RILEM TECHNICALREPORTS
RAPPORTS TECHNIQUESDE LA RILEM
COMMISSION DE LA RILEM73-SBC
Siliceous by-products for use in concrete
1. INTRODUCTION
For economic and technical reasons numerous indus-
trial by-products are being increasingly used by the
cement and concrete industries. In October 1982, the
RILEM General Council approved the formation of
Technical Committee 73-SBC, Siliceous By-products
for Use in Concrete. The primary goal of the Com-
mittee was to undertake a worldwide survey of produc-
tion, utilization, and physical-chemical characteristics
of siliceous by-products that are cementitious or pozzo-
lanic, and are therefore suitable for use as cement and
concrete additions. Fly ash, iron blast-furnace slag,
condensed silica fume and rice husk ash were identified
as the principal by-products which possess pozzolanic
and/or cementitious properties. Another goal of the
Committee was to review the current specifications and
test methods and make recommendations for general
evaluation of their quality.
A list of the names of 19 members of the Committee
is given in the Appendix to the report. Most of the
work was carried out by correspondence. The data for
each country were furnished by the individual members
representing that country. In spite of several efforts,
the Committee was unable to attract anyone represent-
ing the Soviet Union and East European countries;
therefore the report does not contain data from these
countries.
In cooperation with the Second International Con-
ference on the Use of Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and
Natural Pozzolans, Madrid, Spain, April 21-25, 1986,
TC 73-SBC sponsored a symposium on Specifications
and Test Methods for Mineral Additions. Selected
references of recent publications containing inform-
ation on composition, characterization, specifications,
and test methods for siliceous by-products are given at
the end of the report. The Committee did not under-
take the task of producing an exhaustive bibliography.
An excellent bibliography on fly ash is available from
RILEM TC 67 FAB (Fly Ash in Buildings).
73-SBC RILEM COMMITTEE
Final Report
2. NOMENCLATURE
The term 'mineral additions' is used for inorganic
materials, both natural minerals and industrial by-
products, that are used in quantities of 5% or more by
mass of the cement. Mineral additions may be blended
or interground with Portland cement, or added directly
to concrete before or during mixing.
There is a proliferation of terms and abbreviations in
the published literature for the commonly used mineral
additions. In the interest of encouraging a universal
nomenclature, the following terms and abbreviations
are recommended.
2.1 Blast-furnace slag
The term 'blast-furnace slag' (BFS) is applied to iron
blast-furnace slag, which is a non-metallic product con-
sisting essentially of silicates and aluminosilicates of
calcium and of other bases, that is developed in a
molten condition simultaneously with iron in a blast
furnace. Granulated BFS is a glassy, granular material
formed when molten BFS is rapidly quenched with a
large amount of water. Pelletized BFS is a glassy,
pelletized material formed when molten BFS is rapidly
cooled with air and a limited amount of water.
2.2 Fly ash
The term 'fly ash' (FA) is generally applied to small and
mostly spheroidal particles of ash removed from flue
gas by mechanical separators, electrostatic precipita-
tors, or bag-filters in power generation plants using
pulverized coal or fuel. During coal combustion the
incombustible minerals fuse at high temperature and,
subsequently, solidify at a lower temperature to glassy
spherical particles. Most of the particles fly out with the
flue gas stream and the material is, therefore, popularly
known as fly ash. It is noted that in England and some
other countries the use of the term 'pulverized fuel ash'
(PFA) is preferred.
70 73-SBC Rilem Committee

2,3 C o n d e n s e d silica f u m e
The term 'condensed silica fume' (CSF) is applied to
extremely fine and spheroidal particles of siliceous mat-
ter removed from outgoing gases by bag-filters in the
silicon metal or ferrosilicon alloy producing plants. The
gaseous SiO produced during the reduction of quartz
oxidizes on contact with air and condenses to very small
spheres consisting essentially of non-crystalline silica. It
is noted that the terms 'microsilica' or 'silica fume' are
also being used for this material.
2.4 Rice husk ash
The term 'rice husk ash' ( R H A ) is applied to the sili-
ceous .ash produced by combustion of rice husks. By
controlled incineration of husks at low temperature it is
possible to produce an R H A consisting essentially of
non-crystalline silica and possessing a high surface area.
This ash is highly pozzolanic. High-temperature R H A ,
with low surface area and containing crystalline forms
of silica, is poorly pozzolanic. It is noted that in the
USA, rice husks are called 'rice hulls'.
3. P R O D U C T I O N AND U T I L I Z A T I O N R A T E S
The statistics for the production and utilization rates for
the highly pozzolanic rice husk ash are not available
because the amounts being produced at the present
appear to be small. The 1984 data for the other by-
products are shown in Table 1. Although 1982 and 1983
data are also available it seems that due to wide fluctu-
ations in the production of slag, silica fume, and fly ash
in many countries, the latest data (1984), rather than
the three years' average, are more representative of the
current situation as well as the trend in the near future.
From the fly ash production statistics in Table 1, it is
clear that the availability of the material ranges from
being negligible for the Netherlands, Sweden, and
Denmark, to very large for the USA, China, India,
United Kingdom and South Africa. The fly ash utiliza-
tion data are only for the high-value use of the material,
i.e. where the pozzolanic property of the material is
properly utilized (as when fly ash is used as a consti-
tuent of Portland-pozzolan cement or as a mineral
addition to structural concrete). It is noted that the
individual country usage of fly ash varies from less than
1% to as high as 30% of the total quantity available in
the country. Although poor quality and lack of unifor-
mity are usually cited as reasons for low utilization rates
of fly ash by the cement and concrete industries, it is
believed that the absence of proper test methods and
specifications is a contributing factor.
Japan, China, USA, G e r m a n y , and France are
among the large producers of iron blast-furnace slag.
Traditionally, a considerable amount of the slag is air-
cooled, and is therefore not as cementitious as the
granulated or the pelletized slag. The slag utilization
rates in Table 1 reflect mostly the quantity of slag that is
available in the granulated or pelletized form. Thus,
only about 2.5% of the available iron blast-furnace slag
is being exploited for cementitious purposes in
Australia, whereas in India or Japan about 35% of the
available material is being used for this purpose.
The present world production of condensed silica
fume appears to be about 500 to 600 x 103 tonnes,
which is a small amount compared to fly ash or blast-
furnace slag. Norway, USA, France and Australia are
among the largest producers; however, reliable esti-
mates of consumption by the cement and concrete
industries are generally not available. It is noted that
unlike fly ash and ground blast-furnace stag, the utiliza-
tion of CSF, due to its unusually fine particle size, is

Table 1 Annual production and utilization rates of siliceous by-products (tonnes)*

