PioneerC1 C1plus Tests

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level C1/C1+
Copyright © MM Publications
contents
Test: Module 1 ................................................................................................. 4
Test: Module 2 ................................................................................................ 9
Test: Module 3 ................................................................................................ 13
Test: Module 4 ................................................................................................ 18
Test: Module 5 ................................................................................................ 23
Test: Modules 1-5 ........................................................................................... 28
Key to tests ..................................................................................................... 34
M Test level C1/C1+ a
1
ule Vocabulary & Grammar
od
A. Circle the correct option.
1. Employees are not taxed on tuition fees / fringe benefits / human rights, such as health
insurance and paid holidays.
2. I’ve lived in this area all my life, so I know the streets like the position / back / figure of my hand.
3. I remember as a child that our neighbours bailed out / looked down / stood out on us because
they didn’t think we were as cultured as they were.
4. It would probably be more economic / economical / financial if we kept the air-conditioning on a
steady temperature instead of turning it on and off all the time.
5. Due to the importance of the decision they had to make, they asked that the meeting
be conveyed / paused / established so they could consider the new findings.
6. He’s not that happy about the heavy workload at his new job, but at least he gets a generous /
valued / potential salary.
7. Whenever new interns are taken on at the office, it’s Melissa’s job to show them the angles /
colours / ropes.
8. The situation calls for / delves into / drives up immediate action on our part.
score /8
B. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in the box. There are three extra words which you
do not need to use.
accuracy cautious cultivate decline imposing inception

overdue plagiarism procrastinate register stimulate
1. The seminar quite a bit of discussion among the audience during the question and answer session.
2. We’ve noticed a definite this year in the number of students enrolling on the economics
degree programme.
3. Have you yet for that intensive summer course you said looked promising?
4. You need to be meticulous when citing sources in your essays if you want to avoid being accused of
.
5. It would be better if you used language in this case because we don’t have enough evidence
to make absolute statements.
6. If you had taken advantage of the time you were given instead of , you wouldn’t be running
like crazy to finish now.
7. This department has produced highly innovative and ground-breaking material ever since its
six years ago.
8. A shift in our marketing strategy has long been , so it’s time to brainstorm new ideas.
score /8
4
Test - Module 1 level C1/C1+ a
C. Choose a, b, c or d.
1. Through research, scientists are constantly helping to 5. It’s doubtful I’ll be able to hand in the report on time.
the hypothesis that a diet high in saturated fat Could we the deadline?
negatively affects health. a. meet c. miss
a. confirm c. conduct b. decide d. extend
b. propose d. implement 6. Tina can be when she wants to be — she
2. As you’ve been more administrative duties managed to convince everyone that spending their
around the office recently, I think it only fair that you weekend in the library revising would be fun.
receive a pay rise. a. articulate c. opinionated
a. tackling c. operating b. persuasive d. spontaneous
b. running d. undertaking 7. The university quiz team only just managed to
3. Tim is willing to consider only those options through to the finals this year.
which promise personal and professional development. a. sail c. see
a. vocation c. occupation b. run d. scrape
b. career d. enrolment 8. Luca had always wanted to work for that company, so
4. They’re thinking of extra staff for the sales when he saw a job advertised on their website,
period. he immediately applied.
a. recruiting c. pursuing a. gap c. vacancy
b. enrolling d. incorporating b. application d. description
score /8
D. Complete the text with the correct form of the words in capitals.
The rise of the home-based workforce

Corporations are increasingly opting to downsize their office space and expand their
home-based workforce instead. The very thought of 1 people to work ABLE
from home or any other place of their choosing, 2 and out of sight, is SUPERVISE
incomprehensible to many managers today, as they believe it would actively discourage those same
qualities that employers seek in employees, namely 3 , dedication and a DILIGENT
willingness to work hard.
Yet companies choosing to support this type of workplace 4 and willing to MODERN
restructure their organisations in this way have observed the exact opposite. Not only are
home-based workers more motivated and likely to report 5 levels of job HEIGHT
satisfaction, but they are also far less stressed out by work demands, and so their overall productivity
increases. This is hardly surprising. Given the 6 endless number of SEEM
office distractions, employee 7 can be seriously affected by the office CONCENTRATE
environment, and with an often lengthy commute to the office, fatigue can set in before the day has
even started. With barriers to peak work performance such as these removed, home-based staff are
more 8 and have more energy to pour into their work. FOCUS
score /8
5
E. Choose a, b, c or d.
1. The committee the winners of the scholarship 5. We the Spencers tonight — they’re going to come
tomorrow. over for dinner.
a. announces c. is about to announce a. see c. will have seen
b. is to announce d. be announcing b. have been seeing d. ’re seeing
2. The only time I an award was last year at the 6. back, I’ll have finished the report.
short story competition. a. Before you got c. After you will get
a. am winning c. have been winning b. When you have got d. By the time you get
b. win d. have won 7. Trisha at a hotel for a few days because she’s
3. She me. I can’t take it any longer. having her house renovated.
a. continually insulting c. is a continual insult a. has stayed c. is staying
b. is to insult continually d. is continually insulting b. staying d. stays
4. The fashion company’s new clothing line out 8. Our company reliable vehicles for forty years.
next month. a. is manufacturing c. has been manufacturing
a. are coming c. is due to come b. has been manufactured d. will have been
b. have been coming d. will have been coming manufacturing
score /8
F. Circle the correct option.
1.
A: The social media marketing presentation 1 starts / has started / is about to start at noon.
2 Will you be attending / Shall you attend / Do you attend it?
B: Definitely. I wouldn’t miss it for the world. I 3 have been sending / ’m sending / send some urgent emails
right now, but I 4 ’m finishing / will have finished / will have been finishing by then.
A: Great. See you there.
2. 3.
A: When I see Professor Gore, I 5 ’m asking / ’m going to A: All employees who 8 have been working / are
ask / will have been asking him why I got such a low working / will have been working here for over a
mark on my essay. I’m not overreacting, am I? year are 9 been gathering / will gather / to gather in
B: No. To be honest, I 6 don’t think / ’m not thinking / meeting room five.
won’t be thinking that’s a bad idea. That way you B: OK, I 10 let / ’m letting / ’ll let everyone know.
7 won’t be making / aren’t making / won’t make the
same mistakes in the future. score / 10
G. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do
not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given.
1. Moira is close to crying, so don’t say anything to upset her even more. already
Don’t say anything to further upset Moira because
of crying.
2. I’m considering improving my Spanish before our trip to Mexico. thinking
I up on my Spanish before our trip to Mexico.

3. Thomas is highly skilled, so there’s no doubt he will be better than the others in the group. bound
Thomas is highly skilled, so out among the
others in the group.
4. There’s a high probability that Julie will reach the level of the rest of the class quickly.highly
It’s up with the rest of the class quickly.
score /8
6
Listening
You will hear three different extracts. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (a, b or c) which fits best according to
what you hear. There are two questions for each extract.
Extract 1
You will hear a woman talking about how to choose a supervisor for a PhD.
1. Why does the woman hold her supervisor in such high regard?
a. He was always sociable with and approachable to his students.
b. His comments were always valuable and easily understood.
c. He gave her useful advice on how to deal with her own students.
2. What is the woman’s opinion of famous academics?
a. They are very picky about the students they choose to supervise.
b. They don’t make good supervisors because they usually focus exclusively on one subject.
c. They rarely carry out their full duties as supervisors.
Extract 2 Extract 3
You will hear two people discussing whether You will hear a man being interviewed about
or not creativity can be taught. his teaching methods.
3. What do the two people agree about? 5. Mark believes that his teaching methods
a. Creativity is not only about producing ideas. a. are the product of a simple idea.
b. Creativity is based on a creative mind. b. can be trusted because they are based on various studies in
c. Creativity cannot be taught. child psychology.
4. How did the woman adapt in order to teach c. work because students are actively involved in
creativity? decision-making.
a. She paid more attention to her students rather 6. The studies Mark refers to proved that students
than the subject being taught. a. learn more when they are frequently challenged.
b. She became more creative herself in order for her b. perform according to their teachers’ expectations of them.
ideas to develop. c. do better when they work in groups.
c. She opened her mind to what teaching involves. score / 12
Reading
You are going to read a newspaper article about success in business. For questions 1-5, choose the answer
(a, b, c or d) which you think fits best according to the text.
1. When discussing the success of the Brooklyn 4. According to Jennifer Thomas, what is the
Dodgers, the writer implies that relationship between talent and success in
a. they had the best individual players. business?
b. they experienced more luck than other teams. a. People should develop their talents to achieve
c. other teams had much better players. success.
d. managers often use them as an example b. Success depends on being financially savvy.
to inspire their staff. c. Entrepreneurs benefit from surrounding
themselves with talented people.
2. The writer mentions Thomas Edison d. Talent is less important in some business
as an example of a person who ventures.
a. encouraged others to work hard.
b. knew how to prevent failure. 5. According to the text, when a person experiences
c. was not put off by an initial lack of success. bad luck they should
d. understood when it was time to give up. a. prepare for the worst-case scenario.
b. not spend too much time assessing the situation.
3. What is the main point being made in the third c. not blame themselves for their failures.
paragraph? d. avoid blaming external factors.
a. Luck is one of many essential qualities.
b. Success depends on being in the right
place at the right time.
c. People are personally responsible for
failing in business.
d. Success is often the result of having a
good business strategy.
7
Test - Module 1 level C1/C1+
Success and Luck in Business:

The Residue of Design
Sports historians consider the Brooklyn Dodgers, now matters in business: ‘If two identical companies set up a
the LA Dodgers, to be one of the luckiest teams in Major business, and one takes off and the other fails, it’s unfair to
League Baseball. Despite not having the most impressive attribute this to luck. I believe that what separates the two
set of players, the Dodgers were hard to beat, especially is financial talent.’ Indeed, many successful entrepreneurs
during the late 1940s. However, their success was far from do seem to have a natural ability to invest their money
a coincidence. It was thanks to their general manager, the successfully. ‘I think the main reason why I’ve been able
legendary Branch Rickey, whose many famous quotes to build up my business over the years is because, right
include: ‘Luck is the residue of design.’ In other words, from the beginning, I was good at investing money in the
luck is not a random event; rather it is the consequence right place; I made good financial decisions that paid off,’
of careful planning, calculated risk-taking and hard work says Jennifer.
— a concept that echoes strongly through business and While the concept of luck is often not taken seriously by
industry today. entrepreneurs, the idea that bad luck can lead to failure
Indeed, for many entrepreneurs, effort and success are is. It is widely agreed that, in business, things which are
strongly linked. ‘We create our own luck,’ says George uncontrollable may occur. Anticipating the future and
Hermann, who runs a profitable online marketing company, being prepared for bad luck can help, but a more realistic
‘by working hard. The harder one works, the greater one’s approach is to deal with misfortune effectively when it does
chances are of succeeding in business.’ For many in the arise. ‘I’ve always viewed bad luck as an important learning
corporate world it really is that simple. After all, it was opportunity,’ says Jennifer. ‘If a business venture or an idea
Thomas Edison who famously conducted over 9,000 fails to work out, then taking responsibility for these failures
experiments before finally producing the first light bulb. It can be enormously rewarding.’ As Jennifer went on to say
is examples such as this that remind us that our efforts and as part of her award ceremony speech, ‘More often than
determination to succeed produce positive results more so not, failures occur because of our own actions. Reflection
than luck does. Yet, with so many promising businessmen is the only way to improve the outcome next time around.’
and women failing, despite their commitment to hard work,
it is hardly surprising that luck is very often viewed as an
essential element of success.
This is especially the case when it comes to encountering
business opportunities, the common perception being that
one was ‘lucky’ enough to be in the right place at
the right time. However, for many entrepreneurs,
this could not be further from the truth.
According to Tom Saunders, the managing
director of a multinational furniture
company, opportunities are everywhere;
successful people are simply better able
to recognise an opportunity and have
a clearer idea about how to take
advantage of it. ‘One’s eyes,
ears and mind have to remain
constantly open. Spotting a tiny
opportunity, invisible to others,’
says Saunders, ‘is not a matter of
luck — it’s a matter of carefully
planning how best to seek out
chances. During my career,
I’ve actually placed myself in
countless “lucky” situations.’
Jennifer Thomas, the winner

of the 2014 European
Entrepreneur Awards (EEA),
has a slightly different view on
the subject. When interviewed at
score / 10
the EEA award ceremony last May and
asked to comment on how much luck may have contributed
to her phenomenal financial success in the health food TOTAL SCORE / 80
industry, Jennifer explained that talent is what really
8
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Vocabulary & Grammar
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A. Choose a, b, c or d.
2
1. A great many philosophical problems focus on defining 4. Because he has a(n) condition, he has
the correct choice in different situations. to be very careful to eat the right kinds of food.
a. honourably c. properly a. opposing c. determined
b. morally d. purely b. pre-existing d. confirmed
2. The question is, to what can we realistically control 5. They are going to go through the research
illegal poaching? results in on this evening’s news.
a. measure c. matter a. brief c. outline
b. outcome d. extent b. short d. review
3. The discovery of a new species of insect has called 6. If you go on safari at the right time of year, you might
question many things we thought we knew about insect be lucky enough to see a herd of buffalo to greener
evolution. areas.
a. for c. without a. wandering c. migrating
b. against d. into b. encountering d. roaming
score /6
B. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in the box. There are four extra words which you do
not need to use.
aboard contribute cunning element exhibit

foster lay down pattern set up stubborn
1. Luckily, everyone the ferry survived the crash.

