of Bengal as the Partition would have caused the position of Muslims to decline further, proving the Muslims as
weak suppressed community of India.

In reaction to partition of Bengal Hindus boycotted British goods proving to be disloyal. The Muslims on the
other hand had to show loyalty to the British as the British had accepted their demand for separate electorates.
One of the way of conveying their loyal emotions and feelings to the British politicians through political
negotiations was forming a political party of Muslims i.e. the Muslim League.

After the war of Independence and partition of Bengal, many misunderstandings for Muslims arose amongst
Indians. This deteriorated the position of Muslims in India. So in order to remove misunderstandings among the
British and government officials, a political party (ML) was needed to improve social and political position of
Muslims.

The Morely-Minto Reforms – British Attempts to win Indian Support (MMR)

The Indian Councils Act 1909

 Why did Hindus oppose MMR?

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The Muslims had been granted the right of separate electorate by the British. The Hindus thought that this was
unacceptable because they had always claimed Indians as indivisible nation. Therefore, they claimed these
reforms as undemocratic and opposed them.

Another reason was that the seats of Indians were raised from 60 members but yet they were not allowed to
make decisions. Therefore, the Hindus opposed the MMR as no authority in the council was given to them.

Another reason was that the Hindus criticized the system of voting. The MMRs had given the provision to the
Muslim for separate electorate and one third representation in the council. Therefore, the Hindus got outrage as
they were not ready to accept Muslim being at par with them and so opposed MMR.

 Why were MMR important for Muslims?

One of the reasons was that the demand of separate electorate was accepted. This enabled the Muslims to have
their own political leaders in the council. Therefore, it was very important for Muslims as now they could sit in
the council and give their suggestions in the council.

Another reason was that the status and influence of Muslims was increased. Since the WOI the influence and
social status of Muslims had dropped down dramatically. They were seen as traitors. Now the MMRs made the
Muslims confident enough to speak for their rights. Therefore, the MMRs were important for the Muslims as
the Muslim community gained influence and their status increased.

Another reason was that their political rights were supported. They had not been heard since 1857 and after the
establishment of Indian National Congress they were feeling deprived. Their success in MMR gave them a
political boast and therefore, MRR were important for the Muslims as they felt that now their political rights
were secure and supported.

 “MMR of 1909 were the most important political development between 1909 to 1919”. Do you
agree or dis-agree give reasons.

In the MMR Muslims were given weightage which helped the Muslims to increase their representation in the
council. Thus not only the British recognized Muslims as an important community but also increase their
political say.

MMR gave separate electorate to Muslims. Thus, they now could have separate representation in election and
the threat that they might lose elections to Hindu majority was removed and so this emerged as an important
political development favoring Muslims.

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Also as Muslim demands of weightage and separate electorate was accepted so gap between Muslims and
Hindus increased because they consider it a concession too far for a small community like Muslim. This gave
strength to SSAK to give ‘two nation theory’ and became a leading factor in developing political development.

In MMR British increased Indian members in different councils. Although they were in advisory capacity but
still they got a chance to negotiate with British government at higher level and thus they could put up their
demands easily.

But however, there were other reasons also………………

In Mont-fort, diarchy was introduced at provincial level as well in which transferred subjects were given to
Indian like education, local government, public health and forest for law making. This meant that the Indians for
the first time had a chance to govern their local areas which was a step towards greater autonomy in future.

In MONT-FORT the voting rights were extended to more Indians who therefore, could now practice their basic
rights by choosing representative of their own choice.

The reversal of partition of Bengal realized Muslims that British government had betrayed them and they could
not be trusted. Thus, they changed their aim from loyalty to British to Self-rule which was an important decision
for future independence.

Muslims also realized that congress was a strong party as due to their pressure British reversed partition of
Bengal so Muslims improved relations with congress in order to protect their rights which meant that Indians
were now united against British to gain self-rule.

OR
 “Were the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 the most important political development between
1909-1919”? Explain your answer.

Muslims formed Muslim League to increase their political say in the government of India as they knew that
congress was Hindu dominant party so Muslim league was formed to ensure that Muslims views are represented
to the British and heard by them. This had a vital role in developing the Muslim community politically.

MMR introduced by British in 1909 gave Muslims an opportunity to be elected in councils by a separate
electorate. By giving separate electorate to Muslims British took a step towards political development of India
as they gave chance to Muslims to represent themselves. So in 1909 reforms British fulfilled their demand
accepting them a significant community of India.

In MMR of 1909 Muslims were also given extra seats in the council by the British and which increased their
weightage. By fulfilling the demands of Muslims British showed that they were keen to allow Indians especially
minorities to express their opinion and also wanted to know what Indians had to say in governing India.

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Since the partition of Bengal 1905 Hindus protested a lot against the partition and started many movements like
Swadeshi Movement which also had a negative effect on British economy. The reaction of Hindus to partition
of Bengal caused unrest in India. So to maintain law, order and peace British reversed the partition of Bengal.
Although they did the reversal to maintain peace and administer India conveniently but still they lost support of
the Muslims as reversal was against the benefits of Muslims.

Lucknow Pact was signed between Congress and Muslim League in 1916. In this pact Hindus accepted the
demand of separate electorate and weightage which they were opposing since 1905. This showed that Congress
had recognized the demands of Muslim League and they both wanted to work with each other. This further
developed India politically as now in 1906 the two major parties within India were joined together to work in
the interests of Indians.

In Mont-Ford Reforms British had reluctantly accepted the separate electorate for Muslims and Sikhs too. By
doing this British showed that they were concerned about the rights of Indian minorities. Although this step of
British had another effect that was the increasing division within the Indian society which made them disunited.

In these reforms British also extended the voting rights of Indian thus, increasing their say in governing India.
Although they increased the voting rights by a very short number but still they made an attempt in extending the
political say in India.
OR
 The Morley-Minto Reforms were the most important of the attempts by the Muslims, Hindu or
the British Government in seeking a solution to the problems in the Sub-continent between 1906
and 1920”? Explain your answer.

MMR granted separate electorates to the Muslims so as to represents more Muslims in the government and to
remove the notion from the Muslims’ minds that they would be dominated by the Hindus in the government.

MMR also increased the number of seats in the councils so that to remove the complains of the local people that
they had less representation in the government.

Muslim League was also formed by Muslims in 1906 in order to cooperate with the British Government. It was
a step to remove the misunderstandings between the Muslims and the British. It was also made as a forum to
voice the Muslims’ demands to the British and to solve their problems.

ML had a motive to have no confrontation with the other parties present in the subcontinent. It was made so that
the problems could be solved peacefully without causing any trouble in the subcontinent.

Lucknow Pact was signed between the Hindus and the Muslims in 1916. It was a first step from both the sides
to create unity between each other and to solve the problems not only between the two parties but also the
problems of the subcontinent. Hindus agreed for the separate electorates for the Muslims and the weightage in
the elections. And in return the Muslims added self-rule in their list of demands. This solved an old dispute of
the two parties and helped creating peace in the subcontinent.

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It was also agreed in the Lucknow Pact that no act affecting a community would be passed until ¾ of that
community’s members agreed to it. Lucknow Pact made Muslims satisfied and helped in solving the
subcontinent’s problems as Muslims felt that their rights were being protected.

Mont-Ford Reforms was passed by the British in 1919 in which separate seats were allocated not only for
Muslims but also for Sikhs so as to remove complains of the minorities of not being represented in the
subcontinent well.

Mont-Ford Reforms also reduced the conditions in casting the vote so that more of the local people could cast
their vote. To some extent, it fulfilled the demands of the local population of a democratic state and solved the
problem as more people could choose the leader of their choice.

Mont-Ford Reforms also divided the power among the local population under the system of diarchy. These gave
self-rule to some extent to the local population and tried to satisfy their political demands.

The Bengal Partition reversed 1911

 Why was partition of Bengal reversed? Or Was Swadeshi Movement the main reason for the
reversal of partition of Bengal?

One of the reasons was Swadeshi Movement. In Swadeshi Movement the Hindus boycotted the British goods
and preferred their own product. In this way British economy was decreased. Therefore, to restore their sale
transaction partition of Bengal was reversed.

Another reason was strikes and protests. The reaction of factory workers effected British economic powers.
Therefore, to regain their economical loses in factory the British reversed the partition of Bengal.

Another reason was assassination attempts on the Viceroy Lord Minto. Although the viceroy escaped the
assassination but it was enough to create fear in the hearts of the British. Therefore, to avoid further threats the
British reversed the partition.

Another reason was demonstrations by press and media. Through essays, pictures, newspapers and
advertisements against British were spread all across the sub-continent. Although editors were arrested yet riots
spread like the fire in the forest. Therefore, to regain their image and pride the British reversed the partition of
Bengal.

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Another reason was the rising of Nationalist parties e.g. Arya Samaj. The major leader “Tilk” had immense
influence on violent activities across sub-continent. Although he was arrested yet oppression grew on British.
Therefore, to bring a stop to these hostile activities partition of Bengal was reversed.

Another reason was when Bengal partition was declared to be the day of mourning. Hundreds of protests and
meetings were sent to the government to reconsider the partition. Hence, the majority of Hindus pressurized the
British to reconsider the partition which finally led to its reversal.

Another reason was that the partition of Bengal and Simla deputation had favored the Muslims. On one side
where Muslims were pleased, the Hindus were flared up as they thought that the demand of separate electorate
was undemocratic. Thus, British reversed the partition of Bengal to ensure & please Hindus that they had not
favored the Muslims British.

Another reason was that since Dhaka was the capital of Bengal, the provincial High Courts and other judicial
bodies were based in Dhaka. The Hindus lawyers who organized many protests with the help of Congress
feared that their legal practices would be affected. Therefore, to overcome the fear of mistrust the partition of
Bengal was reversed.

The Hindus landlords, capitalist, traders and businessmen felt that they could not continue their exploitation of
Muslims in the new province. Particularly the Hindus had been dominated in the old province of Bengal.
Therefore, to continue with their domination they pressurized the British and led to the partition of Bengal
reversed.

Another reason was that the Kind George V was coming to India and the British wanted to stabilize the
situation and they wanted to show a strong hand in stabilizing the political situation in India. Therefore, to
restore peace in the territory the British reversed the partition.

India Before the First World War – Impact on Indians 1914

 Why did Hindu – Muslim relationship improve between 1917 and 1919?

Since both Muslim League and Congress had common aim of self-rule after Lucknow Pact of 1916. However, it
wasn’t the case in those reforms and they were annoyed and so they jointly opposed the reforms which
improved Hindu-Muslim relationship as both wanted self-rule.

In 1919, the Rowlett Act was passed in which it was stated that any Indian could be arrested without warrant
and could be retained without bail. Jinnah opposed this and resigned from the imperial council in protest while
Gandhi also launched strike against this law. This meant that both congress and Muslim League opposed
Rowlett Act which improved Hindu Muslim relationship as they jointly hatred this reform.

In 1919 a peaceful gathering of around 20 thousands Indians gathered in Jallianwala Park to demonstrate
against the Rowlett Act. Although they were unarmed General fired at them without warning and killed 400

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people and injured 1200 people. All the Indian parties opposed this and due to this joint opposition the Hindu-
Muslim relation improved.

The Lucknow pact 1916

 Why was Lucknow Pact important for the Indians/Muslims? [7]

One of the reasons was that it paved the way for Hindus-Muslim unity. By signing the Lucknow Pact the
Congress accepted the Muslim League demand for separate electorates, 1/3rd representation in the councils and
extra seats in Bengal and Punjab for the Muslims. Thus, this showed that congress was now prepared to make
concessions to win Muslim support. Secondly, for first time congress acknowledged that Muslims are strong
political group and was willing to accept that Muslim League was the true representative of Muslim
community. Thirdly, congress accepted that Muslim political rights are different from the rest of the
communities living in India. Fourthly, by accepting Muslim rights congress showed that they had moved away
from their belief that India was one indivisible nation.

Another reason was that Muslim League came close to Congress party. When ML was formed it aimed at
showing loyalty to British government. However, the betrayal of British during WWI and failure of MMR
caused ML to shift away from its policy. Thus, Lucknow Pact was its effort to reach a common ground with
congress. Secondly by sighing L. Pack Muslim League moved away from being a British front. Thirdly Muslim
acknowledged that there is a need for collaboration between both communities.

Another reason was that Muslim League agreed to put joint demand before the government. In the L. Pact
League and Congress laid down common demands for the future constitution of India. Thus, by signing
Lucknow Pact Muslim acknowledged that they had better chance of protecting their rights by working with
Congress.

Another reason was that by signing the Lucknow Pact Congress accepted the fact that Hindu-Muslim problems
were so deep-rooted that only solution is some sort of partition. Thus, Lucknow Pact Hindus agreed on some
degree of partition in the future.

Another reason was that the demand for self-rule was put up by both congress and league. It led to the growing
belief in India that Indians were ready to take over the running of their country in their own hands. Thus,
Lucknow Pact laid down the ground for possibility of self-government in India. Secondly for the first time two
main political organizations of India asked for self-rule.

Another reason was that Lucknow Pact was signed due to tireless efforts of Jinnah, who convinced leadership of
both congress and league. Therefore, this event established Jinnah as a prominent Muslim Leader in Sub-
continent.

 Why was Lucknow Pact of 1916 signed?

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Despite the concession given in MMR, Muslims-British relations were strained because of reversal of partition
of Bengal. Muslims felt that British had betrayed them by reversing the partition and hence decided to improve
relations with Hindus instead of relying on the British again.