Fly ash, x 106 Blast-furnace slag,t x 10 6 Condensed silica fume, x 10 3

Country Production Utilization Production Utilization Production Utilization

Australia 3.5 0.25 4.7 0.12 60 20

Canada 3.3 0.8 2.9 0.2 23 11
China 35 7.2 22 16 None None
Denmark 1 0.45 None None None None
France 5.1 1.5 10.4 1.9 60 None
Germany (Fed. Rep.) 2.6 2.0 15 2.8 25 None
India 19 0.5 7.8 2.8 None None
Japan 3.7 0.5 24 8.2 25 None
Netherlands 0.5 0.3 1.1 1 None None
Norway None None 0.1 None 140 40
South Africa 12.9 0.1 1.5 0.6 43 0
Sweden 0.1 0.02 0.1 0.03 10 1
United Kingdom 13.8 1.3 1.5 0.25 None None
United States 47 5 13 1 100 2

*The production and utilization rates shown are for the year 1984. The utilization data represent only the amount of material
used as a pozzotanic and/or cementitious constituent of hydraulic cements and structural concrete.
tBlast-furnace slag production data include the total quantity of all iron blast-furnace slag including air-cooled slag. The
utilization data are for the granulated or pelletized slag consumed by the cement and concrete industries.
7 3 - S B C Rilem C o m m i t t e e 71

more profitable in other industries such as castable
refractories. This m a y well be one of the principal
reasons for the low utilization rate of CSF by the
cement and concrete industries.
In conclusion, in spite of convincing ecological and
technical benefits f r o m the use of pozzolanic and
cementitious by-products in concrete, a large disparity
continues to persist between the available quantities of
these materials and their utilization rates. This C o m -
mittee r e c o m m e n d s that every country should under-
take a careful evaluation of the obstacles that are in the
way of improving the utilization rates of siliceous by-
products in c e m e n t and concrete industries, and make
suitable efforts to r e m o v e them.
4. C L A S S I F I C A T I O N
A n a t t e m p t to classify the p r o d u c t s on the basis of their
cementitious or pozzolanic behaviour is presented in
Table 2. This m a n n e r of classification transcends the

Table 2 Classification, composition and particle characteristics of siliceous by-products used as cement additions, or as
mineral admixtures in concrete*

Classification Chemical and mineralogical composition Particle characteristics

I. Cementitious
Rapidly-cooled blast furnace slag
Mostly silicate glass containing calcium,
magnesium, and aluminium. Crystalline
compounds of melilite group and
merwinite may be present in small
quantities.
Unprocessed material is granular or
pelletized and contains 5 to 15%
moisture. Before use it is dried and
ground to particles mostly less than
45 gm (400 to 500 m 2 kg -I Blaine).
Particles have rough texture.

II. Cementitious and pozzolanic

High-calcium fly ash Mostly silicate glasst containing calcium,
(> 10% CaO) magnesium, and aluminium. The small
quantity of crystalline matter present
generally consists of quartz and C3A; free
lime and periclase may be present; CS and
C4A3S may be present in the case of high-
sulphur coals. Unburnt carbon is usually
less than 2%.
Power corresponding to 10 to 15%
particles larger than 45 p~m (usually 300
t o 4 0 0 m 2 kg -l Blaine). Most particles
are solid and spheroidal with less than
20 p,m diameter. Particle surface is
generally smooth but not as clean as in
low-calcium fly ash.

III. Highly pozzolanic

(a) Condensed silica fume
(b) Rice husk ash produced
by controlled incineration
Consist essentially of silica in non-
crystalline form.
Consist essentially of silica in non-
crystalline form.
Extremely fine powder consisting of
solid and spheroidal particles mostly
less than 0.1 ~tm diameter (about
20 000 m 2 kg -~ surface area by nitrogen
adsorption).
Particles are generally less than 45 gm
but they are highly cellular (about
60 000 m 2 kg-t surface area by nitrogen
adsorption).

IV. Normal pozzolanic

Low-calcium fly ash Mostly silicate glass containing aluminium
(< 10% CaO) and iron. The small quantity of crystalline
matter present consists generally of quartz,
mullite, haematite and magnetite. Unburnt
carbon is usually less than 5% but at times
may be up to 10%.
Power corresponding to 15 to 30%
particles larger than 45 ~tm (usually 250
to 350 m 2 kg -~ Blaine). Most particles
are solid and spheroidal with average 20
p.m diameter. Cenospheres and
plerospheres may be present.

V. Others
(a) Slowly-cooled blast
furnace-slag
(b) Bottom ash, boiler slag,
field-burnt rice husk ash.
Consist essentially of crystalline silicate
minerals, and relatively small amount of
non-crystalline matter.
The materials must be pulverized to
very fine particle size in order to
develop satisfactory cementitious or
pozzolanic activity. Ground particles
are rough in texture.