2. I suggest a few rules from the beginning so that everyone knows what is expected of them.
3. The aim of this meeting is to find ways to friendship between the two countries.
4. Once he has made up his mind about something, he is far too to change it.
5. Elliot is having difficulty understanding several of the plan.
6. While she was working at the university, she to several important studies on animal
behaviour.
score /6
C. Circle the correct option.
1. I was warned against / from / over going off into the 5. Unfortunately, it may take decades before this area of
forest on my own. rainforest can be completely restored / rehabilitated /
2. Joan has a rather hectic / dramatic / fast-paced sustained.
schedule these days, so I doubt she will be able to make 6. Sometimes changing people’s violation / opposition /
it to the fundraiser. perception of an issue isn’t enough to make them act
differently.
3. I was going to ask him about it, but someone else was
already in his office and I didn’t want to harass / 7. I’ve been trying to get Lydia to talk to me about what
irritate / intrude. happened, but she’s chickened out / clammed up /
4. Everyone expects the chairman to announce that he fished out and won’t say a thing.
will be stepping down / over / around before the end 8. Though Toby earns a very good salary, he spends very
of the year. little and invests the lion’s / leopard’s / tiger’s share.
score /8
9
D. Complete the text with the correct form of the words in capitals.
The mimic octopus

The mimic octopus is an intriguing little creature which has been
fascinating scientists ever since its discovery in the 1990s. Mainly found
in Indonesia and reaching about 60 cm in length, it is known as
‘the master of 1 ’ for its remarkable ability DECEIVE
to both alter its behaviour and transform its hue, texture and shape
to imitate a range of 2 sea creatures. VENOM
Indeed, with no shell to 3 its SURE
protection, its soft body is a desirable meal for many of the
4 predators that it shares its AQUA
environment with. Mimicry has enabled the octopus to
5 any would-be attackers from COURAGE
approaching by tricking them into believing that it is a
creature to be feared and, therefore, avoided.
6 , one of the most impressive ARGUE
examples of this is the mimic octopus’ attempt at posing as
the deadly lionfish. It 7 rearranges PURPOSE
its body parts to mirror the exact same shape as the lionfish and
changes its colouration to take on the characteristic lionfish stripes.
This clever survival strategy has enabled it to thrive in its environment,
avoid danger and increase the 8 that its LIKE
expeditions to locate food end successfully.
score /8
1. of effort was put into this project; that’s why it 6. Before leaving, check window to make sure
was so successful. none are left unlocked.
a. A majority c. A great deal a. each and every c. either one
b. A number d. A quantity b. each one d. one another
2. The centre is involved in the conservation of practically 7. We lack a considerable amount of needed to
endangered species in the world. restore the damage done to our house.
a. any c. some a. money c. the money is
b. each d. every b. money is d. the money
3. The fact that my brother was accepted onto the marine 8. There are documentaries that go into such
biology course motivated to study harder too. depth about the migration of this type of penguin.
a. myself to push me c. me to push myself a. very little c. very few
b. himself to push me d. him to push myself b. hardly d. a very little
4. cats seem to do is lie around in the sun all day. 9. can be no doubt that poaching has decreased
a. Nothing c. None since the new law came into effect.

b. Only d. All a. There c. That
5. That book is difficult for people who don’t have an b. It d. This
advanced knowledge of Spanish; I think you should buy 10. She has working with exotic animals. She’s the
book. most qualified for the job.
a. the whole c. some other a. much experience c. several experiences
b. another some d. other than b. plenty of experience d. some experiences
score / 10
10
F. Circle the correct option.

Please be aware that 1 the / - / most of wild horses graze in this area. Visitors are asked not to approach 2 some / either /
any of them and to keep the paths clear of 3 the / - / a litter. Drivers should stay within 4 a / the / - speed limit shown for
each area at all times.
Warning: the trail ahead has been given a ‘class four’ difficulty rating. 5 No-one / Not any / No inexperienced hikers
should continue past this point. 6 Some / Any / None hiker wishing to attempt this trail should ensure they have the
proper safety equipment, 7 the whole / much / many of which can be purchased at base camp. There are 8 no / any /
none facilities on the trail itself.
9 Both / Neither / Either photography and video capture are prohibited on these grounds for the safety of the wildlife.
Visitors found guilty of 10 neither / either / every of these offences will face a fine of up to £5,000. As 11 many / much /
any of the animals in this area are nocturnal, visitors are also asked to avoid making 12 too / so / as much noise.
score / 12
G. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not
change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given.
1. We are taught to respect each other, no matter what the other person’s background may be. one
We are taught to respect of each person’s background.
2. Professor Hamilton was told this year to reduce the reading list to just the ten most important books. narrow
This year, the plan is for
the reading list to just the ten most important books.
3. You should definitely visit Debbie since she lives close by now. excuse
Now that Debbie lives close by, there her.
4. It was very clear that both of her siblings were unaccustomed to such a humid climate. neither
It was very clear that to such a
humid climate.
score /8
Listening
You will hear five short extracts in which people are talking about working with animals. You will hear the
recording twice. While you listen, you must complete two tasks.
TASK ONE TASK TWO

Choose from the list (A-H) the reason why each speaker Choose from the list (A-H) what each speaker enjoys about
works in their current job. their job.
A. a former job became tedious A. working with different organisations

Speaker 1 Speaker 1
B. an acquaintance recommended B. interacting with people
Speaker 2 them Speaker 2
C. having complete authority
Speaker 3 Speaker 3
C. an unexpected opportunity arose D. restoring health

Speaker 4 D. the job offered benefits Speaker 4
E. bonding with an animal
Speaker 5 E. a family member started a business Speaker 5
F. exhibiting their work
F. a hobby turned into a job G. resolving issues
G. a pay rise was offered H. being an educator
H. the nature of the work was
appealing
score / 10
11
Reading
You are going to read a magazine article about whale communication. Six paragraphs have been removed from
the extract. Choose from the paragraphs (A-G) the one which fits each gap (1-6). There is one extra paragraph
which you do not need to use.
The Underwater ‘Language’ of Whales

Dr Jenny Simpson sheds light on the communication systems
A In contrast, vocalisation is evident in more
nurturing contexts. On a recent field trip to the
Pacific Ocean, I observed the most spectacular example
unique to many marine mammals.
of this when, during a deep sea dive, I spotted a grey
Some of the most well-developed and complex communication whale interacting with its calf. As the calf wandered
systems in the animal kingdom are to be found in whale communities off, its mother began to vocalise more intensely,
and, as a marine biologist, I’ve always been fascinated by the way
no doubt concerned her calf was swimming too far
whales communicate within their pods. In the deep, dark waters
of the world’s oceans, where vision is restricted, whales have unaccompanied.
adapted to rely less on visual signals to convey messages and
emotions and more on their ability to vocalise sound. Indeed, a
massive range of sounds has been identified across whale species,
B This is also observed in other marine
mammals. For instance, bottlenose dolphins,
which communicate through a complex series of
which appears to form an intriguing ‘whale language’. whistle-like sounds, have each been shown to have
a ‘signature whistle’. In other words, no two dolphins
1 whistle in quite the same way.
C
Luckily, with the aid of sophisticated underwater listening devices,
it has been possible to gain access into the whale’s world and Clearly, vocalisation has an important functional
hear some of these charming displays of communication — a role essential for survival. For instance, vocalisation
development which has been enormously valuable in helping could be an attempt to organise behaviour during
researchers extend their knowledge of whale behaviour. hunting, as some whales increase the number and
Underwater microphones, when positioned across the world’s intensity of sounds they make on encountering
oceans, are used by researchers to locate whale pods, and then to prey — possibly as a way of rounding up more help and
track and monitor their seasonal movements. What the different support to maximise the success of the hunt.
D
sounds mean, however, is very much a mystery.
Regrettably, human-caused environmental change
2 has impacted the whale’s ability to send and receive
messages through auditory communication — that is,
For a toothed whale — such as the orca — echolocation is also used
in this situation. Echolocation refers to a type of sound production communication that relies on hearing. A rise in ocean
employed by the whale to establish where objects are in relation to noise from commercial shipping means that whales
its position in the water. After the whale has transmitted a sound, are increasingly unable to differentiate their mutual
the sound wave hits the object and then bounces back, enabling communications from the countless ‘modern-day’
the whale to determine how far away the object is — clearly a very sounds consuming the ocean.
E
useful hunting technique. This includes whistles, clicks, calls and a variety of
3 different squeaks. In the absence of vocal cords,
sound production results from air being squeezed
In fact, it was after this experience that I really started to think through a number of air sacs located in the whale’s
more about how these different communicative sounds are learnt.
head. As whales send out these sounds at a very low
A calf is not born with the innate ability to make the full range of
sounds used by its mother; instead, these sounds are learnt over frequency, the vast majority of whale vocalisation
time and through the process of imitation. cannot be heard by the human ear.
4
And, surprisingly, this degree of individuality in whale communities
F Remarkably, whales of the same species learn to
use specific sounds for vocalisation within their
individual pods. Just as humans display diversity in
goes even further. There have been some rather interesting accents according to the environment in which they are
reports that orcas of the same pod each have their own specific raised, the same is true for whales — one humpback pod
‘voice’. That is, each killer whale demonstrates subtle differences will have a markedly different calling sound compared
in either the tone or the speed at which sounds are transmitted. to the next. It is this range of dialects which makes the
5 identification of different pods possible.
My favourite example is lobtailing, a common behaviour in the
humpback whale, that involves the whale smashing its tail onto G Non-verbal communication is an equally important
component of ‘whale language’. A number of
surfacing behaviours — the ways whales act when
the surface of the water, possibly in an attempt to make its
presence known. Breaching is another impressive activity, and emerging from the water — also exist. These serve as a
involves the whale putting on a spectacular display of dramatic visual signal to the receiver, but also have an important
somersaults and jumps. auditory function, as the noise generated via movement
travels through the water, strengthening the impact of
6 the message being conveyed.
So how is this likely to impact the whale and its capacity to survive
in the years to come? Arguably, the whale’s ability to communicate score / 12
so effectively has been the key to its success as a species — it has
thrived in the oceans for millions of years. With its communication
system under threat, it remains to be seen how the whale will TOTAL SCORE / 80
respond in the future.
12
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A. Read the text and choose a, b, c or d.
3
Dining on top of the world
Situated 3,048 metres above sea level on the top of Soelden Mountain in the
Austrian Tyrol, Ice Q is one of the world’s highest and most 1 locations
for gourmet dining. Designed by the 2 architect Johann Obermoser and
first opened in 2013, this luxury restaurant is constructed primarily out of glass
so as to provide 3 360-degree views of the surrounding snow-covered
landscape.
This intriguing 4 , which is popular in part for serving as the location for
several scenes in the James Bond film ‘Spectre’, offers guests the opportunity to
relax after a tiring morning on the ski slopes and to savour 5 prepared by
the Michelin-star awarded chef, known for 6 local recipes into works of
art. Visitors can choose from a succulent and 7 selection of roast fish and
meat dishes, flavourful and 8 vegetable soups, as well as mouth-watering
desserts made from locally sourced nuts and berries, all in sight of the dramatic
mountain terrain of the Austrian Alps.
1. a. uninterested b. external c. remote d. absent