Muslim League added the demand for self-rule in its aim as a political part and the acceptance by congress was
seen as a chance by League to realize their dream of gaining self-rule.

Congress had always been suspicious of the aims of Muslim League thinking it was a political party created by
British to divide Indians politically. But the demand for self-rule by League convinced Congress that League
was not a political party designed to work for British, and hence, they saw Lucknow pact as a fortunate chance
to work with League on similar platform against the British.

Lucknow Pact was signed largely because of the persuasion of the leader of the parties like Mahajan from
Congress and Jinnah from League. Under the leadership of leaders who wanted Muslims and Hindus to work
together and especially Jinnah who was an ambassador to Hindu Muslim Unity Lucknow pact was drawn up.

Both Hindus and Muslims saw the policies of repression of British during World War I and their failure to grant
more rights to Indians in the period up to 1914. This convinced both communities that British had no interest in
protecting Indian interests, and instead of allying with British separately, they decided to work together.

British were thinking of bringing reforms before political situation deteriorated against them and hence
Congress decided to join Muslim League in order to put more pressure on British to grant them greater rights
and concessions in future reforms.

British were the common enemy of Hindus and Muslims. As Jinnah said the pact came about because
‘Cooperation in the cause of our motherland should be our guiding principle India’s real progress can be
achieved by true understanding between the two great sister communities.’ Thus, Muslims and Hindus both
decided to work together in Lucknow pact as they were the natives of Indian land and had the same interest and
problems rather than working with British who were invaders and were foreigners.

The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms – Diarchy in India 1919

 Why were MFRs Introduced?

The number of seats for Indians in legislative assembly and councils were increased. Thus, Mont-Ford Reforms
were introduced so that Indians could have greater political voice. Secondly they were introduced to increase
Indian participation in administration of India. Thirdly to give Indians some say in Indian Internal matters.

Another reason was to introduce diarchy in India under this system transferred subjects such as local
government, education etc. was to be run by Indians, while reserved subjects by the British. Thus, Mont-Ford

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Reforms were introduced for the division of powers between Indians and British at provincial level. Secondly
for the involvement of local people in the provincial matters Mont-Ford Reforms were introduced.

Another reason was that they were introduced to allow greater number of population for voting rights. It gave 5
million Indians (2%) men right to cast vote. Thus, Mont-Ford Reforms were introduced to involve Indian
population in electoral system.

Another reason was that Mont-Ford Reforms were formed to fulfill minorities demand for separate electorate.
Separate electorate were not only kept for Muslims but were also extended to Sikhs and schedules casts. Thus,
Mont-Ford Reforms were formed to safeguard minorities’ demand of separate electorate. Secondly it was an
attempt to win minorities support for British Government.

Another reason was that MMR failed to give Indians enough power. Indians were unsatisfied with concessions
given in MMR. Thus, to bring back the lost confidence of Indians and to win back their support MFR were
introduced.

 Why were Mont-Ford reformers opposed by Indians? [7]

In the Mont-Ford reforms a council of princely states was established in which they debated issues. However,
they were not given any real power. This angered them and thus they opposed these reforms as they considered
this no more than the talking ship.

According to the reforms the Viceroy was still very powerful. He could pass any law which he considered
suitable for the ‘safety’ of India. This annoyed the Indians and they opposed the reforms as they felt that they
had been given little role in governing their own country.

The system of diarchy was highly unpopular among Indians as British could amend or reject any law made by
councils of Indians. Hence, they thought that they were given limited provincial autonomy.

Although the British increased the No. of Indian votes but still only 2% of Indians could vote which created
resentment among the Indians who thought that most of them had been deprived of their basic democratic right
to choose their representative.

Many Indians supported British in WWI and therefore, they excepted much more concessions as a reward of
their loyalty to British, so they were disappointed with the reforms and they opposed them as they were not up
to their expectations.

Congress and Muslim League had been aiming for self-rule since Lucknow Pact of 1916. They believed that
under their joined pressure British would be forced to give some kind of self-rule. However, it wasn’t the case
in these reforms which annoyed these political parties and they rejected the reforms.

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The Rowlatt Act – India’s Anger 1919

The Amritsar Massacre – A British Outrage 1919
The Non-Cooperation Movement 1920

 How successful was Hindu-Muslim relationship from 1905-1920?

The partition of Bengal in 1905 caused immediate conflicts between Muslims and Hindus. The Muslims were
delighted as they felt that their position had improved since they were in majority in East Bengal. On the other
hand the Hindus were angered because they thoughts that by dividing Bengal the British along with Muslims
were trying to weaken their strength.

Another reason for the conflict was that partition enabled many Muslims to escape from the opposition of
Hindu rule. The Hindus were not happy with as they enjoyed a strong hold and exercised powers over the
Muslims.

With the partition of Bengal the Hindus were upset since they believed that the Muslims and British conspiring
against the Hindus by establishing a Muslims majority in East Bengal. This resulted in riots and protests by the
Hindus. The Muslims felt that the Hindus did not care for the Muslims rights and feared that this would result in
the partition being reversed. All this unrest increased the differences in opinions and the hostility between the
Muslims and Hindus.

After the partition of Bengal the Hindus as part of their protest to the British, started Swadashi Movement in
which they boycotted British goods. The Muslims, as partition favored them, opposed the Movement. The
Hindus were angered and disappointed as the Muslims did not help them.

The acceptance of separate electorate and weightage in councils through Simla Deputation by the British the
Hindu Muslim rivalry that existed in day to day now also existed in the constitution as well. The disputes and
arguments gradually arose also now in the political field.

The Muslim established Muslim League in 1906 as they feared that Hindu agitation would lead to Hindi
becoming the national Language or even to Muslims being forcibly converted to Hinduism. The Muslims
wanted to fight back for their rights as the Hindus were in majority and that they had dominated the local
Government. This was resulted by the Hindus and Congress.

Another vast difference between the Muslims and Hindus that existed initially was the Congress requested for
self-Government, whereas the league declared loyalty to the British. This resulted in conflict of thoughts and
ideas.

The British reacted to the protests and demands of the Hindus and were left with no choice but to reverse the
partition of Bengal. The Muslims were robbed of East Bengal and they returned back to being suppressed by
Hindus. They blamed the reversal of partition on the Hindus and so their hostility grew.

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The Morley Minto Reforms accepted separate electorate for Muslims. The Hindus argued that this was
undemocratic and for the next 25 years, congress was calling for an end “such anomalies (irregularities)”. This
angered the Muslims as the Hindus were trying to deprive Muslims of their rights.

However, there were some successes as well…………….

During the 1st World War, the Muslims realized that the British did not care for protecting Muslims rights they
called for self-Government and stood behind the Congress. This resolution improved the relations between the
League and Congress as they now shared the same demand that was self-rule.

The Lucknow pact clearly showed that Congress was prepared to make concessions to gain support of the
League and they granted the Muslims the right of separate electorates. This increased their mutual trust and
understanding.

Also the Lucknow pact showed the Muslims that they could protect their rights if they worked with the
Congress against the British. This helped them united and work together as one unit.

Another act that helped cement the relationship between the league and the Congress was the Montague-
Chelmsford Reforms. The Indians were asking for self-rule but the main power was still in the hands of the
British. This was unsatisfying for the Indians and so they worked harder together in trying to overthrow the
British.

 How successful was British and Muslim relationship from 1905-1920?

In 1905 British partitioned so that they would govern it effectively. The Muslims were delighted as they now
had a state in which they were in majority, East Bengal. This partition improved their relations as Muslims now
had recognition.

In the Simla Deputation the Muslims asked for separate electorates. This was done by the Muslims to reflect
their importance so when Lord Minot agreed to their ideas and accepted their idea of separate electorate, the
Muslims felt that they had made a great concession and cared for their political rights.

In 1906 the Muslims formed the Muslim League to make the British hear their views. The British welcomed the
formation of the League and the Muslims thought that the British were their well-wishers. Muslims League
declared loyalty towards the British as one of the major aims. This was also a step for better relations as
Muslims conveyed a positive message to the British.

The Morley Minto Reforms were made to justify the Indian demands for an increase in the share in the
Government. The Muslims were given extra seats in the councils which delighted them.

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Also the Morley Minto Reforms stated that Muslims electorates to the councils were to be elected by separate
electorates. Due to this the Muslims were given extra importance and a chance to express their opinion. So they
were thankful to the British.

When during the 1st World War, the Khilafat movement was just formed, it looked like another example of how
the league and the Congress could cooperate and work together towards a common aim. Both communities took
part in the non-cooperation movement and boycotted British goods. This increased their strength.

After the partition of Bengal, the Hindus were upset as they believed that the British tried to weaken Hindus
strength. So in return they retaliated by spreading the ‘swadashi Movement’ but the Muslims did not take part in
it and so in return the British were grateful towards the Muslims.

On the other hand there were some reasons why the relationship became poor

In 1911, due to constant Hindus protests the Partition of Bengal was reversed by the British. The Muslim saw
this as a betrayal of the British promise that original partition was forever. Therefore, they moved away from
each other.

Before the world war, the British supported the Balkan states fighting against Turkey in the Balkan war. As
Turkey was the major Islamic state in Europe, the Muslims felt that the British had no interests in protecting
Muslims rights.

During the Lucknow pact in 1916 the League and the Congress came together and had greater cooperation. As a
result, the British felt that they were forming an alliance against them. This further increased the hostility
between them.

The Muslim League and the Congress had come together, calling self-rule in the Lucknow Pact. But when the
Montague Chelmsford reforms showed that the British maintained the grip on power, they were bitterly
disappointed by the new structure and therefore, opposed the reforms.

The proposal in the Rowlett Act caused disturbance in India. It leads to arrests without warrants and detention
without bail, no trial by jury or safeguard against illegal imprisonment. The Indians including the Muslims were
unhappy with this as it dishonored their basic civil rights.

The Amritsar Massacre also caused unrest. In a meeting in Amritsar, General Dyer, a British Commander killed
several men, women and children. Around 400 Indians were killed with 1200 wounded. This was done to make
them obey British. There were also numerous sentences of death, exile or imprisonment by British which made
Indians including Muslims not only feeling unsafe but hated the British.

Turkey was a Muslim country and its Sultan was considered Khalifa. So when after the First World War, the
British threatened to take territory away from the Khalifa, the Muslims were outraged at the British and formed
the Khilafat Movement to protect the Sultan and their religion. So they were poles apart from each other.

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The Delhi Proposals 1927

 Describe Delhi Proposals.

In 1927 Jinnah called a conference of all Muslim leaders in Delhi. The purpose was to discuss how Muslim
interests should be protected in the future. The Delhi conference resulted in a number of demands, knowns as
the Delhi proposals.

• Muslims should be given one-third of the seats in the Central Legislature through joint electorates.
• Sindh should be given full provincial status.
• All British reforms in India should be extended to Balochistan and the North West Frontier Province.
• The number of seats to be given to Muslims in the Punjab and Bengal should be proportional to the
Muslim population living there.

Unit 7

HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS THE KHILAFAT MOVEMENT IN ADVANCING THE CAUSE OF

THE PAKISTAN MOVEMENT?

What were the origins, aims and main features of the Khilafat Movement?
Why did the Movement fail?

Reasons for the formation of the Khilafat Movement 1918

 Why did Khilafat movement start? [7]

After the World War I the British and its allies captured Turkey. Turkey was the largest Muslim empire and
contained many religious places like Macca, Medina and Jerusalem. Muslims of India feared that the British
and its allies could disrespect them and so they started Khilafat Movement so as to protect the Holy places.

The sultan was a figure of immense religious importance for Muslims of India when the British threatened to
overthrow them. This outrage Muslims of India and they started Khilafat Movement to protect the places and its
caliphate.

When the Muslim Khilafat movement started Hindu also joined it as they say it a good opportunity of getting
rid of British and they could achieve self-rule by pressurizing the British jointly. Thus, another aim of Khilafat
movement was to achieve self-rule.

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Although many Muslims supported British in World War I but at the same time many Muslim didn’t want to
fight against fellow Muslims in Turkey. This meant that they hated British policy regarding Turkey. This hatred
led to the formation of Khilaft Movement.

Many Muslims leaders like Molvi Fazall ul Haq believed that the collapse of Muslim power in Turkey meant
that the importance of Muslim in India would be reduced. Thus, Molvi Fazal ul Haq encouraged the Muslims to
start Khilafat movement to show the importance of Muslim to the British and to protect their prestige.

During the world war I British was fighting against the largest Muslim empire, Turkey. The Muslims of India
did not want to fight against fellow Muslims. Seeing this British promised that they would respect the right of
the caliph and Turkish Empire. But when the war ended they forgot their promise and decided to dismember
Turkey. Therefore, Muslims were outraged and they started Khilafat Movement to remind the British about
their promises.

After their success in World War I the British and its allies punished Germany and Austria and since Turkey
was an ally of Germany Muslims thought that Turkey would also be punished. This annoyed the Muslim and so
to protect Turkey Muslims formed Khilafat Movement as a source to pressurize the British, not to harm Turkey.

The condition was further more worsened when the British Prime Minister stated that Turkey should be
punished as it was an ally of Germany and as Germany’s other allies had also been punished. Thus, Muslims
were outraged and they formed Khilafat Movement to oppose British plans.

 Why did Khilafat movement fail? [7]

The Muslim delegation under the leadership of Molana Muhammad Ali Johar went to England to persuade the
British regarding the protection of Turkish Empire. However, British Prime Minister was not persuaded and
said that Turkey would be punished just like Germany and Austria. This disappointed the Muslim which
weakened the Khilafat movement.

