Dyen 1939

4
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I take the occasion of my first effort of any extent in the schol-

arly field to express my most heartfelt appreciation to Professor
Roland G. Kent and Professor W. Norman Brown, of the University of
Pennsylvania, for their consistent, friendly, and wise guidance; and to
Professor Bernhard Geiger, of the American Institute for Iranian Art
and Archaeology, who made many suggestions incorporated in this dis-
sertation. I express my deep gratitude to the American Council of
Learned Societies for a Study-Aid Grant which enabled me to complete
this work and receive my doctoral degree. I wish also to thank Miss
Edith Brenner for her unstinted technical aid.
To the memory of my father, who always encouraged my studies, I
dedicate this dissertation.
I. D.
Philadelphia, June 8, 1939
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5
ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
References are made by a single Arabic numeral to a page and by

two Arabic numerals separated by a period to volume and page. Refer-
ences to Hindu divisions of Sanskrit works begin with a Roman numeral.
A The indeclinables of AC and AS.

AC Hemalandrats Abhidhanalkintamani, ein systematisch angeordne-
tes synonymisches Lexicon. Herausgegeben, ubersetzt von Otto
Bohtlingk und Charles Rieu. St. Petersburg, Kaiserl. Akademie der
Wissenschaften, 1847.
AK Cosha, or dictionary of the Sanscrit language by Amera Sinha.
With an English interpretation and annotations by H. T. Colebrooke.
Serampore, 1808.
AK1. Aniarakocha ou vocabulaire d'Amarasinha, publie en sanskrit
avec une traduction francaise par A. Loiseleur Deslongchamps.
2 vols. Paris, Imprimerie Royale, 1839, 1845.
AKM Abhandlungen fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes, herausgegeben
von der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft.
APar. The Parisisas of the Atharvaveda. Edited by G. M. Bolling
and J. von Negelein. Vol. 1. Leipzig, 1909-10.
APr. The Atharva-Pratisakhyam or the Phonetico-grammatical Apho-
risms of the Atharva-Veda. Edited by Vishva Bandhu Vidyarthi 6astrL
Bombay, 1923.
Arth? Arthasastra of Kautilya. Edited by R. Shama Sastri. Mysore,
Government Branch Press, 1909. Bibliotheca Sanskrita, work 37.
AS Der Anekarthasamgrahla des Hemachandra, mit Auszugen aus dem
Commentare des Mahendra. Herausgegeben von Th. Zachariae. Wien,
Alfred Holder; Bombay, Education Society's Press, 1893. Quellen
der Altindischen Lexikographie, vol. 1.
Belv. An Account of the Different Existing Systems of Sanskrit
Grammar. By Shripad Krishna Belvalkar. Poona, 1915.
BrhD The Brhad-Devata, attributed to 6aunaka. Critically edited
and translated into English by Arthur Anthony Macdonell. 2 vols.
Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University, 1904. HIarvard Oriental Series
vols. 5, 6.
C The lists of indeclinables in Can.
Can. Candra-vrtti. Der Original-Kommentar Candragomin's zu seinem
grammatischen Sutra. Herausgegeben von Dr. Bruno Liebich. Leipzig
F. A. Brockhaus, 1918. AKM 14.
CatA The Atharva-veda Pratisakhya, or 6aunakiya Caturadhyayika:
Text, translation, and notes. By William D. Whitney, JAOS 7.333-
616 (1862).
CatAc. The lists of indeclinables in the commentary to CatA.
ChSS Chowlrhamba Sanskrit Series.
Faddegon Studies on Parini's Grammar. By Barend Faddegon.
6 LANGUAGEDISSERTATION NO. 31, 1939
Verhandeling der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amster-

dam, Afdeeling Letterkunde. Nieuwe Reeks, Deel 38, No. 1. 1936.
GR Vardhamana's Gaiaratnamahodadhi, with the author's commentary.
Edited by Julius Eggeling. 2 vols. London, Trubner and Co., 1879,
1881. Sanskrit Text Society.
H The lists of indeclinables in HemB.
Ha. Ilalayudha's Abhidhanaratnamala, a Sanskrit vocabulary, edited
with a Sanskrit-English glossary by Th. Aufrecht. London, Williams
and Norgate, 1861.
Hem. Sidhahem-sabdanusasana by Hemchandra with a short commentary
by the same author and Haim-Dhatupa~ha etc. Benares, Nyaya-
visarada Sri Yasovijaya Benares Jain Pathsala, 1905. YJG 3.
HemB Die Sanskrit-Grarlmatik des IIemacandra (Sabdanusasana, Buch 1,
Kapitel 1-3; Terrinologie und Wohllautsregeln) mit seinem eigenen
ausfuhrlichen Kommentar (Bvhadvytti). Text mit Ubersetzung und
Erlauterungen. Von Kathe Neumann. Marburg, 1935.
Hoogt The Vedic Chant Studied in its Textual and Melodic Form. By
J. M. van der Hoogt. Holland, 1929.
IA Indian Antiquary.
J The lists of indeclinables in Jn.
Jn. Jainendra Vyakaranam with MahavVtti by Devanandi. Edited by
TIM. Vindhlyeswari Prasad. 2 vols. The Pandit, 31 (1909) to 41
(1919), incomplete.
K The lists of indeclinables in Kas.
Kas. Kasika, a commentary on Painniis grammatical aphorisms, by
Pandit Vamana and Jayaditya. Edited by Pandit Bala Sastri. 2 vols.
Benares, Medical Hall Press, 1876-8.
Kat. The lists of indeclinables in Luiders 483.
Keith A History of Sanskrit Literature. By Arthur Berriedale Keith
Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1928.
Kt. Zur Einfuhrung in die indische einheimische Sprachwissen-
schaft. 1. Das Katantra. Von Bruno Liebich. Heidelberg, Carl
Winter's Universitatsbuchhandlung, 1919. Sitzungsberichte der
Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, phil.-hist. Kl. 10 (1919),
4. Abh.
LaghK The Laghu Kaumudi, a Sanskrit grammar, by Varadaraja, with
an English version. Edited by J. R. Ballantyne. 3rd ed. Benares,
E. J. Lazarus and Co.; London, Trubner and Co., 1881.
LK The lists of indeclinables in LaghK.
Luders Katantra und Katmaralata. Von Heinrich Luders. SBA, 1930.
482 ff.
MBh. The Vyakaraia-Mahabhashya of Pataijali. Edited by F. Kiel-
horn. 2nd ed. 3 vols. Bombay, Government Central Book Depot,
1892, 1906, 1909.
Me. Medini Kosha, or a dictionary of homonymous words by Medani-
kar [I]. Benares, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, 1916. Kasi
Sanskrit Series, work 41 (Kosa section, 1).
Mg. Vopadeva's Mugdhabodha, herausgegeben und erklart von Otto
DYEN, THE SANSKRIT INDECLINABLES 7
Bohtlingk. St. Petersburg, Kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften,

1847.
MgR Mugdhabodha Vyakarana by Vopadeva with the commentary of
Rama Tarkavagisha. Edited with notes by Siva iarayan Siromani and
Ajita Nath Nyayaratna. Calcutta, Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1911--.
MK Mankhakosa mit Auszugen aus dem Commentare und drei Indices.
Herausgegeben von Tleodor Zachariae. Wien, Alfred Holder; Bombay,
Education Society's Press, 1897. Quellen der Altindischen Lexi-
cographie, vol. 3.
MV Visvaprakasa by Sri Mahesvara. Edited by ?ri ?ilaskandha
Sthavira and Pan4ita Ratna Gopala Bha~ta. Benares, Chowkhamba
Sanskrit Book Depot, 1911. ChSS work 37, nos. 160, 168.
MW A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. By Sir Monier Monier-Williams
Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1899.
NN The Nighantu and the Nirukta by Lakshman Sarup, Sanskrit
text. Lahore, University of the Punjab, 1927.
Nt. The Nighaniu and the Nirukta, English translation and notes
by Lakshman Sarup. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1920.
P The Paniniya lists of indeclinables in PG.
Pan. Paiini's Grammatik. Herausgegeben, ubersetzt, erlautert und
mit verschiedenen Indices versehen von Otto Bohtlingk. (In two
parts.) Leipzig, H. Haessel, 1887. (References followed by an
asterisk are to the second part.)
PG Siddhanta Kaumudi or Bhatoji Dikshit's Vritti on Paninits
Vyakarana Sutras, containing Panini's Shiksha, Sutrapatha, Gara-
patha, Dhatupatha, and Linganushasana, with alphabetical list of
Sutras and all roots. Revised by Krishiashastri Ramachandra Navare.
4th ed. Bombay, Nirnayasagara Press, 1894.
PK The lists of indeclinables in the Prakriyalkaumudi of Rama-
candra. See Prak.
PM1 PrauQhamanorama of Bhattoji Diksita, with Haridikkita's
commentary, Laghusabdaratna. The avyayaprakarana. Poleman 2608.
PM2 Id. with commentary. Poleman 2609.
PM3 [Avyaya?] Avyani. Poleman 2677.
Poleman A Census of Indic Manuscripts in the United States and Canada
Compiled by H. I. Poleman. American Oriental Society, New Haven,
Conn., 1938.
Prak. The Prakriyakaumudi of Ramacandra with the conmmentary Prasada
of Vithala, by Rao Bahadur Kamalashankar Pranashankar Trivedi.
2 vols. Poona Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1925, 1931.
Benares Sanskrit Series, works 78, 82.
RVPr. Rig-Veda-Pratisakhya, das alteste Lehrbuch der vedischen
Phonetik. Sanskrittext mit Uebersetzung und Anmerkungen, heraus-
gegeben von Max Muller. Leipzig, F. A. Brockhaus, 1869.
RVPrR Etudes sur la grammaire vedique. Pratisakhya du Rigveda par
M. Ad. Regnier. 3 vols. Paris, Imprimerie Imperiale, 1857, 1858,
1859.
The lists of indeclinables of the 6akatayana Ganapatha (see
SG) found in ?ak.
6a The Anekarthasamuchchaya of Sasvata. Edited with introduc-

tion, critical notes, glossary of words. By Narayan Nathaji Kul-
karni. Poona, Oriental Book Agency, 1929.
?abK Sabdakaustubha by Pa;dit Bha~toji Dikshita. Edited by Papnit
Vindhyesvari Prasada Dvivedin and Vyakarasacharya Ganapati 6astri
Mokate. 2 vols. Benares. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, 1898-
1917. ChSS, work 2, nos. 3-10, 13-4, 234-5.
Sak. Abhinavasakatayana' s akatayaDavyakarana with Yaksavarman's
commentary. Edited by Pandit Ramasakala Mishra. The Pandit, 34
(1912) to 42 (1920), incomplete.
Sar. The lists of indeclinables in Sr.
SBA Sitzungsberichte der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
SC The lists of indeclinables in SCan.
SCan. The VaiyakaraVa Siddhantachandrika by ?ri Ramasrama. Edited
by Pandit Sri Sadashiva ?astri Joshi. Benares, Chowkhamba Sanskrit
Series Office, 1931. Haridas Sanskrit Series, work 17.
?G The ?akatayana GaQapatha in The Pandit 38 (1916) as part of
Sak.
SHA Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften,
phil.-hist. K1.
SidK The Siddhanta-Kaumudi of Bhattoji Diksita with the Tattva-
bodhini commentary of Jnanendra Sarasvati and the Subodhini com-
mentary of Jayakrishna. Edited by Dinkar Keshava Shastri Gadgil
and Vasudev Lakshmana Shastri Pansikar. Bombay, Nirnayasagara
Press, 1899.
SidS Vyakarasa Siddhanta Sudhanidhi by Visvesvar Suri. Edited by
Dadhi Ram Sarma, Sita Rama Sastri Shende, Madhava Sastri Bhandari.
Benares, ChSS Office, 1924. ChSS work 45, nos. 193-5, 215-6, 218,
251-2, 275-6, 300, 306, 312, 321, 329.
?K The lists of indeclinables in SabK.
SK The lists of indeclinables in SidK.
Skold The Nirukta. By Hannes Skold. Lund, C. W. K. Gleerup, 1926.
Sp. Supadma Vyakaraia or a Sanskrit grammar by Mahamahopadhyaya
Padmanabha Datta. Edited by Pandit Hrishikesha Sastri. Calcutta,
Prakrta Press, 1897.
Speijer Sanskrit Syntax. By Dr. J. S. Speijer. Leyden, E. J. Brill,
1886.
Sr. SarasvatavyakaraQam (the three vrttis) of Anubhutisvarupa-
charya with the commentary (Subodhika) of Chandrakirti. Edited by
Vasudev Laxman Shastri Pansikar. Bombay, Nirnaya-sagar 1907.
Press,
Sup. The lists of indeclinables in Sp.
TPr. The Taittirlya-Pratisakhya, with its commentary, the Tribha-
shyaratna: text, translation and notes. By William D. Whitney.
JAOS 9.1-469 (1871).
Vasu The Ashtadhyayi of Pa4ini. Translated into English with text
and a free rendering of Kasikavytti by Srisa Chandra Vasu. 8 vols.:
vols. 1-3, Allahabad, Indian Press, 1891, 1894, 1894; vols. 4-8,
Allahabad, Panini Office, 1896, 1897, 1897, 1898.
VPr. Das VaJasaneyi-Pratisakhyam. By Albrecht Weber. Indische

Studien 4.65-171, 171-331 (1858).
WGr. A Sanskrit Grammar. By William Dwight Whitney. 2nd ed.
Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1931.
Winternitz Geschichte der indischen Litteratur. Von Dr. M. Winter-
nitz. 3 vols. Leipzig, 1920-2.
YJG Yasovijaya Jaina Granthamala.
YV The Vaijayanti of Yadavaprakasa. Edited by Gustav Oppert.
Madras, Madras Sanskrit and Vernacular Text Publication Society,
1893.
Zach. Die indischen Worterbucher (Kosa). Von Theodor Zachariae.
Grundriss der indo-arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde, Bd. 1,
Heft 3. Strassburg, Trubner, 1897.
ZDMG Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft.
10
I. INTRODUCTION
The main object of this thesis is to study historically the

treatment of Sanskrit indeclinables by the Indian grammarians. A
secondary aim is the analysis of the indeclinables found in the lexi-
cographies as a test of the results obtained from the study of the
grammarians.
I treat the grammar of the indeclinables only occasionally.
Since Barend Faddegon, in his study The Grammar of the Indeclinables,
deals only with the Astadhyayi and GaVapatha assigned to Panini and
with works treating the Veda, our studies are parallel only to a
small extent.
In studying the grammarians' treatment of indeclinables, I have
followed the relative chronology of Belvalkar's Systems of Sanskrit
Grammar, although some of the dates which he assigns to works are
poorly supported. However he refers to opposing views; and most im-
portant of all, his work is the completest treatment of the various
schools of grammars and the relations among the grammars which we know.
For convenience of treatment I have assumed that the works which
I call Vedic Studies preceded Paiini. I have treated the Vedic Studies
themselves--the Pratisakhyas, the Nirukta, and Byhaddevata--in a some-
what arbitrary order with the aim of bringing out clearly the differ-
ences between the Vedic Studies and the grammars in the treatment of
indeclinables. The treatment of indeclinables in the Vedic Studies,
except the Atharva-Veda Pratisakhya and the Saunakiya Caturadhyayika,
seems to favor the order adopted.
The historical study which I have made has particularly the func-
tion of giving the background for the lists of different schools. We
are thus enabled to make allowances, where necessary, for differences
in theoretical treatment.
Bohtlingk, in editing the Petersburg Lexicon, apparently followed
his own edition of the PaViniya GaVapatha. In his edition, this Gaia-
patha is arranged to give the words found in the lists of the Kasika,
which is the commentary on the Paiinic sutras written by Jayaditya and
Vamana, and also the words found in a Paniniya Ganapatha. The Kasika
lists used by Bohtlingk were probably identical with those found in
Bala 6astri's edition of the Kasika. The Gapapatha used by Bohtlingk
was apparently the same as that to be found in K. R. Navare's edition
of this and other works ascribed to Paiini together with the Siddhanta-
kaumudi of Bhatoji Dik$ita.1 For practical purposes I have used
these other works instead of Bohtlingk's. In using these works,
Bohtlingk accepted many words in the lists at their face value. We
therefore find many forms listed in the Petersburg Lexicon which are
not supported by literary use and are actually only scribal errors.
I have attempted to avoid the complicated discussions of the
grammarians, which revolve mainly about details. I have also attempted
to avoid using any but the most important and well-known terminology.
In certain instances I have found it necessary to use or cite the
terms of the Hindu grammarians because they have no English equivalent.
For the sake of persons unfamiliar with the Hindu terms, I give English
paraphrases either in the text or in the footnotes.
The Paninic terminology I take as standard and I explain terms of
other schools by their Paninic equivalents.
The word 'termt, used in the following discussion, is most often
the translation of the word sapjna. The latter is the grammarian's
name for any word which designates a category of words. tTerm' seems
preferable to 'category' because the former has the same flexibility
of application as that of the word sapjna. I have used 'technical
term' as the name for the Hindu formulaic expressions for suffixes and
other additions to or changes in a base. Examples of technical terms
are ktva (-tva, as in k4tva), thal (-tha, as in tatha).
1See PG in the Bibliography.
12
II. HISTORICAL DISCUSSION
A. Vedic Studies
Before Panini, the customary division of words into categories

is that found in the .g-Veda Pratisakhya: noun, verb, upasarga, and
nipata.1 The same division is found in the Vajasaneyi Pratisakhya,2
in the ?aunakiya Caturadhyayika, and in the Nirukta.4
The terms upasarga and nipata of this division apply to words
which are uninflected and are thus the forerunners of the later class
of indeclinables. Perhaps we can see in the Nirukta's presentation a
tendency toward pairing off the inflected forms (namakhyate ca) over
against the uninflected forms (upasarganipatas ca).
The term upasarga, in the opinion of most of the Hindu grammar-
ians, applies to twenty words5 of the type of pra and para when they
are found in compounds, but not when they are governing prepositions.
The grammarians before Paiini applied the term to these words used in
either nominal or verbal compounds.
The RVPr. states that these twenty words 'are the twenty upasargas,
which together with the other two (noun and verb) have a meaning.'6
The list of the same words in the VPr. is unaccompanied by a term,
which must be obtained by anuvrtti from a preceding sutra.9 Further-
more, the VPr. list, because its order is the ten accented on the first
syllable and the nine monosyllables followed by abhi, must be connected
with the RVPr. statement, 'Of the twenty upasargas, there are nine
acute-accented monosyllables, ten (sc. dissyllables) accented on the
first syllable, but abhi is accented on the final.'10
In both the RVPr. and the VPr. the upasarga is defined as vise?a-
krt 'specializer.'ll The implications of this term are clarified by
the discussion of the upasargas in the Nirukta. Saka~ayana is quoted
as saying, 'Upasargas taken by themselves have no meaning, but only
express a subordinate sense of nouns and verbs (when in combination
with them).'12 Gargya is then quoted in opposition: 'They (upasargas)
have different meanings, hence they express the meaning which they have
and this modifies the meaning of the noun or verb.'13 The writer of
the Nirukta agrees with Gargya.14
The word visesakvt can be explained by either argument, since the
point of controversy is whether an upasarga has a meaning, but the
statements of both theoreticians show that the term upasarga is appli-
cable whether the word with which it is combined is a noun or a verb.
In treating the upasargas, the author of the BrhD makes clear his
agreement with Gargya that they have meaning,15 but his use of kriya-
yogena 'by being joined with a (verbal) action'15 seems to be transi-
tional from the Nirukta's conception of the upasarga to Panini's.16
It is also to be noted that the BrhD mentions a Saka~ayana who wished
to add avis srat antar to the list of upasargas.17
The application of the term nipata is hardly as fixed among the