2. a. renowned b. certified c. distinct d. amateurish
3. a. stunning b. good-looking c. handsome d. conflicting
4. a. organisation b. establishment c. commodity d. institution
5. a. compilations b. leftovers c. mixtures d. specialities
6. a. transferring b. translating c. transforming d. transporting
7. a. unstoppable b. unavoidable c. inescapable d. irresistible
score /8
8. a. peckish b. nourishing c. famished d. parched
B. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in capitals.
1. The customers’ positive reaction to the exotic dishes he introduced has

his desire to experiment with new flavours. intense
2. Research shows that those who suffer from sleep may develop
heart disease. deprive
3. Do you know of any restaurant that serves vegan dishes? exclude
4. We couldn’t stay in the area for too long as there was a(n)
smell of rotten eggs. power
5. The receptionist was quick to apologise for the she caused us when
she couldn’t find our reservation. convenient
6. He is so with his final exams that he neglects everything else. occupy

7. The food styling made the dish look particularly , but in reality it was
rather tasteless. appetite
8. If you have a(n) to regular milk, try plant-based milk drinks. tolerate
score /8
13
C. Circle the correct option.
1. His latest book is selling like sweet / hot / chocolatey 4. The doctor’s soothing voice dispelled / weakened /
cakes, so he’s thinking of turning it into a series. banned any fears I might have had about the surgery.
2. Taking a bite of his brother’s muffin only tempted / 5. Bathed in a thick sauce made with Indian spices, this
satisfied / whetted his appetite for more, so he ate it all. chicken dish is full / packed / rich with flavour.
3. After considering it for a long time, they finally decided 6. We can’t approach new clients with only a half-baked /
to take the action / twist / plunge and expand their bitter / chopped plan and expect them to sign up with us.
business overseas.
score /6
D. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in the box. There are two extra words which you do
not need to use.
acute welcoming abstain disorder emerge enviable

intake optimal rave surface
1. He had difficulty sleeping, so the doctor recommended that he should from coffee and
intense exercise in the afternoon.
2. Teachers may find it difficult to create conditions for successful learning in large classes with
students of mixed abilities.
3. Doctors advise people who want to lose weight to reduce their daily of calories.
4. A lot of innovative ideas from last week’s meeting, which will now have to be tested to
determine their practicality.
5. She felt a(n) pain in her stomach and then fainted, but no doctor could determine what
caused the episode.
6. Eating seem to be more common in developed countries.
7. The journalist found himself in the position of being asked to interview an important political figure.
8. Mike has been about Southampton, where he spent his university years, but I found it rather dull.
score /8
E. Complete the gaps with the Past Simple, the Past Progressive, the Past Perfect Simple or the Past Perfect
Progressive. Use the Passive Voice when necessary.
Reporter Mr Miller, I would like you to tell us how you Reporter When 9 (you / first notice)
managed to become a head chef. that you had a love for cooking?
Mr Miller Actually, I 1 (make) ends meet Mr Miller I must have been nine or ten. I 10
as a dishwasher when the head chef (help) my mother bake biscuits or prepare pies
2 (notice) that I had a talent whenever I had the chance.
for cooking and I 3 (promote) Reporter So, have you considered what your next
to kitchen assistant. The previous kitchen challenge will be?
assistant 4 (fire) so the
Mr Miller Not really. My current job is so interesting that I
position was vacant.
plan on staying for as long as I can.
Reporter And so you worked your way up to head chef.
score
Tell me, 5 (you / work) at the / 10

restaurant for long when you
6 (discover)?
Mr Miller Not at that particular restaurant, but I
7 (employ) in other kitchens
in the past, again as a dishwasher. All in all, I
think I 8 (wash) dishes for
around three years.
14
F. Choose a, b, c or d.
1. We dinner at an Indian restaurant, but 5. We should about the power cuts beforehand.
we stayed in and cooked dinner instead. a. have been notified
a. used to have b. to have been notified
b. were having c. notify
c. would have d. be notifying
d. were going to have 6. I didn’t expect this morning when I went to work.
2. This zoo the largest one in the state. a. being laid off
a. say that it is b. will have been laid
b. is said to be c. to be laid off
c. is said that it is d. have been laid off
d. said it has been 7. Mark shy when he was younger, but now he’s
3. It took me a while the night shift. more of the outgoing type.
a. I would work a. was being
b. I used to work b. would be
c. to get used to working c. was used to being
d. to be used to working d. used to be
4. Before they go into the machine, the carrots 8. This castle is believed in the 13th century.
thoroughly. a. to be constructed
a. wash b. it was constructed
b. are being washed c. it has been constructed
c. are washing d. to have been constructed
d. are washed
score /8
G. Complete the gaps in the text with one word only.
Chocolate on the brain

Chocolate has always 1 regarded as a special treat by people worldwide,
from the Mayans who 2 drink it as a medicinal drink up to today’s
consumers, many of whom have a love-hate relationship with it.
There’s good news for those chocolate lovers who are 3 to

reaching for a chocolate bar whenever they’re feeling down. Data collected
4 researchers conducting a long-running study across New York and
Maine has revealed that, 5 eaten at least once a week, chocolate can
actually improve mental functions such as memory and reasoning. While this is not the
only study 6 have been conducted on the beneficial effects of chocolate,
it is among the most extensive.
Scientifically speaking, chocolate 7 its popularity to several chemicals

which act as stimulants, producing a feel-good sensation. These chemicals are already
naturally present in the brain, but the boost they receive from chocolate makes the
sensations they cause last even longer. So, while chocolate is no substitute for a balanced
diet, indulging 8 it every once in a while may do more good than harm.
score /8
15
Listening
You will hear a woman called Samantha Fields giving a short talk on an eating disorder.
For questions 1-7, complete the sentences with a word or short phrase.
1. Samantha defines orthorexia as the point at which healthy eating starts having a(n)
on overall well-being.
2. As Samantha explains, what differentiates orthorexics from healthy eaters is that orthorexics link their diet to their
identity and .
3. Samantha claims that healthy eating makes people feel clean because it balances their brain
and fills them with pride at having strong willpower.
4. The speaker suggests that people who feel in life may be more likely to be
affected by eating disorders.
5. Samantha says that the impact of orthorexia on a sufferer’s condition is worse

than the impact on their mental condition.
6. Samantha refers to thyroid problems, loss of hair, depression and as symptoms of

malnutrition.
7. According to Samantha, when orthorexics indulge in something that is not in their diet, they regard this as a(n)
.
score / 14
Reading
Read the text. Then answer the questions according to the information given in the text. Choose a, b, c or d.
1. What is the main idea of this text? 3. In the second paragraph, what can be inferred
a. Mankind has been using fermentation for thousands about the process of fermenting vegetables?
of years. a. It is difficult to create the conditions in which
b. Fermenting vegetables is the best way to include bacteria can grow.
probiotic food in one’s diet. b. It is straightforward and requires little skill.
c. Probiotic foods can be used to improve a person’s c. It requires a basic knowledge of chemistry.
overall health. d. It is an increasingly common practice.
d. There is substantial evidence that probiotic foods
4. What factor may affect the quality of probiotics
increase one’s vitality.
contained in fermented vegetables?
2. According to the text, how can the consumption a. the length of time that a vegetable is left to ferment
of probiotics be beneficial? b. the freshness of the vegetables at the time of
a. Harmful bacteria are prevented from entering the fermentation
body. c. the conditions in which the vegetables are stored
b. The stomach is able to absorb nutrients more after fermentation
effectively. d. the temperature that fermented vegetables are later
c. Gastrointestinal problems are completely eliminated. exposed to
d. The balance of different bacteria in the intestines is
5. According to the text, what was the primary motive
restored.
for fermenting vegetables in the past?
a. to preserve them
b. to make them safe to eat

c. to use them in medicine
d. to improve their taste
16
Probiotic Foods
The very idea of eating food containing bacteria mixture aside for a few days. This process alters
may seem illogical, but certain strains of bacteria the chemical composition of the vegetable,
are considered essential for optimal health and meaning that it often takes on a sour, tangy
well-being. Indeed, there are many foodstuffs taste. Importantly, it is during this process that
available today which contain large amounts of beneficial bacteria are allowed to develop and
beneficial types of bacteria called probiotics, multiply, transforming the vegetable into one
whose usefulness lies in the fact that they help to that is exceptionally rich in nutrients. To gain the
even out the numbers of good and bad bacteria full probiotic benefit of fermented vegetables,
present in the stomach. By adding good bacteria such produce should be eaten in its raw form,
to our digestive system to make up for the as probiotics are sensitive to heat and can be
losses caused by, for example, taking antibiotics, damaged during cooking.
probiotic-rich food is believed to offer several
important health benefits: most notably, the References to fermentation — both of vegetables
minimising of gastrointestinal issues and the and dairy products — date far back into history.
promotion of a healthy immune system. In the absence of modern-day refrigeration
technology, fermentation was considered a
One of the best ways to incorporate more necessary way to extend the life of certain foods.
probiotic-rich, or ‘live’, food into one’s diet Not only that, but there is evidence that ancient
is through the consumption of vegetables societies also recognised the health benefit of
which have been fermented. A known method consuming such food. Historical records indicate
of producing fermented vegetables at home that, for instance, fermented dairy products such
involves soaking them (chopped or sliced) as yoghurt were commonly prescribed to relieve
in a solution of sodium and then leaving the digestion problems.
score / 10
TOTAL SCORE / 80
17
od t level C1/C1+ a
M Tes
4
ule Vocabulary & Grammar
1. As I walked through the door to the doctor’s 6. Nina was totally after receiving the
waiting room, the receptionist up from dreadful news that her house had burnt
her desk and greeted me with a welcoming down to its foundations.
smile. a. inconsolable c. petrified
a. stared c. glared b. startled d. apprehensive
b. glimpsed d. glanced 7. Had I not to the supermarket straight
2. I must have been totally in thought on after work, I would never have made it before
the train down to Oxford last week, because I closing time.
ended up missing my stop. a. strolled c. dashed
a. missed c. misplaced b. roamed d. strode
b. lost d. absent
8. My fear of spiders is so great that even the
3. Just an hour before his press conference was
thought of them is enough to make my skin
due to be broadcast live, the man got feet
.
and contacted the journalist to cancel.
a. twist c. rustle
a. cold c. icy
b. curl d. crawl
b. chilly d. cool
4. ‘FYI’ is a commonly used which means 9. Nobody ever takes my views into account in
‘for your information’. the office. It’s as if I’m .
a. breakdown c. representation a. invisible c. intangible
b. acronym d. discipline b. illegible d. illiterate
5. Through their refusal to utter a single word to 10. Because Mr Walker had a prior work that
one another all evening, the that persists day, he was unable to stay until the end of his
between them was apparent to all. son’s rugby match.
a. isolation c. hostility a. fulfilment c. engagement
b. contentment d. sorrow b. dispute d. negotiation
score / 10
B. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in the box. There is one extra word which you do
not need to use.
acquisition abandon exceed memorable represent

resemble scepticism sedentary strike triumph
1. While being by lightning can be potentially fatal, most victims survive.
2. My month-long backpacking holiday across the USA is my most travel experience to date.
3. Because of the bad weather yesterday, we our plan to go hiking.
4. After the 50 mph speed limit, Mr Andrews was fined £80 and made to attend a driver safety
awareness class.
5. The findings of her latest research were met with great amongst the scientific community.
6. His behaviour in no way that of his sister, who is always so studious and polite in class.
7. The Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam is organising a new exhibition for its latest .
8. No matter how healthy your eating is, if you lead a(n) lifestyle, you’re still going to develop
health issues.
9. This story details the group’s struggle against and over enormous obstacles in their quest for
justice.
score /9
18
C. Complete the text with the correct form of the words