When Hindus and Muslims started noncooperation movement British introduced a policy of repression against
them in response to the movement. Due to this 30,000 Indians were arrested. This weakened the Kilafat
movement as it had lost many of its supporters.

Some Muslim leaders like Molana Abdual Kalam said that India was “Dar ul Harb” where Islam could not be
practiced. Due to this Ullema encouraged Muslims to migrate to Afghanistan which was the nearest Muslim
country. On this call around 18000 Muslims migrated, but on their arrival Afghan government did not give
them a warm welcome. So they returned to India but they gave their property and jobs in the hands of other
people. So they got busy in their rehabilitation and led to the failure of Khilafat Movement as the intention of its
supporter was diverted.

Also the aim of Hyjrat Movement was to pressurize the British to accept Muslim demand regarding Turkish
Empire. Ullemas believe that if it was successful British would be forced to accept their demand as their

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prestige would be hurt internationally since the Khilafat failed because the pressure would not be build and the
British continued their plan of dismembering Turkey causing failure of Khilafat Movement.

After the third Khilafat conference the Ali brothers, who were the main leaders of this movement were arrested
on charges of “sedition (agitation)”. Thus, caused failure of the movement, as there was no, strong leader to lead
the movement.

After 1922’s Chauri Chaura incident in which 21 policemen were burnt alive. At that point of time Gandhi
realized that his movement had become too, violent and he called it off. Therefore, this withdrawal of Gandhi’s
support weakened the Khilafat and led to its failure.

In 1924 Kamal Attaturk a nationalist leader not only exiled the palace but also abolished the Khalifate. So
khilafat movement came to sudden halt as there was no reason to continue it any more in future.

Success and Failure of Khilafat Movement

Both the Hindus and Muslims unitedly opposed the British in the non-cooperation movement which meant that
they were not ready to accept the British rule. Thus, Khilafat Movement created urge of self-rule among the
Indians and therefore, some historians believed that it was the first step towards independence.

Both Hindus and Muslims at first opposed the British in non-cooperation movement but after the Chauri Chaura
incident Gandhi realized that the movement has become too violent and so he called it off. Due to this
withdrawal of Hindus, Muslim thought that they had been betrayed by them. Therefore, Hindu-Muslim relation
deteriorated and this strengthen the two nation theory of SSAK which later formed Pakistan.

Muslim learnt a lot from Khilafat Movement which they utilized in Pakistan Movement. They came to know
about their mistakes that they should not rely on Hindus for the achievement of their demands and how to
organize a movement independently and so they made Pakistan Movement as a result.

During the Khilafat Movement many Muslims tried to migrate to Afghanistan as their leader had called upon it
and said that the India now had become a Dar ul Harb. But Afghan government did not welcome them and they
returned. Thus, the Khilafat Movement only brought economic misery as their jobs and property were in hands
of others. Thus, their economic position worsened further.

During non-cooperation movement many Muslims withdrew their children from schools and colleges. Thus, the
rate of illiteracy increased and in this way they became educationally backwards. Therefore, the social problems
increased because of Khilafat Movement.

When Gandhi called off non-cooperation movement after Chauri Chaura, Muslim realized that they were
betrayed by the Hindus. Thus, Hindu-Muslim relations were worsened. The positive relationship between the
Hindus and Muslims from the Lucknow Pact now deteriorated and the mistrust and suspicion between the two
communities grew. This widened the gap which could not be bridged.

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Due to the Khilafat Movement the gulf between the British rule and the Indians grew as Muslims had organized
protest against British to favor Muslims and they started the policy of repression against them. So British-
Muslim relations deteriorated as Muslims could not get their demands accepted due to the hatred between
British and Muslim.

After the Muslims had started Khilafat Movement to save Khalifate and to save Turkey from dismembering.
However, the British dis-membered Turkey and the system of Khilafat was abolished by the Turks themselves.
Thus, Khilafat Movement failed as it could not achieve its primary aim.

Muslim Outrage – Establishment of the Khilafat Movement 1919

 Was protection of Holy places the only reason as to why Khilafat movement was launched?
Explain your answer.

The protection of Holy places was one of the important reasons for the Khilafat movement. The Ottoman
Empire was spread over a large area which included the Holy cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem and they
contained many scared places. Among them was the Kaaba, which was the annual meeting point of Muslims.
After the invasion of allied forces, the Muslims feared that these places might be harmed. Thus, to ensure that
their sacred places were safeguarded and protected because of their religious importance Khilafat movement
was launched.

But still there were many other reasons……………..

Another reason was that it was launched for the protection of the Ottoman Empire. After winning the war
British invaded into Turkey, which at that time was the center of Muslim world. And they intended to break it
up in spite of their word regarding the matter. Thus, the movement was launched so as to remind the British of
their promise of not harming the caliphate so that the Muslim Ummah would not become restless.

Yet another reason was for the restoration of Khilafat and protection of caliph. The Khalifa was the most
important religious and spiritual figure in the Muslim world. He was seen as the symbol for unity and was held
in high respect. Hence khilafat movement was launched so as to protect the caliph because without him Muslim
power would be weakened.

Yet another reason was to make clear to the British that the Indians did not approve of their invasion. The
victorious allies after winning the war planned to divide this area but the Indians wanted them to withdraw from
the Ottoman Empire so that its people could govern their country the way they wanted. Consequently it was
launched to pressurize the British to accept this demand and leave the Ottoman Empire.

Yet another reason was to pressurize the British to grant more advantages to Indians. Non-Cooperation
movement was also started by Gandhi to stress for self-rule. Thus to try to approve their demands from the

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British as they were already having problems in governing India, they started the movement for fulfilling their
demands as well.

Yet another reason was to uplift the spirit of other Muslim countries. As a major Muslim power had declined,
there were ill feelings and lowered spirits as consequences. Thus the movement was launched so as to provide
others some confidence and furthermore to tell them that still somebody was fighting to uphold their rights.

Yet another reason was because of the harsh treatment of Muslims by other powerful nations. Afghanistan and
Persia had been the subject of rivalry between Russia and Britain. The two powers had agreed on how to run the
country but little attention was paid towards the views of Muslims. Because of this Muslims were infuriated.
Thus to protest against the cruel, unjust and unfair treatment towards Muslims, Khilafat movement was
launched.

Yet another reason was to stop the negative effects of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire on the Muslims of
India. There was a strong feeling among Muslim leaders of India like Moulvi Fazaul Haq that the collapse of
the Muslim powers the world was bound to have an adverse influence on the political importance of Muslim
community in subcontinent. They had a concern that after the defeat of Turks, the prestige of Muslims of India
would also be lowered in the eyes of the British and their political strength would weaken. Therefore, to avoid
all these problems they started Khilafat Movement so that their respect and political status could remain intact.

Yet another reason was that a feeling of resentment was felt between Muslims and British during the World
War 1, although there were many Muslims fighting alongside the British against the Turks, there were still a
large number of desertions by Muslim soldiers unwilling to fight fellow Muslims. Even British arrested many
important Muslim leaders such as Ali brothers due to their oppositions. These resulted in ill feelings for British
policies towards Turkish Empire which later provided a spark for the Khilafat Movement.

Lastly, some Muslims thought that British policies were too harsh towards Muslims. British introduced policies
like Rowalt Act that caused a roar of fury among the Indians. The Amritsar Massacre increased their anger and
they also were not happy with the Mont Ford reforms. Thus, to protest against such policies and to ask for more
favors and concessions from the British Khilafat Movement was launched.

Hijrat movement 1920

The Development of the Khilafat Movement 1921
The Khilafat Movement in Difficulty 1921

 Why did Hijrit Movement start?

Some Muslim leaders like Mulana Abdual Qalam Azad said that India has now become a Dar ul Hurb where
Islam could not be practiced. So, many Ullema encouraged the Muslims to migrate to Afghanistan. On this call
around 18 thousands Muslims migrated to Afghanistan. Thus, Hijrat movement was started to migrate to
Afghanistan so as to practice Islamic teaching.

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Muslim leaders believe that if Hijrat was successful. British would be forced to accept Muslim demands
regarding the protection of Turkish Empire. Thus, another aim of Hijrat movement was to pressurize the British
to get their demands accepted.

The leaders of Muslims promised the immigrants that they would be welcomed by the Afghan government and
that fertile land will be ready to plant their crops. Since Muslim economic position in India was poor, they
decided to improve themselves economically by migrating to Afghanistan.

 Why did the Hijrat Movement fail?

When the immigrants of India arrived at Afghan borders the Afghan government closed the gate of the boarders
as they did not want huge masses of people coming into their country. At this point the immigrants had no other
choice but to return back. On their arrival to India they found that their jobs and property were in hands of
others. So Hijrat Movement failed as the people were now suffering from economic problems and they were left
jobless and penniless.

The Muslim leaders encouraged the Muslims to migrate to Afghanistan. However, they themselves did not go
with the immigrants. Since there was no one left to lead them, these immigrants suffered a lot as the journey
was long and difficult and they did not know the way. Therefore, due to lack of leadership Hijrat Movement
failed as no one was left to guide these immigrants.

These immigrants had no way to communicate with the Afghan government. They had no idea where to go and
to make it to Afghanistan. So due to lack of planning Hijrat Movement failed as there was no general plan of
strategy to carry out the Hijrat Movement.

Some Muslim leaders like Mohammad Ali Jinnah did not support the Hijrat Movement as he believed that
politics should be done within India and not outside India. Thus, due to the lack of support shown by some
Muslim leaders the Hijrat Movement failed.

Reasons for the failure of the Khilafat movement (The Impact) 1921

 Was the withdrawal of Gandhi from on cooperation movement the most important reason for the
failure of the Khilafat movement?

Perhaps Gandhi’s withdrawal from non-cooperation movement was the most important reason as to why the
Khilafat Movement failed. After rioting and Chaura Chauri incident, in which an angry mob set fire to a police
check post, the non-cooperation was called off by Gandhi due to reckless violence. Hence this weakened the
movement as it lost considerable support of Hindus from its side.

But still there were many other reasons too. One of them was the failure of Hijrat movement……

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During this movement many unfortunate Muslims tried to migrate to Afghanistan, however, the Afghan
Government was not very receptive. Thus, because of the denied access the full opposition to British could not
be shown and Muslims were unsuccessful in getting a favorable response from British, hence khilafat
movement failed.

Also, there were the Muslim leader who had advised people to migrate to Afghanistan and so, people held them
responsible for the sufferings they had to bear afterwards. Thus, the strength of the supporters decreased
because of mistrust in leaders. And thus the movement failed due to lack of genuine leadership.

Because of Hijrit movement many Muslims had lost their property and were now homeless as well as jobless.
Thereby the movement failed as the people were too busy in rehabilitating themselves and were not interested
in the movement anymore.

Also Muslim League was not supporting the Hijrat Movement. The league and in particular Jinnah emphasized
that the politics be restricted to the subcontinent rather than going abroad. Thus, as the major Muslim party was
not supporting the movement, a sense of incompleteness and disunity was felt hence leading to its failure.

Another, reason was that the delegation that was sent to convince British to reconsider demands also failed.
This delegation urged the British Prime Minister, Lord George to accept their demands regarding Turks, but he
paid no heed to it. Thus, as the primary objective of this delegation was not accepted, there could be very little
progress so this weakened the movement, hence leading to its failure.

Yet another reason was due to the absence of a common objective. The Muslims were mainly striving for
religious purpose while the Hindus had only joined at the thought that this could facilitate them in achieving
self-rule for India. Thus, it failed because of lack of unity and that if either demands of a party were met it
would withdraw their support from the movement. This furthermore highlights their weakness.

Yet another reason was that Turkish Government itself abolished the Khilafat system. Kemal Attaturk abolished
caliphate and as Muslims had been striving to uphold the Khilafat, with it abolished there was no point in
continuing with the movement anymore, hence it failed.

Yet another reason was lack of capable leaders. After the third khilafat conference and non-cooperation
movement many of the leaders like the Ali brothers and Abdual Kalam Azad were arrested. Henceforth there
was no one left to guide it towards success.

Lastly, reason was the Mopla revolt. Communal violence broke out between the mopilas and Hindus because of
disagreements near the Bombay coast. The mopilas and Hindus were the majority supporters of Khilafat
movement, and after this incident differences sprouted out between them and the two communities were no
longer prepared to work together, hence as the movement lost considerable support it failed.

 ‘Khilafat movement achieved nothing’ do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.

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Khilafat movement had both successes and failures as well. Some of its successes are given below:

One of the successes was that it was seen by some historians as the first move towards independence. The
Muslims after seeing at first the assistance of Hindus and immediately witnessing the withdrawal of their
support now believed that they could not rely on anyone for the protection of their rights. This prepared them
and made them more determined for achieving success in future prospects.

Yet another success was that of political leaders. The enthusiasm they showed was the same element, when
modified resulted in successful freedom movement. Many leaders like Ali brothers took part in their first
political experience and were later remembered for their contribution, hence opening arena for future political
development. Further more capable and efficient leaders emerged who later helped in establishment of Pakistan.

Yet another success was that it now was evident that Muslims and Hindus could never live together in harmony.
After the calling off of non-cooperation movement it was clear to Muslims that Hindus had only joined for
achieving self-rule. The Muslims saw this as a betrayal of their trust and so their unity met its death after this,
further strengthening two nation theory and proving beneficial for them as the Hindus would no longer be
trusted in achieving advantages for Muslims.