grammarians as that of the upasarga. Even before Panini we can see
differences in the conception of the term and in the words to be in-
cluded under it.
The RVPr. says the nipata is padapurana 'verse-filler,'8 and
'because meaningless nipatas occur in accordance with the sense, and
others have meaning, there is not this enumeration here, saying,
"these are the ones which are used in both prose and verse."' The
authenticity of this verse has been questioned.20 The second half of
the sloka can be explained as a commentator's addition based on a com-
parison with a remark such as that in VPr.21: ... the nipata is a
verse-filler. The fourteen nipatas which are unaccented have been
listed above,' i.e., in VPr. 11.16.
The fourteen are: va, ca, kam, u, cit, samasmad, gha, ha, sma,
tva, im, marya, are, svit. We may conclude that a common character-
istic of a nipata according to the VPr. is a lack of accent, from the
rule, '(These words) are unaccented if they are nipata.'22
The Nirukta divides the nipatas into three classes.23 The third
of these classes is called padapurana. The Nirukta, therefore, ex-
pands the application of the term nipata. The other two classifica-
tions in order are upamarthe 'in the sense of comparison,' and karmopa-
?24 The
samgraharthe 'in a conjunctive sense.' latter term is explained
as 'That by whose addition separateness of notions is indeed recog-
nized, but not, as (in) an enumeration, by separating (the notions
from each other) through isolating (them).'25
The sense of padapurana is explained in words which recall the
suspect RVPr. passage: 'Those words which are used--the sense being
complete--to fill up a sentence in prose, and a verse in poetic com-
positions, are expletives.'26
The words listed by the Nirukta are:
1. Upamarthe -- iva, na, cid, nu.
2. Karmopasamgraharthe -- ca, a, va, aha, ha, u, hi, kila, ma,
khalu, sasvat, nunam, sim, tva.7
3. Padapurania -- kam, im, id, u, iva.2
To these, as compound particles, net and na cet are added. The
total number of different particles treated, exclusive of the compound
particles, is twenty-one,29 of which one is considered dubious by the
author.
The ByhD quotes almost in full the statements of the Nirukta in
regard to the nipatas.0 The only difference from the Nirukta, aside
from the omission of a list of the words used in the 'conjunctive
sense' and the omission of the compound particles, is the omission of
iva from among the padapuraias.
RVPr. xii.5.699, namakhyatam upasargo nipatas catvary ahui

padajatani sabdah.
2VPr. viii.52, tac (sc. padam from viii.50) caturdha, namakhya-
topasarganipatati.
3CatA caturiam
i.1, padajatanai namakhyatopasarganipatanam
sapdhyapadyau guiau pratijnam.
4NN 27, tad yani catvari padajatani namakhyate copasarganipatas
ca. We also find on NN 36, itimani catvari padajatany anukrantani
namakhyate copasarganipatas ca.
5See following note for the twenty words referred to.
6RVPr. xii.6.702, prabhy a para nir dur anu vy upapa sai pari
prati ny aty adhi sud avapi / upasarga viipsatir arthavacakal saheta-
rabhyam.
VPr. vi.24, paropapava prati pary anv apy aty adhy an pra sam
nir dur un ni vi sv abhi.
8Anuvrtti is the principle, adopted by the grammarians for the
sake of obtaining brevity, by which a word occurring in a sutra is
understood as being present in following sutras.
9The name sutra is applied by the Hindu grammarians to the apho-
ristic statements in which their grammatical rules are given.
10RVPr. xii.7.704-6, vipsater upasargaiam ucca ekaksara nava
adyudatta dasa tesam antodattas tv abhity ayam.
lRVPr. xii.8.707 and VPr. viii.54-5, upasargo visesakt.
NN 29, na nirbaddha upasarga arthan nirahur iti 6akatayana$.
namakhyatos ty karmopasaiyogadyotaka bhavanti. For the parenthesis
in the translation, cf. RVPr. xii.6.702.
13NN 29, uccavacah padartha bhavantiti Gargyati. tad ya esu
padarthah prahur ime tarp namakhyatayor arthavikarasam.
14NN 30, (sc. upasarga4) evam uccavacan arthan prahuti. ta
upekqitavya$.
15ByhD ii.94, upasargas tu viJneyat kriyayogena vimsatit /
vivecayanti te hy artham namakhyatavibhaktisu.
16See Chapter II B, note 24. Faddegon believes that PaQini's use
of the term upasarga is like that of the BrhD except for the absence
of the term karmapravacanlya in the latter work; cf. Faddegon 16.
17B.hD ii.95, avi'i srad antar ity etan acaryatL Sakatayanah /
upasargan kriyayogan mene te tu trayo 'dhika$. Avih is a better
correction of the MS anu than Macdonell's accha. Cf. the Sarasvata
grammar's addition of avis srat antar to the list of the pradi, Table L
18RVPr. xii.8.707, nipatah padapuranah.
19RVPr. xii.9.708, nipatanam arthavasan nipatanad anarthakanam
itare ca sarthakati / neyanta ity asti sarkhyeha vanmaye mitaksare
capy amitaksare.
20RVPrR 2.144, 'M. Roth (ad Nirukt. 1,9) pense avec raison que ce
distiaue n'est pas vraisemblablement authentique.'
1VPr. viii.55-7, ... nipatat padapurapah. caturdasa nipata ye
'nudattas te 'pi samcitati.
22VPr. ii.16, (sc. anudattat) va ca kam u cit samasmad gha ha sma
tva im marya are svin nipatas cet. The editor, Weber, referring to
the commentator's citation avir maryah (Vajasaneyi Samh. x.9) in
support of taking the word marya as a nipata, says, 'Weshalb letzteres
Wort unter die nipata, nicht als Vocativ gerechnet wird (wie z.B.auch
Vajasaneyi Saph. xxix.37) ist mir noch immer so unklar, ... sollte
dies letztere nicht vielmehr ganz einfachzu den ... Fallen, wo der
Verf. des Pratisakhya "dormitare videtur", zu rechnen sein?' It is
interesting to note that in GR the same word is treated as meaning
'boundary,' cf. GR 15, marya iti simabandhane. marya adiyate iti
maryada. simabandhanena gVhyata ity artha].. GR lists marya among
the cadi.
2NN 30, atha nipata uccavacesv arthesu nipatanti, apy upamarthe,
api karmopasaigraharthe, api padapuraVati.
24Nt. 8.
25NN 31, atha yasyagamad arthapVthaktvam aha vijnayate natv
auddesikam iva vigrahena pythaktvat sa karmopasamgraha$. Gune,
IA 45.159-60, translates, TOwing to whose advent (i.e. use) separate-
ness of the arthas (senses or ideas) is indeed known, but not as in
simple enumeration owing to separate position or independent mention,
that is karmopasamgraha,--i.e. adding or putting together of the
senses or ideas ... The case is like this. When you simply enumerate
objects like "cow, horse, man", you are aware of the separateness of
these objects by the very fact that they are bodily mentioned as being
separate. But in cases like ayam ahedap karoti, ayam idam, the idea
of separateness of the two pieces of work and their being executed by
different persons is brought by the nipata aha.'
2NN 35, atha ye pravrtte 'rthe 'mitaksaresu granthegu vakyapuraia
agacchanti padapuraVas te mitakgaresv anarthakat. This differs from
RVPr. xiio9.708 only in applying the term vakyapurana to particles
used in prose.
27NN 34, nipata ity eke. In the discussion, the Nirukta charac-
terizes this word tva as an unaccented pronoun (NN 33) and apparently
opposes its being taken as a nipata (NN 34, nipata ity eke. tat
katham anudattaprakrti nama syat. d4tavyayap tu bhavati.). The last
example of its use, however, is certainly a nipata meaning, but dem-
onstrated by an inflected example (NN 35, athapi samuccayarthe bhavati
'paryaya iva tvad asvinam,' asvinagr ca paryyays ceti.).
28Iva in the sense of eva. The Nirukta gives the examples (NN 35),
su vidur iva, su vijnayete iva.
29Nt. 13, note 5, Lakshman Sarup says, '... 22 ... are explained
by the Nirukta.'
30BhD ii.89-92. Sloka 93, iyanta iti saikhyanari nipatanal na
vidyate / vasat prakaraDasyaite nipatyate pade pade, is a paraphrase
of RVPr. xii.9.708 (see note 17).
B. Paiini
PaVini's grammar contains no statement of the fourfold classifi-

cation of words. That he knew the classification is indicated by the
mention of the classification in the Mahabhasya of Patanjali.1 Instead
of such a classification, we find all uninflected words included under
the term avyaya 'indeclinable ' and a number of new classifications of

indeclinables introduced.
The introduction of the term avyaya is a sharp departure from
earlier word-classification. It is not true that Paiini was necessar-
ily the first to use the term avyaya; we find it used in the APr. and
in the CatA,2 and it is therefore possible that it was in use before
Paini. But in his grammar for the first time all indeclinable words
of every type are included under a single grammatical term.
The various types of indeclinables are listed in Pan. I.1.37-41.4
They are:
1. The svaradi, i.e., svar etc., or words like svar.5
2. Words formed with the indeclinable secondary suffixes.
3. Words formed with primary suffixes ending in -m or a diphthong,
and with -tva, -tos, and -as.
4. The avyayibhavas or indeclinable compounds.
5. The nipatas.
The svaradi constitute the second of the lists mentioned by Pa-
nini, and form an akrtigaQa.
The indeclinable secondary affixes include, according to Patan-
jali:
1. The suffixes from tasil (Pan. V.3.7) to pasap (exclusive, Par.
V.3.47). This includes the suffixes tasil (-tas, as in kutas),
tral (-tra, as in tatra), ha (-ha, as in kuha), at (-a, as in kva),
da (as in sarvada), rhil (-rhi, as in tarhi), danim (as in idanim),
thal (-tha, as in sarvatha), thamu (-tham, as in katham), astati
(-astat, as in purastat), atasuc (-atas, as in daksinatas), ati
(-at, as in uttarat), enap (-ena, as in uttareia), ac (-a, as in
dakgina), ahi (as in daksiQahi), asi (-as, as in puras, adhas,
avas), dha (as in ekadha), dhyamun (-dhyam, as in ekadhyam), edhac
(-edha, as in dvedha).
2. From the suffix sas (Pan. V.4.42) to the samasantas (exclusive,
Pan. V.4.68). This includes the suffixes sas (as in bahusas),
tasi (-tas, as in arjunatas), cvi (as in sukli-kV),8 jac (-a, as
in pa~apa a-kr, dvitiya-kV), sati (-sat, as in agnisad-bhu), tra
(-tra, as in brahmaVatra-kr).9
3. The suffixes ending in -m, i.e., amu10 (-am, as in kimtaram),
and amu (-am, as in kimtaram).1
4. The suffixes having the same meaning as krtvas 'times repeated.'
These are krtvasuc (-krtvas, as in pancakrtvas (five times'), suc
(-s, as in dvis, tris, 'twice, thrice'), dha (as in bahudha 'many
times').13
5. The suffixes tasi (actually the same as tasil above, but refer-
ence is made here to tasi of Pan. IV.3.113) and vati (-vat 'like,'
as in brahmanavat).4
6. The suffix na (Pan. V.2.27, in vina and nana only).15
The kVt or primary suffixes ending in -m or diphthongs form the
various kinds of Vedic and classical infinitives. They are the suf-
fixes -tum (as in kartum), -am (as in vibhajam, svadurpkaram), -am
17
DYEN, THE SANSKRIT INDECLINABLES
(as in iksam cakre), -se (as in vakse), -ase (as in jivase), -adhyai
(as in pibadhyai), -tavai (as in patavai), -tave (as in sutave). The
suffix -tva is the suffix for the gerund (krtva) and includes its sub-
stitute -ya. An example of -tos is udetos, of -as is visVpas, both
being Vedic infinitives.
The term avyayibhava is best translated as 'compound adverb,' i.e.,
an adverb that is composed of more than one significant part. Whit-
neyts descriptionl6 is less correct than the following one of Speijer's:
'All compound adverbs, the former member of which is an indeclinable
word, are comprehended by the general appellation avyayibhava (Pan.
II.1.5-16). Moreover this category contains some few kinds of com-
pound adverbs, whose former member is a noun-case or an adjective;
they are summed up by PaVini (II.1.17-21).t17 Among the latter group
are the tigthadguprabhrtini 'tithadgu etc.,'18 an akrtigaVa.
The term nipata9 has a much wider use than in earlier systems.
It applies to the following four types of words:
1. The cadi, i.e., ca etc.20
2. The pradi, i.e., pra etc.21
3. Words which are gati. 22
4. Words which are karmapravacaniya.23
Of these four types, the akrtigaDa called cadi corresponds most
closely, in respect to the type of words included, to the nipatas of
the VPr. and the Nirukta. The pradi, forming a complete gana, are the
upasargas of the earlier writers; the term upasarga itself, however,
while still restricted to the pradi, can be applied to them only when
they are 'joined with a (verbal) action.'24 The term gati is applied
to all words and word-forms which are compounded with a verb and bring
about the use of -ya instead of -tva in the gerund.25 The following
words and word-groups are included under this term:
1. The pradi.
2. The uryadi 'uri etc,' an akrttigaVa. 27
3. The suffixes cvi and Iac.
4. Onomatopoetic words.2
5. The words sat, asat alam,29 antar,30 kae,31 manas, puras,
32 S
astam, adas, tiras.
6. accha with verbs of motion or vad.
7. Words optionally gati with the verb kr--tiras,34 upaje, anvaje,
the sakgatprabhrtini5 (i.e., saksat etc., forming an akltigaVa),
urasi, manasi, madhye, pade, nivacane.36 - 38
8. Words gati only with the verb kr--haste,7 37 paau,37 -u37
pradhvam,38
jivika, upanigad.39
The term karmapravacaniya is applied to such of the pradi as are
used independently as adverbs or governing prepositions. Those men-
tioned in the sutras as included here are: anu, upa, apa, pari, an
(i.e., a), prati, abhi, adhi, su, ati, api.
MBh. 1.3. Panini is generally believed to have lived about 350F.C

and Patanjali about 200 years later.
2APr. iii.1.2, 2.7; CatA 11.48.

3Cf. MBh. I.1.37 and Kas. 1.1.37, sadrsam trisu lingesu sarvasu
ca vibhaktisu / vacanesu ca sarvesu yan na vyeti tad avyayam.
4Pa. 1.1.37-41, svaradinipatam avyayam. taddhitas casarva-
vibhakti4i. kVnmejantah. ktvatosunkasunalt. avyayibhavas ca.
5Cf. Belv. 23. The svaradi are a list of words the first of which
is svar. Such lists are called gasas by the grammarians. These lists
were formed to secure brevity of statement; they contain words which
are subject to the same grammatical rules: in this instance, to the
term avyaya.
6GaVas are of two types: one is the complete gaia (e.g., the
pradi); the other, the akrtigana, merely cites examples.
7MBh. 1.95, tasiladayali prak pasapah. This implies the inclusion
of Pai. V.3.23, sadya.h parut parary aisamatL paredyavy adya purvedyur
anyedyur anyataredyur itaredyur aparedyur adharedyur ubhayedyur utta-
redyur. The K formulas omit these.
8Pa. 163 , cvi. taddhita v (das nach VI.1.67 abfallt). Bildet
Adverbien (Gati), 1.4.61. Diese verbinden sich mit k?, bhu und as,
V.4.50 fgg. ... Es wird ein besonderes Suffix fur Formen wie sukli
(-bhavati u. s. w.) u. s. w. angenommen, um aus einem Stamme ein wirk-
liches Wort zu bilden. ... Das i ist nicht Suffix, sondern eine Ver-
langerung des Auslautes.'
MBh. 1.95, sasprabhrtini samasantebhyai.
1Pan. V.4.12.
llPa. V.4.11ff.
1MBh. 1.95, mantat.
13Ibid., krtvo 'rtha}.
14Ibid., tasivati.
1Ibid,, nananau.
16WGr. 513, 'Those adverbially used accusatives of secondary adjec-
tive compounds which have an indeclinable or particle as prior member
are reckoned by the Hindu grammarians as a separate class of compounds,
and called by the name avyayibhava.' This definition fits that of the
Mg. grammar, which however uses the term va for this class of com-
pounds.
Speijer 147.
18Hereafter referred to by the shorter name tithadgvadi found in
most of the other grammars.
19pan. 1.4.56, prag risvaran nipatal 'from this point up to the
sutra adhirisvare (1.4.97) we deal with nipatas.' Faddegon sees both
a wide and a narrow sense in Pavini's use of the term nipata; cf.
Faddegon 15 f.
Pan. 1.4.57, cadayo 'sattve 'the words ca etc. are callednipata
when they do not signify substances.'
2Pa 1.4.58, pradayats 'the words pra etc. are called nipata when
not signifying substances.'
22Pa. 1.4.60, gatis ca.
23Pa. 1.4.83, karmapravacaniyai4.
2Pan. 1.4.59, upasargah kriyayoge.