in capitals.
Why sleep in
Sleep is one of the most important human behaviours,
yet 1 little is known about its RELATE
function and why we need it. Over the course of a
lifetime, a person can expect to spend around one third of
their life sleeping, which sleep psychologists say is a clear
2 of its importance. INDICATE
A typical sleep cycle lasts for around ninety minutes and is
comprised of five different stages. While our bodies are restful and
somewhat 3 to outside stimulus during this time, our brain is RESPOND
4 a process of immense neural activity. Although it differs from one person to the GO
next, we all need a certain number of hours of sleep each night so as to feel recharged and refreshed, as
well as to allow our body the time needed to repair itself. The 5 to get adequate FAIL
sleep means that one moves into the next day with a ‘sleep debt’ that can accumulate over time and have a
negative impact if not repaid. In fact, sleep deprivation studies have shown how 6 SUFFICE
sleep is associated with impaired memory, learning and performance, as well as poor judgement and an
increased 7 to certain illnesses. VULNERABLE
In light of all this, getting enough sleep is absolutely 8 . Unfortunately, sleep is often CRITIC
9 throughout society, and is considered to be time lost or wasted. Feeling tired VALUE
has become acceptable to us and something which we simply attempt to 10 with ACT
stimulants such as caffeine. Surely, a much better approach is to get enough sleep in the first place.
score / 10
D. Complete the gaps with the words in the box. There are three extra words which you do not need to use.
most unlike such like than much

similar nothing comparison more as equally
1. I enjoyed reading science fiction novels when I was young, my brother, who was interested
in poetry.
2. These two tools are the same so it doesn’t matter which one you buy.
3. This Pilates class is like the one at my gym. It’s much demanding
and I get tired faster.
4. If you look at these two paintings, the colours in this one are brighter in .
5. Hiking through that canyon is possibly the challenging thing I have ever done.
6. At times, my father is not a patient person as my mother is and can get angry easily.
7. Ever since Joanna got a job at that advertising agency, she doesn’t seem carefree as she
used to be.
8. That suit is terribly expensive; it costs three times more the blue one over there.
score /9
19
1. Children can get irritable when they feel hungry. 5. Jenny is of our three daughters.
a. totally c. perfectly a. oldest c. older than
b. somewhat d. virtually b. as elder d. the eldest
2. It’s been long day, so I think it’s time to go home. 6. I’m afraid it’s important you send us the form as
a. quite c. fairly a soon as possible.
b. rather d. a rather a. completely c. almost
3. The dish I had at that Mexican restaurant last night b. bitterly d. terribly
was appetising than I thought it would be. 7. This book isn’t as the previous one he had written,
a. far more c. farther so I suggest you don’t read it.
b. very d. by far a. a lot more interesting c. half as interesting
b. twice as boring d. quite as boring
4. I believe that’s the brightest star I’ve ever seen.
a. just about 8. We were surprised to see Alfred at the ceremony.
b. considerably a. as much as c. the most of all
c. even b. the more d. most
d. entirely 9. The effect of these chemicals on the environment is
unknown and .
a. harmful potentially c. potentially harmful
b. much harmful d. harmful immensely
10. He could really benefit from some extra tuition before
his German language written exam as his spelling is
appalling.
a. highly c. fully
b. absolutely d. densely
score / 10
F. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do
1. You will have bigger chances of winning the race if you continue to train hard. your
The of winning the race.
2. I have never worked with a colleague as rude as James. easily
James worked with.
3. Ironing is the chore I enjoy the least. dislike
There’s ironing.
4. My nephew behaves much more recklessly than your son does. nowhere
Your son’s behaviour is

my nephew’s is.
5. The art exhibition was as good as other ones I’ve been to, but there was nothing unique about it. an
It was as other I’ve been
to, but there was nothing unique about it.
score / 10
20
Listening
You will hear part of a programme in which Andy and Georgina, both researchers, talk about laughter. For
questions 1-5, choose the answer (a, b, c or d) which fits best according to what you hear.
1. What opinion does Georgina express about research into laughter?

a. Research proves that the main function of laughter is to ensure good health.
b. There has been adequate research into the ways laughter contributes to good health.
c. Research confirms what we know from experience.
d. Much research has been done into how laughter brings people together.
2. Andy and Georgina agree that we tend to laugh

a. at the same things our friends do to please them.
b. when we’re in a group even if we don’t understand a joke.
c. less when we witness something alone than we do with friends.
d. more when we watch something funny live than if we watch it at home.
3. Contrary to what most people believe,

a. we find very few jokes actually funny.
b. what we laugh about doesn’t affect how much we laugh.
c. we laugh more when we are emotionally sensitive.
d. laughter primarily functions as a social message.
4. What is true of posed laughter?

a. It’s a technique that we use when we can’t laugh naturally.
b. We don’t do it on purpose but instinctively.
c. It’s an attempt to understand other people’s emotions.
d. It can be used to pretend to agree with what someone is saying.
5. What did the online experiment that Andy and Georgina conducted prove?
a. Our brain continues to learn about laughter during our entire early adult life.
b. Younger people can do posed laughter more easily.
c. People laugh the most in their late 30s. score / 10
d. Older people find things more annoying than funny.
score / 10
21
Reading
You are going to read an article about how failure is important for achieving success. For questions 1-6,
choose from the sections (A-D). The sections may be chosen more than once.
If at first you don’t succeed...

Peter Hamilton discusses the rocky road to success.
A History teaches us that the most successful individuals frequently have one
thing in common: they have all experienced failure at some point, and in
many cases have failed repeatedly. While success and failure are undeniably at
Which section mentions the
following?
opposite ends of the achievement scale, they can also be described as closely 1. a mistaken view on the most
connected outcomes, with failure often being an essential requirement for efficient distribution of resources
success. This was certainly the case for Gina Ratcliff, the CEO of a large retail
2. the suggestion that one’s
corporation in the US, who described her early experience of bankruptcy as
capabilities may not play the most
a tremendous opportunity to learn the risks in business. As she explained:
crucial role in determining success
‘When I look back, it’s pretty clear that if I’d not failed in those early endeavours
so spectacularly, I would never have identified which factors were actually 3. the worth of evaluating a past
hindering my business attempts. For that reason, I feel very strongly that I did situation
succeed; I succeeded in identifying what didn’t work and why.’ 4. a sociological explanation for why
B Seeing as how failure can be a positive experience through which

important lessons are learnt, why is it that society attaches such negative
connotations to it, considering it a weakness or personality flaw rather than
failure is often not viewed in a
positive light
5. an example of perseverance
an integral part of the road to success? Perhaps because, from an early age, despite negative feedback
young minds are inculcated with the notion that the ultimate goal in life is to
succeed, and that failure is not acceptable; therefore, failure becomes a concept 6. a behaviour that occurs because of
that many are not willing to even consider, let alone ponder the benefits of. an emotional defence
Another explanation may be found in the negativity bias — the way the human
brain is programmed so that it will more likely focus on the negative aspects
of a scenario. From this viewpoint, re-evaluating a situation to look for the
positives almost goes against our human nature. Moreover, a focus on the
negative side of failure, which brings with it feelings of embarrassment, guilt
and worthlessness, leads to our wanting to avoid experiencing these emotions
again, and thus we strive fervently to avoid failure altogether.
C A common perception is that competence to a large extent governs one’s

capacity to achieve in life. However, one could argue that success is more a
product of one’s character. Being resilient and determined when situations fail to
unfold as planned has all but guaranteed success for so many. For Tina McCann,
the hugely popular Irish crime novelist and author of eleven international
bestsellers, this couldn’t ring more true. In the early days of her career, Tina’s
books were rejected time and again by publishers. As she explains: ‘At one
point, my life was all about rejection. I was constantly told that my books lacked
imagination and quality. Each time, I’d go back to square one and try all over
again, never giving up.’
D Another aspect of failure, quitting, can also contribute to success. Most

people tend to focus on the sunk cost — the money, time and effort they
have already put into something — while rarely thinking about the opportunity
cost — the money, time and effort they could instead put into something else
that would make them a lot happier. In focusing on the things we or others have
invested and sacrificed so far to maintain a certain job, project or relationship,

we tend to feel guilty and continue pursuing the course we have set, even
though we know it’s a lost cause. What would happen if we just quit for a
change? ‘Since the beginning of my career, my mantra has been “fail quickly,”’
says Idris Hardy, an award-winning designer. ‘I might have a hundred ideas, but
only two or three are bound to work. My greatest skill is to abandon the ideas
score / 12
that won’t work as quickly as possible, before too much time or energy has
been wasted on them. I can then use all I have to focus on the “killer” designs
that will become bestsellers.’ Yes, knowing when to quit something and change TOTAL SCORE / 80
course can often be much better than simply refusing to quit at all.
22
T
level C1/C1+ a
M
es
od
t
ule
A. Circle the correct option.
5
1. Instead of resisting these changes, why don’t you try embracing / persevering / mimicking them instead?
2. We argued on the phone for an hour, so I hung up feeling lightly / faintly / barely annoyed.
3. Philip seems to have a(n) angle / knack / hardship for getting people to trust him.
4. In the duration / tracks / aftermath of the earthquake, people were running around trying to find their loved ones.
5. She stared out the window for an hour, immersed / consoled / submerged in her thoughts.
6. Eventually, Tom was forced to except / exceed / accept that he had missed his chance.
7. Before entering the interview room, remember to loosen / straighten / liven your clothes and clear your throat.
8. I’ve got a terrible headache, so I don’t feel for / up / like to going out right now.
score /8
B. Complete the text with the correct form of the words in capitals.
Cryotherapy
Cold showers and dips in lakes during winter are often
presented as carrying a range of health benefits. For those
brave enough to ‘indulge’, there is also cryotherapy or the
‘cold sauna’ experience, which is based on the assertion that
immersing oneself in a compartment of icy air
1 the cells of the body, improving VITAL
their overall function. The 2 of the air is COLD
also said to help with a variety of ailments including muscle pain, joint
pain, insomnia and fatigue. 3 developed in Japan in 1978, cold saunas have ORIGIN
since become 4 popular with athletes, health enthusiasts, and anyone simply OVERWHELM
wanting to de-stress.
Cold saunas are maintained at a temperature of -110°C — that’s colder than any of the
5 temperatures found naturally in the coldest places on Earth. It’s only ZERO
natural to feel 6 about the whole experience, but practitioners guarantee that HESITATE
7 to such extremes is not dangerous, as long as the strict maximum time limit EXPOSE
of three minutes is carefully followed, because the cold doesn’t actually pass beyond the outer layer
of the skin. 8 one’s stay beyond this, however, would allow the cold to seep LONG
further into the body, potentially causing damage to internal organs and tissue.
score /8
23
C. Complete the sentences with one word only.
1. When Max failed to finish the race, he felt like all the hard work he had put into training had gone
in smoke.
2. Though I was in a hurry, the bright colours of the coat in the shop window my eye.
3. It sounds like a dangerous thing to do — you’d better twice before you take such a risk.
4. This incident serves a reminder that we should more effectively control the use of the Internet by
our children.
5. Scars may be unattractive, but I pride in mine because they remind me of the experiences that
make up my life.
6. During the supposed ‘discussion’ we were having, he didn’t let anyone else utter a word.
score /6
D. Choose a, b, c or d.
1. We need to the problem rather than try to avoid it. 5. The moment I bought my car, I it.
a. confront c. trace a. assured c. reassured
b. conclude d. underline b. ensured d. insured
2. The annual meeting is always a dull affair, completely 6. Halfway through the meal, he announced that he
of entertainment. would be leaving the country.
a. baffled c. devoid a. reasonably c. effortlessly
b. minus d. alien b. mistakenly d. casually
3. When making an argument, it’s better that you offer 7. You promised to help us out, so please don’t now.
specific examples and don’t just . a. pick out c. back out
a. visualise c. specialise b. show off d. stand up for
b. generalise d. rationalise 8. It was her that kept her volunteering for missions
4. Megan is quite thrifty, but she’s always generous when to developing nations where people were dying from
it comes to a cause. easily curable diseases.
a. worthy c. modest a. compassion c. modesty
b. strategic d. bold b. assertiveness d. strenuousness
score /8
E. Circle the correct option.

