1B GRAMMAR BANK noun phrases SELL ee words where a main noun (edition) is qualified by words before it (anew) or after it (oF the book. compound nouns 1. When teenagers get good exam results, it improves their self-confidence. Many modern classrooms now have a smart board instead of ‘anormal whiteboard, We need to invest in job ereation to tackle youth unemployment, Good time management isan essential sil for university students 2 Air pollution is a major cause of respiratory ines. ‘The use of corporal punishment has declined in recent decades. 11 Two nouns together are called compound nouns. They are either written as separate words (e.g, exam results) or a single word (e.g classroom). Sometimes the nouns are hyphenated (e.g. self-confidence). Note that the first noun is singular. NOT exams results. + The second noun is the main noun, and the first noun describes it. The first noun functions lke an adjective. 2 Compound nouns express a single, well-established idea (e.9, air pollution, climate change, tax increases). H the idea is new, specific, or less well known, we usually express this with a longer phrase (e.g. the use of corporal punishment NOT The corporal punishment vse) using gerunds and infinitives 1. Not being able to play the piano isa source of great regret Having studied English is a great advantage when it comes 10 job-seeking, 2 Alot of people commented on you / your missing the meeting Would you mind me / my interrupting you for a moment? Emma / Emma's not knowing anyone made her fee! uncomfortable, 2 Smoking e-cigarettes is now banned in all public places. ‘The smoking of e-cigarettes is not permitted on public transport. 4 To listen is better than to speak. Not to have responded would have been seen as impolite. 1 Gerunds often act as nouns as the subject of a sentence. To ‘make the negative form, put not before the gerund, 2 We can use pronouns or nouns (e.g. you, me, him, Emma) if we ‘need to make it clear who or what isthe subject of the gerund. We can also use possessive forms (e.g. your, my, Emma's), but, this is more formal 3 Ifthe gerund has an object, it can either come directly after the gerund, or, in more formal English, in a phrase with the + gerund + of + noun, 4 lnfinitives with to can also act as nouns as the subject of ‘a sentence, They are less common, and more formal and ‘abstract, than gerunds in this use. To make the negative form, put not before the infinitive. using a noun phrase instead of a verb phrase 3n has resulted in job losses There has been a decrease in meat consumption 2 Fallure to arrive on time will mean disqualification from the examination. lack of money discourages many young people from applying to university 3 The introduction of modern farming methods has led to a change in land use. The purchase of new equipment has led to an increase in productivity 1 In more formal and academic English itis common to use a ‘noun phrase instead of a verb phrase (Because employers have introduced more machines, many workers have lost their jobs. Poople are eating less meat.).A noun phrase sounds more impersonal, and sometimes more authoritative, often because the subject ofthe verb is lost. 2 We can express some negative ideas with failure to + infinitive or lack / shortage of + noun, e.g. he didn’t notice the time ~ his. failure to notice the time; not enough time - a shortage of time. 3 When making 2 noun phrase, we often use the corresponding noun from the verb, e.g. introduce - introduction, change = change. In other cases, we use another noun, e.g. buy ~ purchase, like - fondness + If no corresponding noun exists, we use a gerund instead, e.g, The reading of print newspapers has declined in recent years. We thought the acting in the play was brilliant. D Nouns followed by different prepositions + of closure, constuction, consumption, destruction, disappearance, discovery, introduction, knowledge, prevention, production, reduction + in: change, decrease, delay, fal, growth, improvement, increase, investment, eduction, rise + for: admiration, affection, appreciation, demand, desire, fondness, need, preference, respect Opsz21 Use your instinct to do the exercises. Then check back with the rules in the relevant Grammar Bank. 4A 1B a Girclethe the correct option. Tick (/) if both are a Complete the sentences using a positive or negative form of will, would, shall, or should and the correct form of the verb in brackets. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. you leave now, youl get (get) tothe station on time ~ isnot far 1 I don’t know what's wrong with my scanner, butt (connect) to my wii. 2 don’t really want to work n finance. | think | {find) it too stressful 3 Ben (leave) his dirty dishes inthe sink = it's realy irritating. 4. Im assuming everyone (40) the homework = Tara, what did you get for question 1? 5 When | was at primary school, anyone arriving late (send) to sce the headmistress. 6 Many thanks for your kind invitation. | (be) there, although unfortunately | (be able to) stay long 7 It'sno.use phoning Mimi now ~she (take) her driving test. 8 find it astonishing thatthe old theatre (demolish. It was such a beautiful building! 9 ts vital that your password to anyone else, 10 assumed the rules when you joined the gym. 11. Labsolutely make me, tt (seem) that your partner is not very well. Perhaps you should take him home. 13. Most migrating birds (return) to the same habitat year after year isclose} (explain) to you (apologize). Please don't b Complete the sentences using a verb from the list and will, would, shall, or should. choose deny (not) getup provide walk Do you think the state should provide free healtheare to its citizens? 1 generally before ten o'clock at weekends nowadays, 2 My teacher suggested (that) | a eer aaan 3 Ofcourse fed yard ot 4: Tank forthe or of abut to be hone, 5! you could ford tbuya cri you rer Ors screwing up. She'd get possible and explain any difference in register. Giving / To give is better than receiving / to receive. 7 1 Would you mind me/ my opening the window a litte? 2. The flower vase / flowers vase isn the kitchen cupboard {cupboard kitchen. 3. Not knowing / To not know the rues isno excuse for bad behaviour 4. Sending money! The sending of money abroad is @ complicated process. 5. Joe apologized for missing / his missing the appointment. 6 regret not studying / not having studied more languages at school 7 im surprised at Harry / Harry's not being s play in the team, 8 Bins are provided for the disposal of used plastic cups / used plastic cup disposal. 9 To have seen / Seeing Mount Fuji would have been magica. Rewrite the highlighted phrases as noun phrases to complete the sentences. Fewer people own cars, so roads are less congested. ‘A.dectease in the number of car owners has led to roads boing less congested. 1 They will introduce @ new system which will peed up the process. scted to The will speed up the process. 2 which means that they are increasingly out of touch, Their ‘means that politicians are increasingly out of touch. 3 Weare building @ new library, which will improve the schools facilites. The will improve the school’s facilities. 4 They are reducing entrance fees to attract a younger audience, The should attract a younger audience. 5. Many small shops are closing, which will ultimately give consumers less choice. The will utimately give consumers less choice. 6 People want e-magazines, which has forced many print magazines to disappear. The has forced many print magazines 10 disappear. 7 They are monitoring the use of social media, with an aim to protect young people. The is aimed at protecting young people. 8 There are not enough nurses, so hospital waiting lists are getting longer. Thi is resulting in hospital waiting ists getting longer Orn