* Based on Mehta, P. K., in Proceedings of First International Symposium on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, and Slag, Vol. 1, ACI
Publication SP 79 (1983).
~ In fly ashes containing more than 20% CaO, the composition and reactivity of the glass are much different to those of the
glass in low-calcium fly ash; the glass in high-calcium fly ash is more reactive.
72
traditional barriers according to which the materials are
classified by source or origin rather than by their per-
formance characteristics in concrete. As described later
in the report, a possible benefit from this approach is
the development of a single code covering the perform-
ance of all mineral additions.
5. P H Y S I C A L - C H E M I C A L
CHARACTERISTICS
From examination of the countrywide data on physical-
chemical compositions of blast-furnace slags, fly ashes,
and silica fume, it was apparent that each of these
products is available with a very wide range of composi-
tions. Since there is little correlation between the oxide
analysis of a mineral admixture and its performance in
concrete, it was decided that no useful purpose would
be served by inclusion of such data in this report.
However, for the purpose of general information, a
summary of the data on typical chemical and mineral-
ogical compositions, and particle characteristics of the
various siliceous by-products, is shown in Table 2.
6. STANDARD S P E C I F I C A T I O N S AND TEST
METHODS
From the numerous world standards for mineral
additions reviewed by this Committee, it became
apparent that before recommendations are made on
the methods of evaluation of their physical-chemical
characteristics it would be desirable to agree as to
which of the characteristics are significant from the
standpoint of the influence of the additive on properties
of cement or concrete. In other words, before suitable
test methods are identified and recommended for use,
it is necessary to discuss what ought to be tested.
The presentations made at the technical sessions
sponsored by TC 73-SBC on 'Specifications and test
methods for siliceous additions to cement and concrete'
expressed a general dissatisfaction with the standards
that are currently in use in the world. Some of the
points of criticism are as follows
1. For historic reasons, standard specifications and
test methods for various classes of pozzolanic and/or
cementitious additions were developed separately. As
new materials became available, these were accommo-
dated under an existing specification in an ad hoc man-
ner rather than using a scientific approach. (An
example of this is ASTM C 618, which was amended in
1977 to permit the use of high-calcium fly ashes in
concrete).
2. Current standards contain numerous physical and
chemical requirements that do not serve a useful pur-
pose. Whereas some requirements are needed for
ensuring a batch-to-batch uniformity, many are un-
necessary. They pretend to, but in reality do not, pro-
vide a basis for predicting the performance of concrete
containing the material.
3. Separate specifications offer no guidance to a user
who may wish to consider two materials which promise
73-SBC Rilem Committee
similar economic and technical advantages but happen
to belong to different classes (such as fly ash and slag).
Ideally, therefore, all siliceous additions should be
covered by a common performance-oriented standard
that is helpful in the evaluation of materials from differ-
ent sources. A standard based on rational principles
should also be able to accommodate new by-products
that are pozzolanic and/or cementitious (for example,
high-SO3 fly ash from lime scrubbers).
6.1 Recent developments
Standards are constantly under review and revision
throughout the world. It is not intended here to under-
take a comprehensive examination of the recent or
ongoing developments in world standards on fly ash,
slag and silica fume suitable for use in concrete. Only
two recent developments are discussed here as
examples of the efforts that are being made to improve
the current standards in the context of the above men-
tioned criticism.
1. ASTM C 989, issued in 1982, covers the standard
specification for the ground iron blast-furnace slag to be
used as a concrete admixture. A key feature of this
standard is its total freedom from cumbersome chemi-
cal and physical requirements, except a restriction on
the maximum permissible amount of particles larger
than 45 ~tm (No. 325 mesh sieve residue). This restric-
tion not only provides an easy method for controlling
the batch-to-batch uniformity from a single source of
supply, but also provides some guidance on the rate of
strength development in a slag-cement mixture.
At the heart of the standard is a performance test
called the Slag Activity Test. In this test, the 28-day
compressive strength of normally cured mortar cubes
made with a slag cement, containing 50% slag by
weight of the total cement, is compared with reference
specimens made with Portland cement only. The Slag
Activity Index is calculated as the strength of the slag-
cement mortar expressed as a percentage of the refer-
ence cement mortar. Since the composition of Portland
cement, especially the content of available alkalis and
sulphate, influences the reactivity of pozzolanic or
cementitious additions, an important feature of ASTM
C 989 is that the composition of Portland cement used
in the test is specified.
2. A Canadian Standard*, issued in 1986, is believed
to be the first of its kind in the world, which has
attempted to cover natural pozzolans (N), low-calcium
fly ash (F), high-calcium fly ash (C), ground granulated
blast-furnace slag, and silica fume (U) in a common
standard. The mandatory chemical and physical
requirements are shown in Tables 3 and 4, respectively.
The optional chemical requirements consist of a 3.0%
maximum limit on moisture content; the optional
physical requirements involve limits on pozzolanic
*Canadian National Standard on Supplementary Cementing
Materials, CAN/CSA-A23.5-M86(Canadian StandardsAssociation,
July 1986).
73-SBC Rilem Committee
Table 3 Chemical requirements of CAN/CSA-A23.5-M86
Material type Minimum
frequency
Property N F C G U of testing*
SO3
(max. %)t 3.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 1.0 Lot or 1000t ~c
Loss on
ignition
(max %) 10.0 12.0 6.0 - 6.0 Lot or 100 t
SiO2(min %) . . . . 85 Lot or 500 t
*When sufficient test data have been accumulated showing,
to the satisfaction of the owner, that a source consistency
complies with the requirements, the test frequencies may be
reduced.
?This limit may be exceeded, provided that the
supplementary cementing material, when tested in
combination with the particular Portland cement with which
it is to be used, exhibits expansion not in excess of 0.020%
at 14 days when tested in accordance with Clause 7.5.5 of
CAN3-A5. In the test mix, replace a mass of Portland
cement by an equal mass of supplementary cementing
material in the amount of 20% generally, or for Type U in
the amount of 10%, or the anticipated maximum field
replacement percentage, whichever is greater.
:~Lot or 500 t for Type U.
activity index, drying shrinkage, and alkali-aggregate
expansion. One may disagree with specific items
selected for inclusion in the standard, or the individual
specification limits, but this certainly represents a step
toward the ideal of bringing all siliceous additions
under a single standard.
This Committee organized a symposium (Madrid,
Spain, April 1986) on specifications and test methods
on siliceous by-products. From a review of several
standards, Mehta? recommended certain mandatory
and optional requirements for a uniform code covering
all siliceous additions (Tables 5 and 6). The following
ideas for a single standard are developed from his
paper, and from individual comments on this paper.
6.2 I d e a s for a c o m m o n s t a n d a r d
6.2.1 Chemical requirements
Chemical requirements in world standards for siliceous
additions range from restrictions on ignition loss and
moisture to the content of specific oxides, such as SIO2,
A1203, Fe203, CaO, MgO, SO3, and alkali oxides. An
analysis of the significance of these restrictions will be
helpful in making an evaluation as to which of the
requirements are essential for the purposes of unifor-
mity control and satisfactory performance of a mineral
admixture in concrete.
tMehta, P, K., 'Standard specifications for mineral admixtures--an
overview', in ACI Publications SP-91, (1986) 637-658.
73
6.2.1.1 Ignition loss and moisture content
For various reasons, ignition loss and moisture content
are the two characteristics that seem to qualify for
mandatory testing and control in a common standard
covering all siliceous additions. The tests for deter-
mination of ignition loss and moisture content are very
simple and can be performed by almost any laboratory.
A high ignition loss in a fly ash or a silica fume
sample is generally associated with the presence of
carbonaceous matter, which increases the water
requirement and the dosage of air-entraining and
water-reducing admixtures. A high ignition loss in a
natural pozzolan is usually associated with the presence
of deleterious matter. Blast-furnace slag usually shows
little or no ignition loss. Although in a common stan-
dard it is not necessary to have the same specification
limit for every mineral addition, a maximum limit of
6% ignition loss in every case appears to meet the
requirements of the current standards. In some
instances, fly ashes with 7 or 8% ignition loss have
shown satisfactory performance, but in the interests of
obtaining a better batch-to-batch uniformity the 6%
limit is recommended for use in a standard
specification.
Most mineral admixtures are marketed in the form of
dry powder, therefore standard specifications restrict
the moisture content from 1 to 3% for the purpose of
safe handling and storage of the material. In some
countries, granulated slag and condensed silica fume
are transported in the form of slurry. This is why a
single specification for the maximum permissible mois-
ture is not desirable in a uniform code covering all
siliceous additions. Nevertheless, a limit on the maxi-
mum moisture content and some kind of uniformity
requirement seem to be useful. Depending on the form
in which a material is being handled in a country, these
limits can be set individually.
6.2.1.2 Oxide analysis
It is generally accepted now that the mineralogical
composition, including the glass content and type, and
the particle size distribution rather than the chemical
composition of a siliceous addition determine its per-
formance in concrete. Calcium is the only chemical
element that seems to have a major influence on the
mineralogical character of the fly ash and, conse-
quently, its behaviour in concrete. Therefore, in the
case of furnaces using sub-bituminous or lignitic coals,
which produce high-calcium ( > 10% CaO) fly ash, it
would be desirable to determine and report the calcium
content of the fly ash. Fly ashes with higher than about
20% CaO generally contain a more active glass besides
containing certain reactive minerals, such as C3A,
C4A38and free CaO, and may therefore be hydraulic
(cementitious), and occasionally unsound (i.e. capable
of causing expansion and cracking). In addition to total
CaO, it may be useful to report and limit the content of
free CaO in the case of a high-calcium fly ash that is
known to have a history of containing deleterious
amounts of CaO.
74 73-SBC Rilem Committee

