DUAL AXIS SOLAR TRACKER

PROJECT SYNOPSIS

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

Electronics & Communication

Submitted by

[SHREY SHARMA] [2000330310026]

[TUSHAR] [2000330310031]

GUIDED BY

[Mr.Anuj Kumar]

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION (NBA ACCREDITED)

RAJ KUMAR GOEL INSTITUTE OF TECHONOLOGY, GHAZIABAD
Affiliated to

DR.A.P.J.ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge
and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person or
material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or
diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due
acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Signature

Name

Roll No.

Date
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Project Report entitled “DUAL AXIS SOLAR TRACKER “ which is
submitted by,Tushar, Shrey Sharma, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
degree B.Tech. in Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering of Dr. A.P.J.
Abdul Kalam Technical University, is a record of the candidate own work carried out by him
under my/our supervision. The matter embodied in this thesis is original and has not been
submitted for the award of any other degree.

Date: Supervisor
(Designation)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the B.Tech Project undertaken
during B.Tech. Final Year. We owe special debt of gratitude to Mr.Anuj Kumar, Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical
University, Lucknow for his constant support and guidance throughout the course of our
work. His sincerity, thoroughness and perseverance have been a constant source of
inspiration for us. It is only his cognizant efforts that our endeavors have seen light of the
day.
We also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all faculty
members of the department for their kind assistance and cooperation during the development
of our project. Last but not the least, we acknowledge our friends for their contribution in the
completion of the project.

Signature: Signature
Name: Name
Roll no: Roll no
Date: Date
 September 2023

INDEX

1- Abstract
2- Introduction
3-Hardware Requirements
4-Software Requirements
5-Methodolgy/ Approach
6- Block Diagram/ Hardware Description
7-Conclusion
10-References (5-10) Sample given below
11- Signature of mentor
 ABSTRACT
The goal of this thesis was to develop a laboratory prototype of a solar tracking
system, which is able to enhance the performance of the photovoltaic modules in a
solar energy system. The operating principle of the device is to keep the
photovoltaic modules constantly aligned with the sunbeams, which maximises the
exposure of solar panel to the Sun’s radiation. As a result, more output power can
be produced by the solar panel.
The work of the project included hardware design and implementation, together
with software programming for the microcontroller unit of the solar tracker. The
system utilised an ATmega328P microcontroller to control motion of two servo
motors, which rotate solar panel in two axes. The amount of rotation was
determined by the microcontroller, based on inputs retrieved from four photo
sensors located next to solar panel.
At the end of the project, a functional solar tracking system was designed and
implemented. It was able to keep the solar panel aligned with the sun, or any light
source repetitively. Design of the solar tracker from this project is also a reference
and a starting point for the development of more advanced systems in the future.
INTRODUCTION
In an age where sustainable energy sources have become paramount in combating climate
change and securing our planet's future, solar power emerges as a radiant solution. Solar
photovoltaic (PV) systems have gained immense popularity for their capacity to harness
abundant sunlight and convert it into clean electricity. However, the efficiency of these
systems hinges on the panels' ability to optimally align with the sun's rays throughout the day.
This precise alignment is precisely what the Dual-Axis Solar Tracker System, without the
need for sensors, strives to achieve.
Conventional solar panels, often fixed at a static angle, capture sunlight effectively only when
the sun is directly overhead. As the sun traverses the sky, these stationary panels lose
efficiency during morning and evening hours, as well as on overcast days. The consequences
of this inefficiency are evident: reduced energy production and slower return on investment.

The Dual-Axis Solar Tracker System represents a remarkable breakthrough in the pursuit of
maximizing solar energy capture. Unlike single-axis trackers that merely pivot along a single
axis, dual-axis trackers are engineered to operate in two dimensions, continuously aligning
solar panels both horizontally and vertically with the sun's changing position.

What distinguishes this system is its remarkable ability to achieve such precision without
relying on conventional light sensors. Traditionally, sensors have been indispensable for solar
tracking systems, detecting the sun's location and guiding panel adjustments accordingly.
However, these sensors can be expensive, require regular maintenance, and are susceptible to
environmental wear and tear. By eliminating the need for sensors, the Dual-Axis Solar
Tracker System not only reduces installation and maintenance costs but also fortifies
reliability and durability.

In this synopsis, we embark on an exploration of the inner workings of this groundbreaking

technology, delving into its mechanical and electronic components, as well as the intricate
control algorithms that orchestrate its movements. We unveil how this sensor-free dual-axis
tracker leverages modern automation and intelligent software to intuitively follow the sun's
path across the sky, continually optimizing energy production throughout the day. Moreover,
we delve into the compelling environmental and economic advantages this sensorless system
offers, highlighting its instrumental role in advancing solar energy's adoption as a clean and
sustainable power source.