1. The venue when / where / which we got married last year was featured in one of the top bridal magazines last month.
2. Having persuaded / persuading / been persuaded his friends to go to the football game on Saturday, he reserved four
seats online.
3. Once / If / Unless discovered early enough, the disease may be curable.
4. I’ve been dropped from the basketball team this season, which / of that / of which is totally unfair!
5. I very much view sculpture as a channel on / through / for which I can express my creativity.
6. I was wandering / Wandering / Wandered through the village earlier, I bumped into an old school friend that I hadn’t
seen for years.
7. I’ve just received this email from my brother, the tone of which / which / at which is quite rude!
8. Can who / whose / whoever it was that borrowed my headphones please return them?
score /8
24
F. Choose a, b, c or d.
1. We played against a new hockey team strategic 6. I suppose the main reason which I wrote my
skills on the field were outstanding. autobiography was to share some of the important
a. which c. whom lessons that I’ve learnt throughout life.
b. who d. whose a. for c. by
2. The report on the global spread of the disease, b. on d. in
the content is causing a great deal of concern 7. A total of eight people were interviewed for the
amongst the public, was released earlier this month. position, had that special quality that we’re
a. of which c. which seeking in our employees.
b. at which d. in which a. most of c. neither of which
3. Last summer I failed my driving test for the third time, b. none of whom d. whose
I began to give up hope. 8. that the soup contained no meat, she ate it.
a. in which case c. in addition to which a. Been reassured c. If it is reassured
b. at which point d. in which b. Having reassured d. Having been reassured
4. It was so crowded on the train up to Newcastle that we 9. miss the end of the awards ceremony, he stayed
just sat in seats were free. up late until all the winners were announced.
a. what c. whichever a. Not wanting c. Not wanting to
b. whenever d. whoever b. He didn’t want to d. Wanting to
5. high enough temperature, any harmful bacteria 10. restored, the artwork will be exhibited in the main
contained in the food should be killed. gallery.
a. If it is cooked c. It was cooked at a a. After c. Once
b. By cooking with d. Cooked at a b. Until d. Although
score / 10
G. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given.
Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given.
1. The reason Taylor started to look for a new job was because he didn’t get the promotion he wanted. which
Taylor didn’t get the promotion he wanted, as a
he started looking for a new job.
2. Jack very boldly stood up for his rights. bold

Jack stood up for his rights, him.
3. Anthony observed the driver in front of him driving recklessly and changed lanes to avoid him. notice
Having reckless driving, Anthony changed lanes
to avoid him.
4. Although we understand how difficult the task is, we still think it’s worth our time and effort. difficulty
While , we still think it’s worth our time and effort.
5. These two medications produce results after twenty minutes, so you can take either one of them. both
You can take either one of these medications,

effect after twenty minutes.
6. The garden has been neglected all winter and is totally overgrown. care
Not having all winter, the garden is totally overgrown.
score / 12
25
Listening
You will hear five short extracts in which people are talking about a hazardous situation they once faced. You will
hear the recording twice. While you listen, you must complete two tasks.
TASK ONE TASK TWO

Choose from the list (A-H) the main factor that determined Choose from the list (A-H) what each speaker describes as
each person’s ability to survive their experience. the most difficult aspect of their experience.
A. an emergency plan being carried out A. being overexposed to the elements
Speaker 1 B. a knowledge of the local area Speaker 1 B. feeling uncertain about their situation
Speaker 2 C. a positive attitude Speaker 2 C. experiencing pain over an extended
Speaker 3 D. a surprise encounter Speaker 3 period
Speaker 4 E. an ability to navigate Speaker 4 D. feeling their strength decline
Speaker 5 F. an adequate amount of provisions Speaker 5 E. staying sufficiently hydrated
G. a knowledge of first aid F. feeling nervous and tense
H. a fast reaction to the situation G. being incapable of calling for help
H. coping with the isolation
score / 10
Reading
You are going to read a magazine article about the Amazon Rainforest. For questions 1-5, choose the answer
(a, b, c or d) which you think fits best according to the text.
1. What do we learn about Cook’s attitude towards his 2. How did Cook feel when he set foot in the Amazon
1995 Amazon Rainforest assignment in the opening Rainforest for the first time?
paragraph? a. insignificant
a. He was hesitant to go when the assignment was b. nervous
initially offered. c. confused
b. He welcomed the opportunity to advance his career. d. apprehensive
c. He was grateful that his editor thought him qualified 3. What does Cook imply when talking about the
to go. atmosphere of the jungle?
d. He was overwhelmed with the immensity of the task a. It can be captured only by a skilled photographer.
in front of him. b. It is mysterious and intimidating.
c. It can only be truly experienced in person.
d. It is spoilt by constant noise.
4. What is evident about Cook and his knowledge
of tropical rainforest flora at the time of his
assignment?
a. His knowledge improved throughout the trip.
b. He had an advanced level of expertise from the
beginning.
c. He had prepared himself beforehand for what he
might encounter.
d. His knowledge was somewhat limited.

5. What can be inferred about the relationship between
Cook and his guide?
a. They had mutual respect for one another.
b. Their relationship deteriorated as the trip progressed.
c. They were somewhat indifferent to each other.
d. There was probably some one-sided annoyance.
26
I
t was in the year 1995, while It was hard work at times, but worth
employed by a top nature it, as I photographed some of the
‘Lungs
and wildlife magazine, most spectacular flora during
that I was especially that assignment, from the
fortunate to be sent on a familiar orchid to the more
month-long assignment unfamiliar trumpet tree,
of the Planet’
to photograph South which is celebrated for
America’s Amazon its medicinal properties
Rainforest. As a by locals. Although
young and somewhat it was only later, on
inexperienced nature arriving back in the UK
photographer, I was and consulting with a
now tasked with the role botanist colleague, that
of capturing the intrigue, I realised how many rare
Renowned photojournalist
the immensity and the and critically endangered
Edmund Cook reflects on his first
exquisite beauty of the encounter with the Amazon Rainforest flora I had in fact managed to
Amazon. Even then I had an capture on this one trip — much
appetite for challenge; I looked to the satisfaction of my editor, who
upon this as my chance to make a later used these pictures for an article
name for myself in a hugely competitive on endangered Amazon flora. Being able to
industry. Indeed, this was to be the first of many
raise awareness of such issues through photography
trips I would make to this magical part of the world.
was hugely rewarding for me, and one of the main
The Amazon is a place of tremendous natural beauty reasons why I have continued to revisit the Amazon
in its most powerful form. I can still remember, on first over the years.
entering the forest, how I struggled to absorb the sheer
Aside from the exquisite plant life, the animal life is
level of detail. From the forest floor up to the emergent
equally astounding; from the jaguar to the anaconda,
layer — where the very tallest of trees can be seen
I wanted to find and photograph them all. I am forever
sprouting new growth from the top of the jungle — life
indebted to Luiz , a local man who was my guide for the
is simply bustling. In every direction, the Amazon is
duration of my stay. It was due to his expert knowledge
adorned with trees, vines, ferns, shrubs and an array
of the rainforest that we were able to traverse the
of exotic plants. Even for a nature photographer, the
jungle so successfully and locate so much of the fauna.
magnitude of it was a humbling experience, leading
me to consider my place in the world — a small dot Disappointingly, Luiz and I were not always fortunate in
in something much, much greater. One cannot help locating the animals that we set out to locate, so I had to
but be moved by its unique atmosphere. The dim and be opportunistic and make the best of a potential photo
hazy lighting which results from the sun’s inability to opportunity when it arose.
penetrate the thick tree coverage, together with the One morning when out exploring the forest, I noticed
mist which seems to cover segments of the jungle, a tree boa tightly coiled around a branch, motionless
contributes greatly to its majestic, mystical feel. This and staring straight at me. While tree boas are not
feeling is intensified by the smell and sound of the place venomous, they are exceedingly dangerous, capable
— a combination of plant matter, woody and musty, of suffocating a person if provoked. Desperate for the
accompanied by a range of intriguing jungle sounds; a photograph, I thoughtlessly moved in closer and took
true multi-sensory experience which is impossible to the shot. Clearly feeling threatened, the snake tried to
fully capture through imagery, or any other medium. attack. No doubt my reckless behaviour was a source of
From a professional photographer’s viewpoint, the frustration for Luiz who was tired of having to forever
Amazon presented a number of challenges. The reiterate the dangers of the jungle. For a photographer,
dense vegetation, the rough terrain and fallen trees, however, taking a risk might make all the difference.
and the numerous streams weaving through the It was this shot which won me an award for best
forest, all meant that moving around was, at times, newcomer of the year in nature photography and, in
restricted. Bugs and creepy crawlies are ubiquitous, turn, propelled me into an electrifying career in jungle
from mosquitoes and fireflies to spiders and beetles. photography.
score / 10
TOTAL SCORE / 80
27
-5
od Test level C1/C1+ a
s1
ule
M
1. Please take of the exit signs that point 11. We asked Julie if she wanted to join us, but she
you in the right direction. seemed a bit .
a. charge c. steps a. observant c. arrogant
b. notice d. notes b. reluctant d. redundant
2. Sheila managed all of the wedding preparations. 12. Why don’t we continue reading the story from
a. sharply c. firmly where we ?
b. genuinely d. single-handedly a. showed off c. left off
b. picked out d. put down
3. Would you like to adopt a of kittens we found
behind our house? 13. He didn’t do such a good job, but in all , I have to
a. litter c. pack acknowledge that he was exhausted from not having
b. school d. colony slept all night.
a. fairness c. fondness
4. My husband is much better than me at things; I
b. tenderness d. hardiness
need to see them in front of me.
a. rationalising c. supervising 14. I’m afraid that his wish to take part in the marathon is
b. visualising d. customising an goal — he’s never even jogged before!
a. unattainable c. unstable
5. Many local dialects are lost from the spread of a
b. overestimated d. unregulated
handful of dominant languages.
a. ravenous c. ubiquitous 15. You’d better your differences with Harry before
b. strenuous d. harmonious we go on the weekend trip together.
a. reverse c. rephrase
6. This word carries negative so I’d rather use a
b. resolve d. restore
synonym.
a. connotations c. compilations 16. Don’t you think that was a very talk?
b. considerations d. calculations a. absent-minded c. long-lasting
b. thought-provoking d. strong-willed
7. They made so many unwise financial decisions it’s no
wonder their business went . 17. The low population in rural areas makes them
a. down bad c. a long way ideal for those who prefer isolation to sociability.
b. off d. downhill a. density c. visibility
b. security d. capacity
8. Reporters are about whether the judge will find
him innocent or guilty. 18. Apparently, a piece of machinery , setting
a. assessing c. speculating construction back a few days.
b. assuming d. supposing a. misbehaved c. misapplied
b. maltreated d. malfunctioned
9. Though the company should have informed their
clients, the public was kept in of the theft of their 19. The whole family was deeply by the news of
passwords by hackers. Henrietta’s accident.
a. acceptance c. annoyance a. baffled c. distressed
b. intolerance d. ignorance b. charmed d. intrigued
10. We talked about all kinds of insignificant things, but no 20. Did I really win the competition or are you just ?
one wanted to address the . a. pulling my leg c. twisting my arm

a. crocodile tears c. elephant in the room b. raising your eyebrows d. giving me the
b. lone wolf d. butterflies in their stomach cold shoulder
score / 20
28
Test - Modules 1-5 level C1/C1+ a
B. Complete the text with the correct form of the words in capitals.
The ‘cobra effect’

According to anecdotal sources, when Delhi in India
was under British rule, government officials realised
that the city had a problem with cobras. Acting
under the 1 that there CONCEPT
was an evident and simple solution, they offered
a monetary reward for every dead snake — and so
the 2 killing of snakes began. SYSTEM
Appreciating how 3 such an enterprise was PROFIT
and at the same time seeing the cobra population decline, the natives came up with a very
4 way of keeping the money rolling in — they started breeding RESOURCE
snakes with the purpose of then killing them. The government officials were initially very happy with
the results, but soon realised that the snakes previously present in Delhi could not
5 justify the number of dead snakes being brought in. Catching REASON
on to the deception, they 6 providing rewards. What were the locals CONTINUE
to do now with so many 7 cobras but release them into the wild? WORTH
Thus, a whole new generation of venomous snakes were 8 RECKLESS
set free to plague the city, significantly 9 the situation. The lesson? Every WORSE
decision will have unexpected outcomes due to our 10 ABLE
to predict people’s reactions; or in other words, beware of the ‘cobra effect’.
score / 10
C. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do
1. The mayor will give a speech tomorrow in formal acknowledgement of the efforts
the volunteers made. acknowledging
The mayor efforts in a speech tomorrow.
2. Howard seems to have slightly less patience than he used to. quite
Howard doesn’t he used to.