Table 4 Physical requirements of CAN/CSA-A23.5-M86

Type Minimum
frequency
Property N F C G U of testing*

Accelerated pozzolanic activity

index: with Portland cement at
7 days (rain. % of control) 68 68 68 - 85 Lot or 1000 t?

Slag activity index: with Portland

cement at 28 days (rain. % of
control) - 80 - Lot or 1000 t

Soundness: autoclave expansion

or contraction (max. %) 0.8 0.8 0.8 0,5 0.2 Lot or 1000 t

Fineness: when wet-sieved on

45 ~tm sieve (max. % retained) 34 34 34 20 10 Lot or 100 t

Density: . . . . . Lot or 500 t

Uniformity requirements: the

density and fineness of individual
samples shall not vary from the
average established by the 10
preceding samples, or by all
preceding samples if fewer than
10, by more than:
density, max. variation
from average (%) 5 5 5 5 5

percentage retained on the

45 ~tm sieve, max. variation
from average, percentage
points~ 5 5 5 5 5

*When sufficient test data have been accumulated, showing to the satisfaction of the owner, that
a source consistently complies with the requirements, the test frequencies may be reduced.
t Lot or 500 t for Type U.
s i r average is equal to 20%, then allowable variation = 15 to 25%.

Table 5 Recommended chemical requirements for a uniform code covering all mineral additions
(ACI Publication SP-91 (1986) p. 658)

Granulated
Blast- Condensed
Natural furnace silica
pozzolan Fly ash slag fume

Mandatory requirement
Loss on ignition (max. %) 6 6 6 6

Optional requirement
Moisture Yes Yes Yes Yes
SiO2 - - - Yes
CaO - Yes* - -
SO3 - Yes* - -
Alkalis Yes* - -