As humanity ventures toward a more sustainable future, the Sensor-Free Dual-Axis Solar
Tracker System emerges as a pivotal innovation in the realm of solar energy technology. This
ingenious system not only promises heightened energy efficiency but also spearheads a
cleaner, more sustainable, and economically viable future, one where the sun's abundant
energy potential is harnessed to its fullest. Over the next pages, we will navigate the
intricacies of this transformative technology, illuminating its components, operation, and its
potential to revolutionize the solar energy landscape.
 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

GPS Module
Clock or Real-Time Clock (RTC) Module
Microcontroller or PLC
Actuators
Mounting Structure
Power Supply
Weatherproof Enclosure
Wiring and Connectors
Safety Features
Data Logging and Communication Hardware (Optional)

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT
Sun Position Calculation Algorithm
Real-Time Clock (RTC) Integration
Control Algorithm
Feedback Loop
Stow and Safety Procedures
Power Management
Calibration and Alignment Procedures
Error Handling and Diagnostics
Algorithm Updates
 LITERATURE REVIEW

Hossein Mousazadeh et Al.,[ (2011), Journal of Solar Energy Engineering,Vol.133 ]

studied and investigated maximization of collected energy from an on-board PV array, on
a solar assist plug-in hybrid electric tractor (SAPHT). Using four light dependent
resistive sensors a suntracking system on a mobile structure was constructed and
evaluated. The experimental tests using the sun-tracking system showed that 30% more
energy was collected in comparison to that of the horizontally fixed mode.. Four LDR
sensors were used to sense the direct beams of sun. Each pair of LDRs was separated by
an obstruction as a shading device. A microcontroller based electronic drive board was
used as an interface between the hardware and the software. For driving of each motor, a
power MOSFET was used to control the actuators. The experimental results indicated
that the designed system was very robust and effective.

K.S. Madhu et al., (2012) International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research
vol. 3, 2229–5518, states that a single axis tracker tracks the sun east to west, and a two-
axis tracker tracks the daily east to west movement of the sun and the seasonal
declination movement of the sun. Concentrates solar power systems use lenses or mirrors
and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts
light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. Solar power is the conversion of
sunlight into electricity. Test results indicate that the increase in power efficiency of
tracking solar plate in normal days is 26 to 38% compared to fixed plate. And during
cloudy or rainy days it’s varies at any level.
Methodology/Planning

Project Objectives and Scope Definition:

Clearly define the objectives of the project, including the primary goal and specific outcomes
you aim to achieve.
Identify the scope of the project, specifying the limitations and boundaries.
Literature Review:

Conduct an extensive literature review to understand the existing research and developments
in sensorless solar tracking systems.
Identify key mathematical models, algorithms, and technologies relevant to sensorless solar
tracking.
Review case studies and research papers related to the implementation of sensorless tracking
in real-world applications.
Conceptual Design:

Develop a conceptual design for your sensorless dual-axis solar tracker system.
Determine the key components required, including motors, microcontrollers, power sources,
and any additional sensors or devices.
Create a block diagram illustrating the system's architecture and functionality.
Mathematical Model Development:

Based on the literature review, select or develop an appropriate mathematical model for solar
position prediction.
Ensure that the model accounts for factors such as geographical location, date, and time.
Validate the accuracy of the chosen model through simulations or initial calculations.
Hardware Selection and Acquisition:

Identify and select the hardware components needed for your project, including motors,
microcontrollers, and solar panels.
Procure the selected hardware components and ensure they are compatible with your design.
Algorithm Development:

Develop the algorithm or software code necessary for real-time solar position prediction and
dual-axis tracking control.
Implement the chosen mathematical model within your algorithm.
Incorporate error correction and optimization mechanisms to improve tracking accuracy.
Prototype Assembly and Integration:

Assemble the physical prototype of the dual-axis solar tracker using the selected hardware
components.
Integrate the microcontroller, motors, and tracking algorithm into the system.
Ensure proper wiring and connections between components.
Testing and Calibration:

Conduct rigorous testing of the prototype under various weather conditions and
environmental factors.
Calibrate the system to achieve accurate solar tracking performance.
Address any issues or errors that arise during testing.
Data Collection and Analysis:

Collect data on the performance of the sensorless solar tracker, including energy generation
and tracking accuracy.
Analyze the collected data to assess the system's efficiency and effectiveness.
Documentation and Reporting:

Maintain detailed documentation of the project, including hardware schematics, software

code, algorithms, and test results.
Prepare a comprehensive project report summarizing the methodology, findings, and
outcomes of the project.
Conclusion and Future Directions:

Summarize the project's achievements and contributions to the field of sensorless solar
tracking.
Reflect on lessons learned and areas for potential improvement.
Discuss future directions for research and development in this area.
Presentation and Dissemination:

Prepare a compelling project presentation to communicate the project's objectives,

methodology, results, and significance.
Consider opportunities to present your work at conferences, seminars, or within your
academic institution.
 Conclusion
In the pursuit of sustainable and efficient energy solutions, the "Dual-Axis Solar Tracker
without Sensor" project emerges as a pioneering endeavor that reimagines the landscape of
solar energy generation. This project represents a culmination of innovative technology,
rigorous research, and a commitment to addressing the pressing challenges of renewable
energy.