3. I’m positive that the CEO will leave his position after being accused of fraud. step
The CEO is after being accused of fraud.
4. You can complete this project without the collaboration of other departments. collaborate
There’s other departments to complete this project.
score /8
29
D. Choose a, b, c or d.
1. The candidate found the interview difficult as 11. Patty Jenkins has written many poems, have
confusing. received awards.
a. not so much a. in which case
b. more b. several of whom
c. not such c. whose
d. not as d. the majority of which
2. Our class teacher gives student at least ten minutes of 12. New legal policies within the construction industry
her time every week for any questions they might have. since the last time I dealt with a similar case.
a. every single a. seem to introduce
b. each and every one b. seem to have introduced
c. one another c. seem to have been introduced
d. every one d. are said to introduce
3. Six months ago the panda gave birth to two cubs, 13. the difficulty of the project, the manager continued
are healthy and incredibly playful. to set unrealistic deadlines.
a. both of whose a. Upon realising
b. of which b. Having been realised
c. of whose c. While realising
d. both of which d. Realised
4. Patrick is one of loyal employees that have been 14. Packages that can be returned to the shop.
working at our company for over ten years. a. haven’t opened
a. a quantity of b. aren’t being opened
b. the many c. haven’t been opened
c. all the d. didn’t open
d. the majority of 15. He was someone no one wanted to work with; a
5. with sorrow, the woman cried all night. colleague who rumours about others.
a. Overcoming a. had forever spread
b. Overcome b. had forever been spread
c. Having overcome c. was forever spreading
d. While overcome d. was forever being spread
6. to be over a thousand different species of plants in 16. no knowing how he will react when he sees the
this forest. crashed car.
a. It is said that a. It’s
b. This area is said b. It takes
c. They say that c. This is
d. There are said d. There’s
7. I should have known about this. When tell me? 17. It was freezing at the top of the mountain.
a. would you a. very
b. did you b. absolutely
c. were you going to c. extremely
d. did you use to d. immensely
8. Victor was never really interested in history, but he 18. This is the cheapest mobile phone on the market.
has been reading a lot about ancient civilisations. a. by far
a. late b. further
b. lately c. far more
c. last d. far
d. lastly 19. This to be the solution to our problem.
9. The procedure is and should only take an hour. a. appears
a. straightforward relatively b. is appeared
b. virtually straightforward c. has appeared

c. straightforward virtually d. has been appearing
d. relatively straightforward 20. The meeting is to begin in twenty minutes.
10. The weather was rough of our days there, so we a. about
didn’t enjoy the trip much. b. due
a. most c. on the verge
b. the whole d. expecting
c. everyone score / 20
d. an amount
30
Listening
You will hear three different extracts. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (a, b or c) which fits best according to
what you hear. There are two questions for each extract.
Extract 1 Extract 2
You will hear an athlete talking about preparation for You will hear an interview with Lucy, a health
competing in different climates. food enthusiast who follows a fruitarian diet.
1. What does the speaker say about the length of time 3. Why does Lucy refer to her childhood?
needed to adapt to a new climate? a. to justify her reasons for becoming a fruitarian
a. Full acclimatisation takes a minimum of two weeks. b. to show why she felt the need to change her diet
b. The time needed varies according to personal fitness levels. c. to explain her emotional connection to some foods
c. Longer acclimatisation improves fitness overall. 4. What does she suggest about people who criticise
2. What is the speaker’s attitude towards his trainer? fruitarianism?
a. He is frustrated that he sets limits. a. They are speaking from personal experience.
b. He feels his trainer sometimes pushes him too hard. b. Their judgement is based on isolated examples.
c. He believes that he is very thorough. c. They have usually tried and failed to stick to the diet.
Extract 3
You will hear two friends talking about how to write a CV.
5. What do the two speakers agree should be emphasised 6. What is the recruitment agency’s opinion of
most on the woman’s CV? the woman’s CV?
a. academic accomplishments a. It should consist of fewer pages.
b. evidence of writing skills b. The design is too complicated.
c. relevant work experience c. The writing style needs simplifying.
score / 12
Reading
Read the text. Then answer the questions according to the information given in the text. Choose a, b, c or d.
1. What is the text mainly about? 4. Why does the passage mention the
a. efforts to restore an extinct subspecies quality and age of the DNA samples?
b. an increased drive to conserve the quagga a. to explain that new quaggas may not
c. the possibility of using extinct animals to create accurately match the originals
new species b. to emphasise the length of time
d. research findings indicating that extinction is now quaggas have been extinct
reversible c. to show the difficulty of obtaining DNA
2. Why were no attempts made to conserve quaggas before from extinct creatures
their extinction? d. to illustrate how remarkable it is that
a. They were not yet scientifically distinguished from the DNA tests gave results
zebra. 5. What can be inferred about the
b. They were considered a threat to local livestock. quaggas produced through selective
c. It was believed that adequate numbers existed in breeding?
captivity. a. They no longer contain any DNA from
d. People were unaware of the threat quaggas faced. the plains zebra.
3. What new discovery enabled the quagga breeding project? b. They behave like original quaggas but
a. Several quagga skin samples were discovered. do not look like them.
b. DNA tests revealed quaggas to be a zebra c. Their genetic structure is taken
subspecies. entirely from the plains zebra.
c. A new subspecies of zebra was found in the wild. d. They prove that there was no genetic
d. Scientists identified several genes unique to quaggas. distinction between quagga and zebra.
31
The long-lost quagga

A
round one hundred years ago, South Africa was still exist in present-day zebra populations, if only in
home to a creature called the quagga. Similar in weak concentrations. This opened up the possibility that
many ways to the familiar black and white plains selective breeding using zebras which exhibited quagga
zebra that is still found across eastern and southern traits could concentrate these genes and eventually
Africa today, the quagga was brown, with white stripes breed creatures with the distinctive quagga patterns.
across the front half of its body. Selective breeding attempts have been ongoing since
The quagga was classified as a distinct species in the 1987, and have produced several generations of near
1700s but, despite this, the name ‘quagga’ was, for some quagga look-alikes, each closer in appearance to the
time, mistakenly used to refer to zebra of any species. original. Unfortunately, as the only surviving samples
In the wild, quaggas were hunted to extinction both of near quagga DNA are very old and contain only
for their unusual skins and because they were seen as trace amounts of genetic material, it is not possible
competing with domesticated herds for grazing in the to determine exactly how closely the quagga and the
grasslands. But the naming confusion meant that their zebra were related. This means that it is impossible to
population numbers were never accurately known, determine how close the new quaggas are to the original
and the extent to which they were endangered went ones. There is also no way of comparing behavioural
unrealised. No attempts were ever made to conserve the traits. It is likely that, despite the relationship, there were
species, and the last quagga died in a zoo in 1883. genes unique to the original quaggas that were lost
If the quagga had been a species in its own right, quagga for good with their extinction. While this only goes to
genes would have ceased to exist with the species’ emphasise that extinction is not reversible, it does not
extinction. However, DNA studies on skin samples lessen the possibility that creatures with the appearance
from museums later revealed that the quagga was of quaggas (though plains zebras, genetically speaking)
actually a subspecies of today’s plains zebra, leading could once again inhabit the quaggas’ natural habitat.
specialists to speculate that some quagga genes might
score / 10
32
Writing
You may choose to do Writing Task A or B.
A. Your class has listened to a radio discussion programme on the factors that influence young people’s career
choices. You have made the notes below:
Factors that influence young people’s career choices:

• job description
• personality type and interests
• social and economic conditions
Some opinions expressed in the discussion:

‘Before choosing my career, I researched things like average salary and working hours.’
‘I don’t think I could have done this job if I wasn’t absolutely in love with what I do.’
‘My dream was to be a musician, but in the current economic climate, I knew I’d never find a job in this field.’
Write an essay for your tutor discussing two of the factors in your notes. You should explain which factor is more
important when choosing a career and provide reasons to support your opinion. You may, if you wish, make use of
the opinions expressed in the discussion, but you should use your own words as far as possible.
B. An international sports magazine is inviting readers to contribute to a series of articles about the impact of sports
on people’s lives. You decide to write an article about the benefits you perceive sports to have. You should describe
the different ways in which sports improve people’s lives and explain how sports have specifically benefited you.
score / 20
TOTAL SCORE / 100
33
level C1/C1+
te y 3. he’s bound to stand how to get the mind into a state which
Ke
sts 4. highly likely/probable (that) Julie will
catch
is creative. It’s all about building a
creative environment, and in order
Listening to do that I discovered that I had to
1. b 2. c 3. a 4. c 5. a 6. b expand my notion of what teaching is.
to
Reading It’s not just about direct instruction.

1. c 2. c 3. d 4. b 5. d Teaching creativity is also about
inspiration and encouragement –
Listening transcript
creating the right space and conditions
1.
for it to occur.
Finding an appropriate supervisor before
Module 1 undertaking your PhD is essential. To give

you an idea of what a good supervisor
3.
A: So, Mark, tell us about the principles
Vocabulary & Grammar is, I’d like to talk about the person who behind your teaching methods.
A. supervised me when I was working on my B: It’s nothing complicated. We’re just
1. fringe benefits PhD so many years ago, and with whom showing confidence in our students’
2. back I still maintain contact. I continue to see abilities to find solutions. And, the
3. looked down him as my mentor, and I try to be like him students do have access to all the
4. economical with my own students as much as I can. information they need. Actually, we’re
5. paused For one thing, he was always punctual using an approach taken from studies
6. generous with our meetings and clear with his on how teacher expectations affect
7. ropes feedback. He never minced his words. If students’ progress.
8. calls for he felt something was wrong, he’d explain A: I have to say I was surprised at how
B. it to me in detail. Any criticism was always complex the tasks you give your
1. stimulated constructive; I could feel that his aim was students are. And yet, they rise to the
2. decline to help me improve. And he was like this challenge. Can you tell us more about
3. registered with all his students. these studies?
4. plagiarism Now, you might think an internationally- B: Of course. A random group of children
5. cautious renowned academic would be an was selected in each class of a school.
6. procrastinating ideal supervisor, but apart from some The teachers were told that these
7. inception advantages, there are also serious children were anticipated to learn
8. overdue drawbacks. Such academics are usually faster and make greater progress
C. so busy that they fail to devote enough in the academic year than the other
1. a 2. d 3. b 4. a 5. d of their time to PhD students. The ideal children. In all classes, the students’
6. b 7. d 8. c supervisor should be a well-regarded progress really did reflect the teachers’
academic with international connections, expectations, especially in the younger
D.
but not necessarily the equivalent of an age groups.
1. enabling
academic superstar. Finally, to be a source
2. unsupervised A: I noticed from the video that your
of both added insight and motivation, your
3. diligence students work primarily in groups and
supervisor must be as interested in your
4. modernisation are allowed to communicate with other
topic as you are.
5. heightened groups. Why’s that?
6. seemingly 2.
B: It encourages self-confidence and
7. concentration A: Teach creativity? Isn’t that something cooperation. Working in teams,
8. focused you either have or don’t have? How can students can discover and develop
E. you teach creativity? I mean, I couldn’t their personal strong points. And they
1. b 2. d 3. d 4. c 5. d even tell you what it is. It’s such an also have the opportunity to learn from
6. d 7. c 8. c abstract concept. other students in areas they find more
F. B: Here’s a simple definition – it’s the difficult.
process of coming up with new ideas.
1. starts
2. Will you be attending A: Anyone can come up with new ideas; it
3. ’m sending doesn’t mean those ideas are any good!
4. will have finished B: You’ve got a point... okay... new ideas