*Test reports on CaO, SO3, and alkali contents are desirable only in the case of sub-bituminous
and lignite fly ashes. Restrictions on maximum permissible amounts should apply only when
needed.
73-SBC Rilem Committee
Table 6 Recommended physical requirements for a uniform code covering all mineral additions
(ACI Publication SP-91 (1986) p. 658)
Mandatory requirement
Fineness, 45 ~tm residue (%)
Activity index with Portland
cement (min. %)*
Optional requirements
Water requirements?
Soundness
* Only arbitrary values are given here; exact values will depend on mix proportions and curing
conditions.
~Test reports on water requirement by a standard consistency test should be required for all
mineral additions, however, restrictions for the purposes of uniformity control should be left to
the discretion of the user.
Experience shows that from the standpoint of dur-
ability and satisfactory pozzolanic and/or cementitious
behaviour of concrete, it is not necessary to determine
the content of SiO2, A1203, Fe203, and MgO in a
siliceous additive. Only in the case of condensed silica
fume, CSA-A23:5 requires a minimum SiO2 content of
85% to insure that the by-product comes from the
production of silicon metal or ferrosilicon alloys con-
taining more than 75% silicon. This is because not
enough is known about silica fume from other sources.
The SiO2 content requirement may not be essential
since the material has to conform with the minimum
requirement of a performance specification, such as the
activity index.
Also, it does not appear to be essential to determine
and restrict the content of alkalis in every case. Only
when the aggregate to be used for making concrete
happens to contain certain alkali-reactive minerals
should the user exercise the option of restricting the
alkali content of the siliceous addition. This can easily
be done after laboratory tests clearly show deleterious
expansion levels in mortar specimens containing actual
materials.
Fly ashes from the combustion of lignite coals are
known to contain unusually large amounts of soluble
alkali sulphates, which generally cause acceleration of
setting and hardening, and efflorescence. Since these
fly ashes are available in relatively small quantities, it is
obvious that no purpose is served by subjecting all fly
ashes and other siliceous additives to restrictive sul-
phate content requirement. Moreover, a recent study-~
has shown that the high SO3 content of some fly ashes
actually helped to improve the sulphate resistance of
blended cements containing these fly ashes.
~-Mehta. P . K . , 'Effect of fly ash composition on sulfate resistance of
cement', ACI J. Proc. 83 (1986) 994--1000.
75
Granulated
blast- Condensed
Natural furnace silica
pozzolan Fly ash slag fume
20 20 20 -
75 75 80 95
Yes Yes Yes Yes
- Yes - -
6.2.2 Physical requirements
The physical requirements in standards for siliceous
additions include fineness, activity index, water
requirement, and soundness. Again, an analysis of each
is presented below to justify that only the fineness and
activity index requirements are most important for a
common standard which includes all siliceous
additions.
6.2.2.1 Fineness
The 325 mesh sieve test for the determination of 45 ~tm
residue is rapid, simple, and very useful for the purpose
of routine quality control and for providing a rough
indication of the potential activity of a siliceous additive
with given mineralogical characteristics (e.g. from one
source of supply). Neither the large particles ( > 45 ~tm)
of granulated slag, nor of natural pozzolan or fly ash,
hydrate for long periods under normal conditions and,
therefore, do not contribute to concrete strength. A
review of the current standards for siliceous additives
shows that they contain arbitrary limits on the 325 mesh
residue, which range from 12.5% (United Kingdom) to
34% (United States) for fly ash and natural pozzolans,
and 20% for granulated blast-furnace slag (United
States).
It is not necessary to have the same fineness
specification for all siliceous additives. However,
instead of having variable fineness limits for natural
pozzolan, fly ash, and granulated slag, it may be
desirable to have a single limit of 20% for all siliceous
additives (except silica fume). A reduction in the
maximum 45 ~tm residue from 34 to 20% is likely to
increase uniformity and weed out marginal materials
from the market-place. However, concrete with
acceptable performance characteristics can be made
with some fly ashes that contain more than 20%
particles coarser than 45 gm. In fact, it has been
76
proposed to classify fly ash into three grades based on
fineness: fine, medium, and coarse, with each grade
suitable for use in different types of concrete.
In the case of silica fume, due to its unusually fine
particle size, the sieve test is not applicable. If the
material from a given source remains generally uniform
in surface area, it may be sufficient to check the surface
area periodically with a gas adsorption apparatus.
6.2.2.2 Activity index
The activity index is obtained from a test from which
the potential contribution of a siliceous addition to the
strength of a standard Portland cement mortar
containing the material is evaluated. From the review
of tests for pozzolan activity and slag activity, it seems
that a satisfactory method involving comparison of
strengths between a control Portland cement mortar
and a test mortar containing a partial replacement of
Portland cement by the mineral admixture should be
based on the following considerations:
1. Strength is greatly affected by the volume of the
cementing material in a mortar. Therefore, in order to
maintain a constant volume of the cementing materials
in the test mortars it is desirable to proportion Portland
cement and the siliceous additive by volume rather than
by weight. Depending on the lime deficiency and
fineness characteristics of an additive, the ratio of the
admixture to the total cementing material may be
varied (for example, 30vol % Portland cement
replacement for fly ash, 10 vol % replacement for silica
fume, and 50 vol % cement replacement for granulated
slag), but the total volume of the cementing materials
in the test mortar must be the same as in the control
mortar.
2. Strength is also greatly affected by the initial
porosity, which is determined by water/cementitious
materials ratio. Therefore, in strength comparison tests
it is necessary to use a constant water/cementitious
materials ratio rather than a variable ratio. If the use of
a standard water/cementitious material ratio produces a
mortar that is above or below the limits of a normal
consistency, the consistency may be corrected by
changing the sand/cementitious materials ratio of the
test mortar.
3. Since sulphate content, alkalis, C3S, and fineness
of the reference Portland cement are known to have an
influence on the strength of the cement-siliceous
additive combination, it is desirable to specify limits on
these characteristics of the Portland cement that is used
in the activity test. Laboratory investigations may be
necessary to determine practical limits of composition
and fineness with readily available commercial
cements.
4. Since chemical reactions involving siliceous
additions are slow at normal temperature, accelerated
activity tests are necessary for routine quality control.
After 1-day moist curing at normal temperature, 6 days
of moist curing at 40 to 50~ should be adequate for
practical purposes. Curing temperatures higher than
73-SBC Rilem Committee
50~ should not be used because all mineral admixtures
do not respond in the same way to high-temperature
curing. In any case, the results of accelerated activity
tests should be frequently compared to 90-day strengths
of mortar cured at normal temperature.
6.2.2.3 Water requirement for standard consistency
The user would like to know the degree by which a
siliceous additive will reduce or increase the water
requirement for a given consistency of concrete.
However, why should it be necessary that a product is
automatically rejected when the water requirement
exceeds an arbitrary limiting value prescribed by a
standard specification? To emphasize this point let us
consider condensed silica fume, which is an excellent
pozzolan as it easily complies with the pozzolanic
activity tests requirement, but according to ASTM
Standard C 618 it cannot be classified as a pozzolan
because it does not meet the maximum water
requirement limit for standard consistency. The