The objectives of this project are rooted in the conviction that solar energy should be
harnessed with utmost efficiency, affordability, and adaptability. By exploring the concept of
a sensorless dual-axis solar tracker, we set out to revolutionize the way solar panels track the
sun's path and optimize energy yield.

Drawing inspiration from the growing body of research in sensorless solar tracking, we
embarked on a journey that encompassed various phases of design, development, and testing.
Our methodology emphasized the following key components:

Mathematical Models: We harnessed the power of mathematical models for solar position
prediction, ensuring that our system could anticipate the sun's location based on geographical
coordinates, date, and time.

Hardware Integration: We carefully selected and integrated hardware components, including

motors, microcontrollers, and solar panels, to create a physical prototype that would execute
precise tracking movements.

Algorithm Development: We developed a sophisticated tracking algorithm that incorporated

the mathematical models, real-time data, and error correction mechanisms to enhance
tracking accuracy.

Testing and Validation: Rigorous testing under varying environmental conditions allowed us
to refine our prototype, calibrate it for accuracy, and assess its real-world performance.

Through this project, we have not only demonstrated the feasibility of sensorless solar
tracking but also highlighted its potential advantages. By eliminating the need for traditional
sensors, our system offers cost-effective and reliable solar tracking that can adapt to diverse
settings, including remote and off-grid locations.

The "Dual-Axis Solar Tracker without Sensor" project holds promise in addressing some of
the limitations associated with traditional sensor-based tracking systems. It aligns with the
global shift toward sustainable energy solutions and makes strides toward maximizing solar
energy generation.
As we conclude this project synopsis, we invite you to join us in our endeavor to redefine the
way we harness the power of the sun. Our innovation represents a significant step forward in
the quest for efficient and accessible renewable energy. We look forward to further
exploration, development, and implementation in the field of sensorless solar tracking, as we
collectively strive to create a greener and more sustainable future.
This conclusion summarizes the significance of your "Dual-Axis Solar Tracker without
Sensor" project, emphasizing its contribution to renewable energy efficiency and
sustainability. It invites readers to appreciate the innovation and potential impact of your
work in the broader context of solar energy generation.
Reference
1.Enslin, JHR.: Maximum power point tracking a cost-saving necessity solarenergy
systems. Renewable Energy 2(6), 543-549 (1992).
2. Amadi , H.N .,Gutiérrez, S .: Design and Performance Evaluation of a Dual-
Axis Solar
Tracking System for Rural Applications.Europen Journal of Electrical and
Computer
Engineering 3(1), 1-2 (2019).
3. Sadyrbayey, S .,Seitzhan, O .,Bekbayev, A .,Kaliyev,z .: Design and Research of
Dual axis
solar tracking system in condition of town Almaty. Middle-East Journal of Scientific
Research
17 (12), 1747-1751(2013).
4. Chakraborty Chhoton, A., Chakraborty, N.R.: Dual Axis Solar Tracking
System-A
Comprehensive Study: Bangladesh Context .International Conference on Advances in
Electrical Engineering, Dhaka- Bangladesh (2017).
5. Ferdaus, R.A ., Mohammed, M.A ., Rahman, S.,Salehin, S., Mannan,
M.A .:Energy
Efficient Hybrid Dual Axis Solar Tracking System .Renewable Energy (12),
Bangladesh
(2014).
6. Mitra, D ., Das, D ., Brahma, D ., Maiti, D ., Mondal, T .: Sun tracking solar panel
without
microcontroller . IEEE, Kolkata (2019).
7. Wang , F ., Jou , X ., Chen , J .:Research and Design of DC servo motor position
control
system based on lab view . ICEEE, China (2010).
8. Rizk, J., chaiko, Y.: solar tracking system more efficient use of solar panels. World
Academy
of Science, Engineering and Technology,313 -315

SIGNATURE OF THE MENTOR:

 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Light detector Light Detector Light Detector

(X – direction) (Reference point) (Y – direction)

Programming
Interface
Microcontroller

Power
supply
Shaft Shaft
Motor 1 coupler Motor 2
(for X-axis rotation) (for Y-axis rotation)

Shaft
coupler

Solar panel