Yet another success was that Muslims gained more political experience. The lessons learnt from the failure of
Khilafat Movement were valuable as when it came to organizing and running Pakistan Movement. This mass
scale movement improved the skills of Muslims and then they finally were able to succeed to get Pakistan
trough movement.

Apart from the successes stated above, Khilafat movement also experience many failures.

Yet another failure was the losses caucused by hijrat movement. Abundant Muslims left their jobs and sold all
their property because they expected the Afghans to help them but instead it forced them to go back. Like this
they sacrificed everything they had for nothing in return, now again Muslims economic position in subcontinent
was worsened.

Yet another failure was that many Muslims had removed their children from government schools as a protest
during the non-cooperation movement. The Muslims were already suffering from educational backwardness
and by this act many children were left illiterate. This provided hindrance in their future development, thus
created further problems for themselves for nothing.

Another failure was that Muslims and Hindus relations deteriorated. When Hindus withdrew their non-
cooperation movement, Muslims were outraged and felt betrayed. Thus, communal rioting broke out and
hostility and suspicion increased within Muslims and Hindus.

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Yet another failure was that British Muslim relations also deteriorated. The local Muslims caused frequent riots
and open protests against the British. This angered the British and much of the goodwill and feelings of loyalty
were lost, resulting in mistrust, hence proving to be a failure.

 Was the CHAURA CHAURI incident the most important event during 1920s which strengthened
the “Two Nation Theory”? Explain your answer.

The incident of Chaura Chauri in 1922 made the movement seem violent. This enraged mob burnt the police
station in which nearly 22 policemen were killed. So fearing the severe reaction of the people Gandhi called off
the non-cooperation movement. This disappointed the Muslims who wanted to continue the movement. So the
Chaura Chauri incident widened the gap between the two nations, thus strengthening the two nation theory.

However, some other events also occurred during 1920s which made the two nation theory stronger.

The Moplah incident was a one of the major events that intensified the two theory. The forcible conversion of
Hindus to Islam led to more and more communal riots between the two communities, Hindus and Muslims.
Thus, realizing the fact that the idea of Hindu Muslim unity was impossible to materialize, the Muslims
supported the two nation theory.

In the late 1920s the extreme Hindu groups started their activities. One of them was Arya Samaj who together
with the Mahasaba increased his efforts to convert Muslims to Hinduism. These Hindu actions deteriorated
Hindu Muslim relations and Muslims realized their fate if they united with the Hindus. Therefore they
supported the two nation theory through which they could openly and easily follow their religion, Islam.

Nehru Reoprt passed in 1928 was seen by many Muslims as a means to suppress them. It stated that as the
Muslims enjoyed the right of religious liberty so there was no need for them to have separate electorates. This
alienated (isolated) the Muslims from the Hindus who could not tolerate the Hindus usurping their right of a
separate nation. Henceforth, the idea of Hindus and Muslims being separate nations further strengthened.

The refusal of reserved seats for the Muslims (by Nehru Report) in the councils was another point that led to
more differences between the two nations. The Muslims realized that would create hurdles for them in the
political field and that Hindus would never let Muslims prosper so, turned against the Hindus. Hence, the two
nation theory was more firmly accepted by the Muslims.

Nehru Report pressed for Hindi to be made the official language of the subcontinent. This led to further
conflicts as Muslims could clearly see the imposing demands of Hindus which could not create peace between
the two nations living together. They knew that Hindus would never support their view and therefore
emphasized on the two nations theory.

Although the Report agreed at separating Sindh from Bombay, it demanded that the former should bear its own
expenditure. It was just like denying Sindh its right of a spate province. Thus, Muslims who wanted Sindh to be

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separated from Bombay with its expenditure being paid by the state opposed the Nehru Report. As a result
conflicts arose between them making stronger the two nation theory.

In order to reconcile between the two parties Quaid tried once again and presented the three amendments to the
Nehru Report. He declared that if those amendments would be accepted by the Hindus then the Muslims would
also agree to the Nehru Report. This proposed one-third of the seats reserved for the Muslims at the center, seats
in Punjab and Bengal according to the population of Muslims and the residuary powers given to the provinces.
But Nehru rejected them instantly and played an important role in parting the ways of the two nations. So after
the refusal of Nehru to gnat Muslims their due rights the Muslims turned against the idea of Hindu Muslim
Unity which would continue Hindu dominance over them. Thus, the two nation theory gained more strength.

The fourteen points of Jinnah further strained Hindu Muslim relations. Though it was a fair document but the
entire Hindu community strongly opposed it and rejected it out rightly. Thus, it was another event which made
Muslims realized that Hindus would never secure their rights and unity was a phenomenon simply impossible in
the existing tense situation. Hence, the idea of two nation theory started to materialize.
Unit 8

HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS THE PAKISTAN MOVEMENT IN THE YEARS 1927 to 1939?

Why did Jinnah produce his 14 points?

How successful were the Round Table Conferences of 1930-32?
How important was the Government of India Act 1935?
Why was Congress rule (1937-39) unpopular with many Muslims?

The Simon Commission 1927

 Why was Simon Commission send to India?

In MonFord reforms of 1919 it was stated that new reforms be introduced by British after 10 years. Therefore,
the British government sent Simon Commission to inquire into sub-continent political situation and accordingly
suggest new reforms to the British government.

The conservative government in Britain feared that it might lose incoming election to the labour party and in its
opinion, the labour party was too sympathetic to Indian demand of nationalism and the conservative party was
afraid that the Labour Party would grant too many concessions to the Indians. Therefore, it deliberately brought
the date of Simon Commission forward and sent it to India in 1927 instead of 1929. So that Indians could be
given limited concessions in the next reforms.

During 1920’s there was a growth of communalism and Hindu-Muslim rights were common. This created law
and order situation for British to govern India effectively. Therefore, they sent Simon Commission to negotiate
with the political parties mainly congress and Muslim League to reduce violence in India.

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The Nehru Report 1927

 Why was Nehru report given?

Firstly, the Nehru report was given to oppose the Simon Commission. The Indians felt that the Simon
Commission being solely British was going to propose an anti-Indian report. Therefore, to prevent them from
doing so the Indians came up with the Nehru report to tell the British that they aren’t going to accept the
commission’s report.

Moreover, the report was also a way to conveying Indians demand to the British. The Indians wanted the British
to know what they wanted so the British would know what to do in accordance to the Indian demand in the
future Constitution. Therefore, to make their point of view clear in front of British the NR was given.

Also, there had been a statement given by a British official in the parliament that the Indians could never find a
solution to their problems as they were divided. This taunt had angered the Indians and in order to reject this
statement they came up with the report together to show the British that they weren’t divided but united.
 Why did Muslims reject the Nehru Repot?

The Nehru report did not propose the idea of provincial autonomy which meant that even in the majority areas;
Muslim interests were going to be ignored as their government won’t have enough power. Therefore, in order to
safeguard their rights Muslims rejected the Nehru Report.

The report also rejected the idea of Separate electorates. This meant Hindu domination over Muslims as Hindus
were in majority and therefore, Muslims couldn’t make it to the political level without separate electorate and
therefore, Muslims had to reject the Nehru report.

Also, Nehru report proposed the idea of making Hindi the official language of India. As Muslims didn’t know
how to write Hindi it meant that they couldn’t be employed which could deteriorate their economic and social
conditions. Hence, the Nehru report had to be rejected.

Furthermore, when Jinnah proposed amendments in the report to secure their interests the Hindus didn’t agree.
Hence, the Muslims were left with no other choice but to reject the report.

 Was Nehru Report the most important event during 1920’s which affected Hindu – Muslim
relationship? Explain your answer. [14]

When Muslims started the Khilafat Movement, Hindus also joined it as they saw it as a good opportunity of
getting rid of the British and attaining self-rule, but also to pressurizing the British to respect the caliph in
Turkey. This delighted Muslims and Hindu-Muslim relations improved who helped the cause of the protection
of Caliph.

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In 1922 when 21 police men were burnt alive by the protesters of non-cooperation movement in Chauri Chaura
incident. Ghandhi decided to call this movement off as he thought that it had become too violent. However, this
weakened the Kihilafat movement which angered the Muslims and their relations with Hindus deteriorated as
they felt betrayed by the Hindus.

During 1920’s some Hindu extremist groups like Arya Samaj were carrying out militant activities in India and
were converting local population to Hinduism. Muslims thought that it was a threat to their religion and so
Hindu Muslim relations deteriorated.

In 1923 elections congress participated and won many seats. This worried the Muslim League as the congress
did not want to look after and accept Muslim League’s demand of provincial autonomy which strained relations
between Hindu and Muslims as this meant that congress was least interested in protecting Muslim rights even in
their own areas like Punjab and Bengal.

In 1927 the British Government sent a seven member delegation under the leadership of Sir John Simon to
inquire into political situation of sub-continent and to support new reforms of British. Since there was no Indian
member in this Simon Commission, therefore, Indian Political Parties including Congress and Muslim League
considered its composition as their insult and therefore, jointly opposed the commission so their common
opposition brought Hindu and Muslims closer and their relation improved.

But however, Nehru report proved a milestone in deterioration of relation between Hindus and Muslims.

In May 1928 members of both Congress and Muslim League met in all party conference to draft the constitution
which the Indian people thought should be used to govern their country. It was supported by both congress and
ML to oppose the Simon Commission. Thus, this joint acceptance improved H-M relations.

In 1928’s Nehru Report it was stated that there should be a strong center with limited provincial autonomy. This
angered ML as it was against the Muslim demands of provincial freedom and it clearly meant that Hindus were
not interested to protect Muslim rights even in their majority areas like Punjab and Bengal and so relations
worsened.

Nehru report also stated that Muslims shouldn’t be given extra seats in legislative councils which were against
Muslim demands of weightage. Therefore, relations of H-M worsened as M L felt that congress was no more
interested in recognizing Muslims as an important community in India.

Nehru report suggested that Hindi should be main official language which angered the Muslims as they were
closely attached with Urdu. They considered this demand by Hindus as a suppression of their cultural rights. It
also meant that Muslims could have limited jobs as most of them did not know how to write Hindi. Therefore,
ML opposed the provision of Nehru report and relation worsened.

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Jinnah tried to get Nehru Report amended by some proposal e.g. Muslims should be given weightage in central
legislature. However, not only his demands were rejected by Hindus, but he was also made fun of it. Therefore,
H-M relations were now at the lowest level because Jinnah himself described this event as parting of the ways.

In 1929, Jinnah put forward his fourteen points which included demands regarding Muslim interest e.g. separate
electorate and weightage for Muslims. However, these demands were rejected which meant that both Hindus
and Muslims were poles apart and it was too difficult to bridge the gap.

Jinnah’s Fourteen Points 1928

 Why Jinnah gave his fourteen points?

Firstly fourteen points were an answer back to the Nehru report of 1928 which was an anti-Muslim report as
most of Muslim demands were rejected for example separate electorate and Muslim weightage in the
assemblies. Therefore, this angered Jinnah and he gave his fourteen points to protect Muslim rights in India.

Secondly Jinnah tried to amend the Nehru Report by giving some proposals e.g. extra seats of Muslims in
Central Legislature however, these demands were not only rejected by the Hindus but they were also made fun
of it. Therefore, Jinnah was felt with no other option but to give his fourteen points to save Muslims from Hindu
domination.

Thirdly Jinnah was aware that British were going to introduce a new constitution in near future and if Nehru
report was accepted then Muslims rights would be completely side-lined. Therefore, he gave his fourteen points
not only to inform the British that Muslims did not appreciated Nehru report but also to tell them that list of
Muslim demands which should be incorporated in the new constitution.

The Allahabad Address 1930

The Round Table Conference (RTC) - The Communal Award – Ch. Rahamt Ali
1930-32
 Why were RTCs held between 1930 – 1932?

The Simon Commission produced into two volume reports in 1930 which accepted Muslim demand of separate
electorate but refused to give them extra seat in central legislature. This annoyed the Indian – Muslim and they
rejected this report. Therefore, British organized RTC’s to discuss recommendations of Simon commission.

Secondly Muslim League rejected Nehru report as it was anti-Muslim on the other hand congress rejected
Jinnah’s fourteen points. This created a complete dead lock between the two main political parties of India
about the future constitution. Therefore, the British arranged the RTC’s to resolve this dead lock by reconciling
between Hindus and Muslim.

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Thirdly like MMR’s of 1909 and MFR of 1919 were rejected by the Indian as they were introduced without
consulting them. British did not want the same reactions for the upcoming constitution. Therefore, they
organized the RTC’s with the Indians to negotiate and produce a unanimously accepted constitution.

 Why RTC were important for Muslims of India?

In the first RTC Muslim demands of provincial autonomy was accepted by British as it pleased the Muslims.
They felt that the Muslim interest would be safe guarded in Muslim majority area like Punjab and Bengal.

In the second RTC Sindh and NWFP were recognized as separate provinces. This delighted the Muslim League
as this was in according with their demands. Secondly in Jinnah’s fourteen point and Delhi’s proposals, it
clearly stated that now the political strength of Muslims would be increased as both Sindh and NWFP were
Muslim Majority areas. Thirdly these were the areas which were later included in Pakistan at the time of
independence in 1947. Thus, it can be rightly said that the second RTC crafted the map of Pakistan and
strengthened the Pakistan Movement.

In the Second RTC Jinnah took a hard line and refused to accept the rights of minorities including Muslims.
This angered the Muslim delegation and they realized that Hindu wanted to dominate them. This increased the
gap between the two communities even further and strengthened SSAK’s “Two Nation Theory” which was the
main factor of creation of Pakistan.