5. ’m going to ask that have some value, then.
6. don’t think A: Alright, for argument’s sake, let’s say
7. won’t make that’s what it is; how do you teach that?
8. have been working Isn’t it usually all about getting a flash
9. to gather of inspiration?
10. ’ll let
B: People do get flashes, but then they
G. have to work on them – ideas need
1. she’s already on the verge/point/brink evaluating and crafting, trial and error.
2. ’m thinking of brushing You learn how to get past blocks and
34
Key to tests level C1/C1+
Module 2 TASK 2
Speaker 1: C
difference is with the pet owners.
Sometimes they can be quite distraught,
Vocabulary & Grammar Speaker 2: H which is understandable. Their pet is
A. Speaker 3: B unwell and they’re worried. As a vet,
1. b 2. d 3. d 4. b 5. a 6. c Speaker 4: F it’s my role to ease their concerns and,
Speaker 5: E consequently, help them feel less anxious
B.
and more at ease about the situation. I get
1. aboard a lot of satisfaction from that.
Reading
2. laying down
1. E 2. C 3. A 4. F 5. G 6. D Speaker 4
3. foster Being an animal trainer on a film set is
4. stubborn Listening transcript a dream job. I’ve been doing this for ten
5. elements Speaker 1 years now, but it took some time to land
6. contributed I became a full-time, organic dairy goat my first role on a film set; before this, I was
farmer around seven years ago now. mainly house-training pets. It was through
C.
Prior to that, I was very much an amateur. my husband’s friend Ted that I finally made
1. against
I kept a couple of goats on my land as it. Ted worked in the film industry and was
2. hectic
pets and, in my free time, I’d have a go able to put in a good word for me when
3. intrude
at making cheese. It was always lots of a position became available on a film he
4. down
fun and, over time, I started to get pretty was involved in. On my first assignment,
5. restored I had to train a parrot to do some fairly
good at it. So, I started looking into how
6. perception to become a certified dairy farmer and, complicated tricks – it took me weeks to
7. clammed up after getting all the paperwork in place, I perfect. It was well worth the hard work
8. lion’s gave up my lecturing role at the university though – that particular scene was one
D. and became a farmer at the age of forty. of the best. And this is what I love about
All these years later, I have absolutely no animal training: the results of all your hard
1. deception
regrets. It’s hard work, but nothing quite work are placed on full display.
2. venomous
3. ensure beats having your own business, being in Speaker 5
4. aquatic charge and making all the decisions – not I’m a member of the Mounted Police
5. discourage to mention the duty I have to care for my Department, which means I patrol the
animals. I’ve been very successful too: my streets on horseback. A big part of the
6. Arguably
goat’s cheese is in high demand locally. job means attending things like sports
7. purposefully
Speaker 2 events or patrolling crowded areas
8. likelihood
There are only a handful of zoos scattered where it’s not always possible to get on
E. foot. Unlike some officers, I didn’t have
across the country, so zookeeper jobs
1. c 2. d 3. c 4. d 5. c any prior experience of horse riding, so
can be hard to come by. I got my foot in
6. a 7. d 8. c 9. a 10. b the door by taking an unpaid position I had no idea that horses had such big
F. that allowed me to gain experience. It personalities. Nothing comes close to the
1. - was while I was volunteering that a paid relationship and connection that I have
2. any position became available in the insect with my horse; we’re always looking out
3. - house. I was really very fortunate – the for one another at work. This is the main
4. the previous keeper resigned totally out of reason I love going to work so much. I
5. No the blue. Anyway, I was offered his job. I really couldn’t imagine doing anything
6. Any really value my role, not just because I get else for a living. Right from an early age I
7. much to do something that I love, but because wanted to serve my community. More than
the work I do there gives me the perfect anything though, as a highly motivated
8. no
platform to explain to people the function and ambitious person, I wanted a job
9. Both
of insects in the ecosystem, such as their which offered opportunity, professional
10. either
role as pollinators, which many people development and promotion, which the
11. many
underestimate. It’s nice to think that police force certainly does.
12. too
people leave here more knowledgeable on
G.
1. one another regardless
insects than when they first arrived.
Speaker 3
Module 3
2. Professor Hamilton to narrow down Vocabulary & Grammar
As an animal lover, I’d always imagined

3. is no excuse for not visiting A.
that I would do either paid or voluntary
4. neither of her siblings was/were 1. c 2. a 3. a 4. b 5. d
work with animals. For me, it was simply
accustomed 6. c 7. d 8. b
a case of figuring out which direction to
take. I started my career as a vet because B.
Listening
it’s the kind of job where each day is 1. intensified
TASK 1
different. There’s always a new set of 2. deprivation
Speaker 1: F
challenges, new animals to meet and new 3. exclusively
Speaker 2: C 4. overpowering/powerful
health issues to resolve – there’s little
Speaker 3: H 5. inconvenience
opportunity for boredom. Interestingly,
Speaker 4: B 6. preoccupied
the area where I feel I make the biggest
Speaker 5: D 7. appetising
35
8. intolerance begin with good and healthy intentions, orthorexics – and there are a lot, ranging
C. but end up obsessively reducing their food from hair loss and thyroid problems to
1. hot choices until getting the nourishment they panic attacks and severe depression – are
2. whetted require becomes a real difficulty. The point attributed to ‘not eating healthily enough’.
3. plunge at which being simply a healthy eater Sufferers usually correct this by cutting
4. dispelled crosses the line into orthorexia is often out more food groups they consider
5. packed described as the point at which eating unhealthy, leading to even more health
6. half-baked healthily begins to have a negative effect problems, and so the circle continues. This
D. on other aspects of life. is how people end up following extreme
1. abstain There are two sides to this problem. The regimens, such as juice cleanses, where
2. optimal first is the mental exhaustion experienced the dieter abstains from solid food, and
3. intake by a person whose entire life is dictated by drinks nothing but juice for days on end.
4. emerged food. Activities such as cooking, shopping Of course, if an orthorexic – someone
5. acute or eating out become extremely stressful whose entire self-worth is founded on their
6. disorders experiences for them. Even times spent strict diet – gives in and eats something
7. enviable away from food are overshadowed by they’re not supposed to, they see this as
8. raving anxiety over whether the next meal will a personal failure and punish themselves
E. suit their requirements. The psychological with an even stricter regimen.
1. was making side of orthorexia is a key part of what
The truth is that a deeply rooted case of
2. noticed distinguishes orthorexics from ordinary
orthorexia can really only be solved if…
3. was promoted healthy eaters: their whole identity and
4. had been fired self-worth are linked to their diet. Many
orthorexics admit a strong attachment
5.
6.
had you been working
were discovered to a label such as ‘vegan’, ‘organic’, Module 4
‘macrobiotic’ or ‘paleo’. They feel that this, Vocabulary & Grammar
7. had been employed
more than anything else, is what defines
8. had been washing A.
them as a person.
9. did you first notice 1. d 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. c
10. helped Now, it’s certainly not front-page news 6. a 7. c 8. d 9. a 10. c
that food consumption is linked both B.
F.
to required nutrition and to a person’s
1. d 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. a 6. c 1. struck
emotional needs. As comfort food brings
7. d 8. d 2. memorable
you comfort, so does eating healthily
3. abandoned
G. make you feel cleansed and refreshed.
4. exceeding
1. been This is not just because following a healthy
5. scepticism
2. would balanced diet ensures the right levels
6. resembles
3. used of chemicals in the brain, but because it
7. acquisition(s)
4. by comes with a certain amount of pride and
8. sedentary
5. when/if satisfaction – achieving it requires a strong
9. triumph
6. to display of willpower. In cases of orthorexia,
7. owes this satisfaction can translate into strong C.
8. in feelings of virtuousness, even a sense of 1. relatively
Listening superiority over others. 2. indication
1. negative effect 3. unresponsive
The willpower to control food intake is
2. self-worth 4. undergoing
at the heart of a lot of eating disorders.
3. chemicals It’s been suggested that exercising strict 5. failure
4. powerless control over food choice is often used 6. insufficient
5. physical to compensate for a lack of control 7. vulnerability
6. panic attacks over other areas of life. Those who feel 8. critical
7. personal failure powerless may be more easily tempted to 9. devalued/undervalued
take a firmer grip on the few things they 10. counteract
Reading D.
can control – such as their diet. This might
1. c 2. d 3. b 4. d 5. a 1. unlike
explain why those who depend on others
Listening transcript financially, for example teenagers, are the 2. much