25Pa. 1.4.80, te (i.e.,upasarga and gati) prag dhatot 'the par-
ticles called gati and upasarga are to be employed before the verbal
root (i.e., they are prefixes).'
26Pa. 1.4.59-79.
27Cf. WGr. 401-2.
28Pan. 1.4.62, 'A word imitative of sounds is called gati, when
not followed by the word iti,' i.e., when compounded directly with the
verb.
292Pai. 1.4.64, bhusaie 'lam 'Alam in the sense of ornament.' Alam
can be thought of in this sense only in the compound alamll 'to adorn.'
30Pa. 1.4.65, 'Antar in the sense of "non-inclusion."' Cf. Vasu
1.4.65.
31Pa. 1.4.66, in the sense of 'satiation.' The words kaiehatya
and manohatya are cited by the Kasika.
32Pan. .4.70, 'Adas, but not in the sense of "reference,"' i.e.,
not as a proroun, e.g., ada]k4tya 'having done so.'
33Pa. 1.4.71, in the sense of 'disappearance,' an approximation
of the meaning which it has in composition, i.e., not as a governing
preposition.
34Without difference of meaning.
35Hereafter referred to by the name sak?adadi found in other
grammars.
36The last five of this group must not be used in the sense of
'placing,' for then these words would be true locatives, i.e., 'on the
breast,' 'in the mind,' etc., and there would be no compound.
3Pa. 1.4.77, 'in the hand,' when used with kC in the meaning
'to marry.'
38Pa. 1.4.78, in the sense of 'binding.' The Kas. states,
'Pradhvam is an indeclinable ending in -m with the sense of "favor-
ableness." If the favorableness has as its purpose the attachment
(of another person to the speaker?) then pradhvam is always gati with
the verb k4.'
39 -
Pan. 1.4.79, in the sense of 'similarity.' The Kas. offers as
examples: jivikak4tya 'having made something as if it were a means of
living,' upanisatkrtya 'having made like an upanisad.'
40Pa. 1.4.84-98, II.3.10. The Hindu conception of the karmapra-
vacaniya is that of a compound of preposition and verb with the verb
omitted, cf. Faddegon 24 f. and MBh. 1.1.83.
C. After Panini
Even after Pavini we find the fourfold division of words men-

tioned. It is cited in the introduction to the Mahabhasya, and also
in the Arthasastra of Kautilya.2 Although Kautilya defines the upa-
sargas as 'the pradi specializing the root,' he defines the nipatas
as 'the indeclinable cadi. 3
The next grammar after Panini of which we have definite knowledge

is that called Katantra (or Kalapa or Kaumara).4 There are apparently
some traces of the fourfold classification associated with this gram-
mar. Like all other grammars except Panini's, the Katantra omits
Vedic forms.
Liebich states, 'Dass das Katantra in stofflicher Hinsicht wirk-
lich nichts weiter als ein verkurtzter Panini ist ... wird der Kenner
Panini's auf Schritt und Tritt bemerken.t This statement agress with
Bohtlingk's remark, 'Zu grunde liegen dem Katantra die Sutra Panini's,
die haufig genug Wort fur Wort hier aufgenomrnen werden. Die vedische
Sprache und die Accente werden nicht berucksichtigt. Auch die Termi-
rrologie stimmt zum grossen Teil mit der von Panini gebrauchtenuberein
oder basirt auf einem Sutra PaVini's.'7
The following terms for different classes of indeclinables occur
Ktt gra
:- 9 10
in the Katantra grammar: avyaya, nipata, upasarga, karmaprava-
caniya, and avyayibhava. The grammar does not clearly define the
relationship of these terms. We should assume, however, on the basis
of the statements of Liebich and Bohtlingk, that the mutual relations
of the terms were the same as that in Panini's grammar.1 The chief
absences are those of the term gati and of the gana words svaradi,
cadi, uryadi, saksadadi, and ti?thadgvadi. That both the svaradi and
the cadi are meant by the term avyaya is the belief of the earliest
commentator on the Katantra grammar, Durga. The absence of the
taddhita and kvt affixes here is due to the fact that the sections of
the grammar dealing with them are in all probability later interpo-
lations.15
16
In the Candra grammar the only terms used in relation to the
indeclinables are asamkhya instead of avyaya, and pradi instead of
upasarga as the only named subdivision of asarkhya.17 Lists of the
- T8 - 19 - - 20 and saksadadi- 1
pradi, tigthadgvadi, uryadi, are given in the
author's own commentary. There is no special term for indeclinable
compounds; consequently the ti$thadgvadi are mentioned simply as a
type of compound (ekartha). The uryadi and saksadadi are cited as
compounded with verbs; there is no reference to the cadi and the
svaradi. All the krt and taddhita affixes with the exception of Vedic
forms are mentioned but without indication that they are included unde
the term asamkhya.
The Jainendra22 grammar recognizes the term asamkhya, but invents
a briefer technical term for it, jhi.23 The testimony of the commen-
tator Abhayanandin indicates that the application of this term is al-
most the same as that of the PaVinic term avyaya. He mentions the
svaradi, the indeclinable primary and secondary affixes; he is some-
what doubtful whether the indeclinable compounds, for which the gram-
mar uses the term has, are actually included, though he is ready to
accept them.24 The technical term ni (= Pai. nipata) is also included
under the term jhi by the commentator. The term ni25 applies to the
gi (= Pan. upasarga?),26 and the ti (= Pan. gati).27 There is no
equivalent of the term karmapravacaniya.
The Abhinava-6akatayana28 grammar employs the term avyaya as the

equivalent of the Paninic avyaya, with minor differences. There is
clear agreement with regard to the svaradi and the indeclinable primary
and secondary affixes. There is a clear difference, for ~akatayana
has made the term avyayibhava (which he uses) independent of the term
avyaya.30 Furthermore he has included the term ti (= Pai. gati) di-
rectly under the term avyaya. Both the cadi and the pradi are includ-
ed in the list of the svaradi. The term upasarga is used by ?akata-
yana and is included in the term avyaya indirectly by being included
in the term ti. The term karmapravacaniya or its equivalent is not
employed.
6akatayana is the first to introduce into the text of a grammar
'words which have the appearance of possessing inflectional endings. 1
Heretofore they had been mentioned only in connection with cadi lists.
Among them are both nominal and verbal forms. The commentator gives
the following four examples: ratrau, velayam, asti, syat. We find
examples of the use of these words as indeclinables in the Ganaratna-
mahodadhi of Vardhamana, where they are listed among the cadi. No ex-
ample for the use of velayam is given, but one is given for the use of
matrayam, with which velayam is usually paired in the cadi list. The
meaning of matrayam is Liven as 'in a short time'33 and the example is
matrayam bhojakah 'eating in a short time,' a simple adverbial use.
Velayam has similar uses in literary texts with the meaning 'season-
ably.'
Ratrau receives the expected meaning 'in the night.'34 The ex-
ample ratraucarali has the meaning 'happened at night' or 'walking about
at night,' an example of a tatpurusa (dependent) compound with the
first member in the locative case. The examples of asti35 are asteya
'existing,' and astika 'believer in the existence of heaven,' forms
which are unusual only in being derived from the inflected form of a
-
verb. The use of syat 36 is exemplified by syadvadin 'one who asserts
(variant) possibility.' This compound is a tatpurusa compound in
which the first member is by origin a quotation, i.e., 'one who says
"it may be,"' and is functionally a substantive.
The best explanation for setting up the new category seems to be
that the grammarians, faced with the fact that some inflected forms by
their behavior did not fit into existing categories, merely made them
into a new one. Because words in this new category were not subject
to the addition of case or personal endings, the category was included
within the term avyaya.
The grammar of Hemacandra37 uses the term avyaya with the same
application as that of Sakatayana,38 differing only in making the cadi
expressly subordinate to the term avyaya.39 The indeclinable krt and
taddhita affixes,4 forms with inflectional endings,41 and words that
are gati (which automatically includes the upasargas)42 are all in-
cluded under the term cadi. The term avyayibhava is independent and
separately defined.43
With this grammar is closely connected the Gaiaratnamahodadhi of
Vardhamana, a collection of word-lists in verse. The GR differs from

Tiemacandra only in including the term avyayibhava under the term
cadi.44
The Mugdhabodha45 of Vopadeva uses the technical term vya in
place of avyaya.46 This is described as applying to the svaradi, the
ni (= Pan. nipata), and the tya (= Pai. pratyaya 'affix') which have
the indicative letter c attached. The latter group of affixes includes
the indeclinable krt and taddhita affixes.47 The term ni is applied
to the cadi and the term gi (= Pai. upasarga?).48 The term gi is not
an exact equivalent of the PaVinic upasarga, for it is explained sim-
ply by a listing of the pradi.49 The terms gati50 and karmapravaca-
niya or their equivalents are not found. The technical term va52 is
used instead of avyayibhava and this is independent.
The Supadma53 grammar differs from that of Panini in making the
avyayibhava independent and in not using the terms gati and karma-
pravacaniya or their equivalents.
The Sarasvata grammar likewise has these differences, but has
others in addition. The svaradi are placed among the cadi.55 Includ-
ed under the term cadi (or nipata?) are also:
1. The tatradi.56 This includes the pronominal forms with inde-
clinable suffixes.
2. The suffixes -ahi (as in dak?iVahi) and -a (as in dakgina).57
3. The 'suffixes' cit, cana, and ca (as in kascit, kvacana).58
4. The suffix -sat (as in agnisat)59 and the words uri and urari.60
5. The sadyadi.61 This includes the following words: sadya, adya,
sapadi, adhuna, samprati, sampratam, purvedyus, paredyus, asu,
sighram, jhatiti, turnam, aparedyus, yarhi, tarhi, josam, maunam,
anyedyus.
The pradi are apparently independent and along with the cadi are
avyaya.62 To these are added the suffixes ktvadi,63 i.e., -tva etc.
These are: ktva (-tva, as in krtva), cvi (= Pai. cvi), kyap (-ya, as in
pra.amya), turn (as in kartum), nam (-am, as in svadumkaram), iac (-a, as
in duhkha-kr), vatu (-vat, as in brahmaiavat), am (as in kutastaram), dha
(as in bahudha), sas (as in bahusas), and su (-s, as in dvis, tris).
1Bh. 1.3, catvari srngani catvari padajatani namakhyatopasarga-

nipatas ca. On the same page, ... catvari vakparimita padani catvari
padajatani namakhyatopasarganipatas ca.
2Arth6 ii.10.28, varnasamghatah padam. tac caturvidham namakhya-
topasarganipatas ceti.
Ibid., kriyavisegaka.h pradaya upasargah. avyayas cadayo nipataip.
First century A.D.; Belv. 83. But 'etwa 300 n. Chr.,' Winternitz
3.397, note 2.
5Liders 485, 'In So (= 59 Blatter aus Sorcuq, hrsg. von Sieg,
SBA 1908.184 ff. Kat. I.l.1-5, 18. Nipatapada. Mit einem Kommentar.
Der Schrift nach aus dem 7. Jahrhundert) werden ferner im Kommentar
zu 1.1.20 u-m das in Sutra genannte padam zu erklaren die vier Wort-
arten aufgefuhrt; in 7b 2 f. ist offenbar (namajam akhyatajam aupa)-
DYEN, THE SANSKRIT INDECLINABLES
sarggajarp nai(patajam) zu lesen.'

6Kt. 5.
7ZDMG 41.659.
8Kt. II.2.64, II.4.4.
9Kt. 1.3.1.
10Kt. IV.1.25 (according to Bohtlingk, loc. cit.; it is not found
in Liebich's edition of the Katantra grammar).
1lKt. II.4.23.
1Kt. II.4.1.
13The occurrence of avyayibhava in Kt. II.4.1, and of avyaya in
I1.4.4, in regard to the same rule would indicate that the term avya-
yibhava was independent of the term avyaya. Cf. also the quotation on
GR 28-9, Durgas tu ... avyayibhavasyavyayatvam nastiti.
14Cf. Durga's comment on Kt. 11.4.4. Durga lived in the eighth
century, Belv. 88.
15Cf. Belv. 84-5.
16Lower limit 650 A.D., upper limit 465 A.D.; Belv. 58.
17Cf. Can. 11.2.2 commentary and IV.4.74 commentary. The substi-
tution of asamklhya for avyaya may have originated from those Paiinic
sutras in which both indeclinables and numerals are referred to, e.g.,
Pan. V.4.86, cf. Can. IV.4.74. The term asaikhya is mentioned by
Lurga in his commentary on Kt. II.4.4.
1SCan. 1.1.109, IV.4.71; cf. respectively Pa,o III.1.100, V,4.85.
19Can. II.2.10, in connection with compounds (ekartha). No spe-
cial term is used for adverbial compounds. Similarly the uryadi and
saksadadi are treated as forms forming compounds with verbs.
20Can. II.2.25. See note 19.
21Can. I.2.36. See note 19.
22
22bout the same time as the Candra grammar, Belv. 64. Pathak,
IA 43.211, gives evidence for assigning the Jainendra grammar to the
latter part of the fifth century A.D.
23Jn. I.1.74, asamkhyan jhi.
24Jn. 1.1.74 commentary, svar antar ... ity evamprakara, nisam-
jnakas ca sarve ca-va-ha-aha-evamprabhrtayo hVtas (= taddhita) ca
tasadayas tata ityadayo vyarthatL krtas ca mum-am-num-adayah ktvapyade-
sas ceti. hasas (= avyayibhava) cetikecitpathanti. tat tu cintyam.
25Jn. I.2.126-30, ni.h. cadayo 'sattve. pradit. git. tih.
There may not be exact equivalence because of the absence of the
terlm karmapravacaniya in Jn.
2See note 25.
28Ninth century; Belv. 68.
9 Sak. I.1.36,
tas-van-nam-adhan-tasy-am-ktva-am-tum-ti-sun[abha]
ptasvabha-svaradiny avyayam. Adha4 tasi is the same as Hem. 1.1.32,
adhan tasvadyah. The Hem. commentary on the latter passage is 'those
affixes beginning with tasu (= ?ak. tasi) down to sas except dhaQ
(-dha, as in ekadha) are avyaya. This would then be equivalent to
MTh. tasiladaya.h prak pasapah. Ptasvabha includes all those forms
which are included between the sutra advyadivaipulyatsarvadikimbahoh
ptas (Sak. III.4.14) and the sutra katham itthamuh (Sak. III.4.26),
24 LANGUAGE
DISSERTATIONNO. 31, 1939
to which the commentator adds, 'The letter u is to show what ptasu

includes,' i.e., u is added to ittham to show that ptasu applies no
further.
30Cf. 6ak. 1.2.144 with 1.2.143. For the argument on which this
separation is based, cf. GR 28.
31 aa ~k6ak. I.1.62.
,.2
I.e., sun ... abha. Sun = padam;
E.g., in the Kasika and in Abhayanandin's Mahavitti.
33 GR
14, matrayam ity alpaparimapie.
. nratrayam bhojakah.
34 GR
16, ratrau iti nisayam ity asyarthe. ratrau vVttaip tu
drak?yasi. ratraucara]a.
35GR 30, asti. ity asVgdhanasattssu. asteyarp carrnabhajanam.
asti paraloke matir asyety astikali.
36GR 29-30, syad ity anekante. syadvadino jainah. syan na tat
syad api syad iti pakgantarasambhavanadav api.
37Beginning of the twelfth century; Belv. 73.
38Hem. I.1.30, svaradayo 'vyayam. By the principle of anuvVtti,
the term avyaya applies also to sutras 31-6; notes 39-42.
39Hem. 1.1.31, cadayo 'sattve. By anuvVtti, the term cadi applies
also to sutras 32-6; notes 40-2.
40
Hem, I.1.32-5, adhaiitasvady sasa1i. ...thamantatasadyabhaFL.
vattas yam. ktvatumam.
41 vibhakti...
Hem. 1.1.33, abha.
42Hem. 1.1.36, gati]i.
43Hem. 111.1.26.
44GR 26.
45Thirteenth century, Belv. 105.
46Mg. 111.17, svaradinicittyaip vyarn.
47Apparently to be omitted here,because they have no c,are: da (as
in tada), rhi (as in tarhi), and tas (as in kViiatas, amutas, cited in
Mug. VII.97). Their omilission would be surprising in view of the posi-
tion taken by PaRi;ini.
4M1g. 1.14, cadir gir nih.
49
Mg. 1.8, praparapasalpnyavanunirdurvyadhisutparipratyabhyatya-
pyupan gi]i.
50Ng. VIII.21, vyasya gyanukara4accvikaie 'larpsadmano'do 'ntatlpuro-
'staiptira]ikarikoryader dhau sah~ 'A root is compounded with the inde-
clinables: the gi (= PaiV. pradi), onomatopoetic words, words ending
in the suffixes cac and cvi, the words kapie, alam, sad, nanas, adas,
antar, puras, astam, karikg., the uryadi.' The inclusion of karika
here (not found in Pagi.) explains its presence in the Sup. uryadi.
51Cf. Mg. V.7.
52Mg. 255, under va, t...(Abkurzung von avyayIbh9va).' By limit-
ing the va compound to only those beginning with an indeclinable (Mg.
VI.2 commentary: vyapurvadanarp vasaipjnal] syit), the Mg. eliminates
possibly PaV. 1.1.17, and certainly 11.1.21, which deal with words
other than indeclinables employed in the formation of avyaylbhava com-
pounds.
531375 A.D.; Belv. 111. Sp. I.1.25-7, svaradi-cadi-vadaditaddhita-
ktvamantak:d avyayam. nipatas cacaayo 'sattve. pradyupasargab1 prag

dhatoli.
54Approximately at the date of the beginning of Mohammedan rule
in India; Belv. 96.
55 See Sar. cadi list.
56 Sr.
1.349, tatradir vibhaktyarthe nipatyate.
57
Sr. 1.350, ahic ca duare ... cakarad ac, dakqiia.
58Sr. 1.351, kimaIL samanye cidadiL. sarvavibhaktyantat kixpsabdat
samanye !rthe cit cana ca ity ete pratyaya bhavanti. kascit kascana
kvacit kvacana.
59 Sr. va sat.
1.352, tadadhlnakartsnyayor
60 Sr.
1.353, ury urary angikaraiie.
61Sr. 1.354, sadyadili kale nipatyate. sadya adya sapadi adhuna
idanim samprati sampratam purvedyuT paredyu4 asu sighram jhatiti turpam
aparedyu1ik yarhi tarhi jogam maunam anyedyu7.
62
Cf. Sr. 1.357, ... tad idai, pradicadisabdarupam avyayasapjiiap
bhavati.
63Sr. 1.358, ktvadyantaip ca. ktvadyantaxp sabdaruipam avyayasaapjnaip
bhavati. ktva cvi kyap tumn am 4ac vatu am dha kqtvas sas su ityadi.
k'tva gatva bhutva ityadi. praramya kartum gatuip dukikhakaroti ghata-
vat kutastaram.
26
III. THE SOURCES OF THE LISTS OF INDECLINABLES
We have quite early lists of the pradi. Two are given in the
Rg-Veda Pratisakhya (RVPr. a, b), one in the Vajasaneyi Pratisakhya
(VPr.), and one in the Nirukta (Nir.). One-half of the list is given
in the Taittiriya Pratisakhya (TPr.). The list in the commentary to
the Saunakiya Caturadhyayika (CatAc.) is probably much later than any
of the preceding. The Katantra list (Kat.) is definitely later, as
are all the others.
Lists of nipatas are found in the Vajasaneyi Pratisakhya, the
Nirukta, and the Brhaddevata. These are dealt with in the historical
discussion. A list of gati words compiled by the commentator on the
Caturadhyayika is mentioned in a footnote to the lists of the uryadi.
Among those works citing lists under the titles uryadi, tisthad-
gvadi, etc., the earliest is the Candra-vvtti. This contains lists
(C) of the pradi, uryadi, saksadadi, and tithadgvadi. There are no
lists of the cadi and svaradi.
The Kasika lists (K) are next chronologically.o All six lists
are found in this work, a commentary on the A$tadhyayi.
The six lists entitled J are found in the Mahavytti to the Jai-
nendra grammar written by Abhayanandin (c. 750 A.D.). I have assumed
that these lists are parts of the ganapatha of the Jainendra grammar.
Of Hemacandra's grammar I have only the pradi, the svaradi, and
the cadi (marked H). The close relation of H to the lists in the Gana-
ratnamahodadhi (GR) is clearly demonstrated in the svaradi and cadi
lists. The close relation between the Brhadvvtti of Hemacandra and GR
has been noticed by Eggeling. I am confident that this relation ob-
tained in the uryadi, saksadadi, and tisthadgvadi lists. I have there-
fore cited the words of the GR list in the order which I believe is
found in the Brhadvytti.
The lists of the Sakatayana grarmmar (S) are found in that gram-
mar's ganapatha which contains separate lists for the uryadi, the sak-
sadadi, and the tithadgvadi, but has a single list containing the
svaradi, the cadi, and the pradi in the order given. For the sake of
convenience I have included the various parts of the combined list in
the appropriate table.
Only the pradi list (Mug.) is found in the Mugdhabodha of Vopadeva
The Supadma grammar (Sup.) contains all the lists; but with the
exception of the pradi, they are abbreviated.
The Sarasvata grammar (Sar.) has no lists of the sakaadadi, urya-
di, and tithadgvadi. The pradi are listed; the cadi contain words
included in the svaradi list of other grammars. I have cited two lists
of the cadi, the second (SC) taken from the commentator Ramacandrasrama.
The Prakriyakaumudi of Ramacandra3 and the Siddhantakaumudi of
Bhatoji Dikgita4 contain lists (PK and SK respectively) of only the
pradi, the svaradi, and the cadi. The PK pradi list is the same as
that of K and is therefore omitted. The SK and SK (see below) pradi

lists are the same as that found under P.
Six lists are found in the Sabdakaustubha of Bhattoji Diksita
(6K). The Prauchamanorama, also written by Bhatoji Diksita, contains
at least the cadi and the svaradi lists; its svaradi list follows the
iK svaradi list, but contains a number of additions at the end of the
cadi, though agreeing with 6K (and SK) in the body of this list. These
additional words are listed at the end of SK cadi. They are derived
from PM1, PM2, and PM3.5
The Paniniya lists (P) are taken from the PaQiniya Ganapa-ha (PG)
included at the end of Navare's edition of the Siddhantakaumudi. These
lists were probably extracted from the Kasika at some period. While
they are probably older than Bhattoji Dikgita, they show many evidences
of having passed through the hands of one of Bhatoji Diksita's fol-
lowers.
1Assigned to Jayaditya and Vamana and probably written between

