Methods in Psychological Research 3rd

Edition Evans Test Bank

Visit to Download in Full: https://testbankdeal.com/download/methods-in-psychologica
l-research-3rd-edition-evans-test-bank/
Chapter: Chapter 7: Experimental Design: Independent Groups Designs

Multiple Choice

1. Experiments are conducted to _____.

*A) Demonstrate a behavioral phenomenon, to evaluate theory, and to satisfy curiosity
B) Demonstrate a behavioral phenomenon, to satisfy curiosity, and to learn more about the
participants
C) Demonstrate the lack of internal validity, to evaluate theory, and to satisfy curiosity
D) Demonstrate a behavioral phenomenon, to demonstrate the lack of internal validity, to prove
the superiority of the human race
E) None of the above

2. The major disadvantage of field experiments is _____.

A) The manipulation of the IV by the researcher
B) The high internal validity
*C) The lack of internal validity
D) The lack of external validity
E) None of the above

3. When you have two IV's in your experiment, you can assess _____.
*A) Two main effects and an interaction
B) One main effect and two interactions
C) One between subject variable and two within subjects variable
D) Two between subjects variable and one within subjects variable
E) None of the above

4. A controlled experiment is _____.

A) A laboratory experiment where the DV is directly manipulated by the researcher
*B) A laboratory experiment where the IV is directly manipulated by the researcher
C) A field experiment where the DV is directly manipulated by the researcher
D) A field experiment where the IV is directly manipulated by the researcher
E) None of the above

5. A(n) _________ is where participants are randomly assigned to different levels of the IV.
A) Inter-dependent groups design
B) Mixed-group design
C) Factorial group design
*D) Independent group design
E) None of the above

6. According to the textbook authors, the problem with the newspaper headline “Don't take
engineering, young ladies, if you hope to marry” is that _____.
*A) The statement makes causal interpretations about data that does not permit such
interpretations
B) The method of data collection was faulty, thus negating the research findings
C) The method of statistical analysis was faulty, thus negating the research findings
D) The statement is based on limited data and, therefore, inferential
E) None of the above

7. According to the text, the cornerstone of scientific research is _____.

A) The hypothesis
B) Control
*C) The experiment
D) Causation
E) None of the above

8. Our goal in conducting experiments is to show that _____.

A) A dependent variable causes a change in the independent variable
*B) An independent variable causes a change in the dependent variable
C) We have controlled extraneous variables
D) Two variables we have measured are correlated
E) None of the above

9. In psychological research the dependent variable is usually some measure of _____.

*A) Behavior
B) Attitude
C) Cognition
D) Interaction
E) None of the above

10. In order to be considered a true experiment, _____.

A) The dependent variable must be under the control of the researcher
*B) The independent variable must be under the control of the researcher
C) The researcher must control any extraneous and confounding variables
D) The research must be conducted in a laboratory
E) None of the above

11. Amy is researching the effectiveness of journaling on self-rated depression. All her
participants begin with a self-rated depression score of “moderate” based on a standardized test
of depression. Amy randomly assigns half of the group to journal for 30 minutes each day, while
the other half acts as a control group. What type of experiment is this?
*A) A true experiment.
B) A quasi-experimental design.
C) A controlled experiment.
D) A field experiment.
E) None of the above

12. _____ is to a true experiment as _____ is to a quasi-experimental design.

*A) Random assignment; self assignment
B) Control; systematic difference
C) A dependent variable; a participant variable
D) Causation; inferential

13. The aspect that sets a true experiment apart from other types of experiments is that _____.
A) Confounding and extraneous variables have been controlled
B) It follows the six steps in conducting an experiment
C) Participants have been randomly selected from the population
*D) The researchers ensure initial equivalency and assign participants to each condition
E) None of the above

14. Following a true experiment we are able to conclude that _____.

A) Differences may be due to the treatment condition or the initial differences between
participants
*B) Any difference between the groups is due to the treatment condition
C) We have sufficiently controlled confounding and extraneous variables
D) It is impossible to make causal inferences in psychology research
E) None of the above