Most of us have the natural and, indeed, prime sufferers. 3. nothing, more
beneficial desire to eat as healthily as we 4. comparison
Ultimately, however, it is the physical
can – although whether we always act on 5. most
symptoms of orthorexia that are the
this is another matter entirely! It might 6. such
most concerning. Any form of extreme
surprise you to learn, though, that there is dieting is going to deprive your body 7. as
such a thing as eating too healthily. of vital nutrients, and the psychological 8. than
Orthorexia, or orthorexia nervosa, to give elements of orthorexia combine with this E.
it its proper name, is what happens when to form a ‘vicious circle’. The symptoms 1. b 2. d 3. a 4. a 5. d
healthy eating is taken too far. Sufferers of malnutrition that are common among 6. d 7. c 8. d 9. c 10. b
36
F. related to jokes. The majority of laughter we are at telling the difference, but that
1. harder you train, the bigger your comes from a need to show people that we don’t really hit our peak performance
chances we understand them and agree with what until we’re in our late 30s, early 40s. In
2. is easily the rudest colleague I have ever they said, to show them that we like or contrast, the younger we are, the more we
3. no chore I dislike more than love them, and simply to confirm that, ‘Yes, want to join in the fun. So as older people
4. nowhere (near) as reckless as I’m part of your group.’ Laughter basically understand laughter better, they need
5. good an art exhibition as any does all that emotional work for us. more than just hearing other people laugh
Georgina: Exactly. Andy discovered all to want to laugh themselves. People often
Listening think that because...
that through extensive observation of
1. b 2. c 3. d 4. b 5. a unsuspecting ‘victims’, and actually, my
Reading team and I were doing brain scans that
showed us exactly the same thing. Now,
Module 5
1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. B Vocabulary & Grammar
there are basically two types of laughter.
Listening transcript A.
There’s helpless, involuntary laughter,
1. embracing
Presenter: I’m really excited to have the kind that people exhibit when they’re
2. faintly
Andy Jenkins with us today, a professor being tickled or hear a really good joke.
3. knack
of psychology, and Georgina Newman, When you hear that kind of laughter,
4. aftermath
a neuroscientist, both of whom are your brain processes it as sound – a long,
5. immersed
researching laughter. Now, there are high-pitched sound. Then there’s also
6. accept
numerous studies that show laughter is polite, social laughter; we call this ‘posed
7. straighten
good for our health, so what exactly are laughter’.
8. up
you looking into? Andy: Just to really quickly interrupt you
B.
Georgina: Well, as you just said, the here, Georgina, if I may. Posed laughter
1. revitalises
health benefits of laughter have been well doesn’t describe something that’s fake or
2. coldness
established, from lower blood pressure practised; it’s actually spontaneous, and as
3. Originally
to a strong immune system and reduced I said, serves a social function.
4. overwhelmingly
stress. But what hasn’t really been delved Georgina: Mmm. And what we saw was 5. subzero
into is the social aspect of laughter. that the brain of people who heard posed 6. hesitant
Anyone could tell you from experience laughter responded to it by mentalising; 7. exposure
that laughter strengthens our social bonds in other words, trying to figure out ‘Why 8. Lengthening/Prolonging
or can be used to deal with an emotionally did that person laugh? What’s the meaning
painful situation, but not much analysis C.
here?’
has gone into laughter beyond that. 1. up
Andy: Another way to explain that posed 2. caught
Andy: Yes. And it just so happened that, laughter isn’t fake is to ask you to laugh 3. think
within our respective fields, Georgina and on command. Can you? Not really. Let’s 4. as
I were conducting research on this more say a friend asks us for a favour, and ends 5. take
or less at the same time, which proved a with ‘Are you sure you can do it?’ Then, 6. single
blessing because our findings really do just before saying ‘Yeah, sure,’ we do a
complement each other’s work and shed D.
small laugh, like this, essentially wanting
even more light on this subject. What my 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. d
to convey the message ‘Don’t worry, I’m
team found, for example, was that we are 6. d 7. c 8. a
willing to do it.’ You haven’t decided to
thirty times more likely to laugh if we are laugh in that instance. It’s your brain that E.
with someone else than if we are alone, makes that decision for you – reassuring 1. where
especially when with friends – and this is your friend – and it’s a naturally occurring 2. persuaded
regardless of what we are laughing about. behaviour. 3. If
Georgina: I can definitely confirm that. 4. which
Georgina: Unlike helpless laughter,
My interest in laughter threw me into 5. through
though, where your breathing patterns get
the path of stand-up comedy, and it’s 6. Wandering
interrupted and you often find it hard to
really interesting to see how stand-up 7. of which
take in a good long breath, posed laughter
comedians try to warm up their audience, 8. whoever
is... hmm, how should I say it... polite. It
and help them become acquainted with seldom interrupts the normal structure F.
one another, because then it’s almost of speech; it’s like laughter substitutes 1. d 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. d
guaranteed that individuals will laugh for a pause such as a comma, or a cough, 6. a 7. b 8. d 9. c 10. c
more just because the group is. For the the same way you would punctuate in a G.
same reason, sitcoms since the 1950s have written text. For instance, you wouldn’t say 1. result/consequence of which
had dubbed-in sounds of an audience ‘You’re eating... ha-ha... that?’, but you’d say 2. which was very bold of
laughing so that viewers at home will ‘You’re eating that? Ha-ha.’ 3. taken notice of the driver in front’s
laugh alongside this imaginary crowd. 4. understanding the difficulty of the task
Andy: It’s also fascinating to see how
Andy: And as I mentioned before, it people recognise what is real and what 5. both of which take / because both take /
doesn’t matter what you’re laughing is posed laughter. We did an online as both take
about. In fact, contrary to popular belief, experiment, together with Georgina, and 6. been taken care of / had/received any
only a small percentage of our laughter is found that the older we get, the better care
37
Listening
TASK ONE
becomes an instinct. So, when I felt the
ground starting to shake, I immediately
Module 1-5
dived under the kitchen table. And it’s a Vocabulary & Grammar
Speaker 1: F
good thing I did, as it was only seconds A.
Speaker 2: C
later that I found myself buried under 1. b 2. d 3. a 4. b 5. c
Speaker 3: H
rubble. I was unhurt, but remained trapped 6. a 7. d 8. c 9. d 10. c
Speaker 4: A
there for hours before finally being 11. b 12. c 13. a 14. a 15. b
Speaker 5: E
rescued. During that time, I had no idea if 16. b 17. a 18. d 19. c 20. a
TASK TWO B.
and when a search and rescue operation
Speaker 1: H 1. misconception
would begin; I didn’t even know if my
Speaker 2: D 2. systematic
family were safe. I knew the structural
Speaker 3: B 3. profitable
damage to the building was serious,
Speaker 4: A 4. resourceful
but I couldn’t be certain how serious, or
Speaker 5: F 5. reasonably
whether the building was likely to collapse
Reading further, all of which was extremely difficult 6. discontinued
1. b 2. a 3. c 4. d 5. d to deal with. 7. worthless
8. recklessly
Listening transcript Speaker 4
9. worsening
Speaker 1 Last September, when I was on a hiking
10. inability
It’s amazing how something as simple trip, the sky suddenly clouded over and
a violent thunderstorm engulfed the C.
as getting a flat tyre can place you in a
mountain. Then the ground became 1. will be formally acknowledging (the)
really dangerous situation, and that’s
extremely slippery, and I fell and broke my volunteers’ / is formally acknowledging
exactly what happened to me when I was
ankle. I was in misery of course, but my (the) volunteers’
driving off road in the desert. I alerted
biggest concern was being at the mercy 2. seem to have quite as much patience
the authorities, but it was an unbelievable
of the storm. It was a scary situation to as
seven hours before anyone arrived – in the
be in; I knew that keeping as warm and 3. sure / bound / (definitely) going to step
desert, that’s a very long time. All I was
dry as possible was critical to my survival. down (from his position)
able to focus on was the fact that I was
Unfortunately, as there was nowhere to 4. no need to collaborate with
out there, totally alone, with no support
or company, and the remoteness of the take cover, I had to endure the rain, wind D.
desert only intensified that feeling – I and cold for hours. Thank goodness I’m a 1. a 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. b
think that was the worst thing about it seasoned hiker and take safety seriously, 6. d 7. c 8. b 9. d 10. a
all. Thankfully, I had an ample supply of never leaving home without informing my 11. d 12. c 13. c 14. c 15. c
water and a fair amount of snacks with wife of my route and what time I expect 16. d 17. b 18. a 19. a 20. b
me that day – which I don’t usually carry to call her to say that I’ve completed it.
This arrangement is my safety net. If I fail
Listening
– otherwise my trip would have definitely 1. b 2. c 3. c 4. b 5. c 6. c
ended on a sour note. to call, she knows that something is amiss
and knows to contact the mountain rescue Reading
Speaker 2 1. a 2. d 3. b 4. a 5. c
team – which is what happened that day.
Well, after the storm capsized my boat,
Speaker 5 Writing
panic really started to take hold. I spent
It was a Saturday afternoon when my Open answer
a treacherous night at sea, before finally
brother and I ventured out from our
being picked up the following morning. It Listening transcript
took every bit of strength I had to remain log cabin for a walk in the forest. It was
1.
optimistic that night, which I’m convinced already starting to get dark when we
Coming from a much cooler climate,
was key to my survival – I never once realised that we were hopelessly lost.
I knew that competing in the kind of
threw in the towel. Being in the water for Moving through the forest became
temperatures that are usual in Hawaii
so many hours is tough on the human impossible; we just couldn’t see where
would be a challenge. Preparation for any
body... it was freezing. And although I we were walking. It was safer to remain
sporting activity in an unfamiliar climate
was wearing a life jacket, things were far where we were overnight and start
usually involves heading over there and
from easy. The main battle I faced was moving again at first light, and so we
training in the new conditions for around
being constantly knocked about by the did. The next morning we came up with
two weeks. That’s about the amount of
waves and, at the same time, desperately the idea of using the position of the
time that the body needs to acclimatise...
trying to hold onto the wreckage. It was sun throughout the day to help us work
to get used to working in the new
out which direction to take. And that is
like a workout at the gym, but worse, as I conditions. Of course, the fitter you are to
couldn’t relax for a single second. I had to what saved us, for sure. We made it back
begin with, the quicker it will happen.
constantly fight off the exhaustion, and it in no time. But... it’s not something I’d
This wasn’t an option for me, so what I did
was all just so overwhelming. like to experience again. The silence is
was try to mimic Hawaiian temperature
interrupted by all sorts of forest sounds
Speaker 3 conditions at home by training indoors
at night, and we were on edge the whole
Earthquakes are quite common in this part with a humidifier and the heating on –
time. Actually, this was the hardest thing
of the world, so the correct way to react is which was about as close as I could get
to cope with as the mind can play terrible
drilled into us from our very first year of to reproducing Hawaiian conditions. My
tricks on you... every tiny noise sent
schooling. I’d say that we learn the right trainer supervised all my sessions to make
shivers down my spine.
procedure like the back of our hands – it sure I didn’t push myself too hard. Don’t
38
imagine he went easy on me though. To every day, you want something you
make sure I acclimatised completely, he can get the gist of in a few seconds,
even made me work out wearing heavy not a ten-page dissertation. Let’s see…
winter clothing so I would get used to the your school marks and qualifications
discomfort of wearing wet, sweaty clothes. are here… that’s fine… but your work
So how does all this help? When your body experience at the newspaper is
gets used to the warmer conditions, it completely lost in this paragraph. I
starts cooling itself at a lower temperature. would have thought that would be the
Your heart rate slows as well, meaning you one thing you’d particularly want to
can sweat more before your performance highlight.
starts to decline… A: That’s why I wrote so much about it.
I go over all the skills I learnt… things
2.
like that. Besides, since I’m applying for
A: Lucy, what made you decide to become jobs in journalism, don’t you think it’s
a fruitarian? important to demonstrate that I can
B: First of all, I should say that my diet write well?
doesn’t consist of a hundred percent B: Perhaps you’re going about it the
fruit. I do eat some vegetables too, as wrong way. Why don’t you include a
well as some nuts and seeds. I became portfolio of articles you’ve written?
a fruitarian because I don’t believe in You can make your CV clear and to the
harming animals or the environment. point, but then they’ll have the portfolio
A: Was it a difficult decision – to start such if they want to see proof of your writing
a strict diet? skills.
B: Yes and no. On one side, I was relieved A: That actually makes sense. Thanks!
that I finally got around to eating the
way I wanted to, but on the other, you
get attached to food, and I grew up
eating meat, after all. I can’t eat any of
the meals from my childhood, and I do
miss my ‘comfort food’.
A: You know, of course, that fruitarianism
receives a lot of criticism.
B: You mean people who say we’re
missing out on vital nutrients? It’s
true that some people who are new
to fruitarianism fall into the trap of
seeing fruit as a snack rather than
a number of calories. They don’t
eat the proper amounts, they start
feeling under the weather, and people
hearing their stories end up judging
all fruitarians in the same way. To eat
your recommended daily calories in
fruit, you have to eat a lot, which is
why smoothies are ideal. It’s no good
thinking that one banana makes a good
breakfast – try ten! You have to change
your perception of how much it’s
acceptable to eat.
3.
A: You remember that I applied to that
online recruitment agency? Well, I just

heard back from them. They read my
CV and they’re suggesting I rewrite it.
Listen to this: ‘Many of your sentences
are very complex. It would be better to
use less complicated structures so that
your points are clearer and easier to
digest.’
B: I suppose if you see hundreds of CVs
39
level C1/C1+
Pioneer level C1/C1+ a
Tests
H. Q. Mitchell - Marileni Malkogianni
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ISBN: 978-618-05-1185-7
level C1/C1+
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a le

Test: Module 2 ................................................................................................ 9

Test: Module 3 ................................................................................................ 13

Test: Module 4 ................................................................................................ 18

Test: Module 5 ................................................................................................ 23

Test: Modules 1-5 ........................................................................................... 28

Key to tests ..................................................................................................... 34

accuracy cautious cultivate decline imposing inception

The rise of the home-based workforce

F. Circle the correct option.

I up on my Spanish before our trip to Mexico.

Success and Luck in Business:

Jennifer Thomas, the winner

aboard contribute cunning element exhibit

1. Luckily, everyone the ferry survived the crash.

C. Circle the correct option.

The mimic octopus

a. Nothing c. None since the new law came into effect.

F. Circle the correct option.

TASK ONE TASK TWO

A. a former job became tedious A. working with different organisations

C. an unexpected opportunity arose D. restoring health

The Underwater ‘Language’ of Whales

1. a. uninterested b. external c. remote d. absent

1. The customers’ positive reaction to the exotic dishes he introduced has

6. He is so with his final exams that he neglects everything else. occupy

acute welcoming abstain disorder emerge enviable

Tell me, 5 (you / work) at the / 10

G. Complete the gaps in the text with one word only.

Chocolate on the brain

There’s good news for those chocolate lovers who are 3 to

Scientifically speaking, chocolate 7 its popularity to several chemicals

5. Samantha says that the impact of orthorexia on a sufferer’s condition is worse

6. Samantha refers to thyroid problems, loss of hair, depression and as symptoms of

b. to make them safe to eat

acquisition abandon exceed memorable represent

1. While being by lightning can be potentially fatal, most victims survive.

3. Because of the bad weather yesterday, we our plan to go hiking.

C. Complete the text with the correct form of the words

most unlike such like than much

Your son’s behaviour is

1. What opinion does Georgina express about research into laughter?

2. Andy and Georgina agree that we tend to laugh

3. Contrary to what most people believe,

4. What is true of posed laughter?

If at first you don’t succeed...

B Seeing as how failure can be a positive experience through which

C A common perception is that competence to a large extent governs one’s

D Another aspect of failure, quitting, can also contribute to success. Most

invested and sacrificed so far to maintain a certain job, project or relationship,

E. Circle the correct option.

2. Jack very boldly stood up for his rights. bold

You can take either one of these medications,

TASK ONE TASK TWO

d. His knowledge was somewhat limited.

one wanted to address the . a. pulling my leg c. twisting my arm

The ‘cobra effect’

the volunteers made. acknowledging

The mayor efforts in a speech tomorrow.

Howard doesn’t he used to.

The CEO is after being accused of fraud.

There’s other departments to complete this project.

b. virtually straightforward c. has appeared

The long-lost quagga

6. He is so with his final exams that he neglects everything else. occupy

2. Jack very boldly stood up for his rights. bold

the volunteers made. acknowledging