600 and 700 A.D., Belv. 35 f.
2GR vol. 2, p. iii.
3First half of fifteenth century, Belv. 45.
4About 1630 A.D., Belv. 47.
5PM, hitherto unidentified, contains the svaradi and cadi lists
of the Praudhamanorama.
28
IV. TO THE STUDYOF THE LISTS

INTRODUCTION
Liebich makes a statement about the Candra ganapatha which applies

to all lists: 'Im ganzen lasst sich sagen dass durch den Candra-gava-
patha eine grosse Anzahl GaVa-Worte als durch handschriftliche Varian-
ten entstanden erwiesen werden. Spatere Gelehrte, die nicht wussten,
welche Variante den Vorzug verdiene, nahmen gewohnlich beide Formen
nebeneinander auf, und so ging zwar nichts verloren, aber es sammelte
sich allmahlich um die echten Formen ein standig wachsender Ballast
von Dubletten an, ein Vorgang der sich durch die verschiedenen Systeme,
oft sehr deutlich und in allen Phasen, sehen lasst.'l
The sources of these doublets are chiefly graphic errors, but
partly also the result of homoeoteleuton, that is, a word may appear
with the ending either of the preceding or of the following word, be-
cause the copyist, in glancing quickly from the original to the copy-
sheet, unconsciously combined the beginning of one word with the end-
ing of another.
We must keep in mind, however, that each successive grammarian
may have erred through one or more corruptive processes. He is quite
likely to try to correct the lists and thus eliminate supposedly false
forms. While doing so he may rationalize an obviously incorrect form
into a form which was not originally in the list or was not in that
position. On the other hand, he may add forms suggested by one that
he sees in the list, but not originally included. An example of this
is K yavat tavat of the cadi list.
Further, very few manuscripts can be dated earlier than the
eleventh century. This means that all lists earlier than this period
come to us through copyists. We are usually unable to ascertain even
the date of the copyist, because in Indian editions adequate informa-
tion is rarely given about the origin of the manuscripts used.
Oir only method for arriving at the content of the original lists
is to compare the lists of various schools. The results should not
only establish, or nearly establish, these original lists, but also
clarify the historical development of Sanskrit grammatical study by
Hindus.
It is immediately evident even to the cursory examiner that the
C, J (exclusive of the svaradi), K, and S lists are in some way con-
nected. We may posit that the lists were traditional and therefore
accessible to all writers of granmmars. Since these lists belong to
works which were written within a period of about 400 years (450-850),
it would perhaps not be venturing too far to say that these lists can
be treated as varying copies. However, there is this drawback: we
have no critical edition of the J, K, and S lists. I have therefore
attempted a reconstruction only in regard to the cadi list, for the
forms in the various cadi lists are so varied that even an arbitrary
list subject to much future correction can be of some value.
To indicate the status of the words in the C, J, K, and & lists,

I have prefixed lowered numerals to the items, except when the item
is clear, correct, and approximately in the same position which it
probably occupied in the original list. Since the J svaradi list dif-
fers from that of K and S, I have marked this J list by comparison
with H and GR, and the K and S list by comparison with each other and
with other lists. The pradi lists are not marked in this way because
of their clarity.
The lowered numerals are thus employed:
1 the item is correct and original, but not in its original
position.
2 the item is correct, but not original.
3 the item is a form originating from an undeterminable item.
4 the item is undeterminable in regard to its being original or
correct.
5 the item occurs in other lists and is apparently original, but
the basis of its citation is unclear.
6 the item is an incorrect variant of an original item.
7 the item is an incorrect variant of an original item, but the
latter is also in the list.
8 the item is incorrect, but of an undeterminable source.
9 the item may be an insertion or an interpretation by the list's
author.
Can. p. xi.
30
V. THE PRADI LISTS
The pradi form a complete gaQa. Nearly all grammnatical writers

refer to these as being twenty in number. The only exceptions are the
69aka-tayana referred to in the BVhaddevata and the writer of the S-ara-
svata grammar, both of whom add avis srat antar to the list.
The presence of nir and dur beside nis and dus in the PaViniya
list can therefore be explained only on the basis of an interpolation.
The addition was apparentl-y made by Bhattoji Dlk~ita in the 6abda-
Table 1. Lists of the Pradi
RVPr. VPrA TPr. 4 Nir. 5 CatA6 Kat.7

a1 b2
1 pra abhi para a a pra pra
2 abhi ut upa pra pra para para
3 a para apa ava para ni
4 para nir ava upa abhi sam, nir
5 nir vi prati abhi prati a ud
6 dur upa pani adhi ati dur du~L
7 anu Sam anu prati Su nir Sam
S vi prati api p an nir ava vy
9 upa pra ati vi dur adhi ava
10 apa ni adhi ni ni pani anu
11 Sam adhi anE ava vi pani
12 pani ati pra ud ati abhi
13 prati apa sam sam abhi adhi~L
14 ni a nir vi ap i prati
15 ati du)~ dur apa Su Su
16 ad-hi Su un anu ud a?
17 su ap i ni api apa
18 ut pani vi upa upa
19 ava ava Su pani anu
20 ap i anu abhi adhi prati
1RVPr. xii.6.702. 2RVPr. xiv.11.844.

3VPr. vi.24. 4TPr. i.15.
5NN 29 f. 6CatA 592.
7Luiders 483.
kaustubha,2 although earlier writers had pointed out that nis and dus
had forms ending in r as well as in e.
The- 0, J, K, and S lists are almost identical in the order of
their items. This agreement naturally suggests a commoniultimate
source. The J -presentation is in two lines of vegavati verse.3 The
general dependency of the Kasika on the Candra grammnarwould support
the belief that K is derived from C with an arbitrary shift in the
position of ni. The Katantra list is ani arrangement in s'lokas, but
the order of its items does not appear to be connected with that of
the 0,9 J, K, and 6 lists.
Of the lists we have only two that are based on any observable
Table 1. Lists of the Pradi (cont.)
08J9 Kio?'1 P12 Sir. 13 H14 M~ug.15 Sup. 16
1 pra pra pra pra pra pra pra

2 parai para para Pearsa pars pars pars
3 spa apa spa apa spa spa spa
4 Sam Sam Sam Sam Sam sam sam
5 anu anu anuL anu ava ni anu
6 ava ava ava ava anuL ava ava
7 nir nis nis nir nis anu nilr
8 dur dus nir nils due nir dur
9 vi vi dus dur vi dur abhi
10 anF anF dur due anT vi vi
11 adhi ni vi vi ni adhi adhi
12 api adhi anF anT prati eu Su
13 ni api ni ni par i ud ud
14 ati ati adhi adhi upa pani at'i
15 Su Su api ap i adhli prati -ii
16 ud ud ati ati api abhi prati
17 abhi abhi Su Su ati pani
18 pnrati prati ud ud ud ap i ap i
19 pan pani abhi abhi ati ups ups
20 upa upa prati prati abh.i an~
21 pani pani
22 ups ups
23 srst
24 antar
25 avis
8Can. I.1'.109 commentary. Km.- I.2.128 commentary.

l1is-I.4. 58.
116G I.1.36.
12PG 465.
14HemB I.1.31 commentary. 15 Mg. 1.8.
16Sp. I.1.27 commentary.
32 DISSERTATIONNO. 31,
LANGUAGE 1939
principle. The VPr. list is based on accent and the number of sylla-
bles, the Nirukta list on synonyms and antonyms.
The history of the list seems to be that the twenty words, which
could originally be arranged in any order, were established by gram-
marians as beginning with pra. Para had been associated with pra by
the Nirukta. This may explain why all pradi lists after Panini begin
with pra para. The order of C and J cannot from our present knowledge
be associated with the order known to Panini. The order of the K list
is, however, derived from the C list, and became the established order
for the later Pa$inic grammarians. This order is also to be found in
some of the non-PaVinic grammars, e.g., 6akatayana and Sarasvata. The
H list may be based on the same order somewhat rearranged to form 1 1/2
slokas.
Perfect rigidity in the order of the items does not exist among
all grammarians, as is shown by the Mug. and Sup. lists. The Mug. list
may have some connection with the Kat. list, for the latter must end
with apa, ati, api, upa, an, which with the exception of apa are words
to be found at the end of the Mug. list. The Sup. list may be a ver-
sion of the Mug. list, since the former is arranged in the form of two
lines of totaka verse, and the order of its items agrees in general
with that of the Mug. list.
1BVhD 11.95.
2 abK 1.4.58 commentary, ... tatra nis dus imau santau ... re-
phantav apiti tatraiva sutre Haradattai.
Jn. 1.2.28 commentary, pra parapa sam a<nv ava> nir dur vy an ny
adhayo 'py ati sud abhayas ca. pratina saha laksitavyah pary upayor
api laksaVam atra.
4Sp. 1.1.27 commentary, pra parapa sam anv ava nir dur abhi vy
adhi sud ati ni prati pary apayat. upa an iti vimsatir esa sakhe upa-
sargavidhi4 kavina.
33
VI. THE URYADI LISTS
The words in the uryadi list are gati, that is, combinable with
verbs. However, not all the words in the lists are to be found soused
in literature. Consequently the status of many words cannot be deter-
mined.
The J, C, and K lists are sufficiently close to indicate that we
are dealing with the same list. With the additional comparative mate-
rial afforded by the GR list we are able to approximate the state of
the list during the period of J, C, and K. ? is only a rearrangement.
The following words are found in literary use: uri, urari, uri,
papi, sajus, phali, bhasmasa, masmasa, srausat, vausat, va?at, svaha,
svadha, pradus, srat, avis.
Some of the remaining words can be identified on the basis of the
meanings given by Abhayanandin, the commentator on the Jainendra gram-
mar. Tali 'color' may be connected with tala 'green, yellow. Atali
'color'l might then mean 'greenish, yellowish.' Vetali 'deformity'2
may be a derivative from vetala 'demon.' ?akala 'injury'3 is to be
connected with sakali-kr 'break into pieces.' Gulugudha 'pain'4 is
probably onomatopoetic and possibly to be connected with another word
of the same type gu4ugu4ayana 'vom rochelnden Ton des Atems (bei Ver-
schleimung der Luftwege).
The first parts of dhva.msakala and bhrapsakala, both 'injury,'
seem to be dhvapsa 'falling down, perishing' and bhramsa 'falling off,
decay.' The second part is perhaps to be connected with the root kal
'to make' (cf. kalana 'causing, effecting').
Vikli and akli 'injury' are probably the same except for the dif-
ference in prepositions. Neither is found in literature, but perhaps
they are to be connected with vikali-kr 'mutilate.' Aloti 'injury'
may be connected with loQa 'clod.'
Vardali 'injury'6 is perhaps connected with vardala 'bad weather.'
The second a may come from being copied after words having penultimate
a. Phalu may similarly show the effect of following a word having u
in the final syllable. It is probably a variant of phali, influenced
by sajus.
I have found no explanation for alambi, kevali, kevasi, sevall,
and the forms like them.7 For all these words, Abhayanandin the gives
meaning 'injury.'
It is quite clear from the above discussion that the GR list dif-
fers from a theoretical J-C-K list only in the addition of a number of
variant readings. The ?K list is probably a copy of a K list of Bhat-
toji Diksita's period, but is somehow connected with P. The relation-
ship is indicated by the occurrence of phala phali in both lists. Fur-
thermore, P bandha and pampi in the same position as K bandha and SK
pampi indicate a series of developments which bring SK and P even clos-
er. Bandha first appeared in Kasika texts as a variant of svadha.
34 34 DISSERTATIONNO. 31,o 1939
l~~~ANGUAGE
Table 2. Lists of the fryadi1
j,3 K4
1 ur uri uri u~r

2 urarl urarl urarl urarl
3 urasl 6panpi 6pa1ppi
4 papi 6caiitall
stalli atall
6arptali
6 atail 3vetali 3vetali .dhuasI
7 3vitali 3dhus i 3dhusi sakala
3,-
3 d.huli 3sakala -sakala 3saipsakala-
3- -
9 3dhu? i 3saWmakala 3sarpsakala 3dhvarpsakala
10 3salaka 3dhvairsakala 3dhvaipsakala 3bhraipsakala
11 -sampkala bhrarpsakala ,bhrams"akali
12 3, 10
3dhvalDsakala 3gulagudhaL ,3gulugudha
-
13 3bbraxpsakala 6sana1~L saELju~L 3sevali

14 3guluguha 7phalu 7phalu 3parpali
15 sajus phali phal'l masmasa
16 7phsalus vikll vikli masamasaL
3.. -
17 phali akli akli 6masasasna
3- 3..
18 viklcl alambi 3al~ gudha
3.. - 3- ,gL4U
19 akli 3al~ karali sajus
3 3 -
20 alarnbi 3kevasi 3kevali 7phalu
3 -
21 kevali ,ZkevalT ..sevali phali
3 -
22 sevali 3var~ali 3var?a1i akki
23 3vardali 6bhas sasa masmasaL vikki
24 masamasa 3, -
masmasa masamasa srau~at
25 3samasama sraupat va?at viu?av
26 samsama vau~at vau?av va~at
23, -
27 srauqat vaqat srau;at svaha
28 vau.7at svaha svaha svadha
29 va?at svadha svadha srat
30 svaha pradus 2bandha pradus
31 svadha srat pradus avis
32 pradus avis srat
33 srat avis
34 avis
1In connection with the uryadi list there must certainly be men-
tioned the list of words found in the commentary to the Atharvaveda
Pratis'akhya (APr. 592). The passage in which they occur, as corrected
by Whitney, is: acha- 'ram-astam-hasta-.l-a-ula..tirah-pura~Lpunar-nama~L
k?t-aipaihnsu-aa-iau-l-aaa-v-isahisrt
svaralale'ty upasargav:rttini yathastatasvarani. As words which are
used like upasargas, these words are gati. There is little to add to
Whitneyts discussion except to point out that svaralale tti may be
broken up into svar alala iti. Alala forms compounds with verbs. It
DYEN, THE SANSKRITINDECLINABLES 35
Table 2. Lists of the Uryadi (cont.)
GR6 WK7 p8 9
Sup.
1 uri uri uri uri

2 urari uri urari urari
3 urur urar i tanthi gulu gudha
6 _
4 pampi vetali tali phula phuli
5 pampali dhus i atali mamamasa
6 tali sakala vetali srausat
7 atali sraysakala 3dhuli vauat;
8 vitali dhvampsakala dhusi svaha
3
9 vetali bhraisakala sakala svadha
3,
10 dhuli gulugtudha 3sapsakala pradus
11 dhusi sajus 3dhvaipsakala avis
12 sakala phalaphali 3bhrarsakala srat
o -
13 sankala vikli 3gulugudha sajus
14 saipsakala akli sajus karika
15 dhvaipsakala aloothi 7phala
16 bhraisakala kevali phali
17 gulugudha sevali 3vikli
18 gulugula sevali akli
19 sajus var?ali 3alothi
20 pbalu masa masa kevali
3 -
21 pasu masmasa kevasi
3 _
22 phali va?at 3sevasi
23 pali vau?at 3_paryali
, - -
24 vikli svaha 3sevali
25 akli svadha varlali
26 alotohi pampi atywnasa
27 alambi pradus 7vasmasa
28 kevali srat masmasa
29 kevasi avis masamasa
30 sevali 1I srausat
31 vardali pampali vauuat
32 masmasa sankala vasat
33 masamasa kevasi svaha
34 sraugat vardali svadha
35 vauat yardali 6pampi
36 vagat alambi pradus
37 svaha srat
38 svadha avis
39 pradus
40 srut is possible that the writer had the word svarga in
41 avis min d, analyzing it as svar with the root ram.
2Can. II.2.25 commentary. 3Jn. 1.2.131 commentary.
4Kas. 1.4.61 commentary. SG 1.1.26. 6GR 136 ff.
Notes 7-11 on page 36.
Papi had become tanthi. Bandha then was replaced by pampi in some
texts. The form tanthi (and tasthi in MW) is spurious.
1Tall atali varie.

2Vetali vairupye.
3Sakala ... ete hirsayam.
4Gulugudhasabdau (sic) piayam.
5Cf. PW under lotaka = lota, 'tenajnau lotakai kqtaL so v. a.
zusammengehauen, Raja-Tarangini VIII.3013.'
C vardali corresponds to J vargali in position. For the latter
we have ... ete himsayam.
7Alambi alo?ti kevasi kevali ... ete hiisayam.
Notes 7-11 to The Lists of the Uryadi, pages 34-5
76abK 1.4.61 commentary. 8PG 465.