15. When we use a true experimental design, we can make ____ statements about the
relationship between the variables.
A) Theoretical
B) Hypothetical
C) Correlational
*D) Causal
E) None of the above

16. According to the text, the first step in conducting an experiment is to _____.
A) Review existing literature on the topic
*B) Formulate a hypothesis
C) Select appropriate independent and dependent variables
D) Select a theory you would like to test
E) None of the above

17. A _____ is a statement about the expected relationship between variables.

A) Statistical hypothesis
B) Correlation
C) Theory
*D) Hypothesis

18. According to the text, the second step in conducting an experiment is to _____.
A) Formulate a hypothesis
B) Limit alternative explanations for variation
*C) Select appropriate independent and dependent variables
D) Randomly assign participants to treatment conditions
E) None of the above

19. Chad wants to research the effect of a public speaking class on friendliness. Chad has _____
friendliness to mean the length of time participants speak with strangers at a social gathering.
*A) Operationalized
B) Formulated
C) Hypothesized
D) Interpreted

20. The third step in conducting an experiment is to _____.

*A) Control confounding variables
B) Carry out the experiment
C) Define the variables
D) Create a testable hypothesis
E) None of the above

21. The fourth step in conducting an experiment is to _____.

A) Control confounding variables
*B) Carry out the experiment
C) Define the variables
D) Create a testable hypothesis
E) None of the above

22. The fifth step in conducting an experiment is to analyze the variation in the dependent
variable(s). What does this mean?
A) State whether there is a relationship between the independent and dependent variable(s).
B) Determine whether the null hypothesis is true.
*C) Use statistical techniques to analyze the data.
D) Check whether you controlled the error variation sufficiently.

23. The final step in conducting an experiment is to _____.

A) Use inferential statistical procedures to make statements about the null and alternative
hypotheses
B) Use descriptive statistical procedures to describe the characteristics of the sample
*C) Draw inferences about the relationship between the independent variable(s) and dependent
variable(s)
D) Describe the results of the statistical tests focusing on the sufficiency of the control
E) None of the above

24. The independent variable is directly manipulated by the researcher in which of the
following settings?
*A) In controlled and field experiments.
B) In controlled experiments.
C) In field experiments.
D) In neither controlled nor field experiments.

25. Which of the following is NOT one of the advantages of controlled experiments described
in the text?
A) We have greater control over the independent variable(s).
*B) We have greater control over the dependent variable(s).
C) We have greater control over extraneous variables.
D) We can measure our dependent variable more precisely.

26. Which of the following is NOT one of the disadvantages of controlled experiments
described in the text?
*A) Internal validity is poor.
B) The results may not be applicable to the real world.
C) Some research topics are unethical to study in the laboratory.
D) It can be costly and time consuming.
E) None of the above

27. Choosing where to conduct research presents a tradeoff between _____ in a laboratory and
_____ in a natural setting.
A) Control; reliability
B) External validity; internal validity
*C) Control; generalizability
D) Reliability; internal validity

28. The “clues” that lead participants to guess about the nature of the study and that may
change their behavior are called _____.
A) Command characteristics
*B) Demand characteristics
C) Anticipatory traits
D) Suggestive traits
E) None of the above

29. Betty wants to study drug use among teens. What type of experiment should Betty use?
A) Guarded experiment
B) Case study
*C) Field experiment
D) Controlled experiment

30. An important assumption in experiments is _____, which gives a basis for drawing
inferences about differences after treatment.
A) Random selection
B) Representative sample
C) Independent groups
*D) Initial equivalence
E) None of the above

31. When participants are randomly assigned, we can feel confident that the groups were
_____.
A) Randomly selected
B) Representative
C) Independent
*D) Initially equivalent
E) none of the above

32. Which of the following designs is not directly related to an independent groups design?
A) A between participants design.
B) A randomized groups design.
C) A randomized factorial groups design.
*D) A quasi-experimental design.