material is commonly used in combination with water-
reducing admixtures to produce high-strength and high-
durability concrete. Clearly, there is a need for treating
the matter of a test for water requirement for standard
consistency separately from any specification limit
based on the test.
Since changes in both particle size distribution and
chemical composition (e.g. carbonaceous matter) are
reflected in the water requirement test for standard
consistency, there is no question that the test is useful
for a quick control of quality fluctuations from a given
source of supply of a siliceous additive. Also, numerous
tests have shown that for a given aggregate and cement
type, a close relationship exists between water content
and compressive strength or between water content and
consistency of a standard mortar or concrete. A
reasonable solution of the problem, therefore, seems to
lie in standards that require testing and reporting of the
water requirement for standard consistency but do not
specify a maximum limit on water as the acceptance
criterion for the siliceous additive. The question of a
maximum limit may be left to the discretion of the user,
who has the option to control the water requirement of
concrete by suitable aggregate grading and by the use
of water-reducing or air-entraining admixtures.
6.2.2.4 Soundness
Natural pozzolans, granulated blast-furnace slag and
condensed silica fume generally do not contain any
minerals that cause unsoundness. This problem may
occur in the case of lignite or sub-bituminous fly ash
containing crystalline MgO and CaO. Therefore, the
user may elect to exercise the option of testing and
control of soundness in the case of those fly ashes which
are likely to contain crystalline MgO and CaO. ASTM
C 151, the Autoclave Test for cement soundness, is not
a suitable test. Le Chatelier's test, which involves
exposure of the specimen to boiling water, is
considered more relevant, and is commonly used in
Europe.
73-SBC Rilem Committee
6.3 Conclusion and recommendations
1. Siliceous additions, such as natural pozzolans, fly
ash, granulated slag and condensed silica fume, happen
to offer similar technical advantages in concrete; how-
ever, they are covered by separate standards and, fre-
quently, by arbitrarily determined specification limits.
From consumers' standpoint, it will therefore be highly
desirable if all siliceous additions are covered by a com-
mon standard. This will not be possible until the current
standards for individual siliceous additions, which are
highly prescriptive, are simplified and made more per-
formance-oriented. It would then be easy to identify
the essential and common requirements for ensuring
satisfactory performance.
2. In general, standard specifications are expected to
serve two purposes. First, they assure the user that a
material meeting the requirements of a given standard
would perform satisfactorily under service conditions.
Second, they help both the producer and the consumer
in quality control or in achieving batch-to-batch unifor-
mity in essential characteristics of the material being
furnished. The former is best achieved by performance
tests, whereas the latter is achieved more easily by
certain prescriptive physical-chemical requirements. A
standard usually strives for a balance between the two
needs. Ideally, the physical-chemical requirements
selected for ensuring uniformity should be those that can
also be related to the performance of the material.
3. A critical examination of the current standards for
all siliceous additions, in accordance with the criteria
laid down in Paragraphs 1 and 2 above, shows that
there are numerous prescriptive requirements in the
current standards which have outlived their usefulness
and are therefore unnecessary. In every case, it is
concluded that for the purposes of quality assurance
and uniformity, only the following characteristics jus-
tify mandatory testing and control: ignition loss, mois-
ture content, fineness, water requirement for standard
consistency, and activity index. Thus other physical and
chemical requirements should either be dropped or
made optional. Also, the control of moisture content is
considered essential for the purpose of material hand-
ling, whereas the test results for the other four charac-
teristics can be useful for making a preliminary
evaluation of the performance of the material in
concrete.
Under special conditions, such as the use of alkali-
reactive aggregates for fly ashes containing very high
calcium, additional requirements may be justified.
Education of the user for exercising optional require-
ments in special circumstances is a better way to deal
with such cases rather than attempting to accommodate
every possible contingency through an overly restrictive
standard.
The Committee feels that, ideally, the standards
should not encourage user-discrimination on the basis of
the origin of a material. In regard to physical and chemi-
cal characteristics, it is suggested that the societal needs
would be better served if the future development of
77
standards takes a less prescriptive and more perform-
ance-oriented approach.
4. By distinguishing between the more important
and less important requirements, the Committee
believes that it is possible to develop a common stan-
dard covering all siliceous additions. In this report, the
Committee has identified the characteristics that need to
be specified, both on a mandatory and an optional basis.
The Committee has made no attempt to write a specifica-
tion or specifications (separate specifications may be
written for each case), and to recommend test methods.
5. An accelerated test method for determination of the
'activity index' of a siliceous addition is badly needed.
The Committee has identified the desirable features of
the test method but a cooperative laboratory study will
be required to develop the test. Another needed test is
the one that would distinguish between hydraulic
(cementitious) and non-hydraulic siliceous additives.
6. The work of this Committee is concluded with this
report. The development of a common standard con-
taining specifications for all siliceous additions, and suit-
able test methods, are matters of great interest to the
concrete industry.
7. Discussion and closure
The results of a mail ballot on the report were as
follows. Sixteen members approved the report, two
members (K. Wesche and K. Tuuti) did not return their
ballots, and one (W. Gutt) expressed disagreement
with Section 6 of the report (specifications and test
methods). A copy of Gutt's letter and the Committee's
response, prepared by the Chairman and approved at
the last meeting (Atlanta, Georgia, 30 April, 1987), are
reproduced below.
7.1 W. Gutt's letter
Dear Professor Mehta
FINAL REPORT OF RILEM TC 73-SBC
(SILICEOUS BY-PRODUCTS FOR USE IN
CONCRETE)
I write in response to your letter of 11.12.86 received
today together with the draft final report of RILEM
Committee TC 73-SBC. This draft has given me the
first opportunity to see the sections on Standard Speci-
fications and Test Methods and Conclusions which I
understand were recently drafted by a sub-committee
consisting of Messrs J. Kruger, P . K . Mehta, A.
Samarin and J. L. Alonso (representing TC 67-FAB). I
have read these new sections immediately and regret
that I disagree fundamentally with the arguments and
conclusions put forward relating to Standards.
The proposal that for cementitious wastes, PFA,
ggbfs and any others that may arise, a 'Common per-
formance oriented Standard' should be prepared may
be attractive in principle but is unworkable in practice
in my view.
In my experience, the main concern of specifiers who
 78
are reluctant or unwilling to select such 'new' materials
in place of 'pure' OPC is uncertainty concerning the
long-term durability of concrete containing such
cementitious wastes. I do not believe that a global
performance based Standard relying largely on strength
measurements could provide an appropriate specifica-
tion that would ensure long-term durability of concrete
containing PFA, ggbfs, silica fume or mixtures of these
materials.
In the UK, BSI Committee CAB/1 C E M E N T has
prepared in the period 1982-1986 a portfolio of Stan-
dards which are materials-based and cover first of all
the materials themselves and secondly the individual
cements made from them. The chemical and physical
limits selected for these Standards are 'materials