9Sp. IV.3.42. 10The text reads alaighi (mvi).
lAt this point the author remarks that the following words are to
be found in the Gaiaratnamahodadhi (ganaratne tv anye 'pi samghhitah.
tathahi). The procedure that Bhatoji Dikgita adopted in extracting
these words is similar to that which I explain in connection with the
?K cadi list (see Chapter XI).
3'7
VII. THE SAK?ADADILISTS
The words of this gana are optionally compounded (i.e., gati)

with the verb k4. The following words are found used in this way in
literature: saksat, mithya, bhadra, ama, udakam, vase, namas, pradus,
avis.
The Ganaratnamahodadhi cites versesl to exemplify the use of a
number of words as members of the saksadadi, but these verses are the
only literary support which I know for such use of those words. The
words are: usiam, astha, arthe, agnau, ardram, vihasane, sitam, sag-
sarya, addha. The occurrence of addha makes it certain that K sraddha
is an incorrect variant. The word lavaVam found in these verses is
mentioned in the MBh.2
The commentator of the GR list gives some aid toward understand-
ing the series prajarya ... bijaruha. He assigns the meaning 'sowing'
to bijaruha. This word, then, is to be connected with bijaruha 'grow-
ing from seed, grain, corn.' Bijarya is glossed with the meaning
'growing old'; the word prajarya is said to have the same meaning,3
being connected with the word jara 'old.' Prajarya can be a -ya deriv-
ative from jara with a prefixed pra showing initial vVddhi-strengthen-
ing. This is impossible for understanding a form bijarya. The C list
may therefore be correct in not having it. S prajura (quoted by GR as
praJura4) is perhaps connected with the Vedic ajurya 'not aging.'
The words cinta, locana, and rocana do not occur in literary use
with kr. K vibhasa and sampatka are late insertions since we find no
reflection of them in ?K. Sampatka is easily explained as a variant
of samsarya. C arya astha seems to be the equivalent of K astha ama,
but C's omission of a third form corresponding to K sraddha is puzzlin&
Namas is the only word after ardram in C. Since all the other
lists agree in opposition to C, an omission must be assumed in C. From
the presence of only two tetrasyllabic words ending in -e in the Jlist
we must assume later additions, probably resulting from graphic vari-
ants.
1GR 140 f. These are only memorial verses of some grammarian in

which the words of the list are put together in connection with the
verb k4.
2MBh. 1.4.74, vartika.
GR 140, bijarya, iti jaranakriyarthai. bijaryakrtya dhanasya
gatai. GR 141, prajarya, iti bijaryavat. prajura, ity api Sakataya-
na. 4
See end of preceding note.
LANGUAGE 1939
Table 3. Lists of the Saksadadi
C1 J2 K3
1 saksat sakgat saksat sakgat

2 mithya mithya mithya mithya
3 5cinta 5cinta 5cinta 6citta
4 bhadra bhadra bhadra bhadra
5 31ocana 3rocana 3locana 3rocana
6 6arya 3locana 2vibhasa ama
7 6astha ama sampatka astha
8 5prajarya astha astha 6prajarqa
9 5prajaruha addha ama ?prajura
10 5bijaruha 6asra 6sraddha 6jijura
11 5samsarya 5prajarya 5prajarya 6jijaruha
12 arthe 5prajaruha 5prajaruha 6samsarpa
13 lavaiam 5vijarya 5vijarya arthe
14 usnam 5vijaruha 5vijaruha agnau
15 sitam sarsarya sapsarya vase
16 udakam arthe arthe 6ekapane
17 ardram lavagam lavanam prahasane
18 namas usiam us.am visahane
19 sitam sitam lavanlam
20 udakam udakam u$sam
21 6aim
ardram sitam
22 agnau agnau udakam
23 6vase vase 6ardrakam
24 vikampane vikampane namas
25 vihasane vihasane pradus
26 namas 2prahasane avis
27 pradus 2pratapane
28 avis pradus
29 namas
30 avis
Can. II.2.36 commentary.

Jn. I.2.42 commentary.
3Kas. 1.4.74.
4G I.1.35.
Table 3. Lists of the Sak~adadi (cont.)
GR5 K6 P7 Sup.8
1 sak#at sak?at sakQat sak@at

2 mithyi mithya mithya mithya
3 cinta cinta 5cinta cinta
4 bhadra bhadra bhadra bhadra
5 rocana rocana 3rocana locana
6 ama ama astha ama
7 saha astha ama asysa
8 asthi Braddha addha nabham
9 addha prajarya prajarya lavaDam
10 prajarya vijarya 7Prajaruha ug4am
11 prajaruha prajaruhi 7biJarya udakam
12 bijarya vijaruha bijaruha ardram
13 bijaruha lavaDam saxisarya agnau
14 arthe ug4am arthe vase
15 lavaiam ~Itam lavaQam vikampane
16 usDam udakam u?4am visahane
17 sitam ardram itam
18 udakam agnau udakam
19 ardram vase a rdram
20 agnau vikampane agnau
21 vase vikasane vase
22 vikampane prahasane 3vikasane
23 vihasane sanitapane vihasane
24 visahane pradus 3Pratapane
25 prasahane namas pradus
26 pratapane avis namas
27 pradus
28 namas
29 avis
30
5GR 139 ff.

6~abK 1.4.74 commentary.
7PG 465.
8Sp. IV.3.42.
40
VIII. THE TISTHADGVADI LISTS
The words of this gaVa are avyayibhava. All are adverbial accu-
satives of compound adjectives except samprati and asamprati, which
are apparently formed from compounding two prepositions.
The identity of the C, J, and K lists is clear. S, otherwise in
Table 4. Lists of the Ti?thadgvadi
l1 K3
1 tiithadgu ti thadgu-, tis$hadgu ti?thadgu

2 vahadgu vahadgu vahadgu vahadgu
3 ayatigavam ayatigavam ayatigavam ayatigavam
4 khaleyavam khalebusam khalebusam khaleyavam
5 lunayavam lun .yavam khaleyavam kharebusam
6 luyamanayavam luyamanayavam lunayavam lunayavam
7 putayavam putayavam luyamanayavam luyamanayavam
8 puyamanayavam puyamanayavam putayavam putayavam
9 samhWtayavam samh tayavam puyamanayavam putamanayavam
10 saThriyamanayavam saiphr iyamanayavam i sahrDftayavam sa4hdtabusam
11 sathVtabusam saph tabusam saiZhr iyamanayavar n samabhumi
12 saThriyamanabusam sarhr iyamanabusan isamhdtabusam samaibhumi
13 samambhumi samabhumi saThr iyamanabusar n samapadati
14 samampadati samapadati samabhumi samamppadati
15 su$amam susamam samapadati 6samayaksam
16 vigamam visamam susamam s amana t irtham
17 ni$$amam nil)gamam visamam samanamt iram
18 dus amam duhisamam ni]gamam adhonabham
19 aparasamam avarasamam du$amam susamam
20 ayatisamam 7ayatisama aparasamam visamam
21 prahnbam ayatisamam ayatisamam nig amam
22 praratham papasamam prah~am du??amam
23 pramygam puiyasamam praratham aparasamam
24 pradaksinam prahnam pramrgam ayatisamam
25 samprati praratham pradak?inam puniyasamam
26 asamprati pram gam 3aparadak? iiam papasamam
27 papasaama pradakiniam samprati gekantam
28 puiyasamam apadak iVam asamprati prahsam
29 ic samprati papasamam sa.mprati
30 asamprati puiyasaama asamprati
31 ic ic ic
1Can. II.2.10 commentary. 2Jn. 1.3.14 commentary.

3Kas. II.1.17 commentary. 4G II.1.15.
DYEN., THE SANSKRIT IN'DECLINABLES 4
41
agreement, omits praratham, pramVgam, pradak?i~iam, and a form, also

omitted in C., corresponding to J apadak?iVam and K aparadak~ir1am, and
adds samayak~am (read samapak?am), sama-nat'irtham, samainarptilram., adho-
nabham, ekantam. GR contains both the new words of r'and the words
of the other: lists, and adds the word prantam.
The tecbn-ical term ic occurring in the lists refers to the adver-
bial use of reduplicated bahuvrihi compounds such as dai,4adaV4i and
kesakesi.
Table 4. Lists of the Ti~thadgvidi (cont.)
GR5 p7 GR (cont.)
1 ti?thadgu -~ti ? hadgu tis'hadgu 33 praratham

2 vahadgu vahadgu vahadgu 34 pramrgam
3 ayatigavam syatilgavam ayatigavam 35 pradak?inam
4 khalebusam khaleyavam kha le yavam 36 apadak~iiVm
5 khalebusam khalebusam khalebusam 37 sarpprati
6 khale-yavam lunayavam lunayavam 38 asaiTprati
7 lunayavam lu-yamanayavam luyamanayavam 39 ic
8 luyamanayavam luyamanabusam putayavam
9 puta-yavam s alp1-ui yamanabus am puyamanayavam
10 puyamanayavam samabhudmi saiVibWtayavam
11 samh.Vtayavam samapadati saIIhr iyamanayavam
12 sarThriyamanayavam su~amam sa5-,hj-tabusam
13 saimhVtabusam vi~amam saxihr iyamanabusam
14 saiihriyamanabusam duh]9amam samabhuami
15 samairabhumi ni~Lamam samapadati
16 samaippadati apasamam su~amam
17 samapakQam a-yat isama viqamam
18 samanatirtham ayat isamam du]a amam
19 samanatlram papasamam nitLamam
20 adhonabham puiVyasamam apasamam
21 suQamam prah-~iam ayatisamamn
22 vi?amam pram:Vgam pro(~ham
23 avigamam praratham papasamam
24 nihqamam pradakq ii~am puViyasamam
25 dutLamam samprat i prabxam
26 aparasamam asamprati praratham
27 ayatisamam ic praW.gam
28 pu;Lyasamam pradak? i~iam
29 papasamam aparadak? i~lam
30 ekgntam samprati
31 prantam asamprat i
32 prah4am ic
5GR 132 ff . 5GR12 ff. II.1.17

66abK commentary. 7PG 465.
42
IX. INTRODUCTION TO THE SVARADI AND CADI LISTS
Before dealing with the svaradi and the cadi lists a brief analy-
sis of the basis for the two gaVas is in order. From the historical
viewpoint, the conception of such a grouping as the svaradi must have
developed from the realization that there were words in the language
which showed no or incomplete inflectional change, but were basically
different from the type of words which had come to be called nipata.
Such words as svar and pratar were closer to substantives in meaning
and in the grammatical principles to which they were subject, than was
the type of words exemplified by ca, va, etc.
Patanjali argues that the mention of the svaradi in Pan. 1.1.37
as distinct from the term nipata has the object of stating that 'the
term nipata applies to the cadi which do not indicate a substance, how-
ever (the term avyaya applies also to) the svaradi which express both
substance and non-substance.'
The application of Patanjali's principle would lead us to expect
in the svaradi list such indeclinable words as could be associatedwith
substantives, and, in the cadi list, words which were clearly dissoci-
ated from substantives. The first part of the J svaradi list meets our
expectations almost perfectly. The remainder of the J list contains
words some of which do not seem to have a substantive connection (e.g.,
ativa), but yet in the main contrast sharply with the vast majority of
the words contained in the cadi list. This is also true of the K and
S svaradi lists. The cadi lists by and large contain conjunctions,
emphatic particles, and exclamatory particles. The adverbs, with the
exception of vibhaktipratirupakas, cannot be associated with substan-
tives.
While Patanjali's argument is directed against reading the svaradi
among the cadi, he does not specifically prohibit a single list with
the cadi among the svaradi. The earliest lists of the Katantra grammar
seem to show a single list beginning with the svaradi and including the
cadi and a list of this type is found in the Saka~ayana ganapatha. The
Sarasvata grammar has a list of the opposite type, while at the same
time commentators of this school agree with Patanjali on the difference
between the two types of words.
There are a certain number of words which occur in both the sva-
radi and the cadi lists. K nan in the svaradi list is perhaps to be
explained as the negative prefix a- an-, since here it would be com-
pounded with substantives; in the cadi list it would be the negative
na. Kam is regularly interpreted by commentators as meaning 'water,
head, pleasure' when it is in the svaradi list, but as 'expletive,
verse-filler'3 when in the cadi list. On the other hand, atha of the
later svaradi lists can be definitely traced to a variant reading.4
He hai and bata in the P svaradi are variants of hetau and vat respec-
tively.tively. Vat vat in the P cadi list is probably to be connected with
J vat vet vat and 6 vad ved vad.
1MBh. I.1.3'1, kim artham prthaggrahaVam svaradinam kriyate na

cadi?v eva pathyeran. cadinam va as.attvavacananam nipatasapjRna sva-
radinam puna. sattvavacananam asattvavacananarp ca.
GR 35, kam iti varimurdhasukhanindavyomasu.
3GR 10, kam ity anarthakat padapuran.e.
4Atha occurs after tasil? (the citation of the indeclinable tad-
dhita affixes) in PK. K has am, a part of the citation of indeclina-
ble taddhita affixes (cf. MBh. mantala)o VP remarks at this point
(Prak. 304), ... athety asya sthane am iti kecit pathanti. sa ca
'amu ca chandasi (Pan. V.4.12)' ity uktatj. am pratyayati.
5Cf. Faddegon 10, '... why are ... instances of sacral and inter-
jectional language repeated in both the gaVas: he, hai, bata, svadha,
vasat, om? And why are the adverbs in vat twice mentioned?' Om in
the svaradi list is explained in Chapter X.
44
X. THE SVARADI LISTS1
An examination of the svaradi lists shows a clear difference be-

tween the J, H, and GR lists on one side and the K, 6, P, and Kaumudi2
lists on the other. The differences among the members of the two
groups are minor, if we except SK and P. The additional words in SK
and P which are introduced by the phrase tenanye 'pi tathahi were de-
rived from the GR svaradi list. The originator of the addition sub-
tracted from GR (in its versified form) the words of an inherited list
that was similar to K. The remaining words were then listed in their
original GR order with a few omissions and with some insertions. The
originator of these additions was apparently Bhattoji DikQita, since
we find this addition in his 6abdakaustubha, but not in his Siddhan-
takaumudi.
The difference between the J and K svaradi lists lies not so much
in the words included in each list as in the order in which they are
given. The J list includes many more words than K, but it is not pos-
sible to discern any difference in basic approach to the type of word
included. The K, P, and Kaumudl lists show a classification by initial
and ultimate accent down to the word antara.4 This is absent in 6.
Of the first twenty-three words listed in J, sixteen can be asso-
ciated with nouns. I believe that this fact is clearly connected with
Patanjali's analysis of the svaradi as words texpressive of both sub-
stance and non-substance.' The only sequences of words possessed in
common by J and K occur in that portion of the K list which is not
classified according to accent. These sequences must have existed in
the original K list from the beginning, since they occur between the
citations of the avyaya-sutras5; the avyaya-sutras were in the earliest
K list because the Kasika explains the necessity of citing these sutras
in both the text of the grammar and the svaradi list.6
It is possible that the avyaya-sutras in the K list are insertions
made by the writer of the Kasika or some writer after Patanjali. Katya-
yana and PatanJali follow Panini in using krnmejantat (= K k:nmakaran-
ta~ samdhyaksarantat), and Patanjali's outline of the content of tad-
dhitas casarvavibhaktih differs from the outline in the K list. The
word samdhyaksara is not used by PaVini. Finally, Patanjali makes no
reference to reading the sutras in the svaradi list; but it is quite
likely that he would have done so if they were there. Furthermore,
the commentator of GR mentions Panini as separating the sutra avyayi-
bhavas ca--one of the avyaya-sutras--from the svaradigana.7
The first five words of most lists and the first three of J seem
to be connected with the CatA sutra, antat pratai punai sanutai svar
avyayanam. If so, the absence of punar sanutar in J is to be ex-
plained as a MS omission.
The word astam is perhaps to be understood in its mean-
original
ing 'home' and not in its lexical and grammatical meaning 'disappear-
ance.' VastoJi is the gen.-abl. of vastu 'day, dawn.' Its absence in

H suggests that it may be a variant developed from astam. Kam is usu-
ally glossed by both grammarians and lexicographers with the meanings
'water, head, pleasure.' These meanings were probably developed by
the same method that we see applied in the Nirukta.9 am0 is used as
a Vedic indeclinable adjective and the presence of yos is to be ex-
plained from the phrase sai ca yos ca. Mayas is Vedic; its inclusion
among the svaradi is based on such forms as mayo-bhu. Canas, likewise
Vedic, is similarly to be explained from the forms cano-dha, canoiita.
The word rodasi, like svar, can be explained as an incompletely
inflected word. Om bhur bhuva] svar is a religious formula. Svar is
omitted because it occurs at the beginning of the list. Its place is
apparently taken by svasti.
The J sequence addha satyan iddha suggests that the last word is
the same iddha that is found in the cadi list. Since we must there-
fore assume ittha in its place--a word that apparently should not be
among the svaradi--we must conclude that addha and ittha were attracted
into the list by the presence of satyam.
Pravahukam is to be identified with the Vedic pravahuk with -am
added, under the influence of the following word aryahalam.ll The H
list shows three variants of which the first two may be more original.
Ku is the form found in words of the type kurajan Ibad king.' Su
is an etymological particle developed by the Nirukta in the meaning of
'speed, quickness.'12 However, if H represents the more original con-
dition of the list, we are possibly to correct su to asu, the adverb
of the adjective asu 'quick.' The initial a- might have been lost in
the samdhi fusion with the preceding word ksama, absent in the J list.
The origin and age of the J list cannot as yet be determined. The
classification by accent in K indicates a closer relation to the Pani-
nic system. However, the svaradi is the only list in the entire Pani-
nic ganapatha which has such a classification. At present we can only
say that we have two svaradi traditions which were ultimately combined
by Bhattoji Dikgita.
It is hardly likely that Luders' (Luders 485) restoration

(a)[nta]h svaL p[r]ataa in the MS published by Sieg is correct, since
svar was undoubtedly established as the characteristic word and would
necessarily be the first of the group. It is more likely that antar
was not there at all, unless it occurred after pratar; cf. Kt. 11.4.4
commentary and Sup. svar pratar.
2The Kaumudi lists are PK (and VP), SK, LK.
To demonstrate this point I have listed beside the SK addition
the words of GR which remain after subtracting the inherited portion
of ?K.
4The accent classification is indicated by the following words:
after pratar, ete 'ntodattat; after punar, adyudattah; after prthak,
ete 'pi sanutarprabhrtayo 'ntodattaI pa~hyante; after sami, hyas-
prabhrtayo 'ntodattah. ?K and P follow this classification in general;
46 6LANGUAGE
6K contains notes which are critical of the K classification.