33. In a completely randomized design, research participants are randomly assigned to different
____ of one independent variable.
A) Groups
*B) Levels
C) Stages
D) Categories
E) None of the above

34. David is researching the effect of exercise on self-rated physical health. He assigns
participants to one of three groups: a no exercise group, a 30 minute exercise group, and a 60
minute exercise group. What type of design is David using?
A) Within participants design
B) 3 x 3 factorial design
C) Randomized factorial design
*D) Randomized groups design
E) None of the above

35. The simplest completely randomized groups design is a _____.

A) Single group design
B) Single variable design
*C) Two group design
D) Two IV design

36. If you were using a t-test or a one-way ANOVA to analyze your data, your experiment is
probably a ____.
A) Randomized factorial groups design
*B) Randomized groups design
C) Controlled experiment
D) Field experiment
E) None of the above

37. Researchers are more likely to use a randomized factorial design than a randomized groups
design when _____.
A) Attempting to improve the internal validity of their experiment
B) Conducting a field experiment
C) Several extraneous variables have been controlled
*D) They want to generalize to real world settings and situations
E) None of the above

38. Erin is researching how much people sleep. She finds that participants who sleep in an
east-facing room sleep less than those in rooms facing north, east, or south. This held true
whether or not participants had the shades drawn. Which of the following is the correct labeling
of the variables?
*A) IV – room direction, shades; DV – amount of sleep
B) IV – amount of sleep; DV – room direction, shades
C) IV – room direction; DV – amount of sleep; secondary variable – shades
D) IV – amount of sleep; DV – room direction; secondary variable – shades
E) None of the above

39. Citing the example in question 38, what is Erin demonstrating with her findings?
*A) Main effect of room direction.
B) Main effect of shades.
C) Main effect of amount of sleep.
D) Interaction effect.

40. If we have a 2 x 3 design, it means that

A) There are 2 IVs with 3 levels each.
*B) One IV has 2 levels and a second IV has 3 levels.
C) There are 2 IVs and 3 DVs.
D) There are 3 IVs with 2 levels each.
E) None of the above

41. If you wanted to analyze the results of a randomized factorial design, what statistical test
might you use?
A) t-test
B) One-way ANOVA
*C) Two-way ANOVA
D) A or B
E) None of the above

42. When graphing an interaction, what does two approximately parallel lines represent?
*A) No interaction effect.
B) An interaction effect.
C) No main effect.
D) It will depend on the outcomes of the main effects.
E) None of the above

43. Frank has analyzed his 2 x 4 randomized factorial design and made a graph. One graph has
two lines that are not parallel and cross. What is this graph probably indicating?
A) A main effect.
B) Two main effects.
*C) An interaction effect.
D) No interaction effect.
E) None of the above

44. One advantage of a factorial design is that _____.

A) We generally need fewer participants than in a randomized groups design
B) Analysis can be completed with a single test
*C) We can determine how different combinations of levels of two or more IVs affect the DV
D) Reporting significant results is very simple and straightforward

45. Gina is curious whether the number of individuals in a car and the volume at which they
talk influences speeding behavior in teens. After carrying out her research and analysis, Gina
finds a main effect for number. What does this mean?
A) Number of people is affected by speeding behavior.
B) Number of people is affected by a combination of speeding and volume.
C) Speeding behavior is affected by a combination of number and volume.
*D) Speeding behavior is affected by the number of people in the car.
E) none of the above

46. In a 2 x 4 randomized factorial design, there are _____ different groups and _____ different
treatment conditions.
*A) 8; 8
B) 2; 4
C) 4; 4
D) 6; 2
E) None of the above

47. According to the text, interpretation of the main effects must be made taking into
consideration any ____.
*A) Interaction
B) Controlled variables
C) Initial differences
D) Randomized designs

48. The most common technique to deal with initial differences between participants is _____.
*A) Random assignment
B) Random selection
C) Controlled experiments
D) Statistical control

49. When your factorial design has three independent variables, the design will yield
A) Three main effects and three two-way interactions.
B) Six main effects, three two-way interactions, and two three-way interactions.
*C) Three main effects, three two-way interactions, and one three-way interaction.
D) Six main effects, and three three-way interactions.
E) None of the above

50. Horace is interested in the effect of age on driving ability. He decides to test people from
different age groups (20s, 50s, 80s) for their number of errors on a driving course. What type of
experiment is this?
A) A randomized factorial design.
*B) A quasi-experimental design.
C) A mixed-group design.
D) A true experiment.

