Repetition

Repeating the same words over again.

 "Oh, woeful, oh woeful, woeful, woeful day!
 'I have a dream that my four little children... I have a dream that one day... I have a dream
today!'
 We are troubled on every side, yet not distressed; we are perplexed, but not in despair;
Persecuted, but not forsaken; cast down, but not destroyed
 Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow.
 And miles to go before I sleep, and miles to go before I sleep
 Heart to heart
 Time after time

Tautology
Repeating the same meaning with different words

 free gift
 return back
 close proximity
 hot water heater
 frozen ice

Balanced phrase (Parallelism)

a sentence is considered to be balanced if its parts are equal in length, importance, as
well as structure
The two clauses in the sentence are often separated by either a semicolon (;) or
connecting words such as ‘and’, ‘but’, ‘or’, etc.

Parallelism is used when elements are in lists or in a series. For example:

“This task can be done individually, in pairs, or can be done in groups of four.”
“This task can be done individually, in pairs, or in groups of four.”

 “When the going gets tough, the tough get going.”

— John F. Kennedy

 This task can be done individually, in pairs, or in groups of four.

 Every morning, we make our bed, eat breakfast, and feed the dog.
 I will not sing a song, nor will I dance.
  They argued not only about the article but also about the review
 Ashley likes to ski, to swim, and to jump rope.
 She likes to dance and to sing songs.
 We enjoy relaxing and sitting out in the sun

Antithesis
a rhetorical or literary device in which an opposition or contrast of ideas is expressed.
Not opposite, but CONTRASTING. Just two ideas side by side.

 That’s one small step for a man – one giant leap for mankind.
Neil Armstrong used antithesis when he stepped onto the surface of the moon in 1969 and said,
"That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind." This is an example of antithesis
because the two halves of the sentence mirror each other in grammatical structure, while together
the two halves emphasize the incredible contrast between the individual experience of taking an
ordinary step, and the extraordinary progress that Armstrong's step symbolized for the human
race.

Often, but not always, antithesis works in tandem with parallelism. In parallelism, two
components of a sentence (or pair of sentences) mirror one another by repeating grammatical
elements. The following is a good example of both antithesis and parallelism:

To err is human, to forgive divine.

Examples of Antithesis-
 Go big or go home.
 Spicy food is heaven on the tongue but hell in the tummy.
 Those who can, do; those who can’t do, teach.
 Get busy living or get busy dying.
 Speech is silver but silence is gold.
 No pain, no gain.
 It’s not show friends; it’s show business.
 No guts, no glory.
 A moment on the lips; a lifetime on the hips.

Euphemism
a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt
when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.
A euphemism is a polite expression used in place of words or phrases that might otherwise be
considered harsh or unpleasant
 porcelain throne (Toilet)
  pre-owned (Used)
 bun in the oven (Pregnant)
 number one/number two (What you would do in the bathroom)
 passed away (Died)

Hyperbole
exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.

 I’m so hungry that I could eat a horse.

 That purse looks like it cost a million dollars.
 I Love You to the moon and back.
 He feels buried under a mountain of work.
 I’m dying of thirst.
 That dog is the cutest thing alive.

Meiosis
In rhetoric, meiosis is a euphemistic figure of speech that intentionally understates something
or implies that it is lesser in significance or size than it really is

Meiosis is an intentional understatement. You use meiosis when you intentionally

understate someone or the condition of a person or an event.

Meiosis is used to belittle a person or a situation.

Meiosis is also the opposite of Auxesis, which is another term for hyperbole. It’s used for
exaggeration.

To give an ironic effect, meiosis would often make use of litotes as synonyms.

 An amputated leg is referred to as a “flesh wound”

 "treehugger" for "environmentalist"
 "slasher" for surgeon
 ‘breeders’ for parents

Double and triple structure

The use of a triplet or a double pair will add energy and enthusiasm to a speech.

 "relaxing, luxurious, extravagant"

  "shiny, new, affordable".
 The more, the merrier
 the cheaper, the better
 slow and steady
 eat and sleep
 every gun made, every rocket fired, every warship launched

Pathos
Pathos is an argument that appeals to an audience's emotions. When a speaker tells a
personal story, presents an audience with a powerful visual image, or appeals to an audience's
sense of duty or purpose in order to influence listeners' emotions in favor of adopting the
speaker's point of view, he or she is using pathos .
 A teenager tries to convince his parents to buy him a new car by saying if they cared
about their child's safety they'd upgrade him.
 A man at the car dealership implores the salesman to offer the best price on a new car
because he needs to support his young family.

Pathos in Barack Obama's 2013 Address to the Nation on Syria

 Over the past two years, what began as a series of peaceful protests against the oppressive
regime of Bashar al-Assad has turned into a brutal civil war. Over 100,000 people have
been killed. Millions have fled the country...The situation profoundly changed, though,
on August 21st, when Assad’s government gassed to death over 1,000 people, including
hundreds of children. The images from this massacre are sickening: men, women,
children lying in rows, killed by poison gas, others foaming at the mouth, gasping for
breath, a father clutching his dead children, imploring them to get up and walk.
 A boyfriend begs his girlfriend to stay with him, claiming "If you really love me, you'll
give me time to change my ways."