 Why was first RTC unsuccessful? [7]

• Congress had taken hard line against RTC. Rather than joining they started non-cooperation Movement.
• Could not give any guarantee (that it would be successful)
• Absence of congress (major party was not present)
 Why was second RTC unsuccessful? [7]

The labaour party lost election in Britain and the new government was less interested to protect Indian rights so
when the organizers themselves not interested then how the conference would have been successful.

Secondly, Gandhi who was the only representative of congress in the conference refused to accept rights of
minorities. On the other hand the representative insisted that their rights must be considered first. This created a
dead lock within Indian community and the RTC could not gain much.

Thirdly Gandhi was interested that the recommendations of Nehru report should be made a part of their new
constitution which was rejected by Muslim League as Nehru report was anti-Muslim. On the other hand Muslim
League wanted that Jinnah’s fourteen points should be included in these reforms. This was unacceptable to
congress. Therefore, the conference failed due to non-compromising attitude of the political parties of Indian.

 Why was the third RTC unsuccessful?

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In the third RTC congress was absent as it had restarted the non-cooperation movement because many of its
leaders like Nehru and Gandhi were arrested and communal award was not accepted since congress was the
largest political party of India, no discussion could be made and so third RTC was unsuccessful.

There was a change of Viceroy after the second RTC from Lord Irwin to Lord Willington and he did not want
to make concessions to Indians and created such a scenario before the conference that it made the Indians
realized that not much could be achieved by RTC’s. Therefore, it was attended only by 46 delegates and so it
failed because it proved to be just a formality.

Jinnah did not attend the third RTC as he went to voluntarily exile as he was disappointed at the lack of
progress made and he was also not invited to the third RTC. Since he was the key leader of the Muslim, no
discussion could be made and so it failed.

 “Round Table Conferences were completely successful.” Do you agree? [14]

The Round Table Conferences had many successes as well as failure.

One of the failure was that due to Congress’s unwilling attitude towards the conferences, reforms could not be
made that were acceptable to all Indians. This is shown by the fact that Congress did not attend the first and
third RTCs and took a hard-line in the second.

Then in the second RTC, Gandhi kept a stubborn attitude. He claimed that there was only one nation in India.
This coupled with the adamant (inflexible) attitude of minorities to get their rights, created a deadlock.
Therefore, no agreement could be reached and Hindu Muslim relations suffered as well.

Also, in Britain the Labour Party lost and the Conservatives were now in power. They were much less prepared
to offer concessions to the Indians in the second RTC. Since the organizers of the conference (the British) were
not interested in reaching an agreement, the Indians also lost hope and made no effort towards making a
settlement.

In the third conference neither Congress, nor the representatives of Princely States showed up. Jinnah went in
voluntary exile. Therefore, a constitution acceptable to all Indians could not be made, which was the whole
point of these conferences.

However, the RTC,s did achieve some things like……….

In the second RTC, it was agreed that Sindh and NWFP should be made full-fledged provinces. Firstly, this
improved British Muslim relationship as the Muslims saw that British were being considerate towards them.
These improved relations which later help in negotiating for independence.

Secondly, these provinces in the future became a part of Pakistan. So it can be said that the RTCs helped craft a
map for Pakistan.

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Thirdly, RTCs not only helped increase the political power of Muslims through two more Muslim majority
areas but also ensured protection of many Muslims from Hindu domination.

Lastly, RTCs indirectly helped in the Pakistan Movement because subsequently these provinces, especially
Sindh, played a vital role in creation of Pakistan

Weightage (in the communal award) and provincial autonomy (in the first RTC) was also granted. This gave
Muslim majority areas to have their demands heard and also to have their rights protected in Hindu majority
areas as well. These rights later helped them in demanding their separate homeland.

Due to Gandhi’s lack of cooperation in giving minorities their rights. It was seen that Hindus and Muslims
could not live together and the Two Nation Theory was strengthened.

In my opinion RTCs were not completely successful, even though they brought many benefits to the Muslims in
the long run, because the main objective of these meetings was not accomplished, which was to draft a
constitution suitable to all Indians. Hence, the British were forced to pass a constitution for India which they
preferred.

 “The Round Table Conferences of the 1930s achieved little” Give reasons why you might agree
and disagree with this statement?

I would agree with the given statement that the RTCs achieved very little. The failures of the conferences
were more prominent and numerically greater than their successes.

In the first RTC the deadlock over the question of Muslims weightage in the assemblies could not be solved.
Congress was absent from the conference as it stick to its demands to the Nehru Report which rejected the
concept of weightage for the Muslims in the Muslim minority areas. The Muslims delegation declared that in
those circumstances the only course was to repeat their claim that no advance is possible without sufficient
safeguard for the Muslims. Similarly no conclusion could be reached as to the fate of Indian future constitution
and the first RTC ended with optimistic speeches, with nothing of substances.

The 2nd RTC too failed to come out with some beneficial results. No settlement by the minorities subcommittee
could be reached because of Gandhi’s stubborn attitude. Gandhi put forward his own scheme to resolve the
minorities issue which demanded that the work of constitution making be started by putting this problems aside.
The minorities therefore, adopted a more stiff approach for the solution of their problems. Thus, presented a
joint statement of claims by entering into an agreement of their demands. Gandhi rejected these & the 2nd RTC
ended without any substantial conclusion.

The third RTC could not solve the long-standing Hindu Muslim problems proved to be more formality. There
was an unbridgeable gulf between the ideas of the two major communities of India. No unanimous agreement
concluded and the old Hindu Muslim hostilities blocked the way for Indian future constitution.

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To the dismay of the Muslims, in the Communal Award the Muslim majority in the provinces of Punjab and
Bengal was reduced. Muslims were shocked at this as these were the main provinces of their political strength
in India. Thus for the Indian Muslims the conference brought many heavy losses in the form of the communal
award.

However, I would not completely agree with the fact that RTC ended in a failure………

There were also some beneficial results at the end of each conference. During the first RTC the princely states
declared they were ready to join a future federation of India & extend maximum cooperation for it, provided
that their rights were recognized. So the Conference paved the way in successful formation for an all-Indian
Federation.

The most important decision taken at the conference was that the British agreed that responsible &
representative government at the provincial level should be stated and that the power should be shared at the
center. A federal system of India was appeared with the provincial autonomy granted to the Indian
communities. This was an achievement for Indians who could voice their demands on a more powerful
provincial platform.

The positive outcome of the 2nd RTC was the decision that the NWFP & Sindh were to be made provinces with
governors. This certainly meant greater political power for the Muslims in these regions where they enjoyed a
majority. This achievement equipped them with enough strength to press for their demand of self-rule &
eventually independence.

The Government of India Act 1935 1933-35

 Was the government of India Act the most important event between 1928 – 1939 that contributed
towards the Pakistan Movement? Explain your answer.

The government of India Act was a major step towards the Pakistan Movement…………

The government of India Act (G.O.I.A) gave the Indian a federal form of government with provincial
autonomy. The provinces were free to formulate and execute their own legislatures and programs. Hence the
increased degree of independence given to the provinces meant that the Muslim majority provinces now could
exercise more powers hence ask for a separate homeland from the British on stronger political grounds.

The G.O.I.A gave N.W.F.P and Sindh the status of separate Muslim majority provinces. Hence by recognizing
these Muslim majority provinces the act gave the Muslims a more powerful political platform to protest and ask
for a separate homeland hence contributing to the Pakistan movement. Also as these provinces were later to
form Pakistan hence their recognition was essential to the formation of Pakistan.

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The act also granted a parliamentary form of government to India with a majority of elected members in both
houses. This increased representation meant that Muslims now had a wider say in the state affairs hence the
Muslim representative could easily ask and struggle for Pakistan.

However, there were many other events during 1928-1939 that were also an important contribution to
Pakistan Movement.

The Nehru Report of 1928 was a strictly Hindu version of India’s future constitution. It asked for Hindi to be
made the official language of India. As Urdu was of great cultural importance in hearts of Muslims hence they
saw that their culture was at a threat from the Hindus who were attempting to undermine Muslim interests.
Hence, Muslims realized that to protect and promote their language and culture they needed a separate
homeland.

Also as Muslims could not write Hindi it meant that they could not be employed which would leave Muslims
jobless hence it would deteriorate the Muslim economic status. Hence the Muslims realized that a separate
homeland was necessary to safeguard Muslim social and economic status as the Hindu influence in United India
would prove disastrous (dreadful) for the Muslims.

The Nehru report also denied the concept of weightage i.e. 1/3rd of reserved seats in the Central Legislature for
Muslims. These made the Muslims realize that the Hindus did not care for the protection of Muslim interests as
they had tried to weaken Muslim power by reducing their representation hence if the Muslims were to safeguard
their interest a separate homeland was needed.

This report also denied the Muslims having separate electorate which was against the Muslim demand who
called for separate electorates to ensure sufficient representation hence making Muslims realize that the Hindus
could not be relied upon for protecting Muslim interests so a separate country was needed to protect Muslim
political interests.

Also the report demanded a unitary form of government for India with power resting with the center. As the
Hindus were in a majority it meant that the real power would be in their hands. Hence, Muslims wanted to have
a country of their own where they could govern their people with a real say in state affairs without any Hindu
interference or domination.

Jinnah in reply gave his 14 points where he asked for a federal form of government which would grant more
power to the Muslim majority provinces. The refusal of Congress to this proposal meant that it was not ready to
accept any Muslim influence even on the provincial level hence increasing the division between Hindus and
Muslims thereby strengthening the two nation theory and consequently the Pakistan Movement.

Also Jinnah demanded the formation of Sindh and NWFP. As these were Muslim majority provinces hence
Jinnah tried to give the Muslims in these areas more political powers through provincial autonomy hence a
stronger platform to struggle for a separate homeland.

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Jinnah’s 14 points also asked for complete liberty of belief and worship for all communities in India. The
rejection of congress over this meant that the Hindus would not safeguard this right hence the Muslims realized
that in order to protect their religion they needed to have a separate homeland.

Also, he asked for separate electorates and weightage for Muslims in order to strengthen and secure Muslims
political status. Again the congress’ refusal meant that the Muslims could only fulfill this aim of protecting
Muslim political interests when they had a separate country free of Hindu domination.

This mass support of the Muslims also made Jinnah more confident and determined to get a separate homeland
for the Muslims.

Allama Iqbal was also important to the Pakistan movement as he was the first Muslim to suggest partition
keeping in view the two nation theory. He said in his Allahabad address that he wanted to see the Muslim
majority provinces of Punjab, NWFP, and Balochistan united together into a separate state. Hence he was
important as he infused a spirit among them to unite and fight for separate homeland. Also he was important as
he foresaw the future of the Indian Muslims hence showing us the wisdom of his address. Also as these
provinces were to form Pakistan later hence their recognition was important that came through his address.

Allama Iqbal by talking of a separate country he gave the Muslims a clear cut goal for Muslims to struggle for
who were previously tangled between the British and Hindu domination and that how they could defend their
religion and culture.

He was an inspiration for other Muslim leaders such as Ch. Rehamt Ali and Jinnah who after him worked
towards his ideas i.e. for Pakistan and were successful in it. Also he was important as his ideas were later
adopted for the final struggle towards Pakistan i.e. in the Lahore resolution that was to be the basis for
Pakistan’s establishment.

Allama Iqbal was also important as he was able to influence the dormant spirit of the Muslims of those times by
his zealous and stirring poetry and verses. Through these he created awareness among the Muslims who were
oppressed under the Hindus to protect their rights. So he was important as he woke up the Muslims form their
deep slumber and united them in fighting for a separate homeland.

It was due to Allama Iqbal’s persuasive letters that Jinnah agreed to return from self-exile and lead the Pakistan
Movement and finally succeed in it. He was hence very important because had Jinnah not returned Pakistan’s
existence would have been purely unlikely.

Chaudhri REhmat Ali was the Youngest yet the most foresighted Muslim of the time because he was the first
one to recommend partition when all other Muslim leaders even Jinnah were striving to win a federation in
united India. Hence he was important as his ideas when accepted though some time later, formed the basis of
the Lahore Resolution that was to establish Pakistan.

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Also Chaudhri Rehamat Ali in 1933 wrote his pamphlet ‘Now or Never’ where he encouraged the Muslims to
have a separate homeland for themselves as it was the only solution to the problems of the Indian Muslims. So
he was important as his encouragement later brought fruit in the form of partition in 1947.

Chaudhri Rehmat Ali also created awareness amongst the Muslims and alarmed them by the very title “Now or
Never” meaning that Muslims had to strive for their rights now, and if not now then they’ll be crushed under the
Hindu and British domination forever. So he proved important as he ‘shook up’ the Muslims to ask for a
separate homeland.

He devised the name of the separate country ‘Pakistan’ by the letters of different Muslim countries. Hence he
was important as he was the first Muslim to devise the name of this new country hence by giving its identity he
strengthened the feeling of freedom and a separate nation amongst the Muslim who then became even more
determined in achieving Pakistan.

The RTC also paved way for the Pakistan Movement as in the first RTC it was agreed that responsible and
representative government be started at provincial level with provincial autonomy given to the provinces.
Hence, a federal system emerged that meant that the Muslims majority provinces could now ask the British for
greater concessions due to the increased power been given to them, and later ask for the great concession of
partition.

The second RTC agreed that Sindh and NWFP be made into separate provinces. As Muslims enjoyed a majority
in these areas it certainly meant greater power for them and a stronger political platform to voice their demands
regarding partition.