specific' and are based substantially on long-term dura-
bility studies o f concrete. A list of these Standards is
given in Appendix 1 [not reproduced]. These Standards
are in turn called up in BS 8110:1985 'Structural use of
concrete' and give the specifier the choice to use the
particular material that meets his needs. As you well
know many important properties of individual cementi-
tious wastes depend intrinsically on their chemistry and
mineralogy. For instance the sulphate resistance pro-
vided by slag (ggbfs) cements is related to the alumina
content of the slag and BS 6699:1986 makes this clear.
Similarly, the restriction of sulphate levels in fly ash
is fundamental to the long-term stability of concrete
made from any fly ash since some of the sulphate is
water soluble. The proposal in Table 5 of your draft is
to ignore sulphate except for certain fly ashes only.
A limit for magnesia relevant to the mineralogy of
each material is required. It is not sufficient, in my
view, to put the responsibility on the user to elect to
exercise an option to test for soundness as suggested on
page 9 [Section 6.2.2.4] of the draft.
You state that the committee has not made any
attempt to recommend methods of test (Conclusion 4,
page 11 [Section 6.3]). My contention would be that
these methods will have to be selected in relation to
individual materials. For instance, the methods for
determining the loss on ignition of slag has to be cap-
able of dealing with the oxidation of sulphur which will
lead to confusing results if an ordinary ignition pro-
cedure is used.
It is noteworthy that the new CSA Standard A23.5
issued in 1986 mentioned on page 5 [Section 6.1] of the
draft, excludes blastfurnace slag. Similarly ASTM C989
issued in 1982 covers ggbfs but not PFA.
I have not attempted at this stage to comment in
detail on every part of the draft since my purpose in
writing to you without delay is to indicate that the draft,
as a whole, regrettably cannot have my agreement for
the reasons stated above. I am returning herewith the
form which you sent to members to indicate their
views.
7.2 Committee's closure
The Committee thanks Dr Gutt for raising some im-
portant issues in his letter, such as the durability of
73-SBC Rilem Committee
concrete containing silliceous additions. He believes
that a global standard, relying largely on strength speci-
fications, could not ensure the long-term durability of
concrete. We do not agree with him, and would there-
fore like to comment on the specific arguments he has
used to support his point of view. For example, Dr Gutt
says in his letter
9 . . Many important properties of individual cemen-
titious wastes depend intrinsically on their chemistry
and mineralogy 9 For instance the sulphate resistance
provided by slag cement is related to the alumina
content of the slag and BS 6699:1986 makes this
clear. Similarly, the restriction of sulphate levels in
fly ash is fundamental to the long-term stability of
concrete made from any fly ash since some of the
sulphate is water soluble.
In this regard, may we suggest that the sulphate
resistance of concrete containing siliceous additions
does not depend on the chemistry or mineralogy of the
additive alone but on a combination of factors, of which
chemistry or mineralogy is one. Among the other fac-
tors are an additive's proportion in the concrete mix-
ture, the water/cement ratio, and the environmental
conditions. Therefore, restricting the chemistry of the
additive is one way to address the durability problem
when resistance to sulphate attack is desired. If there
are other ways, these should be made known to the
user. We believe that by leaving to the user the choice
of the method for safeguarding the long-term durability
of concrete under given conditions, it is possible to
harmonize the consumer interest in durability with the
societal interest in increasing the utilization rates of
pozzolanic and cementitious by-products.
The following excerpts from the ASTM C 989 guide-
lines on sulphate resistance of slag cements exemplify
the approach we would like to recommend for a global
standard on siliceous additives:
The sulphate resistance of concrete is dependent
upon a number of factors, including permeability and
the type and concentration of the sulfate solutions
involved. Others, directly related to the cement
characteristics include calcium hydroxide concentra-
tion, and the tricalcium aluminate (C3A) content.
Specification C 150 provides limits on the C3A for
sulfate-resistance cements: 8% for Type II (moder-
ate sulfate resistance) and 5% for Type V (high
sulfate resistance).
The use of ground slag will decrease the C3A
content of the cementing materials and decrease the
permeability and calcium hydroxide content of the
mortar or concrete. Tests have shown that the alu-
mina content of the slag also influences sulfate resist-
ance, and that high alumina content can have a
detrimental influence at low slag-replacement per-
centages. The combinations of ground slag and port-
land cement, in which the slag content was greater
than 60 to 65%, had high sulfate resistance, always
better than the portland cement alone, irrespective of
the Al203 content of the slag.
73-SBC Rilem Committee
Thus, instead of prohibiting from use a high-alumina
slag as an additive to concrete when sulphate resistance
is desired, the ASTM C 989 informs the user that there
will be no durability problem if more than 60% of the
high-alumina slag by weight of the cementing materials
was used.
Similarly, in regard t ~ the use of fly ash for a durable
concrete we differ with D r Gutt that the restriction on
sulfate levels of fly ash is important to ensure long term
durability. The published literature shows that the sta-
bility as well as the sulphate resistance of cement-fly
ash mixtures does not depend on the sulphate content
alone but on the mineralogical composition and the
proportion of fly ash used. For example, it is shown by
the results from a recent study ( A C I J. Proc., 83 (6)
(1986)994) that 8 to 16% soluble SO3, present in lignitic
fly ashes used by the researcher, did not impair the
strength and sulphate resistance of cement-fly ash mix-
tures containing 25 or 40% fly ash. Also, as with slag,
with some fly ashes the strength and the sulphate resist-
ance of cement-fly ash mixtures were enhanced by
using 40% fly ash instead of 25%. In this study, some
sub-bituminous fly ashes with low SO3 (1 to 3%) but
with high calcium content (16 to 28%) were found to
contain C3A and C - A - S glass, which reduced the dura-
bility of cement-fly ash mixtures to sulphate attack.
Similar results were reported by Hooton (ACI Publica-
tion SP-91 (1986) p. 333). Clearly, a restriction on the
sulphate content of the fly ash, without regard to the
overall mineralogy and the amount of fly ash used,
would serve no useful purpose.
Furthermore, we would like to propose that relying
on the strength of the product as an index of general
durability is not a new idea; in concrete technology this
is an old and common practice. The reason is that
laboratory tests for evaluation of strength are relatively
simple, whereas tests for durability are cumbersome
and their usefulness is limited. This is because in the
laboratory it is difficult to simulate the long-term field
conditions. Except for special problems (such as dura-
bility to frost action, alkali-aggregate expansion, and
sulphate attack) it is assumed that the strength data can
be used as a measure of general durability. This makes
sense because both strength and general durability are
similarly affected by microstructural characteristics of
the hydrated cement paste. For instance, lack of resist-
ance to leaching and erosion, attributable to high poro-
sity of cement paste in concrete, would usually be
accompanied by low strength.
We take this opportunity to inform Dr Gutt that the
Canadian Standard A23.5-M86 (issued in July 1986)
covers all mineral admixtures, including blast-furnace
slag. The incorrect statement in the draft copy of our
report was based on an earlier version of the Standard,
which was subsequently revised.
Finally, we would like to reiterate that the 'materials-
specific' standards for mineral admixtures have outlived
their usefulness. To serve equally the interests of both
producers and users of pozzolanic and cementitious by-
products, we believe that a global standard is needed.
When accompanied by an appendix containing a sum-
79