 A car commercial depicts a teary-eyed parent saying goodbye to their child as they go off
to college, sad but assured that they're sending their child away in a reliable, safe car.
 Charity organizations show images of starving orphans living in dire conditions who need
your help with monthly financial support.

Bathos
An effect of anticlimax created by an unintentional lapse in mood from the sublime to the
trivial or ridiculous.

Without Bathos: Emma was fed up with Dan’s behavior. If he doesn’t change his ways, she’s
going to move out.
With Bathos: Emma was fed up with Dan’s behavior. If he doesn’t change his ways, she’s going
to move out. How hard is it to close the door whenever he leaves a room?

It sounds like a serious situation at first, but we’re suddenly told the reason why Emma’s
upset. Not only is it unexpected, but breaking up seems to be an overreaction to failing to
close a door.

MARY: “John – once we had something that was pure, and wonderful, and good. What’s
happened to it?”

JOHN: “You spent it all.”

Her hair was finely curled, her cheeks were lined with rouge, and her dress was a flowing
green and blue which made her look rather like a tired, old peacock.
His voice is warm and husky like dark melted chocolate fudge caramel… or something.

Litotes
the use of a negative statement in order to emphasize a positive meaning, for example "a not
inconsiderable amount of money (= a considerable amount of money)"
Litotes is a figure of speech featuring a phrase that utilizes negative wording or terms to express
a positive assertion or statement.

 The novel is not bad.

 You’re not wrong.
 I can’t disagree with your logic.
 My feelings are not unhurt.
 He is hardly unattractive.
 That lesson is not hard.
 My car was not cheap.
 I won’t argue with the referee.
 Visiting family is not uncommon.
 The results are not inaccurate.
 That compliment is not unwelcome.
 I can’t turn down that offer.
 The weather is not unpleasant.

Oxymoron
A combination of words that have opposite or very different meanings. The phrase "cruel
kindness" is an oxymoron.

 alone together
 civil war
  clearly misunderstood
 crash landing
 cruel kindness
 deafening silence
 deceptively honest
 exact estimate
 extinct life
 growing smaller
 living sacrifices
 loosely sealed
 loud whisper

Difference Between Oxymoron and Paradox

1. Paradox is a statement or a group of statements. Oxymoron is a combination of
two contradictory terms.
2. Paradox consists of a whole sentence or a paragraph. Oxymoron on the other
hand comes with only two words that contradicts itself.

Paradox
something (such as a situation) that is made up of two opposite things and that seems
impossible but is actually true or possible

“Nobody goes to the mall anymore — it’s too crowded.”

If nobody goes to the mall anymore, then why would it be crowded? It makes no sense that
a place would be filled with people if everyone thinks the same way as the speaker.

 do the thing you think you cannot do

 if you don’t risk anything, you risk everything
 earn money by spending it
 “Gentlemen, you can’t fight in here! This is the War Room.” (Dr. Strangelove or: How I
Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb)
 “If everyone is special, no one is.” (Disney’s The Incredibles)
 “I had to come to prison to be a crook.” (The Shawshank Redemption)
 “I can’t live with or without you” (With or Without You, lyrics by U2)
 “Whatever you do in life will be insignificant, but it is very important that you do it”
(Ghandi)
Quotation marks to show irony
quotation marks can be used to express irony, as in the sentence: Uncle Joe was really “sad”
about it. The use of the quotation marks indicate that Uncle Joe was not, in fact, sad at all. The
quotation marks are a signal to the reader about the true meaning of the sentence.
Irony is the use of words to convey the opposite meaning of the literal meaning for what is said.
Example: My well rested friend said he was “too sleepy” to play soccer.
In this example, the quotation marks are around “too sleepy”. The speaker is trying to tell the
reader that his friend was not actually too sleepy, and there must have been another reason for
him not to play.
Directions: Punctuate the following sentences.
1) Desoto said that he would be patient for thirty seconds.
2) I can’t stand it when my brother tries to help me and then asks me a million questions.
3) We took a journey to the fourth floor of the building.

What is Juxtaposition?
Simply put, juxtaposition is a literary device that places two things side by side for a
contrasting effect.
For example, consider how the Yin and Yang symbol has contrasting colors. This creates a
visual juxtaposition between the black and white.

But here’s the deal:

Juxtaposition is an umbrella literary technique that includes more specific types of contrasts.
Oxymorons, foils, and antitheses all fall under this juxtaposition umbrella.

Let’s briefly define each:

 Oxymoron is when words have conflicting meanings. Examples include phrases

like “bittersweet” and “icy hot.”
 Foil is where characters contrast. For example, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde are foil
characters because Jekyll is a respectable doctor while Mr. Hyde is a violent man.
 Antithesis places two opposite ideas together. Neil Armstrong said, “One small
step for man, but one giant leap for mankind.” The phrases, “one small step” and
“one giant leap” are contrasting ideas.
20 Illuminating Juxtaposition Examples if You're Feeling Lost (smartblogger.com)