In the third RTC the congress refused to recognize the minority rights. As Muslims were too a minority hence
making the Muslims realize that the Hindus would not safeguard their rights so if the Muslims were to
safeguard their rights, they needed a homeland of their own.

The 1937 elections had valuable lessons to teach the Muslims that they need to improve their organizational
skills and that they need to be united. This helped them to successfully lead and run the Pakistan Movement
later.

The Congress rule also was significant in the Pakistan Movement. The Muslims were politically oppressed
during this period as the congress won the elections and formed ministries in the eight out of 11 provinces. They
refused to cooperate with the Muslims in areas where the league was the largest party and allowed only those
Muslims to form the government who were not members of the league. Hence making Muslims realize that in
united India Muslims political rights would never be secured because of Hindu dominance hence a separate
homeland was necessary where Muslims could govern their country the way they wanted.

The congress rule also introduced an education scheme called the “Warda Scheme” in which teaching was to be
in Hindi. This offended the Muslims as Urdu was of great cultural importance to them. Hence Muslims realized

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that the congress could not be trusted to protect Muslim culture and that it was at a threat at their hands so to
protect it a separate homeland was needed.

Also a nationalist Hindu song “Bande Matram” was introduced and made compulsory to be sung. It contained
words to expel the Muslims out of the subcontinent. Hence Muslims felt disrespected and realized that a
separate homeland was needed so Muslims could live with dignity as Hindus did not class Muslims as their
brothers.

Under the “Vidya Mandir” scheme all students were to bow before a picture of Gandhi. It angered Muslims as it
was totally unacceptable in their religion. Muslims saw this as a Hindu tact to embed (in plant) the Hindu rituals
in the native minds of Muslim children hence a separate homeland was needed to protect their religious rights.

The congress rule also banned the slaughter of cows and aazan which were Muslim’s religious rituals and
ceremonies. Hence, Muslims realized that to freely practice their religion they needed a separate homeland
where the Hindus would not oppress them religiously.

Muslim houses and property was set on fire that left Muslims in a poor economic condition hence Muslims felt
the dire need of a separate homeland where their economic status and property will be secured which was
vulnerable under the Hindus.

Also noisy processions were carried out outside mosques during prayers and pigs pushed into mosques that
greatly annoyed the Muslims. This disrespected the Muslim religion that was unacceptable by the Muslims.
Hence they felt that if they were to practice their religion openly and with dignity and to avoid Hindu influence
they needed their own country.

On 22nd December 1939 with the resignation of the congress from the government, the Muslims observed the
“Day of Deliverance” to celebrate the end of the tyrannical “Congress Rule” and the religious and political
oppression that if had done to the Muslims. This shows the wide gulf between the two communities and that
there wasn’t any unity or cooperation between the two thereby making partition inevitable.

Successes – The Government India Act 1935

In the government of India Act the parliamentary form of government was introduced when elected Indians
were given increased representation which meant that British were now planning to leave India as they were
transferring powers to Indians and so it was a step towards future Independence.

It also meant that now Indians had a platform to correspond with the British regarding their independence, and
it was the result of same negotiation that India achieved independence in 1947.

Provincial autonomy was introduced where Indians had complete autonomy to govern their local areas. It was a
success as it was not only a step towards greater autonomy in the future but it was also positive for Muslims as

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now they could govern their Muslim majority areas like Punjab and Bengal. Therefore, it satisfied the Muslim
League as its provincial autonomy was the main demand of Jinnah’s fourteen points.

NWFP and Sindh were given the status of separate provinces which increased their political strength because
both of them were Muslim majority area. Later they were included in Pakistan in 1947 partition which meant
that government of India Act helped to demarcate the future Pakistan’s boundaries.

The No. of vote was increased from 2% in the MFR’s to 25% which was a success as now there was a greater
no of Indians who could exercise their representatives. They were the same voters who participated in future
election of 1937 and 1945 – 1946 and democratically convinced the British to leave India and grant freedom to
Indians.
Failure – The Government India Act 1935

Although diarchy was removed from provinces but it was introduced at the central level where Viceroy had
special powers in reserved subjects like foreign and defense affairs. This was realized by the Indians as they felt
that the British were in tight control of political situation and Indians had been given a little role in governing
their country.

Although provincial autonomy was granted to Indians but in case of emergency the British governor of the
province could exercise special powers and could not only remove the entire Indians government but could rule
through proclamation. This was opposed by the Indians who felt that their provincial freedom was limited and
the British governor could interfere into their affairs at any time.

Although the property qualification was reduced but still 25% of India population could vote which angered
Indians as they felt that most of them had been deprived of their basic democratic right of choosing their own
representative.

Conclusion
Overall the government of India act was an unsuccessful attempt as the major parties of India and the main
leaders opposed it as the Nehru called it a “machine with strong brakes and no engine”. Jinnah said it was
thoroughly rotten fundamentally bad and totally unacceptable.” So when the main leaders of Indians were not
interested in calling it a successful one, how it could be called a successful constitution.

1937 Elections 1937

 Why was Muslim League unsuccessful in 1937 elections?

It was the first major election contested by the Muslim League and therefore, it lacked organizing and planning
due to which Muslim could not come to know about its message so very few Muslims voted and so it lost the
election.

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In 1937’s election the manifesto of the congress and Muslim league was same that was self-rule. Therefore,
most of the Muslims preferred to vote for Congress as it was more experienced and more influential than
Muslim League.

Muslim League had an image ‘problem’. Its leaders were seen as landlords and princes. Its leaders belonged to
elite class while the voters were illiterate and poor so they were reluctant to vote for Muslim Leagues as they
believed that they would not be able to understand their problem.

The Rule of Congress 1937-39

 Was introduction of Bande Matram the most important factor why Muslims hated Congress rule
(1937 – 1939). Or Why was Congress rule of (1937-1939) so hated by Muslims of India?

During 1937 congress rule “Bande Matram” was introduced which was an unofficial national anthem and it had
degrading remarks regarding Muslim, and Hindu were encouraged to expel Muslim from India. Therefore, this
made the Muslim hate the congress rule and they felt offended and insulted.

According to Wardha Scheme the students had to bow down before the picture of Gandhi hung in different
schools. This annoyed the Muslims as it was against their religion. Therefore, Muslims opposed Congress rule
as they thought that it was an attempt by Hindus to convert Muslims from Islam.

Hindi was also made the language of education. This annoyed the Muslims as they felt that their main language
was being ignored. Therefore, since they were culturally attached with it the Muslims began to hate Congress
Rule.

Also Hindi was made the new official language of administration. Firstly this made the Muslims annoyed as
they were politically and culturally attached with Urdu and felt that their main language was neglected.
Secondly this created unemployment among the Muslims as they did not know how to write Hindi and Hindi
was an official language of administration. Therefore, the hatred of Muslims grew to the pessimistic (negative)
minded Hindus.

When Muslims slaughtered cows they were badly treated and punished by Hindus as cow was the sacred animal
to Hindus. Therefore, Muslim hatred the congress rule as they felt religiously suffocated.

At certain places Muslims were not allowed to say ‘Aazan” and Hindus made noisy processions and sometimes
threw pegs into the Mosques. Therefore, the Muslim hatred Congress rule as they thought that their religion was
not being respected by the congress.

Whenever the Muslims used to complain against the anti-Islamic Hindu activities the authorities use to make
reforms against the Muslim. So Muslims hated congress rule as they thought that the Muslim rights were not
respected by the Hindus under their rule.

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Vidhya Mandir scheme was introduced where students including Muslims were given education in Hindu
temple and they were taught about Hindu heroes as well. Therefore, this worried the Muslims as they felt that
their children were being attracted towards Hinduism and so they disliked the congress rule.

Day of Deliverance 1939

 Why was the Day of Deliverance observed in 1939 by Muslims of India? [7]

 The observance of Day of Deliverance by Muslims in 1939 justify. Do you agree or disagree. Give
reasons.
NOTE Q1’s answer – any three 3 points from previous question but at the end Muslims took a sigh of
relief on the Day of Deliverance.
Justified and Unjustified
Justified Unjustified
• Bande • Hindu Muslim relation deteriorated to an end.
Matram • The gulf between the two nations concealed and Nehru
• Wardha scheme was forced to say that it was very difficult for the two
• Slaughtering of cow communities to agree upon anything.
• It was clear to all the Indian that now the united India just
a dream.

Unit 9

HOW IMPORTANT WERE ATTEMPTS TO FIND A SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEMS

FACING THE SUBCONTINENT IN THE YEARS 1940 TO 1947?

How successful were the meetings held during the Second World War to produce a plan for
the future of the subcontinent?
How did the success of the Muslim League in the elections of 1945-46 lead to change in the
attempts of the British government to produce a solution to the problems of the
subcontinent?

The Outbreak of war 1939 1939

 During World War II (1939-45) the negotiations aimed at independence achieved nothing. Do you
agree or disagree. Explain.

The negotiations concerning independence during the Second World War did achieve something.

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One of the success ‘was proposal of Cripps Mission, 1942 included a full dominion status for India after the
war. It also suggested that provinces would be able to opt out from the future federation. These proposals were
certainly indicating British intentions that they would leave soon and India would be independent.

During Gandhi Jinnah talks of 1944 Gandhi indirectly accepted partition of Subcontinent by floating the
proposal that Muslims could get the whole of Sindh, Baluchistan and NWFP but Punjab and Bengal should be
divided on communal lines. This suggestion meant that Congress was ready to accept the demand of Pakistan
which was a huge step towards independence.

In 1945 before the war ended Lord Wavell made an offer of the expansion of executive council with all the
Indian members except the defense member and viceroy himself. He also agreed to give portfolios of foreign
affairs, finance and interiors to Indians for the first time. All the parties accepted the Idea of executive council
with some reservations, which can be attributed as a partial success towards independence as they were given
many of the powers possessed by the British. Independence was nearer.

However these negotiations had their own failure.

During the Second World War the British were over ruled on the need to try to come to an agreement with
Indians. Cripps Mission stated India will have full dominion status after the war and once the war ended, a
constituent would be in the hands of British. Congress wanted full transfer of power without waiting for war to
end; therefore it rejected the Cripps Mission which failed.

Another proposal by Cripps mission was that provinces could opt out of a future federation for congress. This
means that Muslims provinces would be able to negotiate their independence with British government,
therefore, it refused to comply (obey) with the Cripps Mission also made no clear proposal related to Pakistan.
After 1940 Muslims were determined not to agree on anything but Pakistan. Since Cripps did not concede
(acknowledge) Pakistan, therefore, Muslim League refused to accept it and over all it could not achieve
anything.

Gandhi even said that even in case of independence subjects like communication, defense and foreign affairs
would be centrally administered. Jinnah again refused to comply (obey) with this as he knew it meant powers in
the hands of Hindus. Therefore, the talks were failed.

Gandhi also stressed that Punjab, Bengal and Assam are only partially Muslim provinces so they should be
divided. Jinnah argued that these provinces would be made and mutilated (disfigured), if divided therefore; he
refused to accept these proposals. The talks broke down because Gandhi and Jinnah could not reach any
agreement about independence.

To discuss the future hand over, the viceroy called a conference at Simla in June 1944. As Wavell had stated
that equal number of Hindus and Muslims would be included in the Executive Council, Congress claimed that it
had the right to nominate Muslim members, whereas Muslim League that only it had the power to nominate
Muslim members. This issue remained unsolved and the conference failed.

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The Pakistan Resolution 1940

 Why was Pakistan Resolution Passed?

The congress rule of 1937 – 1939 was very bitter for Muslims of India and the congress was oppressing Muslim
culture, religion and rights under their rule. Muslims realized that their future in united India could be faint
under Congress rule. So Muslim League passed ‘Pakistan Resolution’ so that a separate homeland could be
formed for Muslims where they could live peacefully.

Allama Iqbal and chaudary Rehmet Ali gave the idea of separate Muslim homeland. However, at that time
Quaid-i-Azam thought that Muslims would be better off in a federation. But after the tyrannical rule of congress
of 1937-39, Jinnah agreed with their view. So Pakistan resolution was passed by Jinnah to put the ideas of Iqbal
and Rehmet Ali into action.

Muslims had been ruling India for centuries and were first citizens till 1857. Muslims however, had now
become second class citizen due to the British rule. At first they thought that after getting rid of British they
would become first class citizens. However, after the episode of congress rule 1937-39, Muslims realized that
their prestige would not return under the British rule. Therefore, in order to protect their prestige Pakistan
Resolution was passed.

Success of Day of Deliverance was another reason for the passing of Pakistan Resolution. It was observed by
Muslims on the call of Muslim League, to celebrate the departure of congress rule. Hence, Muslim League
passed the ‘Pakistan Resolution’ as they realized that Muslim would now support them.

 Was Lahore resolution of 1940 the most important event in 1940s that helped in creation of
Pakistan?

A lot of Muslims attended the resolution, this showed how opposed they were to Hindu rule and this pleasing
response made the leaders more encouraged and motivated to get a separate homeland for Muslim masses.

Jinnah had just accepted the idea of two nation theory and passed the Lahore resolution. If he had not accepted
the idea than he would not have dealt all negotiation the way he did because of it. Thus, now after LR the
Muslims community had unfaltering support of Quid to guide them.

At time of LR ten thousands Muslims attended the session; they all got united under support of Muslim leaders
who gave them a practical solution of their political problems. Thus, after LR all Muslims got united to achieve
Pakistan.

Cripps mission did not concede (accept) Pakistan, so Jinnah rejected it. This shows the determination of Jinnah
to get Pakistan at any cost and this same determination later achieved him Pakistan.