mary of all factors that influence the durability of con-
crete with siliceous additions (e.g. ASTM C 989,
Guideline on Sulfate Resistance of Slag Cements), a
global, standard can also be made to serve another
important need, namely the need for general consumer
education in concrete durability. Once this approach is
accepted in principle, it will not be difficult to specify
special test methods and specifications applicable to
individual materials covered by the Global Standard
(e.g. Activity Index in Table 6 of the report).
. Selected Recent Papers Containing
Information on Composition,
Characterization, Specifications, and Test
Methods for Siliceous By-Products
8.1 Fly ash
Sersale, R., 'Structure and characterization of pozzolans and
fly ashes', in Proceedings of 7th International Congress
on the Chemistry of Cement, Paris, Vol. 1, 1980. IV.
Owens, P.L. and Butler, F.G., 'The reactions of fly ash and
Portland cement with relations to the strength of con-
crete,' ibid., Vol. III, 1980.60-65.
Wesche, K. and vom Berg, W., 'Properties of fly ash used in
Germany', in Pro'ceedings of Symposium on Effects of
Fly Ash Incorporation in Cement and Concrete (Mater-
ials Research Society, University Park, Pennsylvania,
1981) pp. 45-52.
Diamond, S. and Lopez-Flores, F., 'On the distribution in
physical and chemical characteristics between lignitic
and bituminous fly ashes', ibid. pp. 34-44.
Manz, O.E., 'American and foreign characterization of fly
ash for use in concrete', ibid. pp. 269-279.
Idem, 'Review of international specifications for use of fly ash
in concrete', in ACI Publication SP-79, edited by V.M.
Malhotra (1983) pp. 18%200.
Samarin, A., Munn, R.L. and Ashby, J.B., 'The use of fly
ash in concrete - Australian experience', ibid.
pp. 143-172.
Costa, U. and Massazza, F., 'Some properties of pozzolanic
cements containing fly ashes', ibid. pp. 235--254.
Helmuth, R., 'Some questions concerning ASTM standards
and methods of testing fly ash for use with Portland
cement', Cemt. Concr. Aggreg. J. (1983) 103-110.
McCarthy, G.J., Swanson, K.D., Keller, L.P. and Blalter,
W.C., 'Mineralogy of western fly ash', Cem. Concr.
Res. 14 (4) (1984) 471-478.
Mehta, P.K., 'Influence of fly ash characteristics on the
strength of Portland cement-fly ash mixtures', ibid. 15
(1) (1985) 53-64.
Helmuth, R., 'Water reducing properties of fly ash in cement
pastes, mortars, and concretes; causes and test
methods', Proceedings of Second International Confer-
ence on the Use of Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and
Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, Madrid, ACI Publica-
tion SP-91 (1986) pp. 723-740.
Manz, O.E., 'Proposed revisions to specifications and test
methods for fly ash for use in Portland cement con-
crete', ibid. pp. 659-680.
Walsh, P.F., 'Fly ash and durability in the Australian Con-
crete Code', ibid. pp. 680-692.
 80
Hooton, R.D., 'Properties of high-alkali lignite fly ash in
concrete', ibid. pp. 333-345.
Berry, E.E. and Malhotra, V.M., Fly Ash in Concrete, CAN-
MET Publication SP 85-3 Ottawa, Canada (1986).
Mehta, P.K., 'Effect of fly ash composition on sulfate resist-
ance of cement', ACIJ. Proc. 83 (1986) 994-1000.
8.2 Granulated blast-furnace slag
Smolczyk, H.G., 'The effect of chemistry of slag on the
strength of blast-furnace slag cements', Zement-Kalk-
Gips 31 (6) (1978) 294-296.
Proceedings of 7th International Congress on the Chemistry of
Cements, Paris, Vol. 1 (1980) pp. III 1/3-1/16.
Regourd, M., 'Structure and behaviour of slag Portland
cement hydrates', ibid. Vol. 1, pp. III 2/10--2/18.
Idem, 'Characterization and thermal activation of slag
cements', ibid. Vol. 2 (1980) pp. 105-111.
Hogan, F.J. and Meusel, J.W., 'The evaluation for durability
and strength development of ground granulated blast-
furnace slag', Cem. Concr. Aggreg. 3 (1) (1981) 40-52.
Roy, D.M. and Parker, K.M., 'Microstructure and properties
of granulated slag-Portland cement blends at normal
and elevated temperatures', in ACI Publication SP-79
(1983) pp. 397-414.
Hooton, R.D. and Emery, J.J., 'Glass content determination
and strength development predictions for vitrified
blast-furnace slag', ibid. pp. 943-
Roy, D.M. and Idorn, G., 'Hydration, structure, and proper-
ties of blast-furnace slag, cements, mortars, and con-
crete', ACI J. 79 (1982) 445--457.
Frigione, G. and Sersale, R., 'The influence of the chemical
composition of clinker on the strength properties of
blast furnace slag cements', Cem. Concr. Res. 15 (1)
(1985) 159-166.
Hogan, F.J. and Rose, J.H., 'ASTM specification for ground
iron blast-furnace slag', in Proceedings of Second
International Conference on the Use of Fly Ash, Silica
Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, Mad-
rid, ACI Publication SP-91 (1986).
Frearson, J.P.H. and Uren, J.M., 'Investigation of a ground
granulated blast furnace slag containing merwinitic
crystallites', ibid. pp. 1401-
8.3 Condensed silica fume
Asgeirsson, H. and Gudmundsson, G., 'Pozzolanic activity of
silica dust', Cem. Concr. Res. 9 (1979) 249--252.
Buck, A. and Burkes, J.P., 'Characterization and reactivity
of silica fume', in Proceedings of Third International
Conference on Cement Microscopy, Houston (1980)
pp. 279-285.
Aitcin, P.C., Pinsonneault, P. and Rau, G., 'The use of
condensed silica fume in concrete', in Proceedings of
Material Science Society Symposium on Fly Ash, Bos-
ton (1981) pp. 316-325.
Gjorv, O.E. and Loland, K.E., 'Condensed silica fume in
concrete', in Proceedings of the Nordic Research Semi-
nar on Condensed Silica Fume in Concrete, Trond-
heim, 1982.
Mehta, P.K. and Gjorv, O.E., 'Properties of Portland
cement concrete containing fly ash and condensed
73-SBC Rilem Committee
silica fume', Cem. Concr. Res. J. 12 (5) (1982)
587-593.
Aitcin, P.C. (ed.), Condensed Silica Fume (Dept. of Civil
Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke,
Quebec, 1983).
Jahren, P., 'Use of silica fume in concrete', in ACI Publica-
tion SP-79 (1983) pp. 625-642.
Sellevold, E.J. and Radjy, F.F., 'Condensed silica fume (mic-
rosilica) in concrete: water demand and strength
developme_nt', ibid. pp. 677-694.
Gjorv, O.E., 'Durability of concrete containing condensed
silica fume', ibid. pp. 695-708.
Cheng-yi, H. and Feldman, R.F., 'Influence of silica fume on
the microstructure development in cement mortars',
Cem. Concr. Res. 15 (1985) 285-2914.
Feldman, R.F. and Cheng-yi, H., 'Properties of Portland
cement-silica fume pastes', ibid. 15 (1985) 943-952.
Idern, 'Properties of Portland cement-silica fume pastes',
ibid. 15 (1985) 765-774.
Isabelle, H., 'The development of a Canadian specification
for silica fume', in Proceedings of Second International
Conference on the Use of Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag,
and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, Madrid, Spain
ACI Publications SP-91 (1986) 1577-1588.
8.4 General
Swami, R.N. (ed.), Cement Replacement Materials (Surrey
University Press, 1986).
Butler, W.B., 'A critical look at ASTM C 618 and C 311',
Cem. Concr. Aggreg. J. 4 (2) (1982) 68-72.
Rossauw, E. and Kruger, J., 'Review of specifications for
additions for use in concrete', ACI Publication SP-79
(i983) pp. 201-220.
Mehta, P.K., 'Pozzolanic and cementitious by-products as
mineral admixtures for concrete', ibid. pp. 1-46.
Idem, 'Status of specifications and test methods for mineral
adxmitures', in Proceedings of Second International
Conference on the Use of Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag,
and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, Madrid, Spain
ACI Publications SP-91 (1986) 63%658.
Mullick, A.K., Babu, K.H. and Bhaskar Rao, P., 'Evalu-
ation of pozzolanic activity and its impact on specifica-
tions of blended cements', in Proceedings of 8th
International Congress on Chemistry of Cements, Rio
de Janeiro, 1986, vol. VI/308-311.
APPENDIX: List of members of RILEM
Committee 73-SBC
Dr. James R. Clifton, USA; Professor Sidney Di-
amond, USA; Professor Masaki Daimon, Japan; Mr
M. Dutron, France; Dr R. F. Feldman, Canada; Pro-
fessor Odd E. Gjorv, Norway; Dr W. Gutt, UK; Mr J.
Almeborg, Denmark; Professor Ramesh C. Joshi,
Canada; Dr J. Krfiger, South Africa; Dr M Regourd,
France; Dr A. Samarin, Wentworthville, NSW2145
Australia; Professor C. Tashiro, Japan; Ing. B. G. ten
Dam, The Netherlands; Dr K. Tuutti, Sweden; Dr H.
C. Visvesvaraya, India; Professor Dr Ing. K. Wesche,
West Germany; Mr Tong Sanduo, People's Republic of
China and the Chairman, Professor P. K. Mehta, USA;