5See Table 5, notes 12 and 13.
Kas. I.1.41 commentary, sarvam idarp kai4am (Pa?. 1.1.37-41)
svaradiv api pathyate. punarvacanam anityajnapanarthalp tenayarl karya-
niyamalL siddho bhavati.
GR 28, paxinir api svaradiganat pVthag avyaylb vas cety avyaya-
saijnanimittaia kurvan ...
CatA ii.48.
Cf. GR 35, kam iti varimurdhasukhinindavyomasu. kaipjaip padmam.
kaipja' L kesa'ia. karpyu,4. kaipdarpaft. karpgaminafi khagali. Kaipjam 'lotus'
was separated into kam + ja 'born in water.' The other meanings were
developed in the same way.
Table 5. Lists of the Svaradi
j2 H3 GR4 K5 66
1 svar svar svar svar svar

2 antar antar antar antar antar
3 pratar sanutar sanutar pratar pratar
4 sayam punar punar punar punar
5 naktam pratar pratar sanutar 6sar tar
6 astam sayam sayam uccais uccais
7 vastos naktam naktam nicais nicais
8 diva astam astam sangis sanais
9 doqa diva diva Vdhak Vdhak
10 hyas doga doqa arat Tte
11 svas hyas hyas V'te yugapat
12 kam svas kam yugapat grat
13 Sam kam Sam pythak pVthak
14 yos sam vihayasa hyas hyas
15 mayas yos rodasl svas svas
16 6cana mayas om diva diva
17 amnas vihayasa bhus ratriu sayam
18 vihayasi rodasi bhuvas sayam ciram
19 rodasi om svasti ciram I?at
20 om bhus samaya manak mangk
21 bhus bhuvas nika?a iqat joqam
22 bhuvas svasti antara jo?am jyo?am
23 svasti samaya bahis tugp1m tiiQiIm
24 samaya nika;9 avas bahis bahis
25 nika?a antari asampratam avis av
26 antara pura addha 3avas nikaQi
27 bahis bahis satyam 3adhas samaya
A list is given in the commentary of MgR. 1.65 in

sardudlavikri4ita
verse. This list contains a great number of words usually listed
among the cadi. 2Jn. 1.1.74 commentary.
10?am was also subject to the same treatment as kam.

llFor this explanation to be satisfactory, these words must not
be gati.
12The word aryahalam is difficult to understand. GR says (GR 40)
it means 'with force' as in 'he seized with force.' But the author
then quotes Sakatayana (the Abhinava-6akatayana) as separating the
word into arya 'friendly address' and halam Iprohibition.' Alam in S
is form quoted by GR as halam and is to be identified with the alam
'prohibition' in Pan. III.4.18.
3Cf. Skold 208, asusuksaViL 'burning quickly,' asu iti ca su iti
ca ksipranamani bhavatah.
Table 5. Lists of the Svaradi (cont.)
PK7 SK8 P9 Sup.11
1 svar svar svar svar svar

2 antar antar antar antar pratar
3 pratar pratar pratar pratar uccais
4 punar punar punar punar nicais
5 sanutar sanutar sanutar sanutar diva
6 uccais uccais uccais uccais bahis
7 nicais nicais nicais nicais svayam
8 sanais sanais sanais sanais mrsa
9 rdhak rdhak Vdhak vdhak 6he
10 rte ?te rto rte 6hai
11 yugapat yugapat yugapat yugapat addha
12 arat arat arat arat kam
13 prthak prthak prthak sam
2antikat
14 hyas hyas prthak hyas 4subham
15 svas svas hyas svas svasti
16 diva diva svas diva asti
17 ratrau ratrau diva ratrau abhik$iam
18 sayam sayam ratrau sayam
19 ciram ciram sayam ciram
20 manak manak ciram manak
21 isat isat manak isat
22 joain josam isat josam
23 tusnim tugnim sasvat tusnim
24 bahis bahis joram bahis
25 adhas avas tugsim avas
26 samaya samaya bahis samaya
27 nikasa nikasa 3adhas nikasa
3IemB 1.1.30 commentary. 4GR 31 ff. 5Kas. .1.37 commentary.

SG 1.1.36. 7Prak. 299 f. 8SidK 102 f.
9PG 464. 10?abK 1.1.37 commnentary. 11Sp. I.1.25.
J H GR K
28 3sampratam avas iddha samaya mrsa

29 addha adhas mudha nikasa svayam
30 satyam asampratam mrsa svayam naktam
31 4iddha addha vytha mnsa 4iddha
32 muldha Vtam mithya naktam sami
33 msa satyam mitho nan 6vata
34 vVtha iddha mithas hetau 6sanam
35 mithya mudha mithus addha nana
36 mitho mr a mithunam 4iddha vina
37 midihu vytha anisam sami anyat
38 mithunam mithya muhus vat kgama
39 anisam mitho abhiksnam 7san upamsu
40 muhut mithas manksu sanat vihayasa
41 abhikriam mithus jhatiti sanat dosa
42 manksu mithunam uccais tiras mudha
43 jhatiti anisam nicais antara mithya
44 uccais muhus sanais antarena pura
45 nicais abhik$nam avasyam jyok mitho
46 avasyam manksu sami kam mithu
47 sami jhatiti saci sam 7mi tham
48 saci ucc iis vigvak sana prayas
49 vigvak nicais anvak sahasa rnuhus
50 6atvak sanais tajak vina pravahu
51 anusak avasyam drak nana arya
52 sajak sarni srak svasti alam
53 drak saci rdhak svadha abhiksnam
54 2prak visvak prthak alam sardham
55 ydhak annak dhik vasat manas
56 pVthak tajak hiruk anyat hiruk
57 dhik drak jyok asti prasan
58 hiruk srak manak upamsu
59 jok rdhak isat kgama
60 manak pythak jogam vihayasa
61 sanais dhik tu.lim dosa
62 isat hiruk kamam mudha
63 josam jyok nikamam mithya
64 tunim manak prakamam ktvatoso 12
65 kaniam isat aram pura
66 nikamam jo.am varam mitho
67 prakamam jyogam param mithas
68 arat tugnim ciram 6prabahukam
69 aram kaimam tiras 3aryahalam
12 s .
ktvatosunkasuna.h. l.nmakarantah sarpdhyaksaranto vyayibhavas ca.
Table 5. Lists of the Svaradi (cont.)
PK SK P SK Sup.
28 svayam svayam samaaya svay-am

29 v'tha vVtha nika?a vCtha
30 naktam naktam svayam naktam
31 nan nan naktam nan
32 hetau hetau nan hetau
33 iddha iddTha 6idciha
34 addha addha hetau addha
35 sami sami 7he s ani
36 vat vat 7hai vat
37 sana sana addha sana
38 upadha sanat 6 iddhgL sanat
39 sanat sanat sami tiras
40 sanat upadha vat antara
41 tiras tiras sana antar ena
42 antara antara sanat jyok
43 antareia antare]1a sanat kam
44 jyok jyok 5upadha sam
45 kam kain tira-s sahasa
46 sam sam antara sva,dha
47 sahasa sahasAL antareia alam
48 vin.9 vinE 7mak vasat
49 na-na nana jyok vina
50 svasti svasti 7yok nana
51 svadhea svadha 7nak svasti
52 alam alama kam anyatt
53 vapa- vapat Sam asti
54 anyat sraupat saha sa u'Parpsu
55 asti vaupat 7sraddha kgama
56 upamsu anyat alam vihayasa
57 kpari asti svadha dopa
58 vihayasa upapsu va?at
59 do?a kpama vina mithya
60 m-V?a vihayasa nana mudha
61 mithya do?a svasti ktvato.s 12
62 mudha anyrat pura
63 pura mithya asti mitho
64 mitho mudha uparpsu mithas
65 mlithas pura prayas
66 prayas mitho vihayasa mruhus
67 muhus mithas dosa ppra-lbahukan
0
68 prab3hukam prayas 7pravahika
69 aryahalam muhus di?tya 3aryahalam
50 LANGUAGE
Table 5. Lists of the Svaraid
J H GR K
70 varam nikamam manas abhik?iam

71 param prakamam namas sakam
72 cir amn aram bhuyas sardhan,
73 t iras varam prayas s amam
74 nama s paraam prabahukam namas
75 svayam ciram aryahalam hiruik
76 bhuyas arat svayam tasilo 13
77 prayas tiras ICU am
78 6pravahukam manas balavat am
79 3aryahalam namas ativa pratan
80 bhuyas suqthu prasan
B1 alam prayas du thu
82 bala-vat prabahu vte
83 ativa prabahuk sapadi
84 su~thu prabahukam sakgat
85 du hu arya prasan
86 Cte halam sanat
87 sapadi aryahalam sana
88 sakgat svayam nana
89 sanat alam
90 su ku kgama
91 s aha s a balavat Su
92 -yugapat ativa sahasa
93 a-poarsu sug~hu yugapat
94 pura du thu upamssu
95 puratas rte puratas
96 purastat sapadi puras
97 pura s sakqat purastat
98 san. avis
99 prasan pradus
100 sanat 9- Su
101 sanat sarmvat
102 s ana u?a
103 nana prasahya
104 vina anjasa
105 kgama c ana s
106 Su pretya
107 s aha s a anusak
108 l7ugapat amnas
109 uparpsu sthane
110 puratas balat
13 1
tasiladayas taddhiti edhacparyantah, sastasi, k4tvasuc, sue,
acthalau, cvyarthas ca.
Table 5. Lists of the Svaradi (cant.)
PK SK P
70 abhik~~am. pravahukam vVtha abhikgiam

71 sakam pravahika mithya sakam
72 sardham aryahalam ktvatos01 sardham
73 nama.s abhlk~Vam pura namas
74 hiruk sakam mitho hiruk
75 dhi'k sardiham mithas dhik
76 tasil 13 namas prayas tsill 1
77 atha hiruk muhus am
78 am dhiik 6prabahukam am
79 pratam am 7prabahika pratam
80 pras an am 3aryahalam prasan
pratan pratam abh1k?ram pr-atan
82 ma pr asan sakam ma
83 man pratan sardham man --... 14 GR15
84 ma satram 6am aram
85 man samam kamam kamam
86 namas prakamam prakamam
87 hiruk bhulyas bhuyas
88 tasil01 sampratam as ampratam
89 7atha param param
90 am sak?a-t sak~at
91 am sadi sac i
92 3pratam sat7yam satyam
93 prasan mank~u mank~u
94 pratan ... 5asu a su
95r man sam~vat saipvat
96 6sram avasyam avasyam
97 karrnam sapadi sapadi
98 prakamam balavat balavat
99 bhuyas pradus pradus-
100 param avis purastat
101 salc~at anisam nikamam
102 saci nityam anisam
103 satyam nityada
104 mank~u sada
105 saiivat ajasram
106 avasyam sam~tatam
107 sapadi u~a Ua
108 pradus rodasi radas :I
109 avis am am
110 anis'an bhuas bh-as
14 This GR calumn is ta be campared with 'SK. 15Here the list has

the phrase akrtigar~o tyam. ten-anye Tpi tathahi or its equiivalent.
LANGUAGE 1939
H GR p SK GR
il1 purastat yukltar nityamn bhuvas bhuvas

112 sasvat arvak nityada jhatiti jhatiti
113 kuvit sudi sada 3jhagiti puratas
114 avis ajasram taras
115 pradus sailtatam drak
116 U?a drutam
117 om k? ipraam
118 bh~us atlva ativa
119 bh-dr s
bhuvas su?thu su?fhu
120 jhatiti ku prasahya
121 tarasa anjjasa drak
122 sugfhu 58 srak
123 ku m th"
;It ku
124 anjasa vigvak mithunam
125 bhEjak anjasa
5a
126 mithu anvak mithus
127 6vithak ciraya viqvak
128 bhajak ciraratraya upaxis,u
129 anvak cirasya tajak
130 ciraya ciram manas
131 ciram cireQa canas
132 oiraratraya cirat pretya
133 cirasya as taam anvak
134 cireiia anu?ak astair
135 cirat anu?ak
3anugak
136 astam puras
3anupat
137 anu?ak annas amnnas
138 3anu ak amnnar
139 3anu at sthane sthane
140 varamn varanai
141 amnar du hu du hu
142 s thane balEt balat
143 varam Su
144 du thu k?amg yuktam
145 balat arvak arvak
146 sudi sudi
147 arvak vadi
148 sudi
149 vadi
53
XI. THE CADI LISTS
In PaVini's grammar the word cadi refers in two of its occur-

rences to a series ca va ha aha eva which had occurred in a preceding
sutra.2 The term cadi of Pan. 1.1.37 cannot be the same as that of
those sutras, because then the series would not have been enumerated
in VIII.1.24.
The J, K, and S lists are so similar that it may be safely con-
cluded that they are ultimately derived from a single list. The recon-
structed list3 in Table 6 is based on these three lists and is an at-
tempt at approximating the original from which these three lists de-
rive. Since none of them has been critically edited, the reconstructed
list will be subject to much correction as a result of future study.
Nevertheless, a critical edition of any of these three lists must nec-
essarily take into consideration the following discussion upon which
the reconstruction is based.
The first five words of J, K, and E are undoubtedly the same as
those of Pai. VIII.1.24. Consequently Mg. ca va ha hai is probably
an error on the part of the commentator or editor for ca va hahai[va]
(i.e., ca va ha aha eva). The omission of eva in the criticallyedited
Prakriyakaumudi is inexplicable.
The fragment of the Katantra grammar published by Luders shows ca
va ha aha eva no hangho utaho [ho].6 The omission of evam may not be
significant, for the arrangement is in verse. The latter fact and the
paucity of material make it impossible to judge the relationship of
this list to other lists.
Within the J, K, and ? lists it is possible to recognize the ori-
gin of sequences. Besides ca ... eva, we have kuvit net cet caikaccit
yatra called nipata in Pai. VIII.1.30 along with yat, yadi, and hanta.
Within the following thirty-four sutras these words are mentioned:
naha, satyam, anga, hi, yavat, yatha, tu, aho, pura, na nu, kim, ehi
manye, jatu, aho, utaho, cana, cid, iva, vai, vava. In Pan. VIII.2.85-
91 we find mention of hai, he, om, bruhi, sraugat, vaugsa, and avaha.
We find kim yat tat in Pan. V.3.98. The K sequences sam kam anukam
nahikam hikam sukam satyam Vtam addha iddha could have come from the
Nighantu sam kam, hikam nukam sukam ahikam, and ... addha ittha rtam
iti satyasya. If so, it is possible to correct iddha to ittha and
eliminate the troublesome anukam as a by-form of nukam suggested by the
adjective anuka.
Supat and kupat are unsupported by literary use. They are thoughlt
to be synonymous. Makis and nakis are probably original in spite of
the fact that most lists show forms ending in -m.9 GR has only makir
and nakir. The original -s or -r was changed generally by copyists.
A discussion of forms like these two in SabK10 is probably the source
of the additional forms in the lists of Bhattoji Dklrita and in P. Man,
nan, un, and sun are ma, na, u, and su with indicative letters nt-
tached.
After J nahi and K nan we find sequences which correspond in posi-
tion to ? vavat tvavat and H vava tvava. Probably H represents the
more original state, since yavat is associated with yatha by PaQini in
VIII.1.36 and we find the same grouping in J, K yavat tavat consti-
tutes a new arrangement, and this conclusion is supported by the fact
that all lists have tvai, nvai immediately after these words. K tva
and the dvai of many lists must be explained as variants.
PK turn, occurring immediately after a series of religious words,
is a scribal variant of om, as can be seen from a comparison with J.
Vasu's12 and Ballantyne's13 translation, 'thouing,' is futile. The K
sequence tum tathahi khalu is clearly displaced from its original posi-
tion before khalu. I have accepted ? him in place of J and K tathahi
on the theory that tathahi is from a misinterpretation of a series op
tatha him in which tatha was a conjunction between two ritual inter-
jectionso If this was true, tatha him may be an incorporated gloss.
R and . as words are in all probability simply grammatical crea-
tions, probably in consequence of the phrase svarapratirupaka, which
is itself connected with the sutra nipata ekaj anan 'Nipatas consist-
ing of a single vowel, with the exception of the upasarga an (i.e., a),
are not subject to the rules of samdhi.' Apparently it was believed
that all vowels could be used as particles.
K taka and ukan and PK okas are variants of atanka.14 Adaha may
be the Vedic ad aha.15
The J series api adaka avaha between the words jatu and ahosvit
corresponds in position to K ava anu hahau haiha iha and ? ava a4a adha.
? ahaha svid is for ahosvit. The omission of katham kutas kutra in &
is to be connected with that list's omission of the vibhaktipratirupa-
kas (see below). J Vte is to be corrected to kutas.
Since K iha may be a variant of K haiha, the number of forms in
the original series corresponding to the J, K, and S series mentioned
above was probably from two to four. I do not believe that any of the
pradi are to be expected within this list.16 Since I cannot reconcile
the forms of the three lists, I have arbitrarily selected adaka avaha
from J and hahau haiha from K. I assume that the & forms are due ei-
ther to MS errors or to the author's own interpretation. Only critical
editions of the lists under discussion can determine the forms of the
original list.
The word pasu as a particle is used, according to the Kasika and
the commentator of the Ganaratnamahodadhi, in the Vedic sentence lo-
dhap nayanti pasumanyamanah.17 The meaning that these two works as-
sign is samyak ttogethertl1; but the normal meaning, 'cattle, beast,'
is intelligible and is the one understood by the Nirukta.19 We have
here, then, a word thought of as a particle through misinterpretation
of a text.
The sequence he hai pat pyat--or its equivalent--seems to be con-
nected in some way with the Amarakosa pyat pa; anga hai he bho^.20 The
latter sequence is quoted in full in SK and the Kaumudi lists.
J vahyas, S vahya, and H vahya seem to have no explanation, but

correspond in position to K and P chambat. Since the latter occurs in
literary texts I have preferred it for my reconstructed list.
The J series vat ve; vat corresponds in position to 6 vad ved
vad, K catu bat, and PK catu catu. GR also lists vad ved vad, but
21
notes that Bhoja (?) prefers forms ending in t1 Vat vet vat are
found in H after vasat probably because the author believed with Bho-
ja that they were, like vasat, ritual interjections. Since these
words can be identified with bat, vet, and vat which are used in this
way in literary texts3 it is quite probable that catu and catu are
rationalizations even though they are found in literature.
K kum khum ghum are probably variants of hum, which is well sup-
ported by the lexicons. K aim is a corruption of im.
Placing vai next to last in the list is peculiar to K, PK, and P,
lists belonging to Paniinic grammars. The absence of vai in this posi-
tion in J and 6 and its presence in S after tvai nvai suggests that
its position in K is a reinsertion after the hypothetically original
tvai nvai vai rai found in S had been changed by copyists to ... dvai
rai.
The omission of hi and cid in the K list, noted by Lakeman Sarup,224
is partly solved by J bruhi hi nu; J and S hi nu is the original of
the hinuk found in the list of K variants.
H varies from J, K, and ? chiefly in introducing a large number
of compound particles. GR, which is closely associated with H, va-
25
ries from it in including adverbs usually mentioned in sutras, but
not in lists, such as uttaredyus and ittham; and in including the tad-
dhita affixes, and many more vibhaktipratirupakas. Besides this, the
pradi, the uryadi, the saksadadi, and the avyayibhavas are mentioned
by title.
SK differs from J, K, and S after the vowels. This difference is
also found in Bhatoji Diksita's other works, the Siddhantakaumudi and
the Prau4hamanorama. This author appears arbitrarily to have shortened
the cadi list. The word put found in his lists is the common denomina-
tor of such words as puta Tbuttocks' and puccha 'tail.126
The last part of ?K, i.e., the part after the vowels, seems in
some way related to the SC list of the Sarasvata school. PK
Likewise,
a ma no na pratisedhe is first found in the lists of the Sarasvata
school. Na should be corrected to nah, being na with a plural ending
for the dvandva compound.
The sentence upasargavibhaktisvarapratirupakas ca nipatah at the
end of the K and other lists, but in tne middle of SK and SC, is the
--?- 27
equivalent of givibhaktisvarapratirupakas ca found at the end of J.
The svarapratirupakas2 are enumerated in all lists except Sar., which
mentions them simply as svaras 'vowels.' In J and K they are preceded
by asmi and followed by adaha atanka velayam matrayam. All these five
words are called vibhaktipratirupalras by GR.9 Sakatayana is the first
to mention the equivalent of vibhaktipratirupaka in a sutra. Since
S omits asmi, velayam matrayam, and manye asi bruhi, it seems evident
that their omission was not accidental, but is to be attributed to the

fact that these words had already been referred to in a sutra. Adaha
and atanka were apparently not so classified and therefore appear in
the list. The use of asmni and asi referred to in the list is appar-
ently that of substitutes for the pronouns of the first and second per-
sons respectively, singular and plural.3] Manye and bruhi are men-
tioned in Paninic sutras (see above).
The upasargapratirupakas, according to the Kasika, are those
words, usually upasargas, not producing the normal phonetic changes
which accompany the prefixation of an upasarga. According to rule,32
compounding of the root da should yield such forms as avattam, prattam,
nittam. A karika quoted by the Kasika states, 'avadattam, vidattam,
pradattam "beginning an act," sudattam, anudattam, and nidattam are
the forms desired.t Furthermore, in some instances n does not be-
come v after a preposition containing r as it normally should, e.g.,
durnitam, durnayah. The concept of upasargapratirupaka is mentioned
nowhere by Patanjali in spite of the fact that he was probably famil-
iar with a cadi list of some kind. Patanjali is the earliest to cite
the karika mentioned above.34 Panini gives a special rule35 to take
care of the words involved in the karika, and Katyayana deals with the
others in a vartika. The definite statement of the concept is appar-
ently a late development.
The Kasika list used by Bohtlingk in his edition of Paiini's gram-
mar was the same, or almost the same, as that in Bala ?astri's edition
of the Kasika. Likewise, Bohtlingk's did not differ
Paniniya Gaiapatha
much from that edited by Navare. But in combining the lists, Boht-
lingk introduced confusion; for in his listing, variant are
readings
sometimes separated from the original word. An example is K that,
which is clearly a scribal variant of pyat.
It is not surprising that Bohtlingk declares that the cadi list
'ist ein akrtigana und ein wahrer Augiasstall.'36 The Kasika list
which he used included not only words which Bala Sastri's text recog-
nized, but also words which Bala Sastri classifies as variant read-
ings.37 In general, these can be clearly shown to be such. However
some of them are original, rather than forms in Sastri's text. The
list of words which 6astri gives as variant readings follows:
K variants Original form in list K variants Original form in list
vahir makir tve tvai

nakir nakir tuvai tuvai
an Cf. PK38
PK38 nvai nvai
a " " nuvai nuvai
ma " " adha adha
no " "
adhas adha
na pratisedhe " " smi sma + asmi39
ut " "
accha adaha through adaha
daha adaha adal tt ft r
K variants Original form in list K variants Original form in list
A 44
hehe he hai sikam hikam sukam44
haihai " " svakam sukam45
nau no sanukam nukam through anukam
ma ? nukar nukam
as am anta anga
sas40 sam dyau cf. SK gha
sukam suk " su
sukam
sam sam bhajak tajak
41 ale
vava4 bata are, aye
vat vat vat vat
$ikam hikam vat vat
42
hinuk2 hi nu kim kim
vasai from va va sam43
The source of these variant readings is as usual unidentifiable.

