Electric Charges and Field

Certainly, here are some of the important formulas related to electric charges
and fields from Class 12 Physics NCERT book, along with step-by-step
descriptions:

1. **Coulomb's Law:**
Formula: F = k * (|q1 * q2|) / r^2
Description:
- F represents the force between two point charges q1 and q2.

- k is the electrostatic constant, which is approximately equal to 9 × 10^9

Nm^2/C^2.

- r is the distance between the two charges.

Step-by-step:

- Calculate the absolute values of the two point charges (|q1| and |q2|).

- Calculate the square of the distance between them (r^2).

- Multiply the absolute values of the charges and the electrostatic constant
(k).

- Divide the result by the square of the distance to find the magnitude of the
force (F).
2. **Electric Field Intensity (E):**
Formula: E = F / q
Description:

- E represents the electric field intensity at a point in space.

- F is the force experienced by a positive test charge (q) placed at that point.
Step-by-step:

- Calculate the magnitude of the force (F) acting on the positive test charge.
 - Divide the magnitude of the force by the magnitude of the test charge (q) to
find the electric field intensity (E) at that point.
3. **Electric Field due to a Point Charge:**
Formula: E = k * (|q|) / r^2
Description:
- E represents the electric field intensity due to a point charge q at a distance
r from the charge.

- k is the electrostatic constant, approximately equal to 9 × 10^9 Nm^2/C^2.

Step-by-step:

- Calculate the absolute value of the point charge (|q|).

- Calculate the square of the distance (r^2).

- Multiply the absolute value of the charge and the electrostatic constant (k).

- Divide the result by the square of the distance to find the electric field
intensity (E) at that point.
4. **Electric Field Lines:**
Formula: E = k | Q | / r 2
Description:
- Electric field lines represent the direction of the electric field at different
points in space.

- These lines start from positive charges and terminate on negative charges.

- They are drawn such that the electric field is tangent to the lines at any
point.

- Electric field lines never cross each other.

- The density of electric field lines indicates the strength of the electric field;
denser lines mean stronger fields.