51. An interaction effect is _____.

A) The effect of each DV on the IV
B) The effect of each IV on the DV
C) When the IV varies in a systematic way with the DV
*D) The effect of combinations of levels of IVs on the DV
E) None of the above

True/False

52. A hypothesis is a statement about the expected relationship between variables.

*A) True
B) False

53. Experiments conducted in the laboratory are called field experiments.

A) True
*B) False

54. The simplest completely randomized groups design would be a two-group design where
participants are selected and independently assigned to either an experimental group or a control
group.
*A) True
B) False

55. In a randomized factorial design, participants are randomly assigned to each level of more
than one independent variable.
*A) True
B) False

56. An interaction is the effect of each independent variable on the dependent variable.
A) True
*B) False

57. A 2 x 3 randomized factorial design would have two levels of one TV and three levels of a
second IV.
*A) True
B) False

58. In a randomized factorial design, the main effects must be interpreted in light of any
interaction effects.
*A) True
B) False

59. With a simple independent groups design we could determine how different combination of
levels of two (or more) independent variables affect the dependent variable.
A) True
*B) False

Short Answer

Type: E
60. What is the difference between a true experiment and a quasi-experiment? What is the
advantage of a true experiment over a quasi-experiment?
*A) In a true experiment the independent variable is under the control of the researcher,
whereas in a quasi-experiment the independent variable was selected by the participant in some
way. Advantages will vary. Example: Because we randomly assign participants to groups, we
can assume the groups are initially equivalent. Therefore, any differences between the groups
following the treatment are due to our treatment effect.

Type: E
61. List the steps in conducting an experiment.
*A) Step 1. Formulate a hypothesis. Step 2. Select appropriate independent and dependent
variables. Step 3. Limit alternative explanations for variation. Step 4. Manipulate the IVs and
measure the DVs. Step 5. Analyze the variation in the DVs. Step 6. Draw inferences about the
relationship between IVs and DVs.

Type: E
62. When you make the decision about whether to do a controlled experiment or field
experiment, what is the tradeoff?
*A) Controlled experiments have high internal validity and are controlled, whereas field
experiments have high external validity and can be better generalized.

Type: E
63. What are three advantages of controlled experiments?
*A) Answers will vary. Example: Greater control over the independent variable(s); therefore
we have increased internal validity. Greater control over extraneous/secondary variables. We can
measure our dependent variable more precisely.

Type: E
64. Describe an independent groups design.
*A) Independent groups or between-participants experimental designs are used to compare
different groups of participants, all of whom have been independently assigned to treatment
groups.

Type: E
65. What is the difference between a completely randomized groups design and a randomized
factorial design?
*A) A randomized groups design has only one IV. The IV has two or more levels. A
randomized factorial design, on the other hand, has more than one IV. Factorial designs allow the
simultaneous assessment of more than one IV and the interactions between IVs (i.e. assess main
effects and interaction).

Type: E
66. Grace wants to research procrastination behaviors. What are two variables that may affect
procrastination? How could Grace operationalize all of her variables? How many levels does
each IV have?
*A) Answers will vary.

Type: E
67. Describe a topic you are interested in researching that could be studied using a true
experiment. What is your hypothesis, IV(s), DV? Operationalize your variables. How many
levels does each IV have? What type of design would your experiment use? When you do
analysis, what would you assess? What type of graph(s) would your produce?
*A) Answers will vary.