Bala Sastri merely says, 'They appear in some books,' and 'These are
present in other books.' Bohtlingk gives no sources.
The actual history of these variants is not so important as the
fact that we can treat them as variants and eliminate those which have
no significance. However, the exact number of items in the original of
the J, K, and ? lists of the cadi cannot be definitely determined from
the present material,46 but probably did not vary more than five from
the number in the reconstructed list.
1Pan. VIII.lo58, 66.

Pan. VIII.l124.
Entitled 'Reconst.' in Table 60
4Mg. 1.14.
5This omission in Prak. is supported by the commentator Vitthala.
It also appears in a MS entitled Avyayarthaprakasa and ascribed to
Patanjali (Poleman 2460), which is probably the same as the Avyayartha-
nirupana of Vithala referred to in Prak. p. xlvii. The MS lists the
svaradi and cadi with glosses which closely follow those in the Prasada,
but omit examples.
6Luders 483.
7NN 17-18. Cf. also APar. xlviii.71.
8GR 17, supad iti kupadarthe.
Perhaps further support is to be found in the corrupt reading
maki / hvakir] / iti pratipedhasya, APar. xlviii.126. The writing hv-
may be for -rnn-.
10-abK 560, maki. makim etau nisedhau. makir nesan makim risan
makim samsarikevatet kis sambhavitanisedhena kir indritvaduttarah.
nakih makim makih akrtam iti vedanighantuh.. The last sentence contains
a slightly corrupt quotation from the Nighantu; cf. NN 18.
llSun, if not a variant of un, is Pan. sun = Vedic su used inde-
pendently; cf. Pan. VI.3.134.
12Vasu 193.
13LaghK 128.
14 have found no explanation
I for atanka or adaka. Okas occurs in
Hoogt's catalogue of stobhas (Hoogt 89), and may be a rationalization.
15Cf. 6abK 860, adahasva dhamann (cf. RV 1.6.4a) ity atra tu pa-da-
kara ad iti pVthak pathanti.
1Faddegon believes that the pradi forms are a reference to use as
sacral interjections, cf. Faddegon 12.
17Rg-Veda III.53.23.
1GR 15, pasu iti, samyagartheo LaghK 129, 'pasu "welltt is futile.
1NN 80.
20AK1. 353.
21GR 10, vad iti tantam ... sri Bhojaa. GR 17, va4 iti tu tantam
vasa arthe sri Bhojah. GR 19, vecL iti vasa4arthe tantam tu sri Bhojah
2Cf. the preceding note.
23Cf. PW under bat, vet, vat.
24Nt. 13, note 5, 'This (i.e., the cadi list) however does not in-
clude cid and hi mentioned by Yaska.'
252The words in H
omitted in GR are: tvaca, cavat, tvavat, navat,
vat, vat, vet, humphat, addho, re, ave (GR avere?), hikam, sun, udas-
vid, sav, pat, ityuta, tada, yatha (!), sam, im, kim, ana, bahya, anu-
?ak (mentioned in GR commentary). Words in GR omitted by H other than
vibhaktipratirupakas are: vadi, vat, um, vat, vet, nacet, at. The ad-
ditional vibhaktipratirupakas are: k.tam, cirasya, prage, te, me, yena,
ciraya, tena, subham, cirat, hetau, Vtam, matrayam, mama, cirena, prah-
ne, anyonyasya, ahnaya, ratrau, akasmat, paryaptam, agre, antarena,
ekapade, ciraratraya, vibhapa. The preceding forms have nominal end-
ings; the H list contains no forms considered verbal. The GR verbal
forms are: asa, bruhi, na yati, pasyata, yati, adaha, vartate, syat,
atanka, na vartate, bhavati, manye, astu, nasti, asmi, atanka, ehi,
asi, puryate, asti, bhavatu, sanke, vidyate, pasya, aha. The adverbs
usually cited in sutras are: uttaredyus, purvedyus, anyataredyus, apa-
redyus, anyedyus, itaredynls, ittham, tadanim, katham, purastat, sadyas,
adhuna, adya, iha, paredyavi, kva, pascat, idanim, parut, parari, eka-
dhyam, sada, dyus, puras, sadam. The k.t and taddhita affixes are list-
ed in GR 26.
26SabK 561, puta iti kutsayam, kutsitam avayavaa iti
chadayati
pucchaht.
27For Jn. gi as the equivalent of Pan. upasarga, cf. Chapter II C,
note 26.
28I.e., the exclamatory words consisting of a vowel or diphthong.
29For velayam matrayam, see GR 25. For the others, see GR 29.
0See Chapter II C, note 31.
3Cf. GR 30, asmi, ity asmadarthanuvade ... aham ity arthe 'pi.
asi, iti tvam ity arthavakyaalakarayot ... Bhojas tu yusmadarthanuvade.
Pan. VII.4.47, aca upasargat tat. 'Wenn
Bohtlingk translates,
eine vocalisch auslautende Praposition wird in dem gegebenen
vorangeht
Falle t fur jenes da substituirt: pratta, nitta,
avatta, paritta.'
33Kas. 1.4.57 commentary, avadattai vidattam ca pradattam cadi-

karmani / sudattam anudattap ca nidattam iti cesyate.
34MBh. VII.4.46.
35Pa. VII.4.46, do daddhop. Bohtlingk translates, 'Fur da, wenn
es ghu heisst (1.1.20), wird in den VII.4.40 genannten Falle dad sub-
stituirt.' This is an exception to VII.4.47 (see note 4) and provides
for avadattam etc.
Pa3. 113*.
37Kas. 1.4.57, notes.
38The entire list an ... ut is found in PK.
3Either as a homoeoteleuton, or through smasmi.
40Pa. 113*, 'sas (suffix)' is futile. There are no suffixes in
the cadi list.
41This form occurs in texts (cf. Hoogt 90), but does not appear
in other lists.
42The letter k was possibly suggested by hiruk.
43After vava had developed, the sequence vavasam may have been
broken up by some copyist into va vasam.
44?ukam with the vowel of hikam.
45The sign for u written below the line may have been interpreted
as va, which would be written in approximately the same position.
46Lakshman Sarup (Nt. 13, note 5) states, 'The total number of
particles collected in the (sc. cadi) list is 195.' His number cor-
responds with the total of the items listed by Bohtlingk (Pan. 113*)
in his combined list.
Table 6. Lists of the Cadi
g5 pK6 SK7
Reconst .2 K4
1 ca ca ca ca ca ca
2 va va va va va va
3 ha ha 2ha ha ha
2ha
4 aha aha aha aha aha aha
5 eva eva eva eva evam eva
6 evam evam evam eva]p nunam evam
7 nunam nunam nunam malnail sasvat nunam
8 sasvat sasvat sasvat sasvat kupat sasvat
9 supat supat 2yugapat 2nityam kuvit yugapat
10 kupat kupat supnat supat net bhuyas
11 kuvit kuvit kupat kupat cet kupat
12 net net kuvit 6kuvit cani supat
13 cet cet net net kaccit kuvit
14 can can cet cet yatra net
15 kaccit 2kvac it can kaccit naha cet
16 yatra yatra kaccit yatra hanta can
17 naha naha yatra naha makim kaccit
18 hanta hanta naha hanta nakim yatra
19 makis hanta makis man naha
2makim
20 nakis 2nakim 2makim nakim nan hanta
21 man man nakim man yavat makis
22 nan na man nan tavat makim
23 vava nan nan 5vavat tvai nakis
24 tvava nahi yavat tvavat dvai nakim
25 tvai 6vatvaka 2tavat 7svavat rai man
26 nvai 2nanu tva tvai srausat nan
27 vai 6catveca tvai nvai vausa; yavat
28 rai 2tu 7dvai vai svaha tavat
29 srauga; 7dvai rai rai 3vadha tvai
30 vaueat nvai srauga; srau?at tum dvai
31 vagat nuvai vausat vasat tathahi nvai
32 svadha ruvai svaha svala khalu rai
33 svaha revai vasa~ svadha kila srausat
34 om srausat svadha om tatha vaugat
35 him vaus-at om him atha svaha
36 khalu svaha kila khalu smla svadha
37 kila svadha tatha kila asmi tum
38 atha om 2atha adhL s a tathahi
39 adha atha i khalu
2tathahi 2su
A list is given in the commentary of MgR 1.16. It is arranged in

verse, which throws the words out of order, and much reduces its value:
eight lines in sardulavikrni ita followed by 4 1/2 slokas beginning with
the word samvat. 2An attempted reconstruction of the list from which
the J, K, and S lists derive. 3Jn. 1.2.27 commentary.
DYEN, THE SANSKRIT INDECLINABLES 61.
Table 6. Lists of the Cadi (cont.)

10
pS H9 Sr SC11 Sup.12
1 ca Ca ca Ca Ca
2 va aha vs vs vs
3 ha ha ha ha vai
ViL i
4 aha vs aha aha ama

5 eva eva eva eva svaha
6 evam evam evam evam svadha
7 nunam nunam nunam nunam em
8 sasvat sasvat pVthak p:qthak a
9 2-yugapat supat vina sa svat a
10 2bhuyas kupat yugapat i
11 supat kuvit svasti bhuyas
12 k-ipat net asti naha pasu
13 kuvit cet doga hanta tu
14 net c a4 vins addiha
15 cet kaccit mithya nana aho
16 cai yatra mithas svasti aho
17 kaccit naha atha asti uitaho
18 yatra nahi atho do?a kam
19 tatra hanta hyas naktam Sam
20 naha makis svas m a subham
21 hanta nakis uccais mithya svasti
22 2makim ma nicais mithas asti
23 2makim man svar atha manye
24 makir na antar atho asi
25 2nakim nan pratar aho br-ihi
26 2nakim vava punar hyas vibhaga
27 nakir tvava bhuyas svas anyatarasyam
28 2akim tvaca ahosvit uccais abhtlkqiam
29 maL cavat saha nicais nan
30 nan tvavat namalt sanais no
31 2tavat navat :Vte :dhak na
32 lyavat tvai antareQa Vte aha
33 7tva tuvai antara arat aha
34 nvai nvai namas diva it'
35 tvai nuvai alam ratrau ha
36 7dvai rai kl'tam - 16 sayam
-1-
37 rai va i amanonai ciram
38 2re srauqat i?at manik
39 srauoat vau?at kila 1~at
4Kas. 1.4.57. 56G I.1.36.
6Prak. 305 ff. 7SidK 106 ff.
8PG 464-5. 9Hen,B 1.1.31 commentary.
10Sr. 1.348. 11SCan. 196 ff.
12Sp. 1.1.26. 13Glossed with pratifedhe.
LANGUAGE 1939
Table 6. Lists of the Cadi
Reconst. J K PK SK
40 ama khalu ama ama U kila