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Congress called for immediate power that’s why he rejected Cripps mission, now the Muslims realized that
Hindus just wanted to dominate Muslims thus, they quickened their pace to get Pakistan before congress comes
in power.

British introduced the measure of provinces to opt out. Now the Muslims were encouraged and thought that
indeed the British recognizing some of their rights. Therefore, with a little persuasion they could achieve
Pakistan.

Hindus launched Quit India Movement to make British leave India, this meant they wanted control and if that
happened, Muslims would lose every hope of getting Pakistan from Hindus so now they knew that they have to
achieve Pakistan while the British were present. Thus, they increased their efforts for partition.

The Cripps Mission 1942

 Why was Cripps Mission important in creation of Pakistan?

Cripps Mission stated that individual provinces would be allowed to opt of the union and negotiate with the
British about their independence. This was liked by Jinnah as he was working for the Pakistan Movement as he
had realized that the British were now going to accept rights of minorities which meant, that the rights of
Muslim areas could be protected and Pakistan could be formed.

Congress rejected the proposal of Cripps Mission it restated that individual states would be allowed to opt out of
the union and negotiate with the British about their independence because it was a step towards division of
mother India which congress did not want. However, Muslims were happy at this as it favored the formation of
Pakistan. Therefore, due to these contrast of views “Two Nation Theory” was strengthened and hence this led to
the creation of Pakistan.

Congress rejected the Cripps mission on the bases that it wanted complete independence and would not pay
until the end of World War II. However, Muslims thought that if congress demand was accepted they would
dominate by Hindus. So this alarm the Muslims and they quickened their efforts in making Pakistan during
British rule and it eventually became successful in 1947.

 Why was Cripps Mission unsuccessful?

Cripps mission was unsuccessful as it suggested that Indians should be given dominion status after WW2.
Congress rejected it as it wanted immediate dominion status. Since congress was the largest political party of
India. Its rejection of Cripps mission lead to its failure.

Congress did not like the proposal of Cripps mission that individual provinces would be allowed to opt out of
the union and negotiate with the British about their independence. This meant that India could be divided in the
future. Since congress did not want the separation of “mother India” therefore, Cripps mission failed.

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Jinnah also rejected the Cripps mission as it did not give any reference about the formation of Pakistan. Since he
was working for a separate homeland form 1940, he didn’t want anything less. Therefore, this rejection to the
Cripps proposal leads to its failure.

 Was response to the Cripps mission of 1942 the most important contribution of Jinnah to the
Pakistan movement? Explain your answer.

A number of contributions can be credited to Jinnah regarding the Pakistan movement. When the Nehru Report
was published in 1928, it denied certain rights of the Muslims such as separate electorates. This was
unacceptable to Jinnah as the congress was backing out of their concessions made in the Lucknow Pact 1916.
Thus, he rejected the Nehru Report which showed that Jinnah never compromised when it came to the Muslims.

Furthermore, when Jinnah suggested amendments they were rejected by the congress. Therefore, to answer the
Nehru Report, Jinnah produced his 14 points. These points helped unify the different factors of Indian Muslims
who later carried out the Pakistan movement as a single community.

As a response to Nehru Report, Quaid issued his 14 points in which he demanded separate electorate and added
weightage for Muslims. This showed that he was not ready to compromise on Muslims rights and wanted them
to be protected at any cost.

In the annual session of the Muslim League at Lahore in 1940 which was presided by Jinnah, Lahore Resolution
was passed which declared that the Muslims of India should have a separate homeland. Thus, Jinnah gave
Muslims a clear cut goal to work i.e. establishment of Pakistan.

Moreover, in 1942 Jinnah refused to accept the Cripps mission as it had no reference to the establishment of
Pakistan. By rejecting this mission Jinnah showed his commitment to get a separate Muslim homeland and
encouraged other Muslims to work with the same enthusiasm.

In the Gandhi-Jinnah talks of 1944, Gandhi tried to overpower Jinnah but Jinnah was too clever to fall for such
a trap. Gandhi wanted that partition should be considered after the British left. Jinnah knew that after the British
left, there was no way partition would be considered. Thus, due to his efficient handling of the talks Gandhi was
forced to accept Muslims as an important community.

In the Simla conference Lord Wavell had said that there would be an equal number of Muslims and Hindus in
the Executive council, but Jinnah was of the point that as the Sikhs and Scheduled castes on the council were
bound to vote for the Hindus it would result in a permanent Muslims majority in the council. This idea of Jinnah
was important for the Pakistan movement as he made sure that the Muslims would not be dominated by the
Hindus.

Moreover, in this conference of 1945 congress said that they also had the right to nominate Muslim members
for the Executive Council. Jinnah argued that this was the Muslim League’s right and thus, the Simla
Conference broke down without any result due to Jinnah’s adamant attitude. However, the British and Congress
were now clear that the only solution to political problems of India was the creation of Pakistan, as Jinnah
would not compromise on Muslims rights.

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During the year 1937-45, Jinnah reorganized ML and due to his efforts it was able to convey its manifesto of
Pakistan more effectively to the Muslims of India. Thus due to Jinnah’s hard work ML won the elections of
1945 -46 and was in a position to pressurize both Hindus and British to accept its separate homeland.

OR

 Was response to the Cripps mission of 1942 the most important contribution of Jinnah to the
Pakistan movement? Explain your answer.

Jinnah made a number of contributions to the Pakistan movement………

An important contribution of Jinnah was his 14 points which he produced in 1929.

Muslim rights had been rejected by congress in the Nehru report and Jinnah’s amendments to it were also
heckled (disapprove). Therefore, Jinnah launched his 14 points according to which Muslims should be granted
separate electorates and weightage. This strengthened the Pakistan movement as these points formed the basis
of the Lahore Resolution of 1940 in which a separate homeland for Muslims was officially demanded. Thus,
these points were the forerunner of the Pakistan movement.

Because these 14 points were produced to counter the Nehru report of Hindus, the Two Nation Theory of Sir
Syed Ahmed Khan was strengthened. This meant that the Hindus and Muslims were totally different and some
sort of partition would be required in the future to avoid political disturbances.

Congress rule of 1937-1939 was a tyrannical one for the Muslims of India. Under this rule Jinnah warned the
ML that if it wanted to resist Congress domination it had to start all over again. So he reorganizes the ML from
the grass roots. Thus, due to his efforts the ministers of Bengal, Assam and Punjab joined the ML and there was
a dramatic increase in its members. Therefore, due to the increased support of ML, the Pakistan Movement
strengthened as it became strong enough to convince the British for Pakistan.

By the end of Congress rule 1937-39, Muslims of India had made up their mind of attaining a separate
homeland for themselves. So on the call of Jinnah Muslims met at Lahore and passed a resolution according to
which they could work for independence not only from the British but also the Hindus. Therefore, it was Jinnah
who gave a clear cut objective to the Indian Muslims i.e. Pakistan.

One of Cripps mission’s proposals was ‘opt-out’ for provinces from the future Union. Although in this manner
Muslims would get their rights yet Jinnah was opposed to it as there was no direct mention of Pakistan. Since
the Lahore Resolution of 1940 he had been working for it so didn’t accept anything less. This shows his
commitment for the independence of Muslims and it was the same determination of his which forced the British
and the Congress to accept partition of India in 1947.

During the Gandhi Jinnah talks, Gandhi proposed that both the Muslims and Hindus should first work together
to overthrow the British and then partition should be considered. Jinnah was too smart to fall into such a trap
and rejected this offer as he knew that after the British left, India wouldn’t be divided and once again Congress
rule would be established. This shows Jinnah’s farsightedness because if he had accepted this proposal, there
might have been no Pakistan in the end. Therefore his rejection secured the creation of Pakistan.

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Jinnah’s evident intelligence in these talks earned him support of the Muslim masses as he didn’t compromise
on their rights. The common Muslims now had more faith and confidence in him. This strengthened his cause of
Pakistan.

Simla conference of 1945 was another event where Jinnah refused to give up on Muslim rights. According to it
an executive council which would totally Indian in nature, would be set up with equal number of seats for both
Hindus and Muslims. This seemed fair but Jinnah opposed it saying that the Sikhs and scheduled Hindus would
support the Congress and the Muslims would be dominated. This shows Jinnah’s commitment for the protection
of Muslim rights which strengthened the Pakistan movement as he earned the support of the common Muslims
who in the future voted for his party as evident from the victory of Muslims League in the elections of 1945-46.

British withdrawal from India was nearing and Jinnah feared that they might leave India to sort out its problems
itself. Therefore, he called upon the Muslims to show the strength of their feelings to the British through
peaceful demonstrations. A large number of Muslims obeying him observed the Direct Action Day. Thus, it was
a step towards gaining independence as through this day Jinnah made it clear that the demand of Pakistan was
democratic.

A new Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten was sent to India in 1947 to negotiate with the political parties of India and
reach an agreement regarding future of India. Jinnah was too adamant with his demand of Pakistan and the
Viceroy was forced to accept it. In the 3rd June Plan, it was announced that India would be divided into two
states i.e. India and Pakistan. Jinnah’s efforts, therefore, bore fruit and this plan made the creation of Pakistan
official.

The Quit India Resolution 1942

 Why was Quit India Movement launched by the Congress?

The congress thought that the British had become very weak in World War II, because of the failure of Cripps
Mission, so they decided to exploit British in order to achieve full independence. Therefore, the Act of Quit
India Movement was to pressurize the British to leave India.

Secondly from the Cripps Mission Muslims realized that now that the British was considerate towards them as
it stated that provinces would be allowed to opt out of the union this alarmed the Congress as it meant that India
could be divided so it was against it because they did not want division of ‘Mother India’. Therefore, they
launched the Quit India Movement to expel the British to take control of the matters in their own hands.

The Japanese who were the rivals of British at that time, were very close to the boarders of India and there was
a constant threat that they would invade India any time because it was a British colony so Congress launched
Quit India Movement to expel the British as they thought that by doing so they would be able to remove the
threat of Japanese Invasion.

 Why did Quit India Movement failed?

When congress started Quit India Movement, British acted harshly and arrested many of its leaders like Nehru
and Gandhi and banned Congress. So Quit India Movement failed as it lost the support of its main leaders.

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Secondly British not only arrested the Congress leaders but also reacted harshly to Quit India Movement
supporters. The British used machine guns and aerial bombing against Quit India Movement supporter.
Therefore, the deaths of many of its supporters led to the failure of Quit India Movement.

Thirdly, Muslim League did not support this Movement as Jinnah believed that this movement not only aimed
to get rid of the British but also to prevent the creation of Pakistan. Since, Muslims being the second largest
community of India did not support it therefore the Movement was bound to fail.

 Why was quit India Movement important in Pakistan’s creation?

Congress started quit India Movement in order to get rid of the British. However, Muslims did not support it as
they thought that the congress wanted to prevent ‘Pakistan’s creation’. So due to these contrast in views Hindu
Muslim relationship deteriorated and strengthened “two nation theory” of SSAK which later led to the
formation of Pakistan.

Jinnah declared this movement as ‘blackmail’ as he thought that congress was exploiting the weak condition of
British in World War II. Due to this British became considerate towards Muslims and British later accepted
Muslim demand of a separate homeland.

Congress and its main leaders suppressed because British arrested Gandhi and Nehru and banned Congress due
to Quit India Movement. During their absence Muslim League was able to spread Pakistan’s message to the
common people peacefully because the main leaders of congress who were Muslim League rivals were not
present to cause interference in their mission.

The Gandhi-Jinnah Talks 1944

 Why was Gandhi – Jinnah talks unnecessary?

Gandhi suggested that out of six provinces demanded by Muslim League for Pakistan there were fully Muslim
Majority areas (Sindh, Balochistan and NWFP) so they could be directly included in Pakistan while other three
(Punjab, Bengal and Assam) were partly Muslims so they should be included in Pakistan after communal
division. Therefore, Jinnah refused it as he believed that such a Pakistan would be taken economically weak so
the talks were unsuccessful.

Gandhi proposed that whole congress and Muslim League should first work for general independence and after
British departure the idea of partition could be discussed which Jinnah did not accept. As he was far too clever
to fall into his trap because he was sure that after withdrawal/departure Hindus would never allow them to form
Pakistan so talks broke down.

Gandhi wanted key areas like defense and foreign affairs to be controlled by central government which was
rejected by Jinnah as he was in favour of provincial autonomy and wanted these areas to be in the hands of
Muslims. Due to these contrast in views talks were unsuccessful.

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Gandhi refused to accept ‘Two Nation Theory’ which was rejected by Jinnah as it was the official policy of the
League since 1940 (Lahore Resolution). This created a deadlock and the talks failed.

 Why were Gandhi/Jinnah Talks important in Pakistan’s creation?

Gandhi suggested that out of six provinces demanded by Muslim League for Pakistan there were fully Muslim
majority areas (Sindh, NWFP and Balochistan) so they could be directly included in Pakistan while the other
three that (Punjab, Bengal and Assam) were partly Muslim areas, so they should be included in Pakistan after
communal division. Jinnah although refused this but he was pleased to know that Gandhi for the first time at
least accepted the idea of Pakistan indirectly. Therefore, Jinnah doubled his efforts and became determined to
form Pakistan as he realized that formation of Pakistan could be possible.

Gandhi proposed that both Congress and Muslim League should first work for the general independence and
after British departure the idea of partition could be discussed which Jinnah refused to accept as he was far too
clever to fall into Gandhi’s trap because he was sure that after British withdrawal Hindus would never allow
them to form Pakistan. Thus, by rejecting this, it shows his far sightedness as there could have been no Pakistan
in the end if he had accepted it.