41 asmi kila asmi a atho
42 a atha a i atha
43 i 2avas i u e su?thu
44 u ama u ama
45 asmi IC 0 adaha
46 a I au upasargao 14
47 e i e an avadattam
48 ai U e a ahaipyu4i
49 o u 0 ai ma astik?lra
50 au au a no a
51 ufi 6am iu na a
52 adaha e taka adaha ut i
6.
53 atanka EL Un. 5atanka okas
54 velaysm 0 6ukan yavat adaha u
55 matrayam au velayam tavat atakaiba
56 yavat Un matra-ym kim velayam
57 yatha sun yathi yat matrayam i
58 kim adaha yat yad yatha 0
59 yat atanka 7yam tad kim au
60 tat ve2iyam tat dhik yat pasu
61 yadi matrayam kim he yam sukam
62 pura yavat pura hii hii yathaikatha ca
63 dhik yatha addha pat; ha Piit
64 he kim dhik pyiv he pya~
65 hai yat 7haha aho ha i anga
66 pat tat he utaho Pat hi
67 pyaE yadi ha i 2ato pyit he
68 aho pur a pyat andho aho bhotL
69 utaho dhik Patt 2ma atho aye
70 aho he 7that 1nu nanu gha
71 adho 2hau aho nanu manye vigu
72 nanu pat utaho hi nahi ekapade
73 manye P-yit ho tu utaho put
74 asi utaho nu asi - 15
7tum
75 bruhi aho 7tathahi iti bruhi yattad
76 hi atho 1khalu iva natu ahosvit
77 tu 2adho cana iti Sim
2am
78 nu 3mano aho iva kam
8ghu
79 iti 6manu atho Om sukam
6vata
80 iva nanu am phat anukam
2nana
81 cana manye manye va?at
I6sap sarlvat
14Upasargavibhaktipratiripaki' ca.
15The words added by PM follow,
P H Sir. SC Sup.
40 vausat vaqat vai josam
41 svaha vat arat tusgim
42 svadha vat durat bahis
43 om ve bhVsam avas
44 tatha pat yat samaya
45 tathahi pyat tat nikasa
46 khalu phat svaras addha
47 kila humphat iddha
48 atha chaiva$ vat
49 suthu adha upadha
50 sma at sami
51 a svadha sana
52 i svaha sanat
53 u alam sanat
54 cana tiras
55 hi antara
56 e atha antarena
57 ai om sahasa
58 o atho alam
59 au no vasat
60 adaha nohi ksama
61 un bhos vihayasa
62 ,ukan bhagos mudha
63 velayam aghos pura
64 matrayam addho mitho
65 yatha haiho prayas
66 yat ho muhus
67 tat aho sardham
68 kim aho sakam
69 pura utaho namas
70 -16 ha hiruk
6vadha
71 dhik hi dhik
72 7haha he ma
73 hehai17 hi man
74 pat haye am
75 pyat ayi am
76 aho aye net
77 utaho arare cet
78 ho anga kvacit
79 aho re un
80 no (nau) are yat
81 atho ave satyam
1The text has vadha (vadhva).
7The text has hehai (hahe).
64 64 DISSERTATIONNO. 31,. 1939
~~~LANGUAGE
Table 6. Lists of~ the Cadi
Reconst. J K PK SK
82 gha asi mithys 6 kukam yadi dl?t7g

83 bats bruhi asi Aus ho catu
sukam
84 am 6 hinu brudhi ihi citu
85 sam tu tu nuksm iha hum
86 kam itt riqu nahikam tat iva.
87 sukamn iva itt satyam ahosvit ad-yatve
88 nukam 6 vata iva 6rutsm upari
89 nahikam 7dhavata 2 vat addhii
90 sat-yam 2evaiT cans nohi kam
91 r'tam a bats nacet am
3-
92 addhaL av ~iha jatu him
93 itth eaiip aLm vamn
94 nohi hikam Sam sukam
95 naoet kam adha sukam
I2hiruk
I 9 -
96 jatu I 2subham s nukam anukam
I
97 katham sukam nahikam nahikamn
2svid
98 kutas sukam hikam 3 bahya sat-yam
99 kutra sukam 'Vtam
I6 tuksm
100 adaka nahikam satyam nocet
101 avaha Ie6utam :qtam 3patu jatu
102 hahaiu sat-ysm 6 8raddhsL saha katham
103 haiiha addha iddicih anu~ak kutali
104 ahosvit nohi mudhai anga kutra
105 chamba't mudhsa riocet anu
106 pasu nacet nacet tajak ava
107 phat jatu nahi are hahgLu
108 sahs katham jatu aye haiha-
109 anuoak i katham ave ihau
2:Vte
A 2
110 anga kutra kutas sambat
ill, tajak I api kutra ved gha
92-p 6..
112 put adaka 2ava
113 aye avah.a s nu hum
114 are ahosvit hihu saha
7cum
115 bat I3vahyass hah kit anu?ak
116
-L 8
vet e ,vat ia - bhsjak
l<
117 vat di?Vya shosvit im aniga
118 hum pasu 3 chambat kiip srak
119 marys yugapat kham s i;l are
120 km pha~ di?tya catu
121 kim saha pasu caivu
122 Sikm anu;ak 7vat hum
123 upasargaol8 tajak saha kum
18 See note 14.
p H Sar. SC Sup.
82 nanu nanu jatu

83 manye sukam kam
84 2mithya sukam sam
85 asi nukam jyok
86 brEhi hikam rahas i'
87 tu nahikam abhik?am
88 nu um aneha
89 iti hum a
90 iva kum at
91 7vat un nvai
92 7vat sun dvai
93 vana kam rai
94 bata ham kim
95 2sam kim yat
2,
96 vasam him tat
6
97 sikam ad iti
6
98 6dikam kad ham
99 sanukam yad ho
6
100 3chaibat19 tad svar
101 sanke id antar
102
102 sukam cid pratar
103 6kham kvid punar
104 2sanat svid sanutar
105 2sanutar uta yavat
106 nahikam bata tavat
107 satyam iva svaha
108 Vtam tu svadha
109 addha nu tathahi
110 6iddha yacca khalu
111 nocet kaccana kila
112 nacet kimuta suSthu
113 nahi kila duVhu
114 jatu kiikila adaha
115 katham kipsvid upasarga?18
116 kutat udasvid avadattam
117 kutra ahosvid ahaipyu
118 2ava ahaha hetau
119 2anu nahavai svayam
120 ha navai uta
121 he nava nan
122 hai anyat svadha
123 ahosvit anyatra sma
9The text has chaivat (chaibat).
L~~~ANGUAGE
66 1939
Table 6. Lists of~ the Cadi
J K PK P H SC
124 7najak anu?ak say aham

125 anga aniga khum kam sap asmi
126 8putra phat Vai 7kham athakim vai
o18
127 aye tajak upasarga di~~ya vigu sambat
128 are aye bhuiyas pas'u pat di~tyi
129 6)vat are alam 3vaV aSu a
130 vet 2catu su?~hu saha khalu a
131 vat 6bat kamam anu?at -yadinama i
132 2uiP 7kLum puras anu?ak yaduta i
133 8 svattivat 7khum aeu anga pratyuta u
134 gnmarya 7ghum tarhi phat it-yuta u
135 6iTP hum rahas tajaLk yada
136 kirm 7aimn sapadli 7bhajak tada
137 Sim 7'Tn, aye jatu
138 givibhaktio20 elm are yadi e
139 1vai yathaEkatha ca ai
140 )21 7Va~ (ca~u) o
upasari gao yatha
141 6khum tathaL au
142 6ghum pudi pasu
H 143 8am gha sukam
144 im pura -yathakatha ca
166 ava 145 elm yavat pat
167 ana 146 7Sim tavat p.yav
168 atha 147 7ei di~tyi anga
169 bahya 148 1vai marya. he
170 anu~ak 149 upasargao21 7ama hai
171 khos 150 nama bhoti
172 a 151 sma aye
173 a- 152 itiha gha
174 i 153 saha vi~u
175 i 154 ama re
176 u 155 samam are
177 u 156 sam ekapade
178 15rt satra dr-ak
179 158 sakam mank~u
180 159 sardham put
181 160 TM atatL
182 e 161 elM srausal
183 162 kim, vau~aV
184 0 163 am
185 au1 164 2as
165 iti
2Givibhaktisvarapratiruipakas ca. 2Sent note

2lSee 14.4
67
XII. THE INDECLINABLESOF THE LEXICONS
The indeclinables of the lexicons or kosas are in general quite

transparent. The verse, in which they are written, has tended to pre-
serve the originals; so too, the fact that each word is accompanied by
its meaning or a synonym. The lexicons generally adopt the term avya-
ya.1 But it is difficult to trace any influence of the ganas on the
kosas except in individual instances. But the lexicons influenced the
grammarians, as in the svaradi lists of Bhattoji DikSita. The only
clear instance of the influence of a list on a kosa is the inclusion
of kum and tur by MV.2
The kosas are generally consistent in citing only words that are
supported by literary use, but usually omit words that are only Vedic;
this fact shows that at least the early kosas retained close contact
with actual literary usage.
I list here the lexicons in historical order and in the table ar-
range their indeclinables in alphabetic (Sanskrit) order. The lexicons
that I have employed are:
1. AK = Amarakosa.3 This includes both the homonymous and the syn-
onymous portions.
2. a. = The Anekarthasamuccaya4 of as'vata, possibly older than the
preceding.
3. Ha. = Halayudha's Abhidhanaratnamala.5
4. YV = The Vaijayanti of Yadavaprakasa. Both the homonymous and
the synonymous portions are included.
5. MV = The Visvaprakasa7 of Mahesvara.
6. MK= The Mankhakosa.8
7. A = The Abhidhanacintamani (synonymous)9 and the Anekarthasap-
graha (homonymous)9 of Hemacandra.
8. Me. = The Medinikosa.10
1Ha. uses nipata; Ha. 92.

2The meanings given by MV are very similar to those of hum, a
word that has support among the lexicons. Num of MV 190 is better read
om. The meanings (num ity anumatau proktai pranave capy upakrame) i-
dentify this word. I have listed it as om.
3Zach. 18-19, perhaps 550 A.D. 4Zach. 24, perhaps older than AK.
5Zach. 26, middle of 10th century. 6Zach. 27, 100 years after Ha.
7Zach. 28, 1111 A.D. 8Zach 30, about 1140 A.D.
Zach. 31, about 1142 A.D. 10Zach. 36, end of 13th century.
68 DISSERTATIONNO. 31., 1939
LANGUAGE
Table 7. The Indeclinables of the Lexicons
AK 6a. Ha.*YVMV MlK A Mie. AK aHa.YV MVNMKA Me.
a (neg.) x x x x x jabhikq3am xx x I x x
? (exci.) x x jama- xx x x x xx x
akasmiLt x jamitas x
agratas x x x x x jamutra x x x x
anga x x x x x x jayi x x xx x I
ajasram x Jaye x x I
anjasa x x x x x x x x jaram x x
atas x x x x lare x x
ati x x x x x x jarvak x x I
ativa x x x jalam x x x xx x x
atha x x x x x x x x lava x I X
atho x x x x x x x x javas'yam I XX X I
addhai x x x java-k x x x
adya x x I asak3;t x x x
adharatas x lastam I I X
adharastat x jasti x .x
adhared-yus x x jastu x I x I X I
adhas x x x x jaha x x xx x x
adhastat x x x x jahaha x x x x x x
adhi x x x jahi x
adhuna x x x jaho x x x x
anisam x x jahobata x x I
anu x x x x x x x jahnaya I x x
anekadha x ja() x x x x x x I
antatas x x la- (exci.) x x x xx x x
antar x x x jam x x x x x
antara x x x x x jara-t x x xx xx x x
antare x x x jaivis x x I
antare~ia x x x x x x x ja-su x
anyatare-[a I x x xx x x
dyus x x jaho x x x x
an-yatha x x x jahosvit x
anyada x ji x x xx x
anyedyus x litarathai x
apa x x x x litaredyus x x
aparedyus x x jitas x x
apa~thu x x x jiti x xx x IX I x
api x x x x x x x jitiha x x x
abhi x x x x jittham x
abhitas x x x x x jida-nim x x x x x
1Ha includes only a small numnber of indeclinables in a special

section at the end of the work (Ha. 92 ff.). I have therefore includ-
ed indeclinables appearing an-ywhere in the work.
Table 7. The Indeclinables of the Lexicons (cont.)
AK a. Ha YV MV MK A IMe. I AK a. He.V MV MY, A Me.
iva x x Io x x x
i x x x x x 1om x x x x x x
i?at x x x x au x x x
u x x x x Ikaccit x XX
x x X
x x
uccakais x jkatham XX X x
uccais x x x jkadacit x x x
uta x xX x x x x kam x x x x x xx x
utaho x x x xX x Ikarhicit x
uttaredyus x x kamam x X X x
ud X X x kilpsvit x
udak x kiipca x x X
upa x x x x j kimcana X x x
upajoaam x x Ikilcit x x x x
upari x x x Ilkiqnu x x
upari tat x x x kim x x x x x x
upalpsu x x x kimu
ubhayadyus x x kimuta x x x x
X xX x
X x
X
ubhayedyus x x kimutaho x
um x x x kimuta x x x
urari x x x x x x kila x x x x x x x x
ururi x x Iku x x x x x x x
uga :x xx x x i kutas x
us jkum x
x xxI [ ktam
k~tam x x
um x x x x khalu x x x x
X: x x x
urari x x x ca x x x x X x
uri x x x x x x x x i caturdha x
x x x j catus x
rte x xx x cana x x x
x cit x xX
x i
ciram x x x
e x I ciraratraya x x x x
e x x x j cirasya x x
ekada x x cirat x x x
ekapade x ciraya x x x
etarhi x x x j cireVa x x x
eva x x x x x x x cet x x xx
evam x x x x X x x atu x
ai x xX xX x Ijoam x x x x x x x x
ai?amas x xX: jyok x
2The YV reading egamas (YV 287) is listed here. In spite of

Oppert's acceptance of this form (YV 390), an emendation to aiiamas
is desirable.
70 IANGUAGEDISSERTATIONNO. 31, 1939
AK 6a. Ha. YV MV MK A Me.I AK6a. Ha.YV MV MK A Me.
jhatiti x x X IXia-ma x x x x x x x x
tat x x xx mlin x x x x
tatas x x x Ini~Lamam x x
tatkalam x Inika~a x x x x x x
tatkqaVam x Inita-ntam x
tathla x x x x x x x Inis'ci tam x
tadla x x nis x x x x x ~x x
tadanim x x nicais x x x x x
taddinama x x x nu x x x x x xx x
tarhi x Inunam x x x x x x x x
tavat x x x x x x x ~net x
tiras x x x x x x x (no x x
tiryalk x x x x mpaincalgqtvas x
tu xx x x x x x x Iparam x
turn x Iparamam x x x
x x x x lparas'vas x x
tu?vikm3 x x x x x 4parasparam x
tridha x ipara x x x x
tris x iparari x x
tredhaL x lpari x x x
tvar itamn x iparitas x x x x
daram x fparut x x
diva x x x x iparedyavi x x
x x x x x ipas'u x
du~Lamam .x x Ipasca-t x x x x x x x x
du~thu x x x Ipasya x
dus x x x ipasyat x
do?a x x x x x x jpat x x x
drak x x x x ipare x
dvidhai x Ipuna~ipunar x x x
dvis x ~ piinar x x x x x x x
dvedha x ipuratas x x x x x
dvaidhamn x ipuras x x x x x x
dhik x x x x ki x x Ipurastat x x x x x x x
na (ii) x x x x x ipura- x x x x x x x x
nakis x ipurvam x
naktam x x x Ipurvedyus x x x x x x
nanu x xx x x x x x IpVthak x x x x
nanuca x x x Ipy-at x x x
namas x x x x Ipra x x x x
nahi x x Iprakamam x
nana x x x x x x Iprage x x x x
MNV
tu?Vikam; grammars give tu?iIkgm.
Table 7. The Indeclinables of the Lexicons (cont.)
AK a. :Ha YV MVMK A Me. AK a. Ha YV MV MK A Me.

I
prati x x x x x x x x }yarhi x
pratikqaiam x lyavat x x x X X X X
prativatsaram x Iyugapat x xX
pratyak x ire x
prasabham x Irodasi X
prasahya x x x Iva X X
prak x x x x x x Ivat x
pratar x xx xxx vaqat x x x
X
pradus x x x x x x xx va x X X X X X X x
pradhvam x x x x x x jvakpa; X
x
prayas x x x jvi x x x x
pretya x x x x lvina x X x x
bata x x x x x x x x jvigvak x x
X x x
balavat x x x Ivihayasa x x
bahis x x x vytha x X X X x x x x
X
ba<ham x x lvai x X xX X x
bhavatu x Ivo$at X
bhos x x x x Ivaukgat X
bhuvas x ivauqat x x X
bhuyas x x x x Isanakais x
bhus x Isanais x x X X X
bh1sam x x x Isam x x x X X
bhobhos x lsasvat x X X x X X X
mankgu x x x x x x isighram X
manak x x x x x x Israusat x x X
ma x x x x 1svas x x X
masma x x Isapvat x x
X X
mithas x x x x x x x x isalkt x z xX X X X X
mithya x x x x Isajus xX
mudha x xx x satatam X
muhus x x x x Isatyam X
nmra x x x x Isatram X
yat x x x x x isatra x X x
yatas x x x x Isaptatam X
yatra x Isada x X X X
yatha x x x x x x jsadyas x X x x
yathatatham x x x isana x X X x
yathayatham x x Isanat x
yathartham x x lsapadi x X X X
yathavidhi x Isam x x x xX
yathasvam x x Isamantatas x x X x
yada x Isamantat xX
yadi x x x x Isamam x x x
X x
X xX
X
yadvat x x Isamaya x XX X X X X X
X
AK 6a. Ha. rV MV MK A Me. AK ?a. Ha YV MV MK A Me.

I
samprati x x x x Isvaha x x
samyak x x Isvit x X X x
X x
XX x x
X
sarvatas x x x x Iha x x x x x x
sarvatha x x Ihaipho X x x
sarvada x x Ihanta X X X x x x x
saha x x x x Iham x x
sahasa x x x x Ih X X xX x
X x
X x
X xX
sakam x X x x Ihaha x
sakgat x x x x x x x x jhi x x x x X X X
saci x x x Ihim x
sami x X X x x x x ihiruk x x x xX x
X
sampratam x xx x x x x x Ihi x x x x x
sayam x x x x Ihihi X X
sardham x x x x Ihum x X X x X X X
su x x x x Ihuhu x
suthu x x x x x lhum x X X
sthane x xx x x Ihe X XX XX
sma x x x x x x ihehai x
srak x x x x Ihai x
X x
XX x x
XX x
svadha x x iho x
X x
XX x
svayam x x ihohiu x
X
svar x x x x x x x x Ihu x XX
X x x
svasti xX x x x x x x x Ihyas x
X x
X x
X
73
XIII. CONCLUSIONS
The history of indeclinables in the Hindu study of Sanskrit gram-

mar parallels very closely the history of Hindu Sanskrit grammatical
study as a whole. The first period of criticism of the Veda produced
the terms upasarga and nipata. These terms were probably at this time
used in their etymological meanings. Upasarga means an 'addition,'
and the words which are additions par excellence are the prepositions.
A listing of twenty appears in the earliest works. The nipatas, on the
other hand, were the 'accidentals,' words that were used to fill out
the metrical verse, words of little or no meaning-content.
There is a great difference between the treatment of the indeclin-
ables in the Vedic studies and that in the Atadhyayi, though the Vedic
studies show some evidence of accepting principles like those in Pani-
nits grammar. In the Astadhyayi of Panini, the popular language is
treated with only occasional attention to the Veda. The old classifi-
cations were remodeled, and new classifications were introduced to in-
tegrate already existing knowledge of grammar. The term avyaya was used
in its etymological meaning to cover all words which did not change in
case, number, or gender. The term nipata was extended to cover not
merely 'accidental' or 'incidental' words, but also prepositions when
used with a root or alone, and words or word-forms which, like preposi-
tions, were compounded with verbs. The significance of the term upa-
sarga was changed so that it applied to the twenty prepositions when
they were used with a 'verbal action.t
Uniformity in the use of terms or in the application of the same
terms is not characteristic of the grammarians even after Panini. While
most grammars have the all-inclusive term avyaya--the term vya of the
Mugdhabodha is clearly derived from avyaya--the Candra grammar uses tle
term asapkhya, and the latter term is also found in the Jainendra gram-
mar. The term karmapravacaniya is found only in the Katantra and in
the Asadhyayi of PaVini. The A?~adhyayi differs from all grammars in
making the term avyayibhava subordinate to the term avyaya. The Gana-
ratnamahodadhi alone makes this term subordinate to the term cadi. The
Candra grammar lacks such a term or its equivalent. The other grammars
make the term avyayibhava independent.
With PaVini's.grammar go classified lists of words called gasas,
which were probably begun by grammarians before Panini and not com-
pletely worked out in their present form even by Panini. A large num-
ber of them are admittedly incomplete. Perhaps in the general agree-
ment of the C, J, K, and ? lists we have the original list of PaQini.
With the appearance of the Kasika the forms of the gasas became set for
the followers of the Paninic school. The history of the pradigana and
the svaradigana is evidence of this. The lists of other schools of
grammar differed from the Paninic, and some of the differences are re-
flected in Papinic grammarians, especially those producing the Kaumudi

type of work.
Of the C, J, K, and S lists only C has been critically edited.
Consequently the other lists--and occasionally C--contain false forms.
Such forms in present circumstances can be eliminated by comparing the
lists of grammars of different schools. Since the lexicon material is
transparent and for the most part shows no tendency to include the pe-
culiar and otherwise unattested forms in the lists, we may eliminate
such false forms whenever we can explain them as variants.

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4

I take the occasion of my first effort of any extent in the schol-

ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

References are made by a single Arabic numeral to a page and by

A The indeclinables of AC and AS.

Verhandeling der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amster-

Bohtlingk. St. Petersburg, Kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften,

6a The Anekarthasamuchchaya of Sasvata. Edited with introduc-

VPr. Das VaJasaneyi-Pratisakhyam. By Albrecht Weber. Indische

The main object of this thesis is to study historically the

1See PG in the Bibliography.

II. HISTORICAL DISCUSSION

Before Panini, the customary division of words into categories

The application of the term nipata is hardly as fixed among the

RVPr. xii.5.699, namakhyatam upasargo nipatas catvary ahui

PaVini's grammar contains no statement of the fourfold classifi-

the term avyaya 'indeclinable ' and a number of new classifications of

MBh. 1.3. Panini is generally believed to have lived about 350F.C

2APr. iii.1.2, 2.7; CatA 11.48.

2Pan. 1.4.59, upasargah kriyayoge.

Even after Pavini we find the fourfold division of words men-

The next grammar after Panini of which we have definite knowledge

The Abhinava-6akatayana28 grammar employs the term avyaya as the

Vardhamana, a collection of word-lists in verse. The GR differs from

1Bh. 1.3, catvari srngani catvari padajatani namakhyatopasarga-

sarggajarp nai(patajam) zu lesen.'

to which the commentator adds, 'The letter u is to show what ptasu

ktvamantak:d avyayam. nipatas cacaayo 'sattve. pradyupasargab1 prag

III. THE SOURCES OF THE LISTS OF INDECLINABLES

that of K and is therefore omitted. The SK and SK (see below) pradi

1Assigned to Jayaditya and Vamana and probably written between

IV. TO THE STUDYOF THE LISTS

Liebich makes a statement about the Candra ganapatha which applies

To indicate the status of the words in the C, J, K, and & lists,

V. THE PRADI LISTS

The pradi form a complete gaQa. Nearly all grammnatical writers

Table 1. Lists of the Pradi

RVPr. VPrA TPr. 4 Nir. 5 CatA6 Kat.7

1RVPr. xii.6.702. 2RVPr. xiv.11.844.

Table 1. Lists of the Pradi (cont.)

08J9 Kio?'1 P12 Sir. 13 H14 M~ug.15 Sup. 16

1 pra pra pra pra pra pra pra

8Can. I.1'.109 commentary. Km.- I.2.128 commentary.

VI. THE URYADI LISTS

Table 2. Lists of the fryadi1

1 ur uri uri u~r

13 3bbraxpsakala 6sana1~L saELju~L 3sevali

Table 2. Lists of the Uryadi (cont.)

1 uri uri uri uri

1Tall atali varie.

Notes 7-11 to The Lists of the Uryadi, pages 34-5

76abK 1.4.61 commentary. 8PG 465.

VII. THE SAK?ADADILISTS

The words of this gana are optionally compounded (i.e., gati)

1GR 140 f. These are only memorial verses of some grammarian in

Table 3. Lists of the Saksadadi

1 saksat sakgat saksat sakgat

Can. II.2.36 commentary.

Table 3. Lists of the Sak~adadi (cont.)

1 sak#at sak?at sakQat sak@at

5GR 139 ff.

VIII. THE TISTHADGVADI LISTS

Table 4. Lists of the Ti?thadgvadi

1 tiithadgu ti thadgu-, tis$hadgu ti?thadgu