Jinnah handled these talks in an intelligent manner and did not compromise on Muslims’ rights. Due to this his
position among Indian Muslims as leader improved and the common Indians trusted and supported him even
more for his claim for Pakistan which was evident for Muslim League’s success in 1945-1946 elections.

Election 1945 1945

 Why was Muslim League so successful in 1945-46 elections?

Muslim League learnt from its experience of 1937’s elections and had improved its planning and organization
due to which it campaigned more effectively and therefore won these elections as the people now knew what it
stood for.

Congress rule of 1937-39 was tyrannical for Muslims where their rights were not protected. Muslims did not
want to repeat the past experience and therefore, this time they voted for Muslim League as it promised to
protect Muslim interests and therefore, Muslim League won the elections.

Muslim League passed the Pakistan Resolution in 1940 in which it demanded for a separate homeland. This was
in favour of the general Muslim voter and so they voted for Muslim League as it contested these elections under
the same manifesto and Muslim League was successful.

Jinnah worked whole heartedly during the elections of 1945-46 and did not compromise on their rights like in
Gandhi – Jinnah talks. Due to these efforts his image improved and they started supporting Jinnah and
consequently voted for Muslim League as it was the party of Jinnah.

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 Why were 1945-46 elections important for the creation of Pakistan?

In these elections Muslims voted for Muslim League as the manifesto was the formation of Pakistan. While the
Hindus voted for congress whose manifesto was united India. Thus, due to these contrast in views it was evident
that these two communities cannot live in harmony. Thus, this strengthened SSAK’s two nation theory which
was a step towards formation of Pakistan.

Muslim League contested these elections for the formation of Pakistan and the Indian Muslims supported ML
so ML won many Muslim seats. Thus, this meant that Muslims of India wanted Pakistan. Secondly this gave
confidence to ML leaders to pressurize both the Congress and British to accept the formation of a separate
Muslim homeland, as it had now become a democratic demand and it was due to this pressure that the British
agreed upon the partition plan of 3rd June 1947.

Lord Wavell and the Simla Conference 1945

 Why was Simla Conference unsuccessful/failed?

The new viceroy had planned an executive council who called upon the Simla Conference so that the Indian
Political Parties could elect the members for this council. Jinnah said that all the Muslims would be elected by
Muslim League as it was the sole voice of Muslim representation. However, Congress was of the view that
Muslims in the council should be elected by them as they believed that it was also the representation of
Muslims. Therefore, this created a dead-lock between the two parties and so conference failed.

Jinnah wasn’t satisfied with the equal number of seats of Muslims and Hindus as he was of the view that Sikhs
and the low caste Hindus would support the Hindu (Congress). This will lead to suppress the Muslim rights.
However, the viceroy of that time (Lord Wavell) and Congress refused to accept Jinnah’s views and so Simla
Conference failed.

 Why was Simla Conference important in formation of Pakistan?

In the Plan made by Lord Wavell about the new Government Indians were to be give more representation in the
governess of India and the foreign ministry was now also in the hands of Muslims. This meant that British was
now going to leave and the independence was becoming close. This alarmed Jinnah and he quickened his efforts
for Pakistan’s formation because he knew that once British left things will go out of their favour. Thus, this was
the same determination which later led to the formation of Pakistan.

Secondly, Simla Conference failed because it created a dead-lock between Congress and Muslim League on the
division of Muslim seats in the council. This made the Viceroy realize that the two communities were poles
apart and this strengthened two nation theory and also made it clear upon the British that future partition was
inevitable for peace in India and thus this was a step towards formation of Pakistan.

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In the Simla Conference Jinnah did not compromise on Muslim rights. This increased the respect of Jinnah
among Muslims as they realized that he was their main leader and so they supported him in winning the
elections of 1945-46 and this was a step towards future formation of Pakistan as Muslim League’s aim in these
elections was the formation of Pakistan.

The Cabinet Mission Plan 24th March 1946

 Why was Cabinet Mission unsuccessful?

Members of Cabinet Mission negotiated with Congress and Muslim League to find common grounds. However,
they soon realized that both political parties were opposite in their basic demands. Muslim League wanted
Pakistan and Congress wanted India. Therefore, it was difficult for Cabinet Commission to reconcile between
them and therefore, it failed.

Secondly Cabinet Mission suggested that an all India commission should be formed to decide whether there
should be one or two states in India after British departure. Both Muslim League and Congress rejected the
proposal as they feared that commission was not going to decide against their demands. This made Cabinet
mission even weaker and it was bound to fail.

Thirdly when Cabinet Mission gave its final decision in which India was divided into three parts and each part
was given full autonomy and even allowed to form its own constitution Muslim League accepted the plan at
first but Nehru stated that his party i.e. Congress would not be bound by Cabinet Mission once it had left.
Therefore, this statement alarmed Jinnah as he feared Hindu domination in future. Therefore, he dropped the
idea of Cabinet Mission leading to its failure.

 Why was Cabinet Mission important for creation of Pakistan?

Members of Cabinet Mission negotiated with Congress and Muslim League to find solutions. However,
Commission soon realized that they had opposing demands. Muslim League insisted upon Pakistan’s formation
while Congress insisted upon united India. Therefore, due to the contrast of views the gap between the Hindus
and Muslims grew and so this strengthened the ‘Two Nation Theory’ of SSAK which led to the formation of
Pakistan.

The Cabinet Mission gave its final decision in which India would be divided into three parts and each part
would be given full autonomy and would even been allowed to form its own constitution. Muslim League
accepted the plan but Nehru stated that Congress would not be bound by Cabinet Mission once the member of
Cabinet Mission had left. This alarmed Jinnah as the feared Hindu domination in future and dropped Cabinet
Mission’s plan. Therefore, this meant that it was the statement of Nehru which led to the formation of Pakistan
and if it hadn’t been for him Pakistan would never have been formed.

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It is further confirmed by statement of Molana Abdual Qalam Azad who said that it was the statement of Nehru
which changed history. He meant to say that his ‘mistake’ changed united India to the partition of India.

Direct Action Day July 1946

 Why was direct action important for creation of Pakistan?

It was an act to show Muslims solidarity. Huge masses of Muslims gathered for peaceful demonstration to show
their unity for ML demand of separate homeland. Therefore, the direct action gave an indication both congress
and British that Muslims were standing united for the cause of Pakistan.

Secondly direct action day was a preparation for a final struggle against both British and congress. Through
peaceful demonstration the League showed Muslim strength and feeling in a peaceful manner. Therefore, the
direct action day prove a benchmark in a creation of Pakistan.

After cabinet mission Muslims feared that British were going to leave India without partition. Therefore, they
observed the day to show Muslim strength to British and their feeling attached with formation of Pakistan.

After cabinet mission Muslim feared that British were going to leave India without partition so they observed
the direct action day to show Muslim strength to British and their feelings regarding Pakistan. It was observed
on such a large scale that British and Congress were both pressurize to accept Pakistan as a separate homeland.

In the great Calcutta killing there were H-M riots and many Indians were killed. Thus, British realized that both
communities were separate and distinct from each other and therefore, they paced the way for the formation of
Pakistan.

The 3rd June Plan 1947

The Radcliffe Award 15 August 1947

 Which of the following contributed the most to the creation of Pakistan in 1947?
o Simla Conference 1945
o Elections of 1945-46; and
o Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above.

During the Simla conference of 1945, it was decided that an Executive Council should be established as the
interim government. However, when the question of Muslim members in the body came up, Congress argued
that they had the right to nominate a Muslims for this council. Quaid was of the point that only Muslim League

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had the right to nominate names for the Muslims’ quota. He supported his stance with the fact that Muslims
League had won every single-by-election in the last two years and no doubt, It represented an overwhelming
majority of the Muslims. This approach of his was very far sighted for the creation of a Muslim homeland as he
knew that if he agreed with Congress, the Muslims could be constantly outvoted, which would only result in
Hindu domination.

On the crucial point of the method of selection, Lord Wavell could not reach an agreement between the
Congress and the Muslim League. Finally Wavell officially admitted defeat as he realized the level of
intransigence (inflexibility) the two main parties were prepared to show. It rather convinced him that the gulf
was so wide between the Hindus and the Muslims that it was becoming inevitable for him to come to terms for
the creation of a separate Muslim homeland.

The elections of 1945-46 had striking result in the favour of the Muslim League, in fact leading to the creation
of Pakistan. Muslim League swept 87% of the Muslim vote and every single Muslim seat in the Central
Legislative. It won 446 seats in the provincial elections. Even better news for the Muslim League was that in
Bengal it won 113 seats out of 119. The Muslim majority provinces were allowed to form the provincial
ministries in these areas. The results were to shape the future of Pakistan, which justified Quaid’s manifesto
before the elections i.e. the League was the voice of the Muslim and they wanted homeland.

After the election result, Muslim League in the Delhi Resolution demanded that the Muslim majority provinces
be made into a fully independent sovereign state, Pakistan. Without the acceptance of this Principle, the Muslim
League would now refuse to join decision or acquire membership of the proposed Executive Council. This was
a vital turning point for the fate for the Muslims, in which both Eastern and Western Muslim provinces joined
hands to unanimously struggle for the formation of single state for themselves. Secondly they were after the
results of the elections in their favour in a position to convince the British for the establishment of Pakistan.

The Cabinet Mission Plan proposed that Sindh, Baluchistan, NWFP, West Punjab and East Bengal could be
agreed upon as separate state. Although Jinnah rejected the idea of partitioning the provinces of Punjab and
Bengal as it would leave them economically handicapped. It was still a step in the creation of a separate
homeland for the Muslims of India as firstly the British were prepared to establish a new Muslim country and
secondly the same Pakistan was achieved later in 1947.

Secondly, the Mission also suggested to Quaid that if the League agreed to a loose federation with subject like
defense, foreign affairs and communications centrally decided then the whole of Punjab and Bengal could be
added to Pakistan. Jinnah rejected this proposal as it meant that the Hindus would still govern the important and
major affairs at the center. The rejection of this proposal showed that Indian Muslims need a sovereign
Pakistan.

The final recommendation made by the Cabinet Mission plan was that the sub-Continent be divided into three
parts; section A of Hindus majority provinces; section B of Western Muslim majority provinces and Bengal and
Assam to be section C.

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Although, Muslim League was unhappy with the non-agreement on Pakistan. Jinnah was willing to nominate
the Muslims to serve in the proposed interim cabinet, as he saw of it as a transition to Independence. However,
Nehru stated that congress would not feel bound by these terms once the British had left. His statement
destroyed any chance of the plan’s approval by the Muslim League, which was now even more convinced for
the attainment of Pakistan to avoid Hindu domination.

Unit 10

HOW IMPORTANT WERE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF JINNAH, ALLAMA IQBAL AND

RAHMAT ALI TO THE SUCCESS OF THE PAKISTAN MOVEMENT?

How successful were the meetings held during the Second World War to produce a plan for
the future of the subcontinent?
How did the success of the Muslim League in the elections of 1945-46 lead to change in the
attempts of the British government to produce a solution to the problems of the
subcontinent?

Mohammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948)

Allama Mohammad Iqbal (1877-1938)

 Why was Allama Iqbal important for Pakistan Movement?

In an Allahbad address Allama Iqbal gave an idea of a separate Muslim homeland for the first time from the
platform of Muslim League which was in accordance with the ‘Two Nation Theory’ of SSAK. Therefore, he is
called father of ideology of Pakistan, as he gave the practical shape to the idea of SSAK.

His views acted as an inspiration to the confused Muslims of India who were utterly unaware about their future
in India after the publication of Nehru report which was against their religion. Therefore, through his Allahabad
address he gave them a clear cut objective for the formation of Pakistan Movement.

Allama Iqbal also inspired Muslim leaders to work for separate homeland that it was due to the idea that
Chaudary Rehmat Ali gave the scheme of Pakistan in 1933 and eventually Jinnah passed the Pakistan
Resolution which shows that he was an important figure in Pakistan Movement.

Iqbal through his poetry inspired and awakened the Muslims of India from their slumber and gave them
awareness about the protection of their rights. It was the same awareness which eventually culminate in the
form of Pakistan Movement. Therefore, Allam Iqbal was important because he kindled a sense of freedom
among Indian Muslims.

Rahmat Ali (1897-1951)

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 Why was Chaudary Rehmat Ali important for Indian Muslims?

Chaudary Rehmat Ali wrote a pamphlet ‘Now or Never’ in which he suggested that the sub-continent could be
partitioned to provide Muslim homeland. Thus, he inspired the Muslims who were confused about their future
in India and Hindu domination and so focused them on their future aim. Therefore, he was important to Indian
Muslims as he strengthened the ‘Two Nation Theory’ of SSAK.

Chaudary Rehmat Ali gave the name of Pakistan which meant ‘land of pure’. Therefore, he encouraged the
common Muslims to work for their protection for Pakistan, and it was the same name which Muslim League
later choose after 1940’s for the country it was striving for. Therefore, giving the name by Chaudary Rehmat
Ali shows his importance for the Indian Muslims.

At first Jinnah did not agreed with Chaudary Rehmat Ali during 1930;s as he thought that federation was better,
but he passed Pakistan resolution in 1940 on the basis of Chaudary Rehmat’s view in which he demanded for a
separate homeland. So it can be rightly said that if it hadn’t been suggested a separate homeland, Indian
Muslims would never had